Bucharest

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1 Etymology
Bucharest (/bjukrst/; Romanian: Bucureti, pronounced [bukuret]
listen ) is the capital and largest
city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial,
and nancial centre. It is located in the southeast of
the country, at 442557N 260614E / 44.43250N
26.10389ECoordinates: 442557N 260614E /
44.43250N 26.10389E, on the banks of the Dmbovia
River, less than 60 km (37.3 mi) north of the Danube
River and the Bulgarian border.

The Romanian name Bucureti has an uncertain origin.

Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the
name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a sherman, a shepherd, or a hunter, according to dierent legends. In Romanian, the word stem bucurie means joy
(happiness),[13] and it is believed to be of Dacian origin.[14]
Other etymologies are given by early scholars, including
the one of an Ottoman traveler, Evliya elebi, who said
that Bucharest was named after a certain Abu-Kari",
from the tribe of Bani-Kurei". In 1781, Austrian historian Franz Sulzer claimed that it was related to bucurie
(joy), bucuros (joyful), or a se bucura (to become joyful),
while an early 19th-century book published in Vienna assumed its name has been derived from Bukovie, a beech
forest.[15]

Bucharest was rst mentioned in documents in 1459. It

became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (neo-classical), interbellum
(Bauhaus and art deco), communist-era and modern. In
the period between the two World Wars, the citys elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned
Bucharest the nickname of Little Paris (Micul Paris).[7]
Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and above all Nicolae Ceauescu's program of
systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city
has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom.[8]

A native or resident of Bucharest is called a Bucharester

(Romanian: bucuretean).

2 History

According to the 2011 census, 1,883,425 inhabitants

live within the city limits,[5] a decrease from the 2002
census.[3] The urban area extends beyond the limits of
Bucharest proper and has a population of about 1.9 million people.[9] Adding the satellite towns around the urban
area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would
have a population of 2.27 million people.[10] According to
Eurostat, Bucharest has a larger urban zone of 2,183,091
residents.[6] According to unocial data, the population
is more than 3 million.[11] Bucharest is the sixth-largest
city in the European Union by population within city limits, after London, Berlin, Madrid, Rome, and Paris.

Main article: History of Bucharest

See also: Timeline of Bucharest
Bucharests history alternated periods of development
and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until
its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late
in the 19th century.

Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in

Romania[12] and is one of the main industrial centres
and transportation hubs of Eastern Europe. The city has
big convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural
venues, traditional shopping arcades, and recreational
areas.
The city proper is administratively known as the Municipality of Bucharest (Municipiul Bucureti), and has the Early 18th-century woodcut (1717)
same administrative level as that of a national county, being further subdivided into six sectors, each governed by
First mentioned as the "Citadel of Bucureti in 1459, it
1

HISTORY

became the residence of the famous Wallachian prince and limited electrication were introduced.[18] The DmVlad III the Impaler.[16]:23
bovia River was also massively channelled in 1883, thus
endemic oods like the 1865
The Ottomans appointed Greek administrators putting a stop to previously
[19]
ooding
of
Bucharest.
The
Fortications of Bucharest
(Phanariotes) to run the town from the 18th century.
were
built.
The
extravagant
architecture
and cosmopoliA short-lived revolt initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu in
tan
high
culture
of
this
period
won
Bucharest
the nick1821 led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks
name
of
Little
Paris
(Micul
Paris)
of
the
east,
with
[17]
in Bucharest.
Calea Victoriei as its Champs-lyses.
The Old Princely Court (Curtea Veche) was erected by
Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the summer
residence of the royal court. During the years to come,
it competed with Trgovite on the status of capital city
after an increase in the importance of southern Muntenia
brought about by the demands of the suzerain power the
Ottoman Empire.
Bucharest nally became the permanent location of the
Wallachian court after 1698 (starting with the reign of
Constantin Brncoveanu).
Partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several
times during the following 200 years, and hit by Carageas
plague in 181314, the city was wrested from Ottoman
control and occupied at several intervals by the Habsburg
Monarchy (1716, 1737, 1789) and Imperial Russia (three
times between 1768 and 1806). It was placed under
Russian administration between 1828 and the Crimean
War, with an interlude during the Bucharest-centred 1848
Wallachian revolution. Later, an Austrian garrison took
possession after the Russian departure (remaining in the
city until March 1857). On 23 March 1847, a re consumed about 2,000 buildings, destroying a third of the
city.

Ottoman massacre of Greek irregulars in Bucharest (August

1821)

In 1862, after Wallachia and Moldavia were united to

form the Principality of Romania, Bucharest became the
new nations capital city. In 1881, it became the political centre of the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Romania under King Carol I. During the second half of
the 19th century, the citys population increased dramatically, and a new period of urban development began. During this period, gas lighting, horse-drawn trams,

I.C. Brtianu Boulevard in the 1930s

Between 6 December 1916 and November 1918, the city

was occupied by German forces as a result of the Battle
of Bucharest, with the ocial capital temporarily moved
to Iai, in the Moldavia region. After World War I,
Bucharest became the capital of Greater Romania. In
the interwar years, Bucharests urban development continued, with the city gaining an average of 30,000 new
residents each year. Also, some of the citys main landmarks were built in this period, including Arcul de Triumf and Palatul Telefoanelor.[20] However, the Great Depression took its toll on Bucharests citizens, culminating
in the Grivia Strike of 1933.[21]

Calea Victoriei (Victory Avenue) in 1940

In January 1941, the city was the scene of the

Legionnaires rebellion and Bucharest pogrom. As the
capital of an Axis country and a major transit point for
Axis troops en route to the Eastern Front, Bucharest suffered heavy damage during World War II due to Allied
bombings. On 23 August 1944, Bucharest was the site
of the royal coup which brought Romania into the Allied
camp. The city suered a short period of Nazi Luftwae

3.1

General

bombings, as well as a failed attempt by German troops

to regain the city.
After the establishment of communism in Romania, the
city continued growing. New districts were constructed,
most of them dominated by tower blocks. During Nicolae
Ceauescu's leadership (196589), much of the historic
part of the city was demolished and replaced by "Socialist
realism" style development: (1) the Centrul Civic (the
Civic Centre) and (2) the Palace of the Parliament, for
which an entire historic quarter was razed to make way
for Ceauescus megalomaniac plans. On 4 March 1977,
an earthquake centered in Vrancea, about 135 km (83.89
mi) away, claimed 1,500 lives and caused further damage
to the historic centre.
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 began with massive
anti-Ceauescu protests in Timioara in December 1989
and continued in Bucharest, leading to the overthrow of
the Communist regime. Dissatised with the postrevolutionary leadership of the National Salvation Front, some
student leagues and opposition groups organized largescale protests in 1990 (the "Golaniad"), which were violently suppressed by the miners of Valea Jiului called in
by the authorities (the "Mineriad"). Several other Mineriads followed, which nally caused political changes.
Since 2000, the city has been continuously modernized
and is still undergoing urban renewal. Residential and
commercial developments are underway, particularly in Footpath and bikeway in Herstru Park
the northern districts; Bucharests old historic centre is
being restored.

2.1

are Lake Herstru, Lake Floreasca, Lake Tei, and Lake

Colentina stretch across the northern parts of the city,
Treaties signed in Bucharest
along the Colentina River, a tributary of the Dmbovia.
Treaty of Bucharest, between the Ottoman Empire In addition, in the centre of the capital is a small articial
and the Russian Empire ending the Russo-Turkish lake Lake Cimigiu surrounded by the Cimigiu Gardens. These gardens have a rich history, having been freWar (18061812)
quented by poets and writers. Opened in 1847 and based
Treaty of Bucharest, between Serbia and Bulgaria on the plans of German architect Carl F.W. Meyer, the
gardens are the main recreational facility in the city cenending the Serbo-Bulgarian War
tre.
Treaty of Bucharest, between Bulgaria, Romania,
Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece ending of the Besides Cimigiu, Bucharest parks and gardens include
Herstru Park and the Botanical Garden. Herstru Park
Second Balkan War
is located in the northern part of the city, around Lake
Treaty of Bucharest, a treaty of alliance between Ro- Herstru, and includes the site the Village Museum. The
Botanical Garden, located in the Cotroceni neighborhood
mania and the Entente Powers
a bit west of the city centre, is the largest of its kind in RoTreaty of Bucharest, between Romania and the mania and contains over 10,000 species of plants (many
Central Powers
of them exotic); it originated as the pleasure park of the
royal family.[22]

Lake Vcreti is located in the southern part of the city.

Over 190 hectares, including 90 hectares of water, host
97 species of birds, half of them protected by law, and
at least seven species of mammals.[23] The lake is sur3.1 General
rounded by buildings of ats and is an odd result of huBucharest is situated on the banks of the Dmbovia man intervention and nature taking its course. The area
River, which ows into the Arge River, a tributary of was a small village that Ceauescu attempted to convert
the Danube. Several lakes the most important of which into a lake. After demolishing the houses and build-

Geography

LAW AND GOVERNMENT

(Piaa Sfntul Gheorghe). Bucharests radius, from University Square to the city limits in all directions, varies
from 10 to 12 km (6 to 7 mi).
Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were
largely rural, but after 1989, suburbs started to be built
around Bucharest, in the surrounding Ilfov County. Further urban consolidation is expected to take place in the
late 2010s, when the Bucharest Metropolitan Area plan
will become operational, incorporating additional communes and cities from the Ilfov and other neighbouring
counties.[28]
Black swans on Lake Cimigiu in Cimigiu Gardens

ing the concrete basin, the plan was abandoned following

the 1989 revolution.[24] For nearly two decades, the area
shifted from being an abandoned green space where children could play and sunbathe, to being contested by previous owners of the land there, to being closed for redevelopment into a sports centre. The redevelopment deal
failed,[25] and over the following years, the green space
grew into a unique habitat. In May 2016, the lake was
declared a national park, the Vcreti Nature Park.[26]

3.2 Climate
Using the milder isotherm of 0 C (32 F) for the coldest
month, Bucharest has a humid continental climate Dfa.
Using the 3 C (27 F) isotherm, instead, the climate is
crossover between continental and the extreme varieties
of warm oceanic and cool subtropical. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the citys winters can get
windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 C
(32 F), sometimes even to 20 C (4 F). In summer,
the average temperature is 23 C (73 F) (the average
for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35
to 40 C (95 to 104 F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation and humidity during
summer are low, occasional heavy storms occur. During
spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between
17 and 22 C (63 and 72 F), and precipitation during
spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.

4 Law and government

Since 2015, Lake Vcreti, dubbed the Delta of Bucharest, is
a protected area.[27]

Bucharest is situated in the southeastern corner of the

Romanian Plain, in an area once covered by the Vlsiei
Forest, which after it was cleared, gave way for a fertile atland. As with many cities, Bucharest is traditionally considered to be built upon seven hills, similar to the
seven hills of Rome. Bucharests seven hills are: Mihai
Vod, Dealul Mitropoliei, Radu Vod, Cotroceni, Spirei,
Vcreti, and Sf. Gheorghe Nou.

4.1 Administration
See also: Bucharest metropolitan area
Bucharest has a unique status in Romanian adminis-

The city has an area of 226 km2 (87 sq mi). The altitude
varies from 55.8 m (183.1 ft) at the Dmbovia bridge in
Celu, southeastern Bucharest and 91.5 m (300.2 ft) at
the Militari church. The city has a roughly round shape,
with the centre situated in the cross-way of the main
north-south/east-west axes at University Square. The
milestone for Romanias Kilometre Zero is placed just
south of University Square in front of the New St. George
Church (Sfntul Gheorghe Nou) at St. George Square Bucharest City Hall near the Dmbovia River

4.2

Justice system

tration, since it is the only municipal area that is not

part of a county. Its population, however, is larger than
that of any other Romanian county, hence the power of
the Bucharest General Municipality (Primria General),
which is the capitals local government body, is the same
as any other Romanian county council.
The city government is headed by a general mayor (Primar General). Decisions are approved and discussed by
the capitals General Council (Consiliu General) made up
of 55 elected councilors. Furthermore, the city is divided
into six administrative sectors (sectoare), each of which
has its own 27-seat sectoral council, town hall, and mayor.
The powers of the local government over a certain area
are, therefore, shared both by the Bucharest municipality
and the local sectoral councils with little or no overlapping
of authority. The general rule is that the main capital municipality is responsible for citywide utilities such as the
water and sewage system, the overall transport system,
and the main boulevards, while sectoral town halls manage the contact between individuals and the local government, secondary streets and parks maintenance, schools
administration, and cleaning services.

5
Piedone (PC, 2008- 4 November 2015), Sector 5 Dan
Croitoru (PNL, since 2015),[32] Sector 6 Rare Mnescu (PNL, since 2012).
Like all other local councils in Romania, the Bucharest
sectoral councils, the capitals general council, and the
mayors are elected every four years by the population.
Additionally, Bucharest has a prefect, who is appointed
by Romanias national government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party and his role is to
represent the national government at the municipal level.
The prefect is acting as a liaison ocial facilitating the
implementation of national development plans and governing programs at local level. The prefect of Bucharest
(as of 2014) is Paul Nicolae Petrovan.[33]

The Municipality of Bucharest, along with the surrounding Ilfov County, is part of the Bucureti - Ilfov development region project, which is equivalent to NUTS-II
regions in the European Union and is used both by the
EU and the Romanian government for statistical analysis, and to co-ordinate regional development projects and
manage funds from the EU. The Bucharest-Ilfov development region is not, however, an administrative entity
The six sectors are numbered from one to six and are dis- yet.
posed radially so that each one has under its administration a certain area of the city centre. They are numbered
clockwise and are further divided into sectoral quarters 4.2 Justice system
(cartiere) which are not part of the ocial administrative
division:
Sector 1 (population 227,717):
Dorobani,
Bneasa, Aviaiei, Pipera, Aviatorilor, Primverii,
Roman, Victoriei, Herstru Park, Bucuretii Noi,
Dmroaia, Struleti, Grivia, 1 Mai, Bneasa
Forest, Pajura, Domenii, Chibrit
Sector 2 (population 357,338): Pantelimon,
Colentina, Iancului, Tei, Floreasca, Moilor, Obor,
Vatra Luminoas, Fundeni, Plumbuita, tefan cel
Mare, Baicului
Sector 3 (population 399,231): Vitan, Dudeti,
Titan, Centrul Civic, Dristor, Lipscani, Muncii, The Palace of Justice viewed across the Dmbovia River
Unirii
Bucharests judicial system is similar to that of the Ro Sector 4 (population 300,331): Berceni, Olteniei, manian counties. Each of the six sectors has its own loGiurgiului, Progresul, Vcreti, Timpuri Noi, cal rst-instance court (judectorie), while more serious
Tineretului
cases are directed to the Bucharest Tribunal (Tribunalul
Bucureti), the citys municipal court. The Bucharest
Sector 5 (population 288,690): Rahova, Ferentari,
Court of Appeal (Curtea de Apel Bucureti) judges apGiurgiului, Cotroceni, 13 Septembrie, Dealul Spirii
peals against decisions taken by rst-instance courts and
Sector 6 (population 371,060): Giuleti, Crngai, tribunals in Bucharest and in ve surrounding counDrumul Taberei, Militari, Grozveti (also known as ties (Teleorman, Ialomia, Giurgiu, Clrai, and Ilfov).
Bucharest is also home to Romanias supreme court, the
Regie), Ghencea
High Court of Cassation and Justice, as well as to the
Each sector is governed by a local mayor, as follows: Sec- Constitutional Court of Romania.
tor 1 Andrei Chiliman (ind., since 2004), Sector 2 Bucharest has a municipal police force, the Bucharest PoNeculai Onanu (UNPR, since 2000), Sector 3 Robert lice (Poliia Bucureti), which is responsible for policing
Negoi (PSD, since 2012), Sector 4 Cristian Popescu crime within the whole city, and operates a number of di-

6 DEMOGRAPHICS

visions. The Bucharest Police are headquartered on tefan cel Mare Blvd. in the city centre, and at precincts
throughout the city. From 2004 onwards, each sector city
hall also has under its administration a community police
force (Poliia Comunitar), dealing with local community
issues. Bucharest also houses the general inspectorates of
the Gendarmerie and the national police.

4.3

Crime

Main article: Crime in Bucharest

Bucharests crime rate is rather low in comparison to
other European capital cities, with the number of total offenses declining by 51% between 2000 and 2004,[34] and
by 7% between 2012 and 2013.[35] The violent crime rate
in Bucharest remains very low, with 11 murders and 983
other violent oenses taking place in 2007.[36] Although
violent crimes fell by 13% in 2013 compared to 2012, 19
murders (18 of which the suspects were arrested) were
recorded.[35]
Although in the 2000s, a number of police crackdowns
on organized crime gangs occurred, such as the Cmtaru
clan, organized crime generally has little impact on public
life. Petty crime, however, is more common, particularly
in the form of pickpocketing, which occurs mainly on the
citys public transport network. Condence tricks were
common in the 1990s, especially in regards to tourists,
but the frequency of these incidents has since declined.
However, in general, theft was reduced by 13.6% in 2013
compared to 2012.[35] Levels of crime are higher in the
southern districts of the city, particularly in Ferentari, a
socially disadvantaged area.
Although the presence of street children was a problem in Bucharest in the 1990s, their numbers have declined in recent years, now lying at or below the average of major European capital cities.[37] A documentary
called Children Underground depicted the life of Romanian street kids in 2001. An estimated 1,000 street children still inhabit the city,[37] some of whom engage in
petty crime and begging.

Cocor Store in 2013

ronment, and public safety. Mercer collects data worldwide, in 215 cities. The dicult situation of the quality
of life in Bucharest is conrmed also by a vast urbanism
study, done by the Ion Mincu University of Architecture
and Urbanism.[41]

6 Demographics
As per the 2011 census, 1,883,425 inhabitants lived
within the city limits, a decrease from the gure recorded
at the 2002 census.[5] This decrease is due to low natural
increase, but also to a shift in population from the city itself to neighboring small towns such as Voluntari, Buftea,
and Otopeni. In a study published by the United Nations,
Bucharest placed 19th in among 28 cities that recorded
sharp declines in population from 1990 to the mid-2010s.
In particular, the population fell by 3.77%.[46]
The citys population, according to the 2002 census, was
1,926,334 inhabitants,[3] or 8.9% of the total population
of Romania. A signicant number of people commute
to the city every day, mostly from the surrounding Ilfov
County, but ocial statistics regarding their numbers do
not exist.[47]

Bucharests population experienced two phases of rapid

growth, the rst beginning in the late 19th century when
the city was consolidated as the national capital and lasting until the Second World War, and the second during
5 Quality of life
the Ceauescu years (19651989), when a massive urAs stated by the Mercer international surveys for qual- banization campaign was launched and many people miity of life in cities around the world, Bucharest occupied grated from rural areas to the capital. At this time, due to
the 94th place in 2001[38] and slipped lower, to the 108th Ceauescus decision to ban abortion and contraception,
place in 2009 and the 107th place in 2010. Compared to natural increase was also signicant.
it, Vienna occupied number one worldwide in 2011 and About 96.6% of the population of Bucharest is
2009.[39] Budapest ranked 73rd (2010) and Soa 114th Romanian.[48] Other signicant ethnic groups are Roma
(2010).[40] Mercer Human Resource Consulting issues Gypsies, Hungarians, Jews, Turks, Chinese, and
yearly a global ranking of the worlds most livable cities Germans. A relatively small number of Bucharesters
based on 39 key quality-of-life issues. Among them: po- are of Greek, North American, French, Armenian,
litical stability, currency-exchange regulations, political Lippovan, and Italian descent. One of the predominantly
and media censorship, school quality, housing, the envi- Greek neighborhoods was Vitan where a Jewish pop-

8.1

Public transport

ulation also lived (with a population of 69,885 (10.9%)

out of the total of 639,040, as of 1930 census,[49] Jews
were the second-largest ethnic group in Bucharest); they
were more present in Vcreti and areas around Unirii
Square.
In terms of religious aliation, 96.1% of the population
is Romanian Orthodox, 1.2% is Roman Catholic, 0.5%
is Muslim, and 0.4% is Romanian Greek Catholic. Despite this, only 18% of the population, of any religion,
attends a place of worship once a week or more.[50] The
life expectancy of residents of Bucharest in 20032005
was 74.14 years, around two years higher than the Romanian average. Female life expectancy was 77.41 years, in
comparison to 70.57 years for males.[51]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bucharest

Bucharest is the center of the Romanian economy

SkyTower (137 m), part of the Floreasca City Center

Oce buildings on Nicolae Titulescu Street

and industry, accounting for around 23% (2013) of

the countrys GDP and about one-quarter of its industrial production, while being inhabited by 9% of the
countrys population.[52] Almost one-third of national
taxes is paid by Bucharests citizens and companies. In
2013, Bucharest had a nominal GDP per-capita 20,564
($27.300), or 122% that of the European Union average
and more than twice the Romanian average.[53] After relative stagnation in the 1990s, the citys strong economic
growth has revitalized infrastructure and led to the development of shopping malls, residential estates, and highrise oce buildings. In January 2013, Bucharest had an
unemployment rate of 2.1%, signicantly lower than the
national unemployment rate of 5.8%.[54][55]
Bucharests economy is centered on industry and services,
with services particularly growing in importance in the
last 10 years. The headquarters of 186,000 rms, including nearly all large Romanian companies, are located in
Bucharest.[56] An important source of growth since 2000
has been the citys rapidly expanding property and construction sector. Bucharest is also Romanias largest centre for information technology and communications and

is home to several software companies operating oshore

delivery centres. Romanias largest stock exchange, the
Bucharest Stock Exchange, which was merged in December 2005 with the Bucharest-based electronic stock exchange Rasdaq, plays a major role in the citys economy.
International supermarket chains such as Carrefour,
Cora, and METRO are operating in Bucharest. The city
is undergoing a retail boom, with supermarkets and hypermarkets opened every year (see supermarkets in Romania). Bucharest hosts luxury brands such as Louis
Vuitton, Hermes, Gucci, Armani, Hugo Boss, Prada,
Calvin Klein, Rolex, Burberry, and many others. Malls
and large shopping centres have been built since the late
1990s, such as AFI Palace Cotroceni, Sun Plaza, Bneasa
Shopping City, Plaza Romania, Unirea Shopping Center,
and Liberty Center. Traditional retail arcades and markets include the one at Obor.

8 TRANSPORT

Piaa Unirii Station, Bucharest Metro

A public bus owned and operated by Bucharests RATB

Bucharest is the hub of Romanias national railway network, run by Cile Ferate Romne. The main railway
station is Gara de Nord (North Station), which provides connections to all major cities in Romania, as
well as international destinations: Belgrade, Soa, Varna,
Chiinu, Kiev, Chernivtsi, Lviv, Thessaloniki, Vienna,
Budapest, Istanbul, Moscow, etc.

Aeroport
Henri Coanda
Otopeni Nord
Otopeni Centru
Otopeni Sud
Supermarket
Aeroport
Aurel Vlaicu
Meteo Baneasa
Laminorului

Baneasa Institut
Cartier
Baneasa

Bazilescu

Pipera

The city has ve other railway stations run by CFR, of

which the most important are Basarab (adjacent to North
Station), Obor, Bneasa, and Progresul. These are in the
process of being integrated into a commuter railway serving Bucharest and the surrounding Ilfov County. Seven
main lines radiate out of Bucharest.

Aurel Vlaicu

Expozitie

M4

M2

Privighetorilor
Padina

Pajura

1 Mai
Aviatorilor

Grivita
Basarab
Gara de
Nord

Crangasi

Lujerului

rit

ont

Oriz

Ghencea

Raul
Doamnei

M1

Iancului

Pantelimon
Republica

Piata
Muncii

Costin
Georgian

Izvor

ia
dem
Aca ra
ta
Mili

ul
Drum i 34
re
Tabe

Brancusi

Obor

Piata
Romana
Universitate

Politehnica

M5
Favo

Pacii
M3
Parc Drumul
Romancierilor Taberei
Valea
Ialomitei

Hasdeu

Gorjului

Grozavesti
Eroilor

Cismigiu

Preciziei

Stefan cel Mare

Piata
Victoriei

M1

Petrache
Poenaru

8.2 Railways

Titan

Timpuri
Noi

Piata
Unirii

Dristor

Tineretului

Mihai
Bravu

Eroii
Revolutiei

Nicolae
Grigorescu

1 Decembie Nicolae
Teclu

Anghel
Saligny

M3

Constantin
Brancoveanu

The oldest station in Bucharest is Filaret. It was inaugurated in 1869, and in 1960, the communist government
turned it in a bus terminal.[58]

Piata
Sudului
Aparatorii
Patriei
Dimitrie
Leonida

M2

8.3 Air

Berceni

An accurate Bucharest Metro map

8
8.1

Transport
Public transport

Main article: Transport in Bucharest

Henri Coand International Airport

Bucharest has two international airports:

Bucharests public transport system is the largest in Romania and one of the largest in Europe. It is made up
of the Bucharest Metro, run by Metrorex, as well as a
surface transport system run by RATB (Regia Autonom
de Transport Bucureti), which consists of buses, trams,
trolleybuses, and light rail. In addition, a private minibus
system operates there. As of 2007, a limit of 10,000 taxicab licenses was imposed.[57]

Henri Coand International Airport (IATA: OTP,

ICAO: LROP), located 16.5 km (10.3 mi) north of
the Bucharest city center, in the town of Otopeni,
Ilfov. It is the busiest airport in Romania, in terms
of passenger trac: 8,317,168 in 2014.[59]
Aurel Vlaicu International Airport (IATA: BBU,

8.5

Water

ICAO: LRBS) is Bucharests business and VIP airport. It is situated only 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the
Bucharest city center.

8.4

Roads

Union Boulevard (Bulevardul Unirii), one of the most transited

road arteries of the city

to the general development plan, 2,000 roads have been

repaired by 2008.[61] On 17 June 2011, the Basarab OverVictory Avenue (Calea Victoriei), a major avenue in central pass was inaugurated and opened to trac, thus completBucharest
ing the inner city trac ring. The overpass took ve years
to build and is the longest cable-stayed bridge in Romania
Bucharest is a major intersection of Romanias national and the widest such bridge in Europe;[62] upon compleroad network. A few of the busiest national roads and tion, trac on the Grant Bridge and in the Gara de Nord
motorways link the city to all of Romanias major cities, area became noticeably more uid.[63]
as well as to neighbouring countries such as Hungary,
Bulgaria and Ukraine. The A1 to Piteti, the A2 Sun Motorway to the Dobrogea region and Constanta and the A3 8.5 Water
to Ploieti all start from Bucharest.
Although it is situated on the banks of a river, Bucharest
has never functioned as a port city, with other Romanian cities such as Constana and Galai acting as the
countrys main ports. The unnished Danube-Bucharest
Canal, which is 73 km (45 mi) long and around 70% completed, could link Bucharest to the Danube River, and via
the Danube-Black Sea Canal, to the Black Sea. Works
on the canal were suspended in 1989, but proposals have
been made to resume construction as part of the European Strategy for the Danube Region.[64]

9 Culture
Basarab Overpass

The citys municipal road network is centred around a

series of high-capacity boulevards, which generally radiate out from the city centre to the outskirts. The main
axes, which run north-south, east-west and northwestsoutheast, as well as one internal and one external ring
road, support the bulk of the trac. The citys roads
are usually very crowded during rush hours, due to an
increase in car ownership in recent years. In 2013,
the number of cars registered in Bucharest amounted to
1,125,591.[60] This results in wear and potholes appearing on busy roads, particularly secondary roads, this being identied as one of Bucharests main infrastructural
problems. A comprehensive eort on behalf of the City
Hall to boost road infrastructure was made, and according

Main article: Culture of Romania

Bucharest has a growing cultural scene, in elds including the visual arts, performing arts, and nightlife. Unlike
other parts of Romania, such as the Black Sea coast or
Transylvania, Bucharests cultural scene has no dened
style, and instead incorporates elements of Romanian and
international culture.

9.1 Landmarks
Bucharest has landmark buildings and monuments. Perhaps the most prominent of these is the Palace of the Parliament, built in the 1980s during the reign of Communist dictator Nicolae Ceauescu. The largest Parliament
building in the world, the palace houses the Romanian

10

9 CULTURE

National Library of Romania

Arcul de Triumf (The Triumphal Arch)

The statue of Ion Luca Caragiale near InterContinental

Bucharest

names such as the olive on the toothpick, (mslina-n

scobitoare), as many argued that it does not t in its surroundings and believed that its choice was based on political reasons.[65]
The Romanian Athenaeum building is considered to be a
symbol of Romanian culture and since 2007 is on the list
of the Label of European Heritage sites.[66]
InterContinental Bucharest is a high-rise ve-star hotel
situated near University Square and is also a landmark of
the city. The building is designed so that each room has
a unique panorama of the city.[67]
Other cultural venues include the National Museum of
Art of Romania, Museum of Natural History Grigore Antipa, Museum of the Romanian Peasant (Muzeul ranuParliament (the Chamber of Deputies, and the Senate), lui Romn), National History Museum, and the Military
as well as the National Museum of Contemporary Art. Museum.
The building boasts one of the largest convention centres
in the world.
Interior of Crtureti Carusel Library

Another landmark in Bucharest is Arcul de Triumf (The

Triumphal Arch), built in its current form in 1935 and
modeled after the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. A newer
landmark of the city is the Memorial of Rebirth, a stylized marble pillar unveiled in 2005 to commemorate the
victims of the Romanian Revolution of 1989, which overthrew Communism. The abstract monument sparked
controversy when it was unveiled, being dubbed with

9.2 Visual arts

In terms of visual arts, the city has museums featuring
both classical and contemporary Romanian art, as well as
selected international works. The National Museum of
Art of Romania is perhaps the best-known of Bucharest
museums. It is located in the royal palace and features
collections of medieval and modern Romanian art, in-

9.3

Performing arts

11
seum of Contemporary Art (MNAC), situated in a wing
of the Palace of the Parliament, was opened in 2004
and contains Romanian and international contemporary
art. The MNAC also manages the Kalinderu MediaLab,
which caters to multimedia and experimental art. Private
art galleries are scattered throughout the city centre.
The palace of the National Bank of Romania houses the
national numismatic collection. Exhibits include banknotes, coins, documents, photographs, maps, silver and
gold bullion bars, bullion coins, and dies and moulds. The
building was constructed between 1884 and 1890. The
thesaurus room contains notable marble decorations.

National Museum of Art of Romania

9.3 Performing arts

cluding works by sculptor Constantin Brncui, as well

as an international collection assembled by the Romanian Performing arts are some of the strongest cultural eleroyal family.
ments of Bucharest. The most famous symphony orchesOther, smaller, museums contain specialised collections. tra is National Radio Orchestra of Romania. One of the
The Zambaccian Museum, which is situated in the for- most prominent buildings is the neoclassical Romanian
mer home of art collector Krikor H. Zambaccian, con- Athenaeum, which was founded in 1852, and hosts clastains works by well-known Romanian artists and inter- sical music concerts, the George Enescu Festival, and is
national artists such as Paul Czanne, Eugne Delacroix, home to the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra.
Henri Matisse, Camille Pissarro, and Pablo Picasso.
Bucharest is home to the Romanian National Opera and
the I.L. Caragiale National Theatre. Another well-known
theatre in Bucharest is the State Jewish Theatre, which
features plays starring world-renowned Romanian-Jewish
actress Maia Morgenstern. Smaller theatres throughout
the city cater to specic genres, such as the Comedy
Theatre, the Nottara Theatre, the Bulandra Theatre, the
Odeon Theatre, and the revue theatre of Constantin TThe Theodor Pallady Museum is situated in one of the
nase.
oldest surviving merchant houses in Bucharest and includes works by Romanian painter Theodor Pallady, as
well as European and oriental furniture pieces.
The Gheorghe Tattarescu Museum contains portraits of
Romanian revolutionaries in exile such as Gheorghe
Magheru, tefan Golescu, and Nicolae Blcescu, and allegorical compositions with revolutionary (Romanias rebirth, 1849) and patriotic (The Principalities Unication,
1857) themes.

9.4 Music and nightlife

Covaci Street in Lipscani

Throne room at the royal palace, which today houses the
National Museum of Art

Bucharest is home to Romanias largest recording labels,

and is often the residence of Romanian musicians. RoThe Museum of Art Collections contains the collections manian rock bands of the 1970s and 1980s, such as Iris
of Romanian art acionados, including Krikor Zambac- and Holograf, continue to be popular, particularly with
cian and Theodor Pallady.
the middle-aged, while since the beginning of the 1990s,
Despite the classical art galleries and museums in the city, the hip hop/rap scene has developed. Hip-hop bands and
a contemporary arts scene also exists. The National Mu- artists from Bucharest such as B.U.G. Maa, Paraziii,

12

9 CULTURE

and La Familia enjoy national and international recogni- the world.

tion.
The Romanian Athaeneum Society hosts the George
The pop-rock band Taxi have been gaining international Enescu Festival at locations throughout the city in
respect, as has Spitalul de Urgen's raucous updating of September every two years (odd years). The Museum of
traditional Romanian music. While many neighbourhood the Romanian Peasant and the Village Museum organise
discos play manele, an Oriental- and Roma-inuenced events throughout the year, showcasing Romanian folk
genre of music that is particularly popular in Bucharests arts and crafts.
working-class districts, the city has a rich jazz and blues In the 2000s, due to the growing prominence of the Chiscene, and to an even larger extent, house music/trance nese community in Bucharest, Chinese cultural events
and heavy metal/punk scenes. Bucharests jazz prole took place. The rst ocially organised Chinese festihas especially risen since 2002, with the presence of two val was the Chinese New Years Eve Festival of February
venues, Green Hours and Art Jazz, as well as an Ameri- 2005, which took place in Nichita Stnescu Park and was
can presence alongside established Romanians.
organised by the Bucharest City Hall.[69]
With no central nightlife strip, entertainment venues are
dispersed throughout the city, with clusters in Lipscani
and Regie. The city hosts some of the best electronic
music clubs in Europe, such as Kristal Glam Club and
Studio Martin.[68] Some other notable venues are Gaia,
Bamboo, Fratelli, Kulturhaus, and Fabrica.

9.5

In 2005, Bucharest was the rst city in Southeastern Europe to host the international CowParade, which resulted
in dozens of decorated cow sculptures being placed across
the city.

Cultural events and festivals

Concert at the George Enescu Philarmonic

In 2004, Bucharest imposed in the circle of important

festivals in Eastern Europe with the Bucharest International Film Festival, an event widely acknowledged in
Europe, having as guests of honor famous names from
the world cinema: Andrei Konchalovsky, Danis Tanovi,
Nikita Mikhalkov, Rutger Hauer, Jerzy Skolimowski, Jan
Harlan, Radu Mihileanu, and many others.[70]
Since 2005, Bucharest has its own contemporary art biennale, the Bucharest Biennale.

9.6 Traditional culture

Romanian Atheneum

A number of cultural festivals are held in Bucharest

throughout the year, but most festivals take place in June,
July, and August. The National Opera organises the International Opera Festival every year in May and June,
which includes ensembles and orchestras from all over Timieni wooden church at Village Museum

13
Traditional Romanian culture continues to have a major inuence in arts such as theatre, lm, and music.
Bucharest has two internationally renowned ethnographic
museums, the Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the
open-air Village Museum.

St. Spyridon the New the largest church in

Bucharest

The Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum, in

Herstru Park, contains 272 authentic buildings and
peasant farms from all over Romania.[71]

The ceiling of Stavropoleos Church

Inside the Church of Saint Anthony, the citys oldest

extant church

St. Nicholas Russian Church

The Museum of the Romanian Peasant was declared the

Detail of Yeshua Tova, the citys oldest extant synaEuropean Museum of the Year in 1996. Patronized by
gogue
the Ministry of Culture, the museum preserves and exhibits numerous collections of objects and monuments of
material and spiritual culture. The Museum of the Roma- 10 Architecture
nian Peasant holds one of the richest collections of peasant objects in Romania, its heritage being nearly 90,000
pieces, those being divided into several collections: ce- The city centre is a mixture of medieval, neoclassical, and
ramics, costumes, textiles, wooden objects, religious ob- art nouveau buildings, as well as 'neo-Romanian' buildings dating from the beginning of the 20th century and a
jects, customs, etc.[72]
collection of modern buildings from the 1920s and 1930s.
The Museum of Romanian History is another important The mostly utilitarian Communist-era architecture domimuseum in Bucharest, containing a collection of artefacts nates most southern boroughs. Recently built contempodetailing Romanian history and culture from the prehis- rary structures such as skyscrapers and oce buildings
toric times, Dacian era, medieval times, and the modern complete the landscape.
era.

10.1 Historical architecture

9.7

Religion

Bucharest is the seat of the Patriarch of the Romanian

Orthodox Church, one of the Eastern Orthodox churches
in communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople, and
also of its subdivisions, the Metropolis of Muntenia and
Dobrudja and the Archbishopric of Bucharest. Orthodox
believers consider Demetrius Basarabov to be the patron
saint of the city.
The city is a center for other Christian organizations in
Romania, including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of
Bucharest, established in 1883, and the Romanian GreekCatholic Eparchy of Saint Basil the Great, founded in
Church of the Stavropoleos Monastery
2014.
Bucharest also hosts 6 synagogues, including the Choral
Temple of Bucharest, the Great Synagogue of Bucharest
and the Holy Union Temple. The latter was converted
into the Museum of the History of the Romanian Jewish
Community, while the Great Synagogue and the Choral
Temple are both active and hold regular services.[73]
A mosque with a capacity of 1,000 people is in the planning stages and will be built on 22 30 Expozitiei Boulevard. The plot of land on which the mosque will be built
was granted to the Muftiyat of the Muslim Cult in Romania under a 49-year lease by the Romanian Government.
The project will be funded by the Turkish Government
and from various donations.[74]

Of the citys medieval architecture, most of what survived into modern times was destroyed by Communist
systematization, re, and military incursions. Some medieval and renaissance edices remain, the most notable
are in the Lipscani area. This precinct contains notable
buildings such as Manucs Inn (Hanul lui Manuc) and
the ruins of the Old Court (Curtea Veche); during the
late Middle Ages, this area was the heart of commerce
in Bucharest. From the 1970s onwards, the area went
through urban decline, and many historical buildings fell
into disrepair. In 2005, the Lipscani area was pedestrianised and is undergoing restoration.

The city centre has retained architecture from the late

19th and early 20th centuries, particularly the interwar
Romanian Patriarchal Cathedral and Palace of the period, which is often seen as the golden age of
Patriarchate
Bucharest architecture. During this time, the city grew in

14

10 ARCHITECTURE
French Baroque style Cantacuzino Palace
Macca-Vilacrosse, glass covered arcaded street
Eclectic style CEC Palace
Casa Capa, caf and hotel
Gothic revival Caru' cu Bere
Neo-Romanian style Central School for Girls

10.2 Communist architecture

Standardized apartment blocks built as part of systematization

Interior view of National Military Circle

A major part of Bucharests architecture is made up of

buildings constructed during the Communist era replacing the historical architecture with high-density apartment blocks signicant portions of the historic center of Bucharest were demolished to construct one of the
largest buildings in the world, the Palace of the Parliament (then ocially called the House of the Republic).
In Nicolae Ceauescus project of systematization, new
buildings were built in previously historical areas, which
were razed and then built upon.

One of the singular examples of this type of architecture is Centrul Civic, a development that replaced a major
part of Bucharests historic city centre with giant utilitarian buildings, mainly with marble or travertine faades,
inspired by North Korean architecture. Communist-era
In Romania, the tendencies of innovation in the ar- architecture can also be found in Bucharests residential
chitectural language met the need of valorisation and districts, mainly in blocuri, which are high-density apartarmation of the national cultural identity. The Art ment blocks that house the majority of the citys populaNouveau movement nds expression through new ar- tion.
chitectural style initiated by Ion Mincu and taken over
by other prestigious architects who capitalize important references of Romanian laic and medieval ecclesi- 10.3 Contemporary architecture
astical architecture (for example the Mogooaia Palace,
the Stavropoleos Church or the disappeared church of Since the fall of Communism in 1989, several
Vcreti Monastery) and Romanian folk motifs.[75]
Communist-era buildings have been refurbished,
Two notable buildings from this time are the Creulescu modernized, and used for other purposes. Perhaps the
Palace,
housing cultural institutions including best example of this is the conversion of obsolete retail
UNESCO's European Centre for Higher Education, complexes into shopping malls and commercial centres.
and the Cotroceni Palace, the residence of the Romanian These giant, circular halls, which were unocially called
President. Many large-scale constructions such as Gara hunger circuses due to the food shortages experienced in
de Nord, the busiest railway station in the city, National the 1980s, were constructed during the Ceauescu era to
Bank of Romanias headquarters, and the Telephone act as produce markets and refectories, although most
Palace date from these times. In the 2000s, historic were left unnished at the time of the revolution.
size and wealth, therefore seeking to emulate other large
European capitals such as Paris. Much of the architecture
of the time belongs to a Modern (rationalist) Architecture
current, led by Horia Creang and Marcel Iancu.

buildings in the city centre underwent restoration.

In some residential areas of the city, particularly in
high-income central and northern districts, turn-of-the20th-century villas were mostly restored beginning in
the late 1990s.

Modern shopping malls such as the Unirea Shopping

Center, Bucharest Mall, Plaza Romania, and City Mall
emerged on pre-existent structures of former hunger circuses. Another example is the conversion of a large utilitarian construction in Centrul Civic into a Marriott Hotel.

15
construction built inside a historic stone faade. In 2013,
the Bucharest skyline enriched with a 137-m-high oce
building (SkyTower of Floreasca City Center), currently
the tallest building in Romania. Despite this development on vertical, Romanian architects avoid designing tall
buildings due to vulnerability to earthquakes.[76]
Aside from buildings used for business and institutions,
residential developments are underway, many of which
consist of high-rise oce buildings and suburban residential communities. These developments are increasingly prominent in northern Bucharest, which is less
densely populated and is home to middle- and upper-class
Bucharesters due to the process of gentrication.
Headquarters of the Union of Romanian Architects, an unusual
combination of new and old

11 Education

This process was accelerated after 2000, when the city

underwent a property boom, and many Communist-era
buildings in the city centre became prime real estate due
to their location. Many Communist-era apartment blocks
have also been refurbished to improve urban appearance.
The newest contribution to Bucharests architecture took
place after the fall of Communism, particularly after
2000, when the city went through a period of urban renewal and architectural revitalization on the back of
Romanias economic growth. Buildings from this time
are mostly made of glass and steel, and often have more
than 10 storeys. Examples include shopping malls (particularly the Bucharest Mall, a conversion and extension
of an abandoned building), oce buildings, bank head- Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies
quarters, etc.

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Financial Plaza

As of 2005, several oce buildings are under construction, particularly in the northern and eastern parts of
the city. Additionally, a trend to add modern wings
and faades to historic buildings has occurred, the most
prominent example of which is the Bucharest Architects
Association Building, which is a modern glass-and-steel

Sixteen public universities are in Bucharest, the largest

of which are the University of Bucharest, the Bucharest
Academy of Economic Studies, the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, the National University
of Political Studies and Public Administration, and the
Politehnica University of Bucharest. These are supplemented by 19 private universities, such as the RomanianAmerican University and Spiru Haret University, the latter being the largest in Europe with some 302,000 enrolled students in 2009.[77]

16

13 HEALTHCARE
operator, are spread throughout the city, with the central
post oce (Romanian: Ociul Potal Bucureti 1) located
at 12 Matei Millo Street. Public telephones are located
in many places and are operated by Telekom Romania,
a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom and successor of the
former monopoly Romtelecom.

Palace of the University of Bucharest

Bucharest is headquarters of most of the national television networks and national newspapers, radio stations
and online news websites. The largest daily newspapers
in Bucharest include Evenimentul Zilei, Jurnalul Naional,
Cotidianul, Romnia Liber, and Adevrul, while the
biggest news websites are Hotnews.ro (with an English
and Spanish version), Ziare.com, and Gndul. During
the rush hours, tabloid newspapers Click!, Libertatea, and
Cancan are popular for commuters.
A number of newspapers and media publications are
based in Casa Presei Libere (The House of the Free
Press), a landmark of northern Bucharest, originally
named Casa Scnteii after the Communist Romania-era
ocial newspaper Scnteia. Casa Presei Libere is not
the only Bucharest landmark that grew out of the media and communications industry. Palatul Telefoanelor
(The Telephone Palace) was the rst major modernist
building on Calea Victoriei in the citys centre, and the
massive, unnished communist-era Casa Radio looms
over a park a block away from the Opera.

English-language newspapers rst became available in

the early 1930s and reappeared in the 1990s. The
two daily English-language newspapers are the Bucharest
Overall, 159 faculties are in 34 universities. Private uni- Daily News and Nine O' Clock; several magazines and
versities, however, have a mixed reputation due to irregu- publications in other languages are available, such as the
larities in the educational process[78] as well as perceived Hungarian-language daily j Magyar Sz.
corruption.[79]
Observator Cultural covers the citys arts, and the free
In the 2012 QS World University Rankings University weekly magazines apte Seri (Seven Evenings) and
of Bucharest was included in the Top 700 universi- B24FUN, list entertainment events. The city is home to
ties of the world, together with three other Romanian the intellectual journal Dilema veche and the satire magauniversities.[80][81] Also, in recent years, the city has had zine Academia Caavencu. Bucharest was the host city of
increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its the fourth edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
in 2006.
universities.[82]
Central University Library

The rst modern educational institution was the Princely

Academy of Bucharest, founded in 1694 and divided in
13 Healthcare
1864 to form the present-day University of Bucharest and
the Saint Sava National College, both of which are among
One of the most modern hospitals in the capital is Colea
the most prestigious of their kind in Romania.[83][84]
that has been re-equipped after a 90-million-euro investOver 450 public primary and secondary schools are in the ment in 2011. It specializes in oncological and cardiac
city, all of which are administered by the Bucharest Mu- disorders. Also, the oldest hospital in Bucharest, Coltea
nicipal Schooling Inspectorate. Each sector also has its Hospital, was built by Mihai Cantacuzino between 1701
own Schooling Inspectorate, subordinated to the munici- and 1703, composed of many buildings, each with 12 to
pal one.
30 beds, a church, three chapels, a school, and doctors
and teachers houses.[85]
Another conventional hospital is Pantelimon, which was
established in 1733 by Grigore II Ghica. The surface area
of the hospital land property was 400,000 m2 (4,305,564
The city is well-served by a modern landline and mobile sq ft). The hospital had in its inventory a house for infecnetwork. Oces of Pota Romn, the national postal tious diseases and a house for persons with disabilities.

12

Telecommunications and media

17
tennis, boxing, and kickboxing.
Starting in 2007, Bucharest has hosted annual races along
a temporary urban track surrounding the Palace of the
Parliament, called Bucharest Ring. The competition is
called the Bucharest City Challenge, and has hosted FIA
GT, FIA GT3, British F3, and Logan Cup races in 2007
and 2008. The 2009 and 2010 edition have not been
held in Bucharest due to a lawsuit. Bucharest GP, owned
by the controversial businessman Nicolae erbu, won the
lawsuit that it initiated and will host city races around the
Parliament starting 2011 with the Auto GP.[88]
Every year, Bucharest hosts the BRD Nstase iriac Trophy international tennis tournament, which is included in
the ATP Tour. The outdoor tournament is hosted by the
tennis complex BNR Arenas. Ice hockey games are held
Other hospitals or clinics are Bucharest Emergency Hosat the Mihai Flamaropol Arena, which holds 8,000 specpital, Floreasca Emergency Clinic Hospital, Bucharest
tators. Rugby games are held in dierent locations, but
University Emergency Hospital, and Fundeni Clinical Inthe most modern stadium is Arcul de Triumf Stadium,
stitute or Biomedica International and Euroclinic, which
which is also home to the Romanian national rugby team.
are private.
Colea Hospital

14

Sports

15 Natives
Main article: List of Bucharesters

Tudor Arghezi (18801967), writer

Nicolae Blcescu (181952), historian, writer and
revolutionary
Marthe Bibesco (18891973), novelist, poet, politician and memoirist
George Clinescu (18991965), critic, literary historian, writer, publicist and academician

National Stadium (Arena Naional)

Football is the most widely followed sport in Bucharest,

with the city having numerous club teams, some of them
being known throughout Europe: Steaua, Dinamo, or
Rapid.
Arena Naional, a new stadium inaugurated on 6
September 2011, hosted the 2012 Europa League Final[86] and has a 55,600-seat capacity, making it one of
the largest stadiums in Southeastern Europe.[87]

Henri Coand (18861972), aviation pioneer and

inventor of the jet engine
Gheorghe Dinic (19342009), one of the most important Romanian actors
Mircea Eliade (190786), historian of religion,
ction writer, philosopher and professor at the
University of Chicago
Ion Ghica (181697), economist, mathematician,
writer, educator, diplomat and Prime Minister of
Romania

Sport clubs have formed for ice hockey, rugby union, basketball, handball, water polo, and volleyball. The majority of Romanian track and eld athletes and most gymnasts are aliated with clubs in Bucharest. The Athletics
and many Gymnastics National Championships are held
in Bucharest at the Polyvalent Hall, which is also used for
other indoor sports such as volleyball and handball.

Iulia Hasdeu (1869-1888), poet

The largest indoor arena in Bucharest is the Romexpo

Dome with a seating capacity of 10,000. It is used for

Maia Morgenstern (b. 1962), theater and lm actress

Dinu Lipatti (191750), pianist, composer and educator

Alexandru Macedonski (18541920), poet, novelist, playwright and publicist

18

18

REFERENCES

Ilie Nstase (b. 1946), professional tennis player and [11] EVZ. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
former world number one between 1972 and 1973
Nicolae Paulescu (18691931), physician, physiologist and discoverer of insulin

[12] PriceWaterhouseCoopers Global Regional Attractiveness

Report Romania
[13] Rosetti, II. p.110

C. A. Rosetti (181685), leader of the Wallachian

[14] Ion I. Russu, Limba traco-dacilor, 1967, Editura tiinic
Revolution of 1848 and Prime Minister of Romania
[15] Georgescu et al., p.76-77

Elena Vcrescu (18641947), writer and laureate

of the French Academy
[16] Giurescu, C.C., 1976, History of Bucharest, Bucharest:
The Publishing House for Sports and Tourism

16

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

The twin towns and sister cities of Bucharest are:

[17] Djuvara, Neagu (2013). ntre Orient i Occident. rile

romne la nceputul epocii moderne (18001848). Humanitas. ISBN 978-973-50-4083-3.
[18] Giurescu, p.154-161, 169171
[19] Giurescu, p.157, 161, 163
[20] Giurescu, p.191-195

17

See also

List of Bucharesters
List of buildings in Bucharest
OPENCities

18

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[21] WebCite query result

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[27] Andrei Dumitrescu (28 May 2015). CGMB a avizat

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[6] Population by age groups and sex - larger urban zone.

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[29] Bucureti Bneasa Climate Normals 19611990

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[8] Bucica, 2000, p.6.

[30] Bucureti Bneasa: Record mensili dal 1929 (in Italian).

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19 Further reading
Modern history of Bucharest, City Hall of Bucharest
erban Cantacuzino, Dou Orae Distincte. Revista
Secolul XX 4/6 (1997): 1140
Ernie Schoham, Luminia MacHedon, erban
Cantacuzino, Romanian Modernism: The Architecture of Bucharest, 19201940
Romania: Arts & Architecture, Romanian Tourist
Oce
Tatiana Murzin, Romanian Education, 2005
Romanian Education Portal, Site for the Ministry of
Education containing lists of all educational establishments.
Bucharest, the small Paris of the East, on the Museums from Romania web site.
Bucica, Cristina. Legitimating Power in Capital
Cities: Bucharest Continuity Through Radical
Change? PDF (39.0 KB), 2000.

20 External links
Bucharest: Ocial administration site
Portalul Bucuresti - rme, radio, tv

21

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