eee OS SO ESO SESS SSS ST SPSS SSE SS OSS SS Fonts. A Voss of Igaey MAKING DEMOCRACY WORK CIVIC TRADITIONS IN MODERN ITALY Robert D. Putnam itis Robert Leonard and Raffaella ¥. Nanett aqPSS SSS SESS TSS SSSESSSSESSESSCESE SEES SA a on ‘would completly eliinae several major national males (including Education, Heath, Agicultte, Socal Afar, and Uibas Alfie, mong oes), ansfewing thei esponstiles othe region, sed ho ‘han doubling the regions" share of te entire national bet task 70 perc In some tespcs, the amiaions were reminiscent of the ‘oed at the Gh f the regis in the 1970, lthoagh the mod in the North was daer and more resent than i the eae, anne pti [etlod. "The history of govemmental form in aly soggeste caution Irerpreting these developmen, sins th cata stones snl sisted any further devlution of thir powers, tat reponse presaes ‘continued to mount, especially inthe Nott. Anaber page Wat about to be tamed in he sry of Tan regional goverment ‘Wistever te ne caper may bring, we have sea son signs that ny nifoem verde on he eonal expeimeat so aris misentng, given the heterogeneity ofthe replons and tht performance ei tine ap ‘re instuioal performance isl” and 6 exper thes ferences CHAPTER 3. ‘Measuring Institutional Performance “wio coven?” and How well” ae the two most ase quutions of| political scienoe. The former sss issues of dstibtion and estab ion "Who Ges What, Wien, and How? Sac ies fave ben atthe forefoot ofthe dieipline's dete in recent decades. By cont, igor ‘vs apple of inttatinal performance are rare, eventhough “00d ovement” wae once atthe top of our agenda, The undenabe a Fixture of sormative jgmnent fo any Ingury about performance and “Mcctiveness has mae mast Scholars over the last forty Years luca to pursue such questions: de gtr non daptandm et a ast in 8 rle-s, “objective” soc selene” ven though political scientist, as Ddinay ized, are often quite wing to judge povernmens perfor: tance, the dicpline has too fal relinquished this impaant rat ‘ony of plies slence—tis “ancient obligation of our erat" po cal plosopbers and publics shoal wo begin? What etera mast be ener by #ngotous,Impaial,pesusive evaution of isi tional succes? fnded, bow can we be sea some goverment acti tly ae sytematically more elective than oes, so tha It makes see to peak generally of stutionalsccess"? ‘The insttation we want to eval i 4 representative goverament -Thorefoe, we need to oalte both ts exponvenes 1 ts constivets ands efficieney in condotng the pub's business.” Deno theo- fits fom Job Stat Mil to Rotert Dahl have astened that "the hey ‘characte ofa demecray isthe continuing responsiveness of he gow ‘nent to the pofrences of evens” Damcracy gents itzons te ‘ight to peiton thelr goverment inthe hope af achieving some individ flor social gal, aad roger fir compettion mong, diferent ve oor ofthe public Interest, Good government is, however, more han & Forum for competing viewpoint ofa sounding board for complains it tially gesting daneIn order to study insiutonal performance, we must measure i are fully and convineingly. Before se can explore in aggro wy oy te ‘ew regional goverment succeeded in Emil Romagna but filed in Pug we must fist show that these assesment ae ot te wn calor inpreonii: Any seta mearinement of goverment ptr ‘ent mone, deer sevics, nd manage nal pera. Ose ‘Soni, governments mv boon ch rosie osm a nna Fors, io kets Lydn Jose's oro he igh ie Naan Ther Ow assessment at emanate sie, bth eno ‘enon el ore Moreover. goverment have spon in any ier otky acest apie, pc work, edo, sat Series, eeooaiedevelopmat nso om. Our apa mt yall ‘ese eid ft wote compen We cama ope lo mewsate every Stel hig tat wen regina goverens hare de ver wo dens, Ttwemastcst cunt a ely a pole aarp ta ffs apis tn, This ft pens the peesbity ta flee yoreaent Ing singly be god leat gsaome the leader nha ce, ‘rious pevicnal eae ttl frornanes ede efor Sito of hime.” fad ont our aid net tt ot ‘reply oak th ogous i ou eae way wil we be od Inspeakig sey fatal sats ne ‘3m be relble. Tobe wor epsing i ener om, nt int perenne must eso du, nt ote Sone varion ‘verte sto be expect rll the aly yn fnew won ‘Oe govern may sumbl wale asthe aie memontn I te nk ering th regions eet ching Kaeo frm one er th et however, ot bse conception of insite peor mere {ae eisen Bu the sess ae el govern year ya, a gent pciemace tron eng tore hans memes Soe ‘elton of pla oes o he til th erie inst 4 Kim eorepond othe acts and alunos of he nations protons and continents Tos oe al denna Gere, ‘pont te cin of he wron eon. We oust hae eon Ing ale standards tha sooner hor cnatent, We ned ae fal to compnre ca obetne eames fpfomance with ie ews of ‘eters and comma ender each of te epons, We ad tow om naasonine reRronwaxce 6 te pesos chapter ht ston vite coms or gen ‘sons, weveelo cel oar naniemens gat eae Fogle In Bolgn ad Bas, Seve and Pipes This chapter i oraaized to accomplish hese four task. * We begin by looking at each of «dozen diverse probes of goverment ffestivenes in the twenty regions. Next we expo the corelaions among he else measrer, and we ask how stable our summary assessment of peor: tance i overtone. Finally, sve compare oar evaluations, eon y te fon, wit he views of lin voters Sd commomsty leader. Ts go. ‘ous proces isan eselalst sep toward our gal of understanding Inetatonal recessed fur {TWELVE INDICATORS OF INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE, For cach regional goverment, we sek to evaluate (1) poiey proses {© poiey pronouncement; and (3) poiy implementation “An ination’ effectiveness depends, st fal, 08 ow well an apes essential affair, Ths, we may mesa the aby On lnmiaton'sdeiion making appara, for example, ofthe efficacy of Its budgetary proses, othe efeeivenes of management information sytem (See indistos 1-3, py 67-68}) Esenally this family of ‘etsies as: Whatever else his instiuton i doing, ist conducting it ‘Stil interned oprationssmoctbly and with spt? ‘at eudying the petlrmance of governments means studying polices and peogns ss well, Are the goverment prompt t ident) soil teed al propose innovative sltine? Does liaton enacted By De ovement eles «capac 9 rect comprehensively, chereny. and Seavey tote sues a hand? (Ses indoors 4-5, pp 68-7.) inaly, oot apical must move beyond words Yo deeds, We mst clus the rorces of these governments in their roles ab problem Solvers and seice-provider, Arete reions overeat uses ting the avaiable resources to addres the ede ofa apy changing Society? Hive they sented i implementing thie avowed policy bjee- tives establishing health cline, uilding day eave center, and soon? ow effient are they in responding 0 the demands of individ ct ann? (Sow niatrs 6-12, pp. 70-73) ‘While ou evaluation of government mist measure actions, nt just ‘wordy ne at be cael not o give government credit (or lame) for iter bya thi contol the language of policy aalis,we wank {o wenune “outpue” rather than “otsomes™— heath care caer than 8994992999939 399999999929892992244599%5S9SSTFISSSH8SGHHSEHHSESHHGTESSEOCESSESCEES morality ste; envionment policy rater than ai quality, economic flevelopmentprogias rater than business prot. Heals, st quality, tnd profs. ace surely portant, but be reason for excluding than fom (se evaluation of goverment pevformance is simple: socal outcomes tre influenced by tany things Beier government. Health depends on factors lke dit snd ifoyle that are Beyond the dee cota of any emocratic goverment. Ar quality is fafenced by meteorology, de rmography, sn indus, as wells government policy. Profits represent fntepencual sil, worker dligense, world economic condi, ant von To include socal oxtcomes ina assesment of government perfor nce 0 con the "Miasrichasete Mace Fallacy” only « modest Prt of tho pease forthe aftoence of New Engin inthe 1980 (and $lmialy medest potion ofthe bam for he subsequent receaion) wat really stiotsble to tte government, despite 1988 presidental amiga thei the contrary “Ascasing outputs comporavely amd quantitatively ts, of covey a ‘comple, rlve-inden task. To be persuasive, any mesrre of poy por foxmanceshowld te reasonably anafected by dilerenes in subttve Pris, Ki ot eay to compare the innovaivenss, effectiveness, snd foci importance of, sa), scholhip program an am gation p> fram, Inthe context of or stay, howover, thee difiatie are raced {fo manageable propoions Brosdy speaking, the same thomes were Scr in oe interview’ wih plicjruhers snd community leader ll eros Tay” Altough he urge of crn problem vred fom region {oregon thei carly year all eponal governments gapped with si Tar isuer, wc a bls Healt, Yecaonl education, end pubic wor. Bat they not advest these esas equally promplyo comprehen sivelyor efletvely or creatively and the vesuls dl pot equal att tho pllymakors aad tei constiens. As Beta ha note, “is ad ‘rou 1 expect poilos fata goals they do pot want to atin, But ‘Sely reasonable to expect tem ffesionly to pursue those ti te in fact song preferences.” ‘Out deal asesment of institutional success i founded on twelve Aiverse indicates, covering intial processes, policy prosouncemeas, ‘0d policy iplemntation in many diferent pole sector. For the most fat these mesures are dan fen the period 19781 1985, tats, afer the reform lav 382 of 1976 andthe 616 dctss of 1977 had delegated ‘vant ator nd signin fending oa the regions. Tis period ‘ocompasie uns ofthe sond and al of fhe hid elas th ew Insdnatons. Sone of cur indators are quantatvely precise, although {hel connection to substantive otcomes iinet. The relevance of th to incon pecfornone is cleer-cat, although their quantction fetes exact. No single metic, taken in Kolton, would wee trate he regions fil. Calleively, however, these indicators can uadergird Ineodbased Sgeuisnt of insttona sueces and fulce ‘We begin with thse measures of policy proeses antral operations bint stability, budget romps, and satin! and seformation 1. Cabinet Stig Lik the atonal allan government, each resin government i ed by eabint that must retain majorty supp te legis. Some se tion hd highly sale cabinet and thus were abe npc opus Sea coherent lise of policy. Other, by conta, found had io pach {Soaiton ogethe an harder o Heep i topeter’ Out mete hte the ‘mer of dierent cabinet installed in ech region during te 1975 1940 and 1980-1985 legislative penods- Ralph on this mae varied from fo bint inten years i Trentino-Alto Aig ad Uti ine Cabin in en yrs in Silly, Sardinia, and Campania Altiogh the Simplest ofl our dieters of performance, hs measure ts oul 0 be ne ofthe mote powefal 2, Budget Prompiness ‘Beviniog in 1972, al ogons wer sappored wo complete action on their nual budgets by Tena 1 the stat of the Bscal ae. Vitaly none ‘ct ths target, and in thecal 1980s all eplons were hampered by de taps beyond thei contol in the atonal budget ye, However, the wer ‘pe delay vari comely Hom regio region. Our met here was, ‘knply tie: On average, dosing the pid 1979-1985, when wes the ‘badge actually approved bythe regional coun? Ratings vaced from an verge of foray 27 (several weeks 1a) ln Fal-Venezia Giulia (0 ‘August 7 Gente fiscal yore ws lady neatly fwothirds ove) alain 3. Statistical amd Tformation Services ‘ter things beng ea, a government with Better information about ‘consitienty std fee probes ean respond more efeively. Ths all twenty repos wee aed according 6 the breath of heir staal sad information fais. At the botlom were eon tht Ha no suchfucllies a al1—Atruzs, Calabi, Campania, Marche, Molise, Paglia, and Sil. Acie top were Ave regions mia Romuga, Fil- Vere Zia Gila, Lazio, Lomtordia, and Toscana with wellogulpped infer ‘nation sevices, including Bel! saint acd facies for onsinal data ‘oleton, tatsical pocesing, and computer bape analy Next, our investigation cared us beyond “process” measures and ex- plore the content of policy decisions. The fllonng prof measures sre based on comprehensive extminaton of regina epslation 4. Reform Legislation Init diverse policy aras—economie development, tetra aden ronmental planning, and social servicos—we examined the ate eg ‘naive output ofeach region during the peciad 1978 1984. The topics ofthis exteasve body of fw ranged from urban zoning ad Kidney dly- Sisto iserice taining for social workers and regional centr ond tial research and macketing. Our analysis used thee toad tia of vation ‘The comprehension ofthe leon t,he geo whi de ‘ecoregion, ha, ep wih he vac le, progr fal fr smal bes ht war costed ‘ig inna op edhe ta oe a a ‘Thecreaeness6f he ketton, ft ede och iene ach elon was grade rom 15 in ch ofthe the policy set. ‘The summed see ranged om 15 fr Baia Ronmgna, repressing cele performance in alle sss, 03 for Claas Ma erespndng to poor perormanc inal toe. Although hse elaine ‘sesens ae Somewat me npessnitic a les pete thane revous masts, they tefl ea ean’ ote cotet o oul policy, an (swe shal ce er) thy tou minor cy he Evahstions fered by he lee of ach ein, Ou rte for cma ing reform legion do ot ern vey leet pas om te. tei ued by Haan vot Legislative Innovation In lly, as inthe United Stats, many legalaive ea tend to dtfse ‘roa bration governments, oan atractive innovation intoduced by {elaively advanced couel is pcked up and passed in Tess advanced fezions'* We examined twelve diene topes on which sila laws ap eared in many ofthe region: ar and water pllaion, promotion of Ba fries, consumer protection, preventive meical cles, tap mining ‘equation, hotel classieation, wildlife pescton, and so on. Despite Aieing local needs and pies, certain resins were consent ead er or consist! laggards on neal these tps, with aly deo our ‘xcepions (The lendees und laggards on mental health are rplonal “ombudses,” and prometion of voluniats did not mac te overall [pater The cate et of model laws is ahown in Table 3.1.) Oue netic tere isa follows: On average, seoes these twelve domng, how soon attr the fat appearance of # mel law wat I picked wp by & given {egion? ‘The eegion ht pioneered piu La wos given a score of 1d, and region that had not adoped ia al was piven a core of 0. ‘Avceage scores ranged from 74 for Emilia Romagna to df Calbia fact, only one ofthese twelve model Inu wa eer enacted by Cashin, hea Eiila-Romogne had posted al twelve and iad bees Le pone Ing reglon for veo the twelve ‘amin sa Content Medel Low Seip mining rglanon es setin| Lior mest menting elon! onbutsen ‘Mera hath one 79999 O999999999999999999399399933434233SF FOO SOS SSSTSTSSSSSSESSSSESSESESCSEESCSES: [Neat we tuned from policy pronouncements 0 pslicy implementation “The following six indicator measure a regio’s capac oeary out pl icy in visual all of the major sectors of reglonal government stv, Including public heal, social welfare, industrial and areata devel ‘pntcat, ahd housing and urban policy. The fist two of ese ndcatrs ‘epesnt diet service delivery the ext one reflect the repetote of foley tools deployed by each region: and finally tree focu on how fective the regonal goverment were using funds offered to them by the coal government (spending capac"). Spending capcity might at bean appropriate indicator of instinional performance in all seutanes. However, hese tice ses ogiel- {ire, belt, and hosting), te nee fer atonal investments was wey ‘Sccepte, ad falco fading was ely svalble o each region fom the central authors. Nevertheless, some region goverment Ace. ‘lated enormous nexpended appropriations (resi pas, becouse they lacked the organiationsl capacity ad manera infaractre nes: tssiry to tonite their expanding resources ino ation “On the otbet and: move effect regions were ale to spend whi they hoped to spend ‘when they panne to pend 6, Day Care Centers ‘One of the esses! and most succesful poiy intatves undertaken by the new regional governments Was he rovnion of publlyeuppored Uy eare center. In 1977 the conral goverment made subs special ting fortis purpose avalable to each region, vo thatthe “pert onto thereon el forthe progam was heligiie: BY 1983, ik {eats ner, numberof cepons ha eaublsbed wide natwoks of day ae ctr, but eters had made vitally no progres. Out mete bere Is the numberof regionally supported day eae conters in poration bY Decerr 1983, standardized bythe population a children aged 220 four.” This mesure provides an unsually cp Indicator of tegion's abiliy 1 implement policy a the prassoot, given assured extetal funding. Score ranged fom one center per 400 chk in El Ro- smagaa fo one ceaer per 12,360 cure in Campania 7. Family Clinker Inthe heath sector one important experiment, exiginaly auberized by ational eistion in 1974, wa the fay sini contort fanulare), ‘Ove useful menue ofa rpion's ably to implement poley reforms is the numberof fan cine, standardized for regional population, in op tration by May 1978- On that date, Umbra a the tp ofthis ranking had ie amily slic for every 15,000 esdents; Paglia had exacly one line fo serve is 3,850,000 inabiats and the regions of Treto0: Alo [Raiges Mots, and Valle d'Aosta had eabihed no aly elim at a {Industral Polley tnsrumens In 1970, as we noted in Chater 2, te widespresd hope that tbe ne Texionl poverments could foster mre rapid econo devclopmeat wa important motivation forthe iettonal reform. When fds subse {tently became availabe, sme seglons simpy wrote checks to absfie iva fms een os form of patronage Other, more advanced regions, however, provided Intstnctral suppor, improved. pic ‘viel, and encourged publl-privae prserahip.” One era mes ‘Se ofticyophlaicaton ofeach gion into ores of ada poi ean te compete by noting which of an aay of potent! tos of india polly the region actully deployed + repo econo develope pan ‘senna and wre pl Sedo ‘Rel dvlopmen aoe ages ‘Ae seins, suc a Fil-Veneria Gia, had wed al si ofthese iechnogues as of 1984. Calbia, a the oer exteme, hd red ony 9. Agrlulara Spending Capaciy 1 197 te a goverment soa abl mh xen flog angly 340 mle) for vest in gia, icing teat, oestton, Wreck presi, ore, ad vic eettatin for orange sed i sar of intone © upernde Ihc poduion of rane wines. Oe or an, plea dor nd isarateneticeney tet seer tegans ot ening yo th ