Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CONTENTS
Relative Atomic Masses of the Elements
4
7
8
11
11
13
14
15
15
15
16
17
18
19
19
Mass Spectrometry
Common Fragmentations and Fragment Ions
20
21
22
Group Theory
Symmetry Point Group Flow Diagram
Character Tables
23
24
27
28
31
32
12
Hydrogen
1.00794
a,b,c
21
Scandium
Sc
44.955910
Helium
He
4.002602
a,c
22
Titanium
Yi
47.88
Lithium
Li
6.941
a,b,c
23
Vanadium
50.9415
Beryllium
Be
9.01218
24
Chromium
Cr
51.9961
Boron
10.811
a,b,c
25
Manganese
Mn
54.93805
Carbon
12.011
26
Iron
Fe
55.847
Nitrogen
14.00674
a,c
27
Cobalt
Co
58.93320
Oxygen
15.9994
a,c
28
Nickel
Ni
58.69
Fluorine
18.9984032
29
Copper
Cu
63.546
10
Neon
Ne
20.1797
30
Zinc
Zn
65.39
11
Sodium
Na
22.989768
31
Gallium
Ga
69.723
12
Magnesium
24.3050
32
Germanium
Ge
72.61
13
Aluminium
Al
26.98154
33
Arsenic
As
74.9216
14
Silicon
Si
29.0855
34
Selenium
Se
78.96
15
Phosphorus
30.973762
35
Bromine
Br
79.904
16
Sulfur
32.066
36
Krypton
Kr
83.80
a,b
17
Chlorine
Cl
35.4527
37
Rubidium
Rb
85.4678
18
Argon
Ar
39.948
38
Strontium
Sr
87.62
a,c
19
Potassium
39.0983
39
Yttrium
88.90585
20
Calcium
Ca
40.078
40
Zirconium
Zr
91.224
a,b
c
c
a,c
a
Geologically exceptional specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition
outside the limits for normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in
such specimens and that given in the Table may exceed considerably the implied uncertainty.
Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has
been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic separation. Substantial deviations in atomic
weight of the element from that given in the Table can occur.
Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise Ar(E) being
given; tabulated Ar(E) value should be applicable to any normal material.
41
Niobium
Nb
92.90638
73
Tantalum
Ta
180.9479
42
Molybdenum
Mo
95.94
74
Tungsten
183.85
43
Technetium*
Tc
98.9062
75
Rhenium
Re
186.207
44
Ruthenium
Ru
101.07
76
Osmium
Os
190.2
45
Rhodium
Rh
102.90550
77
Iridium
Ir
192.22
46
Palladium
Pd
106.42
78
Platinum
Pt
195.08
47
Silver
Ag
107.8682
79
Gold
Au
196.96654
48
Cadmium
Cd
112.411
80
Mercury
Hg
200.59
49
Indium
In
114.82
81
Thallium
Tl
204.3833
50
Tin
Sn
118.710
82
Lead
Pb
207.2
51
Antimony
Sb
121.75
83
Bismuth
Bi
208.9804
52
Tellurium
Te
127.60
84
Polonium*
Po
209
53
Iodine
126.90447
85
Astatine*
At
210
54
Xenon
Xe
131.29
a,b
86
Radon*
Rn
222
55
Caesium
Cs
132.9054
87
Francium*
Fr
223
56
Barium
Ba
137.327
88
Radium
Ra
226.0254
57
Lanthanum
La
138.9055
89
Actinium*
Ax
227
58
Cerium
Ce
140.115
90
Thorium*
Th
232.0381
a,c,e
59
Praseodymium
Pr
140.90765
91
Protactinium*
Pa
231.03588
60
Neodymium
Nd
144.24
92
Uranium*
238.0289
a,b,e
61
Promethium*
Pm
145
93
Neptinium*
Np
237.0482
62
Samarium
Sm
150.36
94
Plutonium*
Pu
244
63
Europium
Eu
151.965
95
Americium*
Am
243
64
Gadolinium
Gd
157.25
96
Curium*
Cm
247
65
Terbium
Tb
158.92534
97
Berkelium*
Bk
247
66
Dysprosium
Dy
162.50
98
Californium*
Cf
251
67
Holmium
Ho
164.93032
99
Eisteinium*
Es
254
68
Erbium
Er
167.26
100
Fermium*
Fm
257
69
Thulium
Tm
168.93421
101
Mendelevium*
Md
258
70
Ytterbium
Yb
173.04
102
Nobelium*
No
259
71
Lutetium
Lu
174.967
103
Lawrencium*
Lr
260
72
Hafnium
Hf
178.49
a
a
a,c
Name of Unit
Symbol
Expression in terms of
SI base units
SI base units
length
metre
mass
kilogram
kg
time
second
electric current
ampere
thermodynamic temperature
kelvin
amount of substance
mole
mol
SI derived units
joule
m2 kg s2
force
newton
m kg s2 = J m1
pressure, stress
pascal
Pa
m1 kg s2 = N m2 = J m3
watt
m2 kg s3 = J s1
coulomb
sA
electric potential
volt
m2 kg s3 A1 = J A1 s1
electric resistance
ohm
m2 kg s3 A2 = V A1
electric conductance
siemens
m2 kg1 s3 A2 = 1
electric capacitance
farad
m2 kg1 s4 A2 = A s V1
magnetic flux
weber
Wb
inductance
henry
m2 kg s2 A2 = V s A1
tesla
kg s2 A1 = V s m2
frequency
hertz
Hz
s1
/ (T/K 273.15)
power
electric charge
Celsius temperature ()
degree Celsius
plane angle
radian
rad
solid angle
steradian
sr
m2 kg s2 A1 = V s
SI Prefixes
Fraction
Prefix
Symbol
Multiple
Prefix
Symbol
101
deci
10
deca
da
102
centi
102
hecto
kilo
10
milli
10
10
micro
10
mega
109
nano
109
giga
1012
pico
1012
tera
1015
femto
1015
peta
1018
atto
1018
exa
Name of Unit
Symbol
Definition
ngstrm
area
barn
1028 m2
volume
litre
force
dyne
dyn
105 N
pressure
bar
bar
105 Pa
energy
erg
erg
107 J
kinematic viscosity
stokes
St
104 m2 s1
(dynamic) viscosity
poise
101 N s m2
maxwell
Mx
108 Wb
gauss
104 T
length
magnetic flux
magnetic flux density
concentration
Symbol
Definitiona
length
inch
in
0.0254 m
mass
pound
lb
0.453 592 37 kg
time
minute
min
60 s
time
hour
3600 s
degree
(/180) rad
kilogram-force
kgf
9.806 65 N
pressure
standard atmosphere
atm
101 325 Pa
pressure
conventional millimetre
of mercuryb
mmHg
13.5951 9.806 65 Pa =
133.322 Pa
pressure
torr
Torr
pressure
bar
bar
105 Pa
pressure
psi
6894.757 Pa
energy
kilowatt hour
kW h
3.6 106 J
energy
thermochemical calorie
calth
4.184 J
debye
3.335 64 1030 C m
Physical Quantity
plane angle
force
Symbol
Value
L, NA
k, kB
F
( RT/F )
electron volt
eV
LeV = FV
1.602 18 1019 J
9.648 547 104 J mol1
Planck constant
h
h = h/2
permeability of a vacuuma
4 107 A2
permittivity of a vacuuma
me
mp
Hartree energy
Eh
Bohr radius
a0
Bohr magneton
B = eh/4 me
nuclear magneton
= eh/4 mp
Rydberg constant
1.660 54 1027 kg
gravitational constant
9.806 55 m s2
Avogadro constant
gas constant
Boltzmann constant
Faraday constant at T = 298.15 K
elementary charge
SPECTROSCOPIC DATA
INFRARED
Characteristic Wavenumbers, ~ , of Fundamental Absorptions of Organic Functional Groups
~ /cm1
1.
2.
3.
OH stretching
free
sharp
36503590
sharp
36003450
broad
34003200
broad
32002500
primary amides
two bands
primary amines
two bands
35003300
secondary amides
34603400
secondary amines
34503300
CH stretching
alkynes
3300
30403010
two or three bands
aldehydes
4.
5.
29602850
29002700
CX stretching
nitriles
22602220
alkynes
22602100
X=Y=Z stretching
allenes C=C=C
~1950
azides RN=N+=N
carbon dioxide O=C=O
6.
C=O stretching
(a)
Aldehydes
21602120
antisymmetric
2349
saturated
17401720
aryl
17001650
,-unsaturated
17051680
table continued on next page
9
Characteristic wavenumbers, ~ , of fundamental absorptions of organic functional groups (continued)
~ /cm1
(c)
(d)
(e)
Ketones
four ring
~1780
five ring
17501740
saturated acyclic, alicyclic six-ring and larger, and ,-unsaturated five ring
17251705
aryl
17001680
,-unsaturated
16851660
Carboxylic acids
saturated
17251700
,-unsaturated
17151690
aryl
17001680
16101550
18001750
five-ring lactones
17801760
17701740
17501735
17301715
two bands
two bands
secondary amides
two bands
two bands
tertiary amides
(f)
(g)
7.
16701630
four-ring lactams
~1745
five-ring lactams
~1700
~1670
Anhydrides
saturated
two bands
two bands
Acid chlorides
saturated
18151790
17901750
C=N stretching
imines and oximes
~16901640
table continued on next page
10
Characteristic wavenumbers, ~ , of fundamental absorptions of organic functional groups (continued)
~ /cm1
8.
C=C stretching
isolated
conjugated
aromatic
aromatic
9.
16801620
16501590
two bands
1580
N=O stretching
Nitro compounds
10.
variable
asymmetric
15551540
symmetric
13851350
Carbonhalogen stretching
CF
14001000
CCl
800 600
CBr
600500
CI
11.
500
CH deformations
i-propyl
13851380 13701365
11751165 11701140
t-butyl
13951385
1365
12551245 12501200
RCH=CH2
12.
14.
915905
RCH=CHR (trans)
970960
R2C=CH
895885
R2C=CHR
840790
RCH=CHR (cis)
~690
RCCH
~630
NH bend
primary amines and amides
13.
995985
16501560
PX stretching
PH
24402350
PPh
1440
POR
12401030
P=O
13001250
BH stretching
terminal BH
26502450
bridging BH
20901600
11
~ /cm1
ammonium
[NH4] +
33003030 14301390
cyanide
[CN]
thiocyanate
[SCN]
22002000
acetate
[CH3CO2]
acetate
[CH3CO2]
CN stretch
21502050
15801550
14301410
carbonate
[CO3]
14901410
nitrate
[NO3]
13801350
11701050
sulfate
[SO4]
11301080
phosphate
[PO4] 3
11001000
perchlorate
chromate
[ClO4]
[CrO4]
885
N-bonded thiocyanate
CS stretch
860780
S-bonded thiocyanate
CS stretch
720690
~ /cm1
Transition metal carbonyls: Wavenumber ranges of these CO stretching
vibrations apply only to unsubstituted, neutral species. Actual values depend
also on the compound and the nature of other ligands attached to the metal.
terminal CO
21501900
bridging CO
19001750
18001600
22501700
M=O
1050950
MF
750500
MCl
400200
MBr
300200
MI
200100
12
/ 107 rad T1 s1
Relative Receptivity
values for I= nuclei
are 3C
99.985%
1/2
26.75
1.00
H, D
0.015%
4.11
1.45 106
10
19.58%
2.87
3.93 103
11
80.42%
3/2
8.58
0.133
13
1.108%
6.73
1.76 104
14
99.63%
1.93
1.00 103
15
0.37%
1/2
2.71
3.85 106
17
0.037%
5/2
3.63
1.08 105
100%
1/2
25.18
0.834
Na
100%
3/2
7.08
9.27 102
100%
5/2
6.98
0.207
4.70%
1/2
5.32
3.69 104
100%
1/2
10.84
0.067
Se
7.58%
1/2
