Accidental energizing Protection (27/50)

Cause:
Operating error,breaker head flash over ,control ckt mal function or combination of
these cause accidently energizing generator off line.
Three phase energizing of generator at stand still cause accelerate similarly to
induction motor
Generator at this point represented by sub-transient reactance to system and it will
drawn 1.0 to 4.0 p.u current(100-400%) depend on system impedance.
High current produced in rotor due to behavior of generator as induction motor
may thermally damage motor in few sec.
Protection:
This condition for generator monitors max. phase current and max.ph-ph voltage of
generator.
voltage supervised over current protection base
Protect generator from this is to operate over current function supervised by
UNDER VOLTAGE function.
Over current function disabled when machine machine is online and if any over
current is detected when machine is OFF line for specific duration, than it will
issue a trip
Setting guide line:
I>Largest current produced during accidental energizing
I>To be less than 0.8 Ienergisation
Ienergisation

(Vn/3 ) / Xd+Xt+Z network

Where Vn: rated generator voltage

Xd:sub transient reactance of generator
Xt: step up transformer reactance(ohm)

Znetwork: short ckt source impedance of connect network to generator network

Logic:
50 I>
&
27 V<
&
VTS

The number of possible variations of generator status and energizing modes is

mind-boggling. However, protective analysis and scheme designs have evolved
into two categories termed inadvertent energization and open breaker flashover
(OBF). Inadvertent energization has come to refer to an energization from
standstill without field excitation. An open breaker flashover is an energization
with field excitation applied and is generally assumed to occur with the generator
near rated speed. These two conditions tend to bracket the potential hazards to
equipment and the current/ voltage excursions available for detection.
INADVERTENT ENERGIZATION
A generator is at standstill without field excitation a majority of time during an
outage, making this the most likely initial condition for energizing. The lengthy
acceleration period following such an energization maximizes thermal stress to the
generator. This type of energization would be a threephase event if energized from
a breaker or gang-operated switch or a single-phase if energized from a singlephase disconnect.
When a generator is energized without field excitation, it responds as an
induction motor starting across the line. Rotating machines produce torque as a
result of an interaction between flux produced in the stator and that produced by
the rotor. A synchronous generator employs an external current source to excite a
rotor winding and create rotor flux. When energized without field excitation, the
generator becomes an induction machine. The rotating stator field induces current
into the rotor and that induced current produces the rotor flux necessary to create
shaft torque. To induce current into the rotor, there must be a speed differential
between the stator magnetic field, which travels at synchronous speed, and the
rotor. Hence, an induction machine under load cannot operate at synchronous
speed. The speed difference between the stator magnetic field and the rotor is
quantified as slip.

Slip =RPMsync _ RPMrotor

RPMsync
The frequency of the current induced in the rotor is directly related to rotor speed
through slip.
Frotor= s_fsynchronous
The rotor circuits that conduct the induced current have both resistive and
inductive components; therefore, the frequency of the induced current determines
the circuit impedance, current magnitude and the phase angle of the rotor flux with
respect to the stator flux. These parameters determine generator phase current and
torque when starting as a motor. In fact, all the generator parameters during starting
are a function of rotor speed. The lower the rotor speed, the higher the frequency of
the induced rotor current.
at standstill (slip=1), the frequency of the induced rotor current will be equal to
system frequency. As frequency increases, current flowing in a conductor is forced
closer to the outer surface by the skin effect. At standstill, this phenomenon forces
the 60 Hz induced current into paths at the surface of rotor. These are the same
paths followed by the 120 Hz current induced in the rotor by negative-sequence
current associated with unbalanced stator currents. Consequently, the negativesequence impedance of the generator closely approximates the generator
impedance at standstill and at all values of high slip.
BREAKER FLASHOVER
A breaker flashover is the result of a dielectric failure at the contacts of the open
synchronizing breaker and is a concern with nonoil breakers. Such a failure could
occur as a result of a loss of insulating medium pressure. A flashover is most likely
to occur just prior to synchronizing or immediately after the generator is tripped
offline. In either case, the generator would have field excitation applied and would
be at rated voltage, but not quite at synchronous speed. The difference between
generator and system frequency would cause the voltage across the open breaker to
vary between zero and two times the phase-to-neutral voltage, severely stressing
the dielectric at the
contacts. The voltage variation would be at slip frequency. Although theoretically
any number of poles can flash, a three-phase event is extremely unlikely and the
most popular open breaker flashover protection schemes are designed to detect the
failure of only one or two poles. Depressurization of the insulation system does not
guarantee a flashover. If a gas breaker loses pressure in such a way that one

atmosphere of gas remains between the open contacts, a breaker can withstand the
2 pu voltage for a time sufficient to take it out of service in an orderly fashion.
However, if the failure is on an air breaker or the gas between the contacts is
displaced by air, a flashover is probable. Because field excitation is applied, the
generator responds to a flashover as it would to an out-ofphase synchronization. At
the instant of energization, the generator exhibits positive-sequence impedance
equivalent to its subtransient reactance (Xd)
DEDICATED ENERGIZATION PROTECTION
It is apparent that native schemes do not provide adequate protection for
energization events. These schemes are either too slow or lack sensitivity. Another
major disadvantage with these schemes is that they are associated with online
protections and as such are routinely removed from service during shutdown.
These schemes are also disabled unintentionally when the generator relay voltage
transformer fuses are removed or when schemes are tested or modified during a
generator outage. For these reasons, it has become standard practice to install
dedicated inadvertent energization and open breaker flashover schemes.
Dedicated schemes should trip the appropriate high-voltage switchyard breakers,
the generator field breaker and the breaker(s) at the low side of unit auxiliary
transformer. The schemes should also be designed with control circuitry segregated
from online protection to assure these schemes are not disabled during unit
shutdown.
DEDICATED INADVERTENT ENERGIZATION SCHEMES

These schemes are intended to detect an energization that occurs with the generator
at standstill. Such energization would be the result of a breaker, gang-operated, or
single-phase disconnect switch closure. Consequently, an inadvertent energization
scheme must detect both three-phase and single-phase events. The scheme shown

in Figure is armed when the generator is taken offline and all three-phase voltage
elements drop out. These elements are typically set about 85% nominal voltage.
Arming is delayed 2 to 5 sec by the delayed pickup of the timer. This delay is
necessary to ensure that the scheme is not activated by voltage dips associated with
system faults. Once armed, tripping is initiated without delay if any one of the
phase instantaneous overcurrent elements actuate. Overcurrent elements are
normally set about 50% of the minimum anticipated energization current. The
minimum current is usually a result of a single-phase energization.
The scheme is taken out of service automatically when the generator is returned to
service and the terminal voltage rises above the undervoltage element settings.
Deactivation of the scheme is delayed 10 to 15 cycles by the delayed dropout of
the timer. This delay is required to assure the scheme will operate for an actual
energization, which would also reset the undervoltage elements. Because this
scheme deactivates before the generator reaches rated voltage, it will not provid
breaker flashover protection.
INADVERTENT ENERGIZATION SCHEME SETTINGS
The inadvertent energization scheme is intended to operate for energizations when
the generator is at rest. Such energization would be caused by accidental closure of
the high-voltage breaker or the disconnect switch. A breaker closure would result
in a three-phase energization, while a switch closure would produce either threephase or single-phase energization depending on the type of switch. Consequently,
the current detectors in the inadvertent energization scheme must be capable of
detecting both conditions.
When energized at standstill, the generator will display positive-sequence
impedance closely approximated by its negative-sequence impedance. The initial
three-phase energization current is calculated using sample system data from
Chapter 1, Generator data sheet and Equation (15.4) neglecting R2.

or, in terms of amps

Since impedances are on the generator base current at the high-voltage terminals of
the GSU is

Current at the generator terminals is then:

The initial single-phase energization currents are calculated as follows. The

positive-sequence
energization current is found from Equation (15.7):

Current at the high-voltage terminals of the GSU transformer are found from
Equation (15.8) and
the constraint that I1 =I2 = I0. This yields

Current at the generator terminals is found by including the +30 phase shift
imposed on the negative- and positive-sequence currents respectively by the wyedelta connection of the GSU transformer, Equation (15.9).

Clearly, the phase-to-ground case produces the minimum energizing current and is
therefore chosen as the basis for the instantaneous element settings. The 50IE
should be set no higher than 50% the minimum energization current. The 50IE
setting is then calculated as:

The time delay pickup of timer 62IE sets the delay in arming the scheme after the
generator is taken offline and the 27 element dropout. This setting is not critical,
but must allow sufficient time to override voltage transients caused by system
faults that would drop out the 27 elements and erroneously arm the scheme. The
transmission lines adjacent to the sample system generator employ two-zone stepdistance phase protection and time and instantaneous overcurrent ground
protection. The time delay on the second zone phase protection is 0.5 sec, so both
ends of a faulted line would clear in less than a second. Although the overcurrent
ground protection could take several seconds to clear, a ground fault would not
drop out all three 27 elements to arm the scheme. A delay on arming of
2.0 sec should be more than sufficient.
During an energization from standstill, generator damage would likely occur in the
generator rotor as a result of induced currents. The generators negative-sequence
short time capability (K = I2 2 t) is an indicator of rotor thermal capability and can
be used to estimate time to the onset of damage. The data sheet for the sample
system generator (Appendix A) lists an I t limit equal to 30. At standstill, both
positive- and negative-sequence currents contribute equally to rotor heating and the
time until damage is estimated as

For the instance under study, a three-phase energization produces a positivesequence current of 3.61 pu, while a single-phase energization produces positiveand negative-sequence currents each with a magnitude of 1.17 pu. The resulting
withstand times are as follows.