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FrequencyandPhase

Modulation
SharleneKatz
JamesFlynn

Overview
History
WhyFM?Noiseproblemswithlinear
modulationsystems:AM/SSB/DSB
Definitions:Deviation,WBFM,NBFM
VerypopularforVHFvoice

10/14/08

DefinitionofanFMSignal
Forabasebandsignal,x(t):

x FM (t) = Ac cos 2f c t + 2k f

x ( ) d ]
t

kfisthefrequencydeviationconstantinHz/volt
Aconstantenvelopesignalwithvarying
frequency/phase
Theinstantaneousfrequencyis:
f i (t) = f c + k f x(t)

Maximumfrequencydeviation=f=kf|x(t)|max
10/14/08

FMSignalTimeDomain
Forapulsetrainbasebandsignal:
Baseband
signal,x(t)

FMsignal

10/14/08

FMSignalTimeDomain
Forasinusoidalbasebandsignal:
Baseband
signal,x(t)

FMsignal

10/14/08

FMSignalFrequencyDomain
Fora1KHzsinusoidalbasebandsignal(tone
modulation)and10KHzcarrier
Spacing=1KHz
Wider
thanan
AMor
DSBsignal

f(Hz)
10/14/08

10KHz

DeviationandBandwidth
InstantaneousFrequency:fc+kfx(t)
Frequencydeviation:f=kfx(t)
Maximumfrequencydeviation,f=kf|x(t)|max
Fortonemodulation:f=kfAm

DeviationRatio,D=f/W

For tone modulation: Modulation index, b = Df/fm


b<<1:narrowbandFM,NBFM
b>>1:widebandFM,WBFM

Bandwidth,BW=2(D+1)W,orBW=2(b+1)fm
10/14/08

FMMODULATION
Spectrumvs.modulationindex,
Spectrahaveatypicaltrapezoidalshapeinlinear
frequencyandamplitudeindecibels.
2xdeviation

3to6dBperfm

3to6dBperfm

carrier

FMMODULATION

FMMODULATION

FMMODULATION

demos

FMMODULATION
ComparisontoAM/SSB/DSB
AM
2fm

DSB
2fm

SSB
fm

FM
2(+1)fm

SNR

LINEAR

LINEAR

LINEAR

EFFICIENCY

33%

50%

100%

NON
LINEAR
100%*

COMPLEXITY

LOW

MODERATE

MODERATE

HIGH

BANDWIDTH

FMMODULATION
ThresholdEffect

Captureeffect:Signalsmorethan6dBdownwill
notinterfere.

FMMODULATION
SDRProgramforNBFM
TRANSMIT
transmit_path
GUI
INTERFACE
(ptt_block)

USRP
RECEIVE
receive_path

FMMODULATION
TRANSMITPATH(alwaysrunning)
48kS/s

Audio
Gain

Audio
Source
TransmitEnable
fromGUI

48kS/s

3/2
Resampler

32kS/s

FM
Modulator

320kS/s

Transmit
Gain

320kS/s
To
USRP

FMMODULATION
RECEIVEPATH(alwaysrunning)
256kS/s
from
USRP

LowPass
Filter

64kS/s

FM
Demodulator

32kS/s
Squelch
Receive
Enable
from
GUI

Audio
Sink

48kS/s

2/3
Resampler

32kS/s

32kS/s

Audio
Gain

DefinitionofaPMSignal
Forabasebandsignal,x(t):
x PM (t) = Ac cos[2f c t + k p x(t)]

kpisthefrequencydeviationconstantinrad/volt
Aconstantenvelopesignalwithvarying
frequency/phase
Theinstantaneousphaseis:
i (t) = 2f c t + k p x(t)

Theinstantaneousfrequencyis:
k p dx(t)
f i (t) = f c +
2 dt

10/14/08

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PMSignalTimeDomain
Forapulsetrainbasebandsignal:
Baseband
signal,x(t)

PMsignal

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18

PMSignalTimeDomain
Forasinusoidalbasebandsignal:
Baseband
signal,x(t)

PMsignal

10/14/08

19

PMSignalFrequencyDomain
Fora1KHzsinusoidalbasebandsignal(tone
modulation)and10KHzcarrier
Spacing=1KHz
Wider
thanan
AMor
DSBsignal

f(Hz)
10/14/08

10KHz

20

BandwidthComparisonforFM/PM
Bandwidth,BW=2(D+1)W,orBW=2(b+1)fm
FM:
For tone modulation: Modulation index, b = Df/
fm
BW = 2(kfAm + fm)
PM:

Fortonemodulation:Modulationindex,b = kpAm
BW = 2(kpAm+1)fm
Increasing frequency has a more profound effect on the BW
of PM
10/14/08

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