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Modulation
SharleneKatz
JamesFlynn
Overview
History
WhyFM?Noiseproblemswithlinear
modulationsystems:AM/SSB/DSB
Definitions:Deviation,WBFM,NBFM
VerypopularforVHFvoice
10/14/08
DefinitionofanFMSignal
Forabasebandsignal,x(t):
x FM (t) = Ac cos 2f c t + 2k f
x ( ) d ]
t
kfisthefrequencydeviationconstantinHz/volt
Aconstantenvelopesignalwithvarying
frequency/phase
Theinstantaneousfrequencyis:
f i (t) = f c + k f x(t)
Maximumfrequencydeviation=f=kf|x(t)|max
10/14/08
FMSignalTimeDomain
Forapulsetrainbasebandsignal:
Baseband
signal,x(t)
FMsignal
10/14/08
FMSignalTimeDomain
Forasinusoidalbasebandsignal:
Baseband
signal,x(t)
FMsignal
10/14/08
FMSignalFrequencyDomain
Fora1KHzsinusoidalbasebandsignal(tone
modulation)and10KHzcarrier
Spacing=1KHz
Wider
thanan
AMor
DSBsignal
f(Hz)
10/14/08
10KHz
DeviationandBandwidth
InstantaneousFrequency:fc+kfx(t)
Frequencydeviation:f=kfx(t)
Maximumfrequencydeviation,f=kf|x(t)|max
Fortonemodulation:f=kfAm
DeviationRatio,D=f/W
Bandwidth,BW=2(D+1)W,orBW=2(b+1)fm
10/14/08
FMMODULATION
Spectrumvs.modulationindex,
Spectrahaveatypicaltrapezoidalshapeinlinear
frequencyandamplitudeindecibels.
2xdeviation
3to6dBperfm
3to6dBperfm
carrier
FMMODULATION
FMMODULATION
FMMODULATION
demos
FMMODULATION
ComparisontoAM/SSB/DSB
AM
2fm
DSB
2fm
SSB
fm
FM
2(+1)fm
SNR
LINEAR
LINEAR
LINEAR
EFFICIENCY
33%
50%
100%
NON
LINEAR
100%*
COMPLEXITY
LOW
MODERATE
MODERATE
HIGH
BANDWIDTH
FMMODULATION
ThresholdEffect
Captureeffect:Signalsmorethan6dBdownwill
notinterfere.
FMMODULATION
SDRProgramforNBFM
TRANSMIT
transmit_path
GUI
INTERFACE
(ptt_block)
USRP
RECEIVE
receive_path
FMMODULATION
TRANSMITPATH(alwaysrunning)
48kS/s
Audio
Gain
Audio
Source
TransmitEnable
fromGUI
48kS/s
3/2
Resampler
32kS/s
FM
Modulator
320kS/s
Transmit
Gain
320kS/s
To
USRP
FMMODULATION
RECEIVEPATH(alwaysrunning)
256kS/s
from
USRP
LowPass
Filter
64kS/s
FM
Demodulator
32kS/s
Squelch
Receive
Enable
from
GUI
Audio
Sink
48kS/s
2/3
Resampler
32kS/s
32kS/s
Audio
Gain
DefinitionofaPMSignal
Forabasebandsignal,x(t):
x PM (t) = Ac cos[2f c t + k p x(t)]
kpisthefrequencydeviationconstantinrad/volt
Aconstantenvelopesignalwithvarying
frequency/phase
Theinstantaneousphaseis:
i (t) = 2f c t + k p x(t)
Theinstantaneousfrequencyis:
k p dx(t)
f i (t) = f c +
2 dt
10/14/08
17
PMSignalTimeDomain
Forapulsetrainbasebandsignal:
Baseband
signal,x(t)
PMsignal
10/14/08
18
PMSignalTimeDomain
Forasinusoidalbasebandsignal:
Baseband
signal,x(t)
PMsignal
10/14/08
19
PMSignalFrequencyDomain
Fora1KHzsinusoidalbasebandsignal(tone
modulation)and10KHzcarrier
Spacing=1KHz
Wider
thanan
AMor
DSBsignal
f(Hz)
10/14/08
10KHz
20
BandwidthComparisonforFM/PM
Bandwidth,BW=2(D+1)W,orBW=2(b+1)fm
FM:
For tone modulation: Modulation index, b = Df/
fm
BW = 2(kfAm + fm)
PM:
Fortonemodulation:Modulationindex,b = kpAm
BW = 2(kpAm+1)fm
Increasing frequency has a more profound effect on the BW
of PM
10/14/08
21