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Effective Microorganisms EM
The concept and technology of Effective Microorganisms (EM) was developed by
Professor Dr. Teruo Higa, at the University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan in 1970s. The
fundamental principle of this technology was the introduction of a group of beneficial
microorganisms to improve the soil condition, suppress putrefying (disease inducing)
microbes and improve the efficacy of organic matter utilization by crops.
EM is a fermented mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms. These are predominantly
Lactic acid bacteria, Phototropic bacteria and Yeast. These microorganisms exist in nature
and are utilized for food processing and probiotic for livestock. The culture of EM
contains these species, in an acidic medium. This solution does not contain any
genetically modified microorganisms.
Research and field studies in all continents have shown that the inoculation of EM culture
to the soil/plant ecosystem can improve soil quality, soil health, and the growth, yield,
and quality of crops. Similar benefits have also been reported when EM is used in animal
production systems.
EM can significantly enhance the beneficial effects of soil and crop management
practices, especially in organic farming systems. The solution will help the
decomposition process of organic materials through fermentation, and produce beneficial
organic acids, bioactive substance and vitamins. A key ingredient in this process is
organic matter, which is supplied by recycling crop residues, green manures and animal
manure. In addition this process leads to increased humus in the soil.
The use of EM is not restricted to the production of food. It is used extensively in waste
management with very good results as shown by numerous studies and field applications
in many countries In the recent past, antioxidation effects of EM have been reported,
which could improve immune system of plants and animals.
The types of microorganisms found in the Effective Microorganisms EM are:
Photosynthetic Bacteria:
The Photosynthetic Bacteria group are the leaders in EM. They break down harmful
substances and produce antioxidants Independent, self-supporting microorganisms
Photosynthetic (phototrophic) Bacteria synthesize useful substances from root secretions,
organic matter and /or harmful gases. The useful substances secreted include amino acids,
nucleic acids, bioactive substances, antioxidants and sugars.
They all promote plant growth and development naturally and are directly absorbed by
the plants. They also act as substrate for other micro-organisms e.g. Photosynthetic
Bacteria secrete nitrogenous compounds (amino acids), which are used by VA (vesicular
arbuscular) mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza increases solubility of Phosphate in soils. VA also
co-exists with Azotobactor (free living nitrogen fixing bacteria) and enhances nitrogen
fixing ability of Rhizobium sp. in legumes.
Lactic Acid Bacteria:
Lactic Acid Bacteria promote fermentation and produce organic acids that suppress
pathogens. They form lactic acid from sugars and other carbohydrates produced by
Photosynthetic bacteria and yeasts. They have been used in making food pickles,
yoghurts etc. for a long time. They are strong natural sterilizers that help to eliminate
harmful micro-organisms. They enhance the natural breakdown of hard to decompose
matter e.g. lignin and cellulose and they eliminate Fusarium sp. and as a consequence
harmful nematodes.
Yeasts:
Yeasts promote fermentation and produce useful substances for plant growth from amino
acids and sugars found in soil organic matter and from the secretion of the Photosynthetic
bacteria. They produce bioactive substances such as hormones and enzymes promoting
active cell and root division in plants. Their secretions are substrate for other effective
microorganisms such as Lactic acid bacteria and Actinomycetes.
Fermenting Fungi:
Examples of fermenting fungi include Aspergillus and Penicillium which help to
decompose organic matter, producing alcohol, esters and antimicrobial substances. They
also synthesize amino acids and glucose from starch and other carbohydrates.
They control odours, thus preventing infestations of harmful insects, maggots etc. by
eliminating their food supply.
Actinomycetes :
Actinomycetes are intermediate in structure to bacteria and fungi and are found in
compost and fertile soils. They produce anti-microbial substances from amino acids,
secreted by photosynthetic bacteria or found in soil organic matter. These anti-microbial
substances limit growth of harmful fungi and bacteria.
They can coexist synergistically with photosynthetic bacteria and they help to break
down hard-to-decompose matter. Actinomycetes are found in compost and fertile soils.
E.M. can improve the chemical, physical, biological and microbial aspects of the soil. It
is readily available, cost effective, easy to use and is environmentally safe.
These various micro-organisms are cultured and are known as EM or Effective Microorganisms. EM is now used for various practical applications. There are more than 80
different micro-organisms including Actinomycetes, Photosynthetic bacteria, Fermenting
fungi, Yeasts, and Lactic acid bacteria present in the EM product.
