1

DEVELOPING NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR POWER

GENERATION
IN MALAYSIAS
ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)
by Jamal Khaer Ibrahim
Director, Nuclear Power Programme Development
Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)
Prime Ministers Department
International Construction Week (ICW) 2014
Kuala Lumpur
18 September 2014

WHY IS NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP?

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP

Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) document

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP

Source: Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) document

AIMING FOR A HIGH-INCOME ECONOMY BY 2020

RM
billion1,400

Vision 2020 Target Path

RM 1,388 billion in 2020

Real GDP in constant 2000 prices

1,300

New Economic Model (NEM)

GDP growth target
6.5% p.a.
(2011(2011-2020)

1,200
1,100
1,000
900
800

USD17,500

GDP in 2020 at sustained 5.4% growth rate

as in 1990 to 2010: RM 869 billion

USD15,329
USD14,818

Minimum GDP for HighHigh-Income Economy: RM 840 billion

700
600
500

5.4% p.a.
GDP growth
(2011(2011-2020)

400
5.4% p.a.
actual growth
(1990(1990-2010)

300
200

HighHigh-Income Economy
Minimum GDP growth
5.0% p.a. (2011(2011-2020)

100
0
90

92

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

20
6

NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)

TRANSFORMING MALAYSIA

Per Capita
Income
(USD)
~17,500

s
river
d
e
u
val

business
as usual

Eight Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRI

(SRIs)

2010

2015

2020

1MALAYSIA: People First, Performance Now

Preservation & Enhancement of Unity in Diversity

GOVERNMENT TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (GTP)

January 2010
6 National Key Results Areas (NKRA
(NKRAs) for Effective Delivery of Government Services

March 2010

June 2010

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)

8 Strategic Reform Initiatives (SRI
(SRIs) & 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEA
(NKEAs)
New Economic Model: A HighHigh-Income, Inclusive & Sustainable Nation
10TH MALAYSIA PLAN
Macroeconomic Growth Targets
& Expenditure Allocation
Smooth Implementation of
Government
Governments Development Programme

Source: Malaysia, New Economic Model (NEM)

11TH MALAYSIA PLAN

FOUR PILLARS TO ACHIEVE

VISION 2020

April 2009

average annual
growth of 6.5%

nt
stme
inve

current
per capita
income

y
ienc
effic

~7,000

ur
labo

High-Income
Economies
~15,500 Middle & Lower
Income
Economies

POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF NUCLEAR POWER PROJECTS

TO THE NEW ECONOMIC MODEL (NEM)
Per Capita Income
High-Income Economy

vers
i
r
d
e
valu
nt
stme
inve

y
ienc
effic

ur
labo

Middle-Income
Economy

Is)
(SRI
S
E
TIV
NITIA ;
I
ing
M
R
r
educ
EFO te Secto
R
R
&
C
e
GI
Priva
kforc
sustainable
A TE
STR ergising lity Wor Labour; onomy;
a
c
n
u
development
n
e
E
Q
g
i
g
Re
n;
estic
safety
Fore
opin
1.
Actio
e
evel ency on itive Dom or;
v
i
D
t
a
t
culture
.
t
d
2
n
pe
firm
ec
competitive
Depe ng Com ublic S ndly Af cture;
e
i
P
u
i
t
r
r
t
a
g
f
electricity
s
e
n
tt
i
r
a
e
r
n
3. C rengthe t & Mark Base Inf ;
t
n
h
e
industrial advancement
4. S anspare owledg f Growt wth.
r
o
n
o
T
r
K
s
e
G
g
c
.
f
n
5
o
Sour
uildi
ility
high technology
6. B nhancing ustainab
S
E
g
n
i
& high quality
7.
r
n su
8. E
highly skilled work force

highhigh-technology knowledgeknowledge-based
education & training infrastructure
2010

greengreen-house
gas emission
avoidance
enhanced energy
security
concentrated
development
around plants
private sector
investment

BUT,
NUCLEAR ENERGY CONSIDERED ONLY FOR PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

MALAYSIA
Land Area: 329,733 sq. km.
Population: 29.3 million (2012)
PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA
40% of land area;
80% of population;
90% of electricity.

STATES OF
SABAH & SARAWAK
ON BORNEO ISLAND
60% of land area;
20% of population;
10% of electricity.

POINTS TO
PONDER:
CHINESE TAIPEI,
is a quarter the size
of Peninsular
Malaysia with a
population
of 24 million,
but has 6 operating
nuclear power plants
& 2 under
construction.
REPUBLIC OF
KOREA,
is three quarters the
size of Peninsular
Malaysia with a
population of
50 million,
but has 23 operating
nuclear power plants
& 4 under
construction.

10

EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION FUEL MIX

Hydropower resources mostly in Sarawak,

with resources on the Peninsula almost fully developed

Coal
Coal mostly imported,
with increasing imports

Oil has long been decoupled

from electricity generation
Peninsular gas resources depleting,
with anticipated increasing import of LNG for electricity generation
generation

What is the next most viable main energy source?

Source: adapted from Malaysias Ministry of Energy, Green Technology & Water (KeTTHA)
2012

11

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA LOAD-DURATION CURVE

On Wednesday, 20 June 2012

What is the next most viable main energy source,

for base load electricity generation?
Combined Cycle Gas Turbines

Source: Energy Commission Malaysia, Annual Report 2012

12

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA POWER GENERATION MIX

UP TO 2022

Increasing dependence on coal imports & and share of coal in electricity generation,
leading to decreasing energy security & increasing carbon emission.

Declining share of gas utilisation in electricity generation.

Source: Energy Commission, Peninsular Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry Outlook 2013

13

NEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR THE PENINSULA

Energy

Targeted Slower
Energy Demand Growth
with Policy Intervention:
Energy Efficiency (EE) &
Demand-Side Management (DSM).

Energy Demand Growth

without Policy Intervention

DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP:
NEED NUCLEAR POWER

Energy Resource & Supply Constraint

without Policy Intervention

2019

2020

Increased Energy Supply

Options
with Policy Intervention:
through
Green Energy Development,
Fit-In Tariffs (FIT),
Increased Oil & Gas
Exploration & Production in
Deeper Seas, Residual Fields,
etc.

Year

Nuclear energy needed to fill energy demand-supply gap

with renewable energy on supply side & energy efficiency & demand-side management.
Source: adapted from Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Prime Ministers Department, Malaysia

14

NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE ETP

25TH OCTOBER 2010

ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMATION
PROGRAMME
(ETP),
INCLUDING
NUCLEAR POWER
DEPLOYMENT
LAUNCHED

Launching of the ETP by the Prime Minister

as part of the New Economic Model (NEM),
incorporating an Entry Point Project (EPP)
on nuclear power deployment
under the National Key Economic Area (NKEA)
for Oil, Gas & Energy (OGE) sector,
with target of building twin-unit nuclear power plant
with total capacity of 2 Gigawatts,
with the first unit in operation by 2021.

15

INDICATIVE TIMELINE FOR NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT

IN THE ETP

Project Development

2010

2011

2012

Preparation Phase

2013

2014

2015

2016

Decision
Phase

2017

2018

2019

2020

Implementation Phase

Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS)

Feasibility Study (FS)
Basic & Detailed Design
Bid Invitation & Evaluation
Contract Award & Vendor Procurement
Site Grading & Excavation
Construction

Programme & Regualtory

Development

Commissioning

Regulatory Framework
Preparation

Permits
& Safety Analysis

Operation Permits
& Safety Reports

Signing/Ratifying or Acceding to International Instruments & Legislative Development

Site Investigations
Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR)
Site Licence
Construction Licence
Pre-Operational Baseline Radiological Data Gathering
Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) for Operating Licence
Operator Training
Continuous Stakeholder Involvement, Public Information, Human Capital, Industrial & Technological Development

Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)

2021
Launch

16

KEY CHALLENGES IN NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT

Challenge

Potential resolution

Promote public acceptance

Sign/ratify relevant treaties &

conventions

Fast-track process & make government priority

Put in place detailed regulations

Align on international best practices

Top-down mandate to accelerate process
Engage foreign experts to assess site
& construction permit applications

Acquire approval for plant sites

Obtain public support in locality

Public
Acceptance
International
Governance

Regulatory
context

Nuclear
Plant Site
Acquisition

Construction
Timeline

Project
Financing

Public opinion survey to identify

priority segments & concerns
Awareness projects
Transparency in project implementation

Public information programme

Option for localities to bid to host nuclear
plants
as in Japan & Republic of Korea

Require best-in-class timeline

from vendors

Obtain low-cost financing

Negotiate with vendors based on timeline

Combine low-cost & market financing

e.g. sovereign-guaranteed foreign export credits,
foreign equity, commercial loans,
including Islamic financing options.

17

ESTABLISHMENT OF MNPC AS THE NEPIO

7TH JANUARY 2011:

ESTABLISHMENT
OF
MALAYSIA
NUCLEAR POWER
CORPORATION
(MNPC)
AS A NEW
FULLY DEDICATED
NUCLEAR ENERGY
PROGRAMME
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANISATION
(NEPIO)

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)

registered under the Companies Act of Malaysia,
as a fully Government-owned company
limited by guarantee, without share capital,
placed under the jurisdiction of
the Prime Ministers Department,
as a new fully dedicated NEPIO,
and officially launched by the Prime Minister
to spearhead nuclear power deployment
under the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)
on 11th January 2011.

18

OBJECTIVES OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC)

Based on the Memorandum of Association of MNPC under the Companies Act:
To plan, spearhead & coordinate the implementation of
nuclear energy development programme for Malaysia
and to take the necessary action to realise the development of
the first nuclear power plant in Malaysia;
To ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the country
is in line with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines
covering 19 key areas of national position, nuclear safety, management, funding &
financing, legislative framework, safeguards,
regulatory framework, radiation protection, electrical grid,
human resource development, stakeholder involvement,
site & supporting facilities, environmental protection, emergency planning, security &
physical protection, nuclear fuel cycle, radioactive waste,
industrial involvement, and procurement; and,
To identify the company or special purpose vehicle (SPV)
to be the owner and/or operator of nuclear power plant.

19

FUNCTIONS OF MALAYSIA NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION (MNPC)

UNDER THE MINISTERIAL FUNCTIONS ORDER (No. 2) 2013

Ministers of the Federal Government Order (No. 2) 2013

issued under the Ministers of the Federal Government Act (Act. No.2) of 1969
& published in the Federal Government Gazette, P.U. (A) 184, dated 26 June 2013:
Under the Functions of the Prime Minister
Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation:
Planning, spearheading and coordinating
the implementation of nuclear energy development
as well as to ensure the development of nuclear infrastructure for the country
is in line with the International Atomic Energy Agency guidelines.

20

BUT, WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY

& HOW CAN WE MANAGE IT?

21

NUCLEAR FUEL ENERGY CONTENT

nuclear fuel is energy intensive;

nuclear plant refueling cycle
is between 12 & 24 months;
nuclear fuel loads for a few years
can be stored easily
in nuclear power plants;
thus, nuclear plants can be operated
without interruption for a few years,
even with nuclear fuel supply
interruption.

This 30 gm. pellet of uranium oxide fuel

can deliver the same amount of energy
as 3 tonnes of coal.
If the spent nuclear fuel is reprocessed
to extract plutonium produced in uranium
for use as fuel in fast breeder reactors,
this tiny pellet can deliver much more energy
equivalent to 150 tonnes of coal.

22

COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONTENT

& FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR 1,000 MWe POWER PLANT

uel Requirements for 1,000 MWe plant

or 1-year full-load operation
2,000,000 metric tonnes of coal;
1,960,000,000 gallons of oil;
30 metric tonnes of uranium;
0.6 metric tonne of tritium & hydrogen
for nuclear fusion;
100 km2 of photovoltaic panels
t 10% efficiency;
3,000 1-MW capacity wind turbines;
30,000 km2 of wood for biomass;
16,100 km2 of corn for bioalcohol; or,
800,000,000 chicken for biogas.

Fuel

Specific
Energy,
kJ/g.

Methane, CH4

50.7

Propane, C3H8

46.0

Octane, C8H18

41.2

Ethanol, C2H5OH

27.8

Glucose, C6H12O6

15.6

Coal, C96H135O9NS

~30

Hydrogen, H2
(for combustion)

249

Uranium-235

90,000,000

Specific Energy of Alternative Fuel

23

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY

two main uranium isotopes in nature,

uranium-235 & uranium-238
only uranium-235 is readily fissile
& undergoes nuclear fission
but constitutes only
0.7% of uranium atoms in nature
uranium-238 constitutes
99.3% of uranium atoms in nature
& is not readily fissile, but fertile,
i.e. can be transformed into
plutonium-239 as nuclear fuel
plutonium does not exist in nature
& can be mass produced
only in nuclear reactors

235 U
92

92 protons
143 neutrons
in nucleus
0.7% abundance
FISSILE

238 U
92

92 protons
146 neutrons
in nucleus
99.3% abundance
FERTILE

same chemical properties

with difference of only 3 neutrons
in nuclei that provides basis
for uranium enrichment

24

NUCLEAR FUSION & FISSION REACTORS

nuclear fusion
or thermonuclear
reactors

fusion reaction sustained

by very high temperature approaching
the surface temperature of the Sun
being developed under an International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(ITER) Project

NUCLEAR
REACTORS

nuclear fission
reactors

fission reaction sustained by neutrons

& fission reactors sub-classified
by neutron energy

This presentation focused on nuclear fission,

particularly thermal reactors.

25

NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTION

neutron,
1 n
0

235 U
92

fission product
atom X

induced fission
of uraniumuranium-235
after neutron
absorption
average
2.43 neutrons
per fission
of uraniumuranium-235
induced fission
of subsequent
U-235 atoms

fission product
atom Y

1 n
0
1 n
0

235 U
92

200
megaelectron
volt (MeV)
of energy
per U-235
atom fissioned

1/100,000,000,000,000th second
per neutron generation

absorption of neutron
by uraniumuranium-238

238 U
92

239 Pu
94

transmutation
of uraniumuranium-238
into plutoniumplutonium-239

26

NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTION

BUT, IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR:

fission neutrons are fast, of more than 1 megaelectron-volt (MeV) energy,

& need to be slowed down or moderated to thermal energy (0.025 eV),
to increase probability of further U-235 fission & sustain reaction.

slowing down through collision of fast neutrons with moderator atoms,

with most commercial nuclear power reactors using water as moderator.

need to control neutron population or flux

with control rods or neutron absorbers,
e.g. boron, cadmium, hafnium or gadolinium,
to avoid runaway chain reaction.

certain fission products, especially xenon-135 (Xe-135),

can readily absorb neutrons or be neutron poisons,
which can inhibit the nuclear chain reaction.

need to remove fission heat with reactor cooling system

& the moderator can also be the coolant, especially water.

27

FISSION NEUTRON ENERGY SPECTRUM

can design nuclear fission reactors to operate on thermal, epithermal or fast neutrons
using different neutron moderator, coolant, & nuclear fuel characteristics

relative neutron flux

102

thermal
neutrons

1 MeV

100

epithermal
neutrons

10-2
10-4

fast
neutrons

0.025 eV

10-6
close similarity between energy spectra
for uraniumuranium-235 & plutoniumplutonium-239 fission neutrons

10-8
10-10
0.001

0.01

0.1

10
100
1000
104
105
neutron energy (electron(electron-Volt, eV)

106

107

108

28

NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS

nuclear fusion
or thermonuclear
reactors

NUCLEAR
REACTORS

nuclear fission
reactors

fast
reactors

operate on fast neutrons

& do not require moderator;
still prototype reactors.

epithermal
reactors

operate on epithermal neutrons

& require some moderator;
still experimental reactors.

thermal
reactors

operate on thermal neutrons

& require moderators;
existing commercial reactors.

29

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR REACTORS

nuclear fuel element

coolant
moderator,

H2O

slowing down
of fission neutrons
to thermal energies
1 n
0

thermal neutron fission

of uraniumuranium-235
fission product

fission energy
(heat)

235 U
235
92
92

1 n
0

neutron absorption
by uraniumuranium-238
1 n
0
1 n
0

238 U
92

1 n
0

fast (> 1 MeV)

fission neutrons
from preceding
U-235 fission

control rods inserted to

absorb excess neutrons
& control neutron flux

1 n
0

fission
product

239 Pu
94

1 n
0

1 n
0

absorption of neutrons
by neutron poison
fission product
fission product
(neutron poison)

fission energy
(heat)

transmutation
of uraniumuranium-238
into plutoniumplutonium-239

1 n
0
1 n
0

fast neutron fission

of plutoniumplutonium-239
fission product
fuel element cladding

1 n
0

1 n
0

30

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)

steam line
electrical
generator

nuclear
reactor
vessel

control
rods

steam
generator

steam
turbine

nuclear
fuel

hot water
out

coolant
moderator

primary
cooling loop

reactor containment building

condensed
water

cooling
water in

Balance of Plant (BOP)

31

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH TWO-LOOP COOLING SYSTEM

(PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR (PWR))

32

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH ONE-LOOP COOLING SYSTEM

(BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR))

33

TYPICAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT LAYOUT

Nuclear Fuel Building

Nuclear Auxiliary Building
Radioactive Waste Building

Reactor Containment Building

Service Building
Diesel Generator Building 2

Service Building
Diesel
Generator
Building 1
Office Building

Access Building
Control & Instrumentation
Electrical Building

Turbine Building
Turbine Buildings usually aligned perpendicularly
to Reactor Containment Buildings for safety reasons

34
Cooling Towers
(Twin Units)

Reactor
Containment
Buildings
(Twin Units)
Turbine Building
Electrical Switchyard
& Grid Connection

Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant

in Tennessee, U.S.A.

35

Nuclear Power Plant Buildings

Reactor
Containment
Building
Cooling Tower

Turbine
Building

36

Nuclear Reactor Vessel

37

Nuclear Power Plant Steam Generator

38

Nuclear Power Plant Steam Generator

39

Nuclear Power Plant

Steam Turbine

40

Nuclear Power Plant Steam Turbine

41

Nuclear
Power
Plant
Electrical
Generator

42

Nuclear Power Reactor Core

During Refuelling Operation
Cerenkov Radiation creates blue glow

43

URANIUM

44

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE

uranium
tetraoxide, U3O8,
or yellow-cake

uranium
ore
uranium
mining

uranium
conversion

uranium
refining

0.7% U-235
& 99.3% U-238
diversion
of extracted plutonium
to nuclear weapons
production

uranium
hexafluoride,
UF6, gas

diversion of highly enriched

(>90% U-235) uranium
depleted
to nuclear weapons
uranium
production
by-product

uranium
enrichment

recovered
unused uranium
spent nuclear fuel
reprocessing

natural
uranium
dioxide
or metal
extracted
plutonium

spent
nuclear fuel

high-level
nuclear waste
disposal

interim spent
nuclear fuel
storage

irradiated or
spent nuclear fuel

enriched
UF6 gas
(3 to 5% U-235)
UF6
reconversion
enriched
uranium
dioxide
nuclear fuel
fabrication
nuclear fuel
assemblies

nuclear
power plants

45

GLOBAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS NON-PROLIFERATION SAFEGUARDS

REGIME
TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS (NPT)
with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
as the Treaty verification agency

UN SECURITY COUNCIL
based on
IAEA Statute

IAEA
safeguards verification

IAEA Safeguards Agreements

& Additional Protocols
with NNWS NPT Parties
(bilateral agreements)

with differentiated treaty obligations

between
nuclear weapon States (NWS)
& non-nuclear weapon States (NNWS)

NWS not obliged to conclude

IAEA Safeguards Agreements,
but obliged to disarm nuclear weapons

Reinforced by Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone Treaties

& Regional Treaty Safeguards Authorities
(e.g. Treaty on the South-East Asia
Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone (SEAWNFZ)
& SEANWFZ Commission)

46

GLOBAL NUCLEAR SAFETY REGIME

International Legal Instruments

Conventions & Codes of Conduct

IAEA Safety
Standards

IAEA Safety
Reviews and
Services
Global
Knowledge
Network
Global Experts Community

Regulation
Enforcement

National & Regional

Nuclear Infrastructure
Research & Education

Operation

47

BASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

GENERAL NUCLEAR SAFETY OBJECTIVE

TECHNICAL SAFETY OBJECTIVE

inherent safety,
multi-barrier containment
& defence in depth in plant design
& prudent plant siting
& safety culture in plant management

RADIATION PROTECTION OBJECTIVE

As Low As Reasonably Achievable
(ALARA)
& emergency response,
with evacuation, if necessary,
facilitated by prudent siting.

1 SAFETY OBJECTIVE:
The fundamental safety objective is to protect people
& the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
10 SAFETY PRINCIPLES:
Principle 1:
Principle 2:
Principle 3:
Principle 4:
Principle 5:
Principle 6:
Principle 7:
Principle 8:
Principle 9:
Principle 10:

Responsibility for Safety

Role of Government
Leadership & Management for Safety
Justification of Facilities & Activities
Optimization of Protection
Limitation of Risks to Individuals
Protection of Present & Future Generations
Prevention of Accidents
Emergency Preparedness & Response
Protective Actions to Reduce Existing or Unregulated Radiation Risks

48

GLOBAL NUCLEAR LIABILITY REGIME

Unified Global Nuclear Liability Regime
through the 1988 Joint Protocol relating to the Vienna & Paris Conventions
OECD Conventions
(Regional)

IAEA Conventions
(Global)

1960 Paris Convention on

Third Party Liability
in the Field of Nuclear Energy
(amended in 1964, 1982 & 2004)

1963 Vienna Convention on

Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage

1963 Brussels Convention

Supplementary to the Paris
Convention
on Nuclear Third Party Liability
2004 Protocols Revising
the Paris & Brussels Conventions

1997 Protocol to Amend

the Vienna Convention on
Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage
1997 Convention on
Supplementary Compensation
for Nuclear Damage

49

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR LIABILITY

& NUCLEAR INSURANCE

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Liability is channeled exclusively
to the operators of nuclear installations;

International Compensation
under the Conventions on
Supplementary Compensation
Limit for International Compensation

Liability of operator is absolute,

i.e. operator is held liable
irrespective of fault,
except for acts of armed conflict,
hostilities, civil war or insurrection;
hostilities,
Liability of the operator is limited in amount;
Liability is limited in time;
Under both the OECD & IAEA Conventions

Compensation by
National Governments
under Respective Laws
National Limit of Liability on Operators

Nuclear Insurance
& Reinsurance Pools

50

CONCEPT OF MULTI-BARRIER CONTAINMENT

aircraft crash-proof

51

Nuclear Power Plant Building Aircraft Crash Test

US F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test Against
A Mock-up Segment of A Nuclear Power Plant
Containment Building

52

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT BUILDING AIRCRAFT CRASH TEST VIDEO

US F4 Phantom Fighter Jet Crash Test Against
A Mock-Up Nuclear Power Plant Containment Building Segment

53

MULTI-BARRIER CONTAINMENT & DEFENCE-IN-DEPTH

54

Prevention
of accidents

CONCEPT & LEVELS OF DEFENCE IN DEPTH

Prevention of
severe core
damage

LEVEL
:

OBJECTIVE:

MEANS:

Level
1

Prevention of abnormal operation

& failures

Conservative design;
High quality in construction
and operation & maintenance.

Level
2

Control of abnormal operation;

Detection of failures.

Control, limiting & protection

systems
& other surveillance features.

Level
3

Control of accidents within

Design Basis Accidents (DBA).

Engineered Safety Features (ESF)

& accident procedures.

Level
4

Control of severe plant

conditions, including prevention
of accident progression &
mitigation of consequences of
severe accidents.

Complementary measures
& accident management.

Level
5

Mitigating radiological
consequences of significant
radioactivity releases.

Off-site emergency response.

55

EMERGENCY ZONES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

NPP site boundary

NPP exclusion zone
(zero population)
population
centres

NPP
low population zone

56

COMPARATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURE BY SOURCE

Source: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)

57

COMPOSITION OF FRESH & IRRADIATED OR SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL

8.0 kg. unused U-235

33 kg. UU-235

4.6 kg. U-236

8.9 kg. Pu-239
& other isotopes
of plutonium
Recyclable
Nuclear Material

INITIAL
FRESH FUEL
every 1000 kg.

967 kg. U-238

943 kg. U-238

SPENT FUEL
every 1000 kg.

3.3% enriched
with UU-235
High-Level
Nuclear Waste
35 kg. assorted
fission products
3-year cooling

0.65 kg. various

transuranic elements

58

RADIOACTIVE WASTE CATEGORY IN FRANCE

Category
Very Low
Level
(VLL)

Radioactivity
Range

Volume

58 %

1 to 10 Bq/g.

10 to 10
Bq/g.

Medium
Level (ML)

10 to 10
Bq/g.

High
Level (HL)

10 to 10
Bq/g.

10-3 %

Waste Sources
earth, gravel & scrap metal from
dismantling and process waste (pumps,
valves..)

1%

waste from operating nuclear

installations, reactors, factories,
laboratories, hospitals,
waste from Defence,
graphite from dismantling

2%

1%

ion exchange resins

from reactor coolant,
slurries, hulls & end fittings

0.1 %

98 %

Low Level
(LL)

Radioactivity

40 %

12

vitrified waste & irradiated fuel

Medium & high-level waste accounts for 5% of total waste volume, but contains 99% of radioactivity.

59

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT BY CATEGORY IN FRANCE

Waste Category

Very
Short-lived

Short-lived < 30yrs

Surface storage
since 2003

VLL ()

1,000,000 m3

LL ( + )

ML ()

HL ( + )

Radioactive
decay

Surface storage centres

since 1969:
1,300,000 m3

Long-lived > 30yrs

Mining residues:
stored locally
52,000,000 m3
Radiferous waste:
under investigation
>100,000 m3
Graphite waste
under review:
14,000 m3
Waste from reprocessing
under review: 60,000 m3

+ waste from spent fuel reprocessing:

5,000 m3
3,500 tonnes
under review

60

LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE TREATMENT IN FRANCE

Types of Waste

Shirts, gloves, shoes

Treatment
(examples)

Conditioning
(example)

Traceability

Compacting

Encapsulation
in cement
inside concrete drum

Inspection

tiquette code-barre

Filters...

Source: Various sources

Casting in bars

Bar code label

61

LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURES

IN FRANCE
humus
drainage layer
layer of clay

inspection gallery

concrete recess

Raft
buried gravitational separation system

62

LOW & MEDIUM LEVEL WASTE STORAGE STRUCTURES

IN FRANCE

THREE PHASES IN STORAGE:

1. Operation;
2. Monitoring for
at least 300 years; and,
3. Reclamation after that stage.
THREE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS:
1st containment system, the waste package;
2nd containment system, host structure covered & drained;
3rd containment system, the site.

63

SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT & STORAGE

IN FRANCE

Spent fuel assembly storage

Interim Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage
in pool at la Hague, France

Spent nuclear fuel

assembly

Transport of 6 tonnes
of spent nuclear fuel
in 110 tonne flask

64

SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT & STORAGE

IN FRANCE

Hall for storing glass containers

from the vitrification plant
(COGEMA - Marcoule)

Storage of spent fuel by the CEA,

Cascad installation

Source: COGEMA, France

65

RADIOTOXICITY OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

66

DEEP UNDERGROUND STORAGE FOR HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE

IN FRANCE

NATURAL
OUTLET

Way-shaft

> 200 m

Upper
sedimentary
rock
formations

Shaft

Fault

Seal

Clay host formation

Gallery

Storage shafts or recesses

Engineered
barrier
container

67

DEEP GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT & DISPOSAL

& NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR IN OKLO, GABON
New Mexico,
USA

Oskarshamn, Sweden
Bure (Meuse/Haute-Marne),
France

Olkiluoto,
Finland

2 billion-year old natural nuclear reactors in Oklo, Gabon

Source: Various sources

68

GEOLOGICAL NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE RESEARCH

IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

Mol, Belgium (clay)

Mont Terri, Switzerland

(clay)

Grimsel, Switzerland (granite)

Yucca
Mountain,
USA
(tuff)

Gorleben, Germany (salt)

Source: Various sources

Bure, France (clay)

69

GLOBAL URANIUM RESOURCE AVAILABILITY

Less than
USD 40/kg.U

Less than
USD 80/kg.U

Less than
USD 130/kg.U

No recovery
cost estimate
assigned

1,947,000

2,643,000

3,297,000

n.a.

799,000

1,161,000

1,446,000

n.a.

Prognosticated

n.a.

1,700,000

2,519,000

n.a.

Speculative

n.a.

n.a.

4,557,000

2,979,000

2,716,000

5,504,000

11,819,000

14,798,000

Resource Category
Reasonably Assured
Resources (RAR)
Inferred

Total

Note:
Note:
Estimated global uranium requirement
for operating nuclear power plants
for 2012 is 67,990 tonnes.

Historical &
Projected
Global Uranium
Supply & Demand
from 1945 to 2025

Global resources sufficient for 80 years.

Use of fast reactors will prolong to 2,500 years.
Uranium in phosphates estimated at
over 35 million tonnes.

Source: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), IAEA & other sources

70

GLOBAL URANIUM SUPPLY

Major
Uranium
Producers:

Uranium
Resource
s (tonnes)

% of
World
Total

Australia

1,243,000

23

Kazakhstan
Russian
Federation
South Africa

817,000

15

546,000

10

435,000

Canada

423,000

USA

342,000

Brazil

278,000

Namibia

275,000

Niger

274,000

Jordan

112,000

Uzbekistan

111,000

India

73,000

China

68,000

Mongolia

62,000

Source: Various sources

Secondary nuclear
fuel supply from
dismantled nuclear
weapons
under the Megatons
to Megawatt
Programme
between the USA
& Russian
Federation

71

GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE TRENDS

Spot Yellow-cake
Prices
in Constant 2007
US$
& Current US$

1988 to 2013

prices
declined
since

Uranium price increase in recent years due to dynamics of global uranium supply and demand itself,
i.e. flooding at McArthur River mine in Saskatchewan, Canada,
with largest known high-grade uranium deposits in the world, in 2003,
temporary shutdown of Honeywell uranium conversion plant in Metropolis, Illlinois, USA, in late 2004 to early 2005,
uncertainties over continued operation of Rssing mine in Namibia,
fire at the multi-mineral Olympic Dam mine in South Australia,
and advent of uranium hedge funds in 2005,
with underlying positive outlook for nuclear power due to concerns over global warming & Kyoto Protocol.

Source: UxC

71

72

CURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM & NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SERVICE PRICE

Uranium & Nuclear Fuel Services

Spot Market Prices
on 24 February 2014

Uranium Ore, and

Conversion
& Enrichment Services
Price Trends
from December 2013
to February 2014
SWU = Separative Work Unit for enrichment

Source: UxC

73

CURRENT GLOBAL URANIUM ENRICHMENT SUPPLIERS

Country

Uranium Enrichment Service

Supplier

Gaseous Diffusion:
USA
US Enrichment Company Inc.
(USEC)
France
Areva
Centrifuge:
Russian
TENEX
Federation
United Kingdom
URENCO
Netherlands
URENCO
Germany
URENCO
Japan
Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd. (JNFL)
China
Others

China National Nuclear

Corporation (CNNC)
not applicable

(Argentina,
Brazil, India and
Pakistan)
Total

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Start of Operation

Uranium Enrichment
Capacity (SWU per year)

1954

11,300,000

1979

10,800,000

1949 to 1964

15,000,000 to 20,000,000

1976
1973
1985
1992
1997
2002
1999
not applicable

3,100,000
2,500,000
1,700,000
600,000
450,000
500,000
500,000
300,000

46,750,000 to 51,750,000

74

NUCLEAR POWER COST CHARACTERISTICS

Nuclear plant construction costs generally higher,
compared to coal or gas-fired plants,
because of higher level of technology, sophistication of equipment,
quality of material & quality assurance standards.
Even though such factors contribute to higher nuclear power plant capital
cost,
once the plants are commissioned, variable or operating costs are minor.

Thus, nuclear power plants are most suitable for base-load.

Standard practice to internalise decommissioning, spent fuel management
and radioactive waste disposal costs in nuclear generation costs,
unlike other energy sources.

75

IMPROVEMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER TECHNOLOGIES

Reduced construction periods of modern nuclear power plants,
from 10 to 15 years, down to 3 to 6 years,
and extension of the plant operating life from 25 to 40 years, and now 60 years.

Design of nuclear fuel used in modern plants have also resulted

in a significant extension of the refueling cycle of those plants,
from 12 to 18 months, up to 24 months,
hence, minimising scheduled plant outage,
and improving overall plant load factors.

76

RANGE OF SIZES OF POWER PLANTS BY ENERGY SOURCE

Capacity ranges
Fuel type

1 kW

10 kW

100 kW

1 MW

10 MW

100 MW

1,000 MW

Conventional
300300-1,500 MW

Nuclear

8080-1,000 MW

Coal

25 kWkW-500 MW

Gas
Renewable
Hydro

1 kWkW-700 MW

Biomass

10 kWkW-50 MW

Wind

10 kWkW-5 MW

Solar

1 kWkW-100 kW
Human heart
1.5 W

Source: Malaysia NKEA OGE Laboratory 2010, Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)

77

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMICS

Coal
Clean coal
Clean coal &
CCS

Investment
Costs for
1,000 MWe Plant

Nuclear
Wind farm
Natural gas
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

Billion US $

Nuclear Power Generation

Cost Components

Comparative Cost Structure by Fuel Type

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Range of Levelised Generation Costs for New Power Plants

78

LIFE-CYCLE CASH FLOW OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Note:
Latest generation of nuclear power plants have 60-year lifetime,
which may be extended to 80 years, subject to safety review at end of 60-years.

79

IMPACT OF FUEL COSTS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTS

FINLAND (2000)

Source: World Nuclear Association (WNA)

80

COMPARATIVE LEVELISED GENERATION COST RANGE

BY ENERGY SOURCE IN USA

Source: World Nuclear Association (WNA)

81

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER

IN THE MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

82

COMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS

BY ENERGY SOURCE

1 800

180

[8]

1 400

[12]
[10]

1 200
1 000

[16]

800
600

[4]

Standard deviation

160

gCO2-eq / kWh

gCO 2-eq / kWh

1 600

Mean

140

Min - Max

120

[sample size]

[8]

100
[13]

80
60

400

[8]

40

200

20

lignite

coal

oil

gas

CCS

[16]
[15]

storage
hydro nuclear wind solar bio
mass
PV

Note different scales on vertical axes

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

[15]

83

COMPARATIVE WASTE GENERATION BETWEEN ENERGY SOURCES

Industrial Waste per Capita

per Annum in France

Waste Generated by Energy

Source

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

84

COMPARATIVE FATALITY RISKS OF COMMERCIAL ENERGY SOURCES

Energy Source

Fatalities
(1970-92)

Fatal Victims

Fatality per TW-yr.

Hydropower dam breaks

4,000

workers & public

883

Coal mine accidents & methane explosions

6,400

coal miners

342

Oil & gas explosions & well blowout

1,200

workers & public

85

Nuclear plant & fuel facility accidents

50

workers
& fire personnel

13

Source: Paul Scherer Institute

85

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN EVOLUTION

Source: Generation IV Forum (GIF)

86

GLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER STATUS

434 operable nuclear power plants in the world

world

and many more are planned, mostly in Asia.

Status as of 1 February 2014
Nuclear Power
Plant Status:

Top 10 countries most reliant on nuclear power in 2013

Country
Nuclear as % of total electricity
74.8
France
53.8
Slovakia
53.8
Slovenia
51.0
Belgium
46.2
Ukraine
45.9
Hungary
38.1
Sweden
35.9
Switzerland
35.3
Czech Republic
32.6
Finland

Source: World Nuclear Association (WNA)

No. of
Plants:

Generating
Capacity (MWe):

Operable

434

374,335

Under
Construction

70

74,911

In Planning

173

186,388

Proposed

310

349,170

Top 10 countries with most nuclear projects in progress

Units
Units
Units
Units
Country
Operable Construction Planned Proposed
20
28
58
118
China
33
10
31
18
Russian Fed.
21
7
18
39
India
100
5
7
15
USA
23
5
6
0
Korea (ROK)
48
3
9
3
Japan
0
2
2
10
UAE
3
2
0
2
Pakistan
4
2
0
1
Slovakia
0
0
6
16
Saudi Arabia

87

SO..,
WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?

88

NUCLEAR LEGAL & REGULATORY STUDY

89

CURRENT NUCLEAR-RELATED REGULATORY STRUCTURE

Source: Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB)

90 NUCLEAR

POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NPIDP),

FEASIBILITY STUDY (FS), SITE EVALUATION (SE) & BID DOCUMENTS
(BD)

91

NUCLEAR POWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

(NPIDP)

92

ASSESSMENT OF SOURCES & METHODS OF PROJECT FINANCING

IN THE FEASIBILITY STUDY

93

NUCLEAR ENGINEERING HIGHER EDUCATION ROAD-MAP

MILESTONE1:
June2009
Readytomakeaknowledgeable
commitmenttoanuclearpower
programme.
programme.

MILESTONE2:
MILESTONE2:
2015
Readytoinvitebidsforthefirst
nuclearpowerplant

PHASE1:
PHASE2:
PHASE2:
2008toJune2009
June2009
to2015
June2009to2015
Considerationsbeforeadecisionto Preparatoryworkforconstruction
launchanuclearpowerprogramme
ofanuclearpowerplantafter
istaken
apolicydecisionhasbeentaken

MILESTONE3:
MILESTONE3:
2021
Readytocommissionandoperate
thefirstnuclearpowerplant

PHASE3:
PHASE3:
2015to2021
Activitiestoimplement
afirstnuclearpowerplant

POST
POST2021:
Maintenanceandcontinuous
infrastructureimprovement

NUCLEARENGINEERINGHIGHEREDUCATIONDEVELOPMENTROAD
NUCLEARENGINEERINGHIGHEREDUCATIONDEVELOPMENTROADMAP

Commencementof
nuclearenergy
nuclearenergyrelatedsubjects
underotherengineeringcourses
atlocaluniversities.
atlocaluniversities.

Commencementof
nuclearengineering
firstdegreecourses
inlocaluniversities.

Localgraduates
innuclearengineering
enterthejobmarket
duringimplementation
offirstnuclearpowerproject.

Sustainedoutputoflocal
nuclearengineeringgraduates
commensuratewithdemand.

Conductofshort
Conductofshorttermcourses
onnuclearengineering
forengineeringprofessionalsfrom
otherengineeringdisciplines
inpreparationfor
nuclearpowerproject
management&implementation.

Commencementof
nuclearengineering
post
postgraduatecourses
inlocaluniversities
forsustainablelong
forsustainablelongterm
nuclearpower
nuclearpowerrelated
research&development.

Sustainednuclearpower
Sustainednuclearpowerrelated
localresearch&development
forlong
forlongtermrequirements.

Developmentofteachingstaff
innuclearengineering
throughinternationalcooperation.

Developmentofteachingstaff
innuclearengineering
fromamonglocalgraduates.

Sustainedoutputofteachingstaff
innuclearengineering
fromamonglocalgraduates.

94

CAPACITY-BUILDING & SUPPORT NETWORK

NEPIO
(MNPC)

NPP Owner SPV

planning &
implementation
coordination

NPP Operator SPV

supply
NPP Vendor
Turnkey
Contractor

technical
support
TSO
TSOs
(NM & others)

Vendor Country
Nuclear Utility

National
Regulators
(AELB, ST, DOSH,
DOE, MHLG)

Malaysian Industries

Malaysian Educational
& Training Institutions

tec
& te hnolo
g
chn
ica y tr ans
l as
sist fer
an c
e

regulate
Vendor Country
TSO
Vendor Country
Regulators

Vendor Country
Industries

Vendor Country
Educational
&Training Institutions

SITE INVESTIGATION & SELECTION STAGES

n
io

io

ct

t
ra

tru

st e
Po sur
lo
C
n

s
on

pe
O

ON HOLD PENDING
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
95

96

PRELIMINARY SITE SELECTION

settlement areas
roads
elevation / terrain
sensitive areas
land use

Digital Map Overlay

with Different
Types of Maps
using GIS Software
with Weighting Factors
for a Set of Site
Assessment
Parameters

Source: Petersen et al, Tectonophysics 390 (2004)

97

NATIONAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR

SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

*Public engagement is an integral part of SIA & EIA preparation

98

NUCLEAR POWER STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

INTERNATIONAL STAKEHOLDERS
relevant interinter-governmental agencies for international nuclear governance,
foreign Governments, especially supplier States, international civil
civil society.

Key Agencies:
MNPC. MOFA, KeTTHA,
MOSTI, NM & AELB

NATIONAL & STATE POLITICAL STAKEHOLDERS

Government & political leaders, policypolicy-makers,
Members of Parliament, Senators & State Legislative Assemblies.

MNPC,
MNPC, KeTTHA, MOSTI,
NM, AELB, ST & TNB.

NATIONAL PROFESSIONAL STAKEHOLDERS

Government Ministries & agencies, GovernmentGovernment-linked companies,
industry organisations, professional bodies, academic & training institutions
& other agencies involved in all aspects of
nuclear power programme & project implementation.
GENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERS
civic society, mass media, nonnon-governmental organisations (NGO
(NGOs),
religious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training colleges,
olleges,
university &
c
school students, general public.
STATES & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITES
local Government, community leaders, village heads,
local associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, schools,
schools, etc.

MNPC,
MNPC, KeTTHA,
KeTTHA, MOSTI,
NM, AELB, ST & TNB.

MNPC, KeTTHA, MOSTI,

NM, Information Dept.,
AELB, ST & TNB.

MNPC, KeTTHA, MOSTI,

KPKT, NM, AELB, ST,
Information Dept., TNB,
municipal authorities.

99

SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY ISSUES

AT NATIONAL vs. LOCAL LEVELS
NATIONAL PUBLIC OPINION
Why nuclear?
Why not solar?
Is it safe?
What about the waste?
Isn
Isnt it too expensive?
Where to get the fuel?
Nuclear accidents?
Public radiation exposure?
Environmental impacts?
Yes, but not in my backyard!

STATE GOVERNMENTS
Why build in this State?
Won
Wont we lose the next election?
Is it safe? What benefit to the
State?
MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES
Why build in this district?
Is it safe for the people?
LOCAL POPULATION
NIMBY, BANANA!*

GENERAL CIVIL SOCIETY & PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERS

civic society, mass media, nonnon-governmental organisations (NGO
(NGOs),
religious, women & other civic organisations, teacher training colleges,
colleges,
university & school students, general public.
STATE & LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AROUND NUCLEAR PLANT SITES
local Government, community leaders, village heads,
local associations, such as farmers & fishermen associations, schools,
schools, etc.
*NIMBY
*BANANA

= Not in My Backyard
= Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything

Why build here?

Is it safe for us?
Accident effect?
Won
Wont our food, fish,
vegetable supply
be contaminated?
Our children?
Our river, our beach?

100

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) PARAMETERS

Perception of Risk
by the Community

Demography Impacts
Employment

Community &
Institution Structure
Impacts

Infrastructure
& Amenities

Individual & Family

Impacts

Housing
& Accommodation

Health

Conflicts between
Local Community
& Foreign Workers

Cultural & Community

Values
Physically Challenged
Person & Minority
Group Needs

Source: Federal Town & Country Planning Dept. (JPBD) Malaysia

Crime & Safety

101

COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN & STRATEGIES

ON NUCLEAR ENERGY
New Comprehensive
Nuclear Law to be
tabled in Parliament

Leads to intense public debate

Pending new law & regulations to comply

In Situ Detailed
Site Investigations
& Evaluation

Pending prior approval of local

authorities & communities

Pending detailed site parameters

Public Opinion Research Results

Social Media Platform
for public feedback on concerns
Stakeholder Mapping
with Segmental Concerns

Completion of
Feasibility Studies
Pending completion of Feasibility Studies
& Approval of Site by Local Stakeholders
Policy Decision
to proceed with
Nuclear Power
Plant Project

NEED

Needs national public support

Communications Plan
& Strategies to address
public concerns
by stakeholder segment

102

IN THE END,
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

103

IN THE END.

103

104

WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

105

Questions?

THANK YOU

Jamal Khaer Ibrahim,

Director, Nuclear Power Programme Development,
Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC),
Prime Ministers Department,
A-1-01 & A-1-03, SME Technopreneur Centre 2, 2260 Jalan Usahawan 1,
63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: ++60-(0)3-8319 4700
Fax: ++60-(0)3-8319 4800
Email: jamal@mnpc.org.my