5.12
5.30 104
Rh
100%
1/2
0.85
3.16 105
107
Ag
51.82%
1/2
1.09
3.48 105
109
Ag
48.18%
1/2
1.25
4.92 105
Nuclide
1
2
19
23
27
Al
29
Si
31
77
103
117
Sn
7.61%
1/2
9.58
3.49 103
119
Sn
8.58%
1/2
10.02
4.51 103
Xe
26.44%
1/2
7.44
5.69 103
14.40%
1/2
1.12
1.06 105
Pt
33.8%
1/2
5.77
3.39 103
Hg
16.84%
1/2
4.82
9.82 104
129
183
195
199
13
Ethers
Cyclopropanes
08
CH3O
4560
Cycloalkanes
525
RCH2O
4270
RCH3
525
R2CHO
6577
RCH2R
2245
R3CO
7083
R2CHR
3058
R3CR
2850
Amines
CH3N
1045
RCH2N
4555
RCOOR
160177
R2CH2N
5070
RCOOH
162183
R3CN
6075
RCHO
185205
RCOR
190220
Carbonyls
Other Heteroatoms
RCH2S
2242
Halogens
RCH2P
1025
CH3X
525
ArP
120130
RCH2X
538
ArN
130138
R2CHX
3962
ArO
130150
R3CX
3575
RCN
118123
Unsaturated Compounds
Aromatics
110133
Alkenes
100143
Alkynes
7595
14
Chemical Shifts of Methyl, Methylene and Methine Protons Attached to Saturated Linkages
Methyl
Methylene
Methine
CH3C
0.9
CH3CC=C
1.1
CH3CO
1.4
CH2C
1.4
>CHC
1.5
CH3C=C
1.6
CH2CC=C
1.7
CH3CONR
2.0
CH2CO
1.9
CH3C=CCO
2.0
CH3COOR
2.0
CH3S
2.1
CH3COR
2.2
CH2COOR
2.2
CH3I
2.2
CH2CONR
2.2
CH3CHO
2.2
CH2CHO
2.2
CH3Ar
2.3
CH2C=C
2.2
CH3N
2.3
CH2CN
2.3
CH3COOAr
2.4
CH2COR
2.4
CH2S
2.4
CH2C=CCO
2.4
CH2N
2.5
CH2Ar
2.6
CH3COAr
2.6
CH3Br
2.6
CH3NCOR
2.9
CH3NAr
3.0
CH3Cl
3.0
CH2I
CH3OR
3.3
CH3N
3.3
CH3OH
3.4
3.2
CH2OR
3.4
CH2Br
3.5
CH2Cl
3.6
CH2OH
3.6
>CHCO
>CHCHO
2.4
>CHCOR
2.7
>CHCN
2.7
>CHN
2.8
>CHAr
3.0
>CHS
3.2
>CHCOAr
3.3
CH3OCOR
3.7
>CHOR
3.7
CH3OAr
3.8
>CHOH
3.9
CH3OC=C
3.8
>CHCl
4.0
>CHBr
4.1
>CHI
4.2
>CHOCOR
4.8
CH2OCOR
CH2OAr
4.1
4.3
Proton
CCH
1.83.1
C=CHO
6.08.1
CH=CN
3.75.0
Aromatic protons
6.09.0
CH=C=O
4.05.0
CH=CCO
6.57.8
C=CH
4.56.0
HCOO, HCON
8.08.2
C=CHN
5.78.0
RCHO, ArCHO
9.410.5
C=CHCO
5.86.7
Group
MH (M = Transition metal)
300
ROH
210
RNH2 RNHR'
25
ArNH2, ArNHR'
3.56 or larger
RCONH2
58.5
RCONHCOR'
9ca. 12
RCO2H
10ca. 13
Xn
substituent
Xn
sustituent
Xn
alkyl
0.0
OCOR
2.7
SH, SR
1.0
vinyl
0.8
NH2, NR2
1.0
SO2R
1.7
alkynyl
0.9
NO2
3.0
-CHO
1.2
phenyl
1.3
2.1
-COR
1.2
OH
1.7
Cl
2.0
-CO2H
0.8
OR
1.5
Br
1.9
-CO2R
0.7
OPh
2.3
1.4
-CN
1.2
16
J / Hz
8 to 18a
CH
CH
03
CH
13
68b
CH
CH2
68b
CH
CH
68b
CH
H 3C
CH
46
CH
H3C
CH
CH
02
H3C
Ha
Heq
Heq
aa
813
ae
26
ortho
69
meta
13
para
01
cis
512
trans
1218
gem
3 to
+3a
ee
Ha
26
H
CH
411
CH
H
C
CH
CH
613
H
H
C
CH
CH
58
H
17
A
cl
max
/ nm
/ mol1
dm3 cm1
203
NH3
max
max
/ nm
/ mol1
dm3 cm1
7400
254
204
203
7500
254
160
Me
206
7000
261
225
Cl, Br
210
7700
262
190
OH
210
6200
270
1450
OMe
217
6400
269
1480
SO2NH2
217
9700
264
740
CN
224
13000
271
1000
224
8700
268
560
CO2H
230
11600
273
970
NH2
CO2
230
8600
280
1430
235
9400
287
2600
NHAc
238
10500
CH=CH2
248
1400
282
750
NO2
268
7800
(E)-CH=CHCO2H
273
21000
max
/ nm
291
max
/ mol1
dm3 cm1
500
18
WoodwardFieser Rules for the Prediction of max Values for * Transitions
of Dienes, Polyenes and ,-Unsaturated Aldehydes, Ketones and Acids
max (EtOH) / nm
214
Increment / nm
30
39
b
Each auxochrome:
OAcyl
OAlkyl
SAlkyl
30
Cl, Br
NAlkyl2
60
max (EtOH) / nm
215
202
,-unsaturated aldehyde
209
,-unsaturated acid
197
Increment / nm
30
39
b
10
12
18
35
30
50
OAcyl
, ,
OAlkyl
35
30
17
31
SAlkyl
85
Cl
15
12
25
30
95
OH
Br
NAlkyl2
a
Homoannular diene:
19
Type of Transition
Spin-forbidden, Laporte forbidden
0.011.0
1.0100
1001000
> 1000
Spectrochemical Series
Common Ligands
I < Br <Cl < S2~ SCN <F < OH < O2 ~ H2O < NCS < py < NH3
< ethylenediamine (en) < bipyridine (bipy), PR3 < CH3 < CN CO
Metal Ions
Mn2+ < Ni2+ < Co2+ < Fe2+ < V2+ < Fe3+ < Cr3+ < V3+ < Co3+
< Mn4+ < Mo3+ < Rh3+ < Ru3+ < Pd4+ < Ir3+ < Re4+ < Pt4+
o values for metals of the first transition series are typically in the ranges M2+: 700016000 cm1
and M3+: 1300026000 cm1 for all but the strongest ligands.
In any group o increases with atomic mass of the metal, i.e. 3d < 4d < 5d.
For tetrahedral complexes, t
4
9
o .
20
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Common Fragmentations and Fragment Ions in Mass Spectrometry
Common Fragmentations
m/z
Fragment Lost
M 3 to M 14
Inference
highest mass peak observed is itself a fragment and not a molecular ion
M 15
CH3
M 17
OH
NH3
M 18
H2O
M 26
C2H2
CN
M 31
CH3O
M 35 or M 37
Cl
M 43
CH3CO
M 58
M 77
C6H5
M 79 or M 81
Br
M 91
C7H7
M 105
C6H5CO
M 127
monosubstituted
a molecular ion consisting of two peaks of equal intensity, two mass
units apart, indicates a monobromo compound
benzylic
aromatic ketone or ester
Fragment Ions
m/z
Fragment
18
H2O+
28
30
CH2NH2+
31
CH2OH+
primary alcohol
57
58
C4H9
Inference
tert-butyl group
65
C5H5+
77
C6H5
monsubstituted aromatic
C7H7
91
alkyl
Me
methyl
CH3
Et
ethyl
CH2CH3
Pr
propyl
CH2CH2CH3
i-Pr
isopropyl
CH(CH3) 2
Bu, n-Bu
butyl
CH2CH2CH2CH3
i-Bu
isobutyl
CH2CH(CH3) 2
s-Bu, sec-Bu
sec-butyl
CH(CH3)CH2CH3
t-Bu, tert-Bu
tert-butyl
C(CH3)3
Ar
aryl
Ph ()
phenyl
C6H5
Ac
acetyl (ethanoyl)
COCH3
Bn
benzyl
CH2C6H5
t-butoxycarbonyl
COOC(CH3)3
Bz
benzoyl
COC6H5
Ms
mesyl (methanesulfonyl)
SO2CH3
Tf
triflyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
SO2CF3
Ts
tosyl (toluenesulfonyl)
SO2C6H4CH3 (para)
TMS
Si(CH3)3
TBDPS
tert-butyldiphenylsilyl
SiPh2C(CH3)3
TBS
Si(CH3)2C(CH3)3
THP
tetrahydropyranyl
benzyloxycarbonyl or Cbz
C6H5CH2OCO
aqueous
HMPA
hexamethylphosphoramide
n-butyllithium
light
catalyst or catalytic
IR
infrared
deuterium
LDA
DIBAL
diisobutylaluminium hydride
DMAP
4-dimethylaminopyridine
NMR
DMF
N,N-dimethylformamide
PCC
pyridinium chlorochromate
dimethyl sulfoxide
PDC
pyridinium dichromate
DMSO
mCPBA
lithium diisopropylamide
DCM
dichloromethane
Et2O
diethyl ether
TFA
trifluoroacetic acid
THF
tetrahydrofuran
EI
FAB
fast-atom bombardment
TBAF
meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride
heat
R H
H2N
or in zwitterionic form
CO2H
H3N
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Glycine (Gly or G)
H-
Cysteine (Cys or C)
Alanine (Ala or A)
CH3-
Valine (Val or V)
H3C
R
HS
H3CS
Methionine (Met or M)
HN
CH3
Histidine (His or H)
CH3
Leucine (Leu or L)
Isoleucine (Ile or I)
H2N
Lysine (Lys or K)
H3C
CH3
H
H3C
H
N
H2N
Arginine (Arg or R)
NH
Phenylalanine (Phe or F)
HO2C
Tryptophan (Trp or W)
HO2C
HO
Serine (Ser or S)
Threonine (Thr or T)
Asparagine (Asn or N)
CH3
OH
H2N
H2N
Glutamine (Gln or Q)
HO
Tyrosine (Tyr or Y)
L-Proline:
Proline (Pro or P):
N
H
H
CO2 H
or
N
H2
H
CO2
CO2
23
24
GROUP THEORY
Character Tables
CS = Ch
A'
x, y, Rz
A"
z, Rx, Ry
yz, xz
C2v
C2
v(xz)
'v(yz)
A1
x2 , y2 , z2
A2
Rz
xy
B1
x, Ry
xz
B2
y, Rx
yz
C3v
2C3
3v
A1
A2
Rz
x2 + y 2 , z2
C4v
2C4
C2
2v
2d
A1
A2
Rz
B1
B2
x2 + y 2 , z2
x2 y2
xy
(xz, yz)
x2 + y 2 , z2
C5v
2C5
2C52
5v
A1
A2
Rz
E1
E2
(xz, yz)
(x2 y2, 2xy)
25
D2h
C2(z)
C2(y)
C2(x)
v(xy)
v(xz)
v(yz)
Ag
B1g
Rz
xy
B2g
Ry
xz
B3g
Rx
yz
Au
B1u
B2u
B3u
D3h
2C3
3C2
2S3
3v
A'1
A'2
E'
A"1
A"2
E"
(Rx, Ry)
x2 + y2 , z2
Rz
(x2 y2 , 2xy)
(x, y)
2S4
2v
2d
A1u
A2u
B1u
B2u
Eu
D4h
A1g
A2g
B1g
B2g
Eg
2C4 C 2
2C'2 2C"2
x2 , y2 , z2
(xz, yz)
x2 + y 2 , z2
Rz
x2 y2
xy
(Rx, Ry)
z
(x, y)
(xz, yz)
26
D2d = Vd
2S4
C2
2C'2
2d
A1
A2
B1
B2
xy
(xz, yz)
Cv
C2
2C
A1 +
A2
E1
2 cos
E2
2 cos 2
E3
2 cos 3
Dh
2C
x2 + y 2 , z2
Rz
x2 y2
x2 + y2 , z2
z
Rz
(x, y), (Rx, Ry)
2S
2 cos
2 cos
2 cos 2
2 cos 2
C2
2 cos
2 cos
2 cos 2
2 cos 2
u
u
x2 + y 2 , z2
(xz, yz)
Rz
(Rx, Ry)
(xz, yz)
z
(x, y)
27
F =m a
W =F x
p=m v
T = 12 m v 2 =
P=
p2
2m
F
A
mg
A
P = pressure, m = mass,
g = acceleration due to gravity, A = area
m
V
P=
=
P=
mg V g
=
=gh
A
A
Electrical Energy
V =I R
E =V I t =
W=
Ohms Law
V2t 2
= I Rt
R
E
t
V=
q1 q2
4 0 r
F=
q1 q2
4 0 r 2
Coulombs Law
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C
F
H
I
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1
4
6
8
32
H
3
He
4
Li Be
11
12
13
Na Mg
19
20
38
Rb Sr
55
56
21
22
39
Y
57
40
23
24
25
26
27
88
C
14
N
15
89
28
29
30
31
32
O
16
P
33
10
F Ne
17
S
34
Cl Ar
35
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
104
36
53
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
72
18
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
73
74
75
76
77
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
87
Al Si
K Ca Sc Ti
37
105
106
107
108
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
54
I
85
59
60
61
62
109
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90
91
92
93
94
95
86
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
58
Xe
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr