Question no 26

1) Measures of Public Health

1) Morbidity. Use of information about morbidity from medical records.
- morbidity measures the rate of illness
- incidence rates expressed as:
High incidence rate means a high occurance of disease, low incidence rate means
low occurance of disease
2) Morbidity. Use of information about morbidity from special studies (received from
surveys or census).
3) Disability study as a way to study health.
- disability: because of impairment, the effected person may be unable to carryout certain
activity considered normal for his age, sex and etc. this inability to carry out certain
activity is termed disability
- disability defined as any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in manner of
which the range considered normal for a human being.
- it falls into 2 grps:
1. event type indicators
no of days of restricted activity
bed disability days
work loss days within a specific period
2. person type indicators:
limitation of mobility
limitation of activity
4) Mortality and fertility as measures affected by health.

2) Reproductive health and Medical Demography.

1) The use of demographic information for health care purposes
- demography is the scientific study of human population.
- it deals with five demographic processes namely fertility, mortality, marriage, migration
and social mobility
- community medicine is vitally concerned with population because health in the group
depends on the dynamic relationship between the numbers of people, the space, which
they occupy, and the skill, that they have acquired in providing for their needs.
2) Demographic characteristics of the population.
Changes in population size (growth or decline)
The composition of the population
The distribution of population in space

- div into 2 parts:

I. Studies human population in statics
(cross sectional study) at a certain point of time. Composition by
age (young/old), sex ratio (male/female), ethnic composition,
religion, occupation, by education, family size, mental status
II. Studies population in dynamics
Human population are changing
Size of population not stable, everyday sum1 die and sum1 is born,
so size changes everyday
Mid term population calculated as the average btw the size of the
population in the beginning of the year and end of the year
3) Describe the differences in health according to demographic parameters.
4) Contraception prevalence. Determination of contraceptive use.
5) Criteria for evaluation of contraceptive methods: safety, efficacy, accessibility,
reversibility, affordability.
1. safety
a) safety is determined when the contraception used doesnt give any side
effect (eg, condom, family planning, oral contraception)
2. efficacy
a) max effect, measured by failure rate
3. accessibility
a) most easily to get (eg, condom)
4. reversibility
a) how easily to reverse infertility
5. affordability
a) most cheapest that is available (eg, condom, spermicide)
6. acceptability
a) prevent other diseases (STD)
b) combine method (eg, condom + oral, condom + spermicide)