EM c0ntributes to and improves the chemical, physical, biological and microbial
aspects of the soil. It is readily available, cost effective, easy to use and is
environmentally safe.
Effective Microorganisms are also promoted through the Kyusei Farming Network.
To find out more click on Kyusei
See Lindros training using the Effective Microorganisms
Ideally there is no uniform instruction manual for the use of EM as there is for chemical
fertilizers and pesticides. It is said that the only instruction manual for EM is that there is
no manual. This is because the agroecosystems for crop production are different, and EM
must be used in a way that is most suitable for each environment. Therefore, it is
necessary to characterize the environment through careful observation and then establish
the EM treatment. This approach is fundamental to agriculture. We believe that to
strengthen the soil complex is to vitalize the earth and its harvest. The principle of Kyusei
Nature Farming is to vitalize the earth, and its goal is to attain the health of mankind
Effective Micro-organisms or EM is a mixed culture of beneficial micro-organisms
(primarily photosynthetic and lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, and fermenting
fungi) that can be applied as an inoculant to increase the microbial diversity of soils. This
in turn can improve soil quality and health, which enhances the growth, yield, and quality
of crops. Agricultural scientists have discussed the concept of inoculating soils and plants
with beneficial micro-organisms to create a more favourable microbiological
environment for plant growth for decades. However, the technology behind the concept
of Effective Micro-organisms and its practical application was developed by Professor
Teruo Higa at the University of the Ryukyu in Okinawa, Japan.
Professor Higa has devoted much of his scientific career to isolating and selecting
different micro-organisms for developing beneficial effects on soils and plants. He has
found micro-organisms that can coexist in mixed cultures and are physiologically
compatible with one another. When these cultures are introduced into the natural
environment, their individual beneficial effects are greatly magnified in a synergistic
fashion.
The Effective Micro-organisms are used through the following derivatives:
Soils
Plants
Animals
Aquaculture
Insect/Pest Control
General Environment
For most crop applications, EM is diluted with water at a ratio of 1 part EM to 500
1,000 parts water. Do not apply with pesticides or fungicides. It is best to start on a small
scale and experiment with EM to determine the best methods and ratios for specific
locations.
Pre-Planting:
Between two and three weeks before planting, apply a 1:100 dilution of EM to the soil.
Apply as a spray, drench or introduce into irrigation water. Cultivate weeds that emerge
after 10-14 days. To activate EM on a large scale, you may start with 5 8 litre of EM
and 5 8 litres of molasses per hectare treated. Dilute EM and molasses in water to a
concentration of 1:100 and apply. Or apply through the irrigation.
Seed Treatment:
Gardeners may want to try soaking seeds in a solution of EM before planting to increase
seed viability. Dilute EM with water at 1:1000. Soak seeds in solution for 5-10 minutes
and no longer. Air dry in the shade and plant as usual. Experiment with small batches
before treating larger quantities. Weak seeds and soil conditions may lead to decreased
results. This is not recommended for seeds of the legume family.
Nursery / Container-grown Plants:
Inoculate with EM at seeding and transplant stages, then on a bi-weekly basis thereafter.
Use the standard dilution of 1:500 1000. Orchid growers have achieved good results by
inoculating with EM immediately after planting in a sterile media.
Hydroponics:
In hydroponic crop production systems, EM can be diluted with the nutrient solution at a
rate of 1:1000. This practice will coat the root systems with beneficial microorganisms
and make nutrient uptake more efficient.
Grain Crops, Vegetables, Fruits & Herbs:
Spray the standard dilution of 1:500 1000 onto the plants. Apply as a pre-planting
treatment, again at planting/transplanting and every two to three weeks during crop
growth. Apply also to crop residues after harvest, just before incorporating residues into
the soil. Use 5 8 litres of Multi EM per hectare, diluted with the appropriate amount of
water for each application.
Orchard Crops / Perennials:
For orchard crops, such as apples and pears, apply EM immediately after harvest, along
with other amendments. Spray plants and soil thoroughly, applying 5 8 litres of EM per
hectare at 1:100 for the soil and 1:500 to 1:1000 for the plants.
walau macamana pun dah ada dengan saya ready stock 100 liter. saya jual dgn harga 1
liter/rm 25.00. dengan kuantiti 1 liter ni,anda boleh cairkan dengan kadar 5 ml e.m/1 liter
air.jadi kalau anda beli 1 liter e.m,anda boleh cairkan dengan 2000 liter air. banyak
tu... boleh juga dibuat sebagai baja siraman pada pokok.