Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Meeting Minutes
March 21, 2010
9 :30 am to 1:30 pm
Attendance
Members
Visitors
Chan, C.
Gebremedhia, M
Tafesse, E.
Peng Y.
Reinhardt, H.W.
Shafer, S.
Brameshuber, W.
Shah, S.
Shao, Y.
Hinzen, M.
Shelton, S.
DiEarlo, T.
Patterson, J.
Glowania, M.
Janeteto, S
Buttner, T.
Jesse, F.
Lieboldt, M.
Omoregie, F.
Leongson, M.
Vopana, S.
1. Call to Order
The meeting was called to order by Chairman Ashish Dubey at 9:30 am.
Committee meeting attendees were introduced.
2. Previous Minutes
Minutes of the New Orleans meeting held on November 8th , 2009 were approved
unanimously.
3. Announcements
Participants:
W. Brameshuber (Aachen, Germany) as chair TC TDT
M. Hinzen (Aachen, Germany) as secretary TC TDT
A. Dubey (Illinois, USA) as chair ACI 549
J. Jones (Grand Prairie, TX, USA) as secretary ACI 549
C. Aldea (Hamilton, Canada)
S. Freedman (Skokie, USA)
F. Jesse (Dresden, Germany)
S. Marikunte (Carbondale, USA)
H. W. Reinhardt (Stuttgart, Germany)
S. Shafer
S. Shah (Evanston, USA)
Y. Shao (Montreal, Canada)
T. Bttner as guest
C. Chan as guest
T. DiEarlo as guest
M. Gebremedhia as guest
M. Glowania as guest
S. Janetzko as guest
M. Leongson as guest
M. Lieboldt as guest
F. Omoregie as guest
J. Patterson as guest
Y. Peng as guest
S. Shelton as guest
E. Tafesse as guest
S. Vopana as guest
This was a joint meeting together with ACI Committee 549.
Chapter Scope:
Prof. Brameshuber emphasizes that not the material behavior but only the test procedure
is covered by the recommendation.
Chapter Definitions:
Instead of defining a tensile specimen as slender a length to width ratio was
specified.
The maximum grain size of fine grained concrete was changed to 4 mm instead of 2
mm.
It was discussed that the first macro crack of the specimen is difficult to localize at
certain specimens with high reinforcement ratio. Therefore, the first crack stress was
related to the LOP (loss of proportionality) of the stress-strain curve.
The definition of textile was changed into: fabrics and other manufactured products
made from fibers and from yarns.
Chapter Test specimens:
All dimensions in Fig. 1 and 2 are minimum dimensions
Minimum dimensions resulting from the maximum grain size will be part of the
commentary
The recommendation to use at least 6 roving strands per layer was removed. Instead, it
was specified that a strain-hardening behavior is aimed at.
The standard storage of the specimens was changed to water storage to avoid warping
and to reduce the scatter. It was agreed that a departure from the reference storage is
possible but has to be stated in the report.
Chapter Test equipment:
The accuracy of the testing machine shall be in accordance with ISO 9513 and ISO
7500-1.
It was agreed that the load introduction parts must have at least a rotational capacity in
the plane of the specimen.
Pneumatic and hydraulic gripping is allowed and added to the recommendation.
The comparability of both load introductions will be ensured with upcoming round
robin tests.
The term strain gauges is changed into extensometer.
The test is finished at a loss of at least 70 % of the ultimate load.
Chapter Test procedure
The displacement rate was changed into a strain rate of 2 10-3 / min. to account for
different specimen lengths.
Chapter Assessment:
The term measurement length is used instead of free length and area
The fiber pull-out condition was removed
Crack localization was changed into final crack
Design group
A first discussion of the design group was postponed to the next meeting in Aachen. A
proposal for the planned contents and a time schedule was prepared by Prof. Hegger and
Dr. Will from Aachen and presented by Prof. Brameshuber. The proposal is attached to
the minutes. To ensure statistically firm design values a database with test results shall be
created. A first draft of the design rules will be presented at the next meeting in Aachen.
Definition of Ferrocement
It was agreed in the group that using the term Ferrocement for all thin reinforced
cementitious composites is misleading. Although the ACI State-of-the-Art Report on
Ferrocement doesnt exclude glass as reinforcing material the terms Ferrocement and
TRC should be separated in the future due to the independent development of TRC in
recent years.
1 Contents
1. Introduction / Scope
2. Notations and definitions
3. Basic considerations
Loading
Safety factors
Influence of manufacturing methods
RILIM TC TDT: Test methods and design of textile reinforced concrete 18.03.10 Design rules: Contents + time schedule
(draft) page 2
9. Connections of TRC-Members
10. Design of the Serviceability state
Stress calculation
Cracking
Deflections
11. TRC for Rehabilitation
Bond failure modes
Bond models
Confinement by TRC
Flexure strengthening
Shear / Torsion strengthening
Serviceability limit state
12. Detailing
Surface conditions / Concrete cover
Anchorage
Splices
Flexure Reinforcement
Shear -/ Torsion reinforcement
Columns
Shells and folded plate members
Rehabilitation
Introduction
Textile reinforced concrete is a high performance cementitious composite using
straight and parallel aligned fibers of suitable materials, e.g. AR-glass and carbon, as
continuous reinforcement in form of textiles. Textile reinforced concrete is usually
used for thin concrete elements or as strengthening layer for concrete structures.
Textile reinforced concrete shows a multi linear stress-strain-behavior with three
distinct stages (uncracked, multiple cracking, cracking completed). The crack
formation in textile reinforced concrete is significantly finer than in customary
reinforced concrete. Therefore, not only the tensile strength of the concrete but also
the total tensile load bearing behavior of the composite material textile reinforced
concrete is of importance.
Bond characteristics of textile reinforcement can not be derived from this tensile test
since this information could only be derived indirectly from cracking patterns.
However, in textile reinforced concrete cracking is mainly controlled by transverse
fibers which are typically present in textile reinforcement. For bond properties
reference is given to the RILEM recommendation TDT A.2 (pull-out).
Scope
It is the aim of this recommendation to describe a standardized uniaxial tensile test.
This recommendation presents 2 different test methods for measuring the loaddeformation behavior of textile reinforced concrete under uniaxial tensile load with
fibers aligned parallel to the loading direction. The ultimate strength of the textile, the
first crack stress of the concrete as well as the stress-strain curve of the composite
specimen which are necessary for the design of textile reinforced concrete can be
determined from the test data. The recommendation is only valid for quasistatic
testing.
Referenced standards
ISO 9513:1999:
ISO 7500-1:2004:
Definitions
1. A tensile specimen for textile reinforced concrete is preferred to have a length to
width ratio of at least 5:1 as it is designed for the measuring of elongations and
crack formation.
2. Fine-grained concrete that is used in textile reinforced concrete has similar
characteristics to mortar. Its aggregate usually has a very small grain size of not
more than 4 mm.
3. The first crack stress describes the stress level related to the LOP (loss of
proportionality) of the stress-strain curve.
4. Textiles are fabrics and other manufactured products made from fibers and from
yarns.
5. The laminating technique is applied to no-slump concretes. Here, the test
specimens are manufactured in layers of concrete and textile fabrics.
Test specimens
Geometry
Two different geometries for test specimens are offered for two different load
introductions. The minimum length of the specimens is 500 mm, the minimum width
is 60 mm in the measuring area. The specimens must have a length to width ratio of
at least 5:1. Depending on the amount of textile layers, the thickness may vary but
must not be lower than 6 mm. The measuring length is at least 200 mm. The direction
of fibers intended to be evaluated must be aligned parallel to the longitudinal
specimen axis and must be arranged symmetric to the specimen width. With respect
to the thickness the fibers should be arranged symmetrically. A minimum
reinforcement ratio to ensure a strain-hardening behavior is to be aimed at.
Specimen type 1: The specimen has a dumbbell shape and is intended for the
load introduction device shown in Figure 3. Minimum dimensions and shape are
shown in Figure 1. The area of load introduction is described by a sector of a
circle with a radius of at least 130 mm.
Specimen type 2: The specimen has a rectangular shape and can either be
manufactured or cut from prefabricated textile reinforced concrete elements. At
larger specimens the clamping length of 125 mm can be increased. The associated
test setup is shown in Figure 4. Minimum dimensions and shape are shown in
Figure 2.
Test equipment
Climate
The tests are carried out in an air-conditioned room at a temperature of 20 2 C and
a relative humidity of 65 5 %.
Testing machine
The testing machine shall be of any type sufficient to provide the required load and
the rate of crosshead movement prescribed. It shall have been verified to have an
accuracy of the extensometers in accordance with ISO 9513 and the force measuring
system in accordance with ISO 7500-1.
Load introduction
Specimen type 1: The load introduction for specimen type 1 is made by steel
flanges which are exactly adjusted to the radius of the load introduction zone
of the tensile specimen (see Figure 3). Each flange must have at least a
rotational capacity in the plane of the specimen. Between specimen and steel
flanges rubber sheets with a thickness between 0.3 mm and 1 mm have to be
applied to avoid load concentrations between steel and concrete.
Figure 3: Test setup for specimen type Figure 4: Test setup for specimen type 2
1 /Orl08/
/Jes09/
Measuring devices
The load can be measured with a standard load cell of proper capacity and accuracy.
Deformations are measured on both surfaces in the middle of the specimen with
devices of sufficient measuring range and accuracy.
Test procedure
Preparation of specimens
In the load introduction area, all overlapping concrete edges must be removed from
the specimens. Local bumpiness should be removed with a grinder.
Before testing:
Specimen dimensions are measured as follows:
o Width at both ends of the measuring length, accuracy of 0.1 mm;
o Thickness is measured at 4 points inside the measuring area, accuracy
of 0.1 mm.
o Length, accuracy of 1 mm;
Installation of specimens
Specimens are mounted into the tension device. Between the steel parts and the
concrete specimen a thin sheet of rubber with a thickness between 0.3 and 1 mm has
to be arranged to avoid local load concentrations during the test. The specimen is
preloaded with a force of 0.1 kN. Deformation measuring equipment is fastened on
both specimen surfaces.
Test procedure
The tensile tests are carried out in deformation controlled mode by crosshead
displacement at a strain rate of 2 10-3 / min. The test is finished at a loss of at least 70
% of the ultimate load.
Stress
For the determination of the stresses, the measured force F can either be related to the
reinforcement cross-section Af or to the cross-section of the specimen Ac.
f F A f or c F Ac
Ultimate Stress fu and cu, respectively is defined as stress at maximum load Fu.
fu Fu A f or cu Fu Ac
Stress-strain-relation
The main test result is the stress-strain-behavior, presented in form of x-y-diagrams
with strains on the x-axis and stresses on y-axis.
Test report
The test report shall include at least the following information:
All details of testing that deviate from this recommendation have to be documented.
References
3 Contact
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Josef Hegger
RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Structural Concrete
52056 Aachen
Mies-van-der-Rohe-Strae 1
Germany
phone +49 241 8025170
fax +49 241 8022335
email heg@imb.rwth-aachen.de
Dr.-Ing. Norbert Will
RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Structural Concrete
52056 Aachen
Mies-van-der-Rohe-Strae 1
Germany
phone +49 241 8025171
fax +49 241 8022335
email nwill@imb.rwth-aachen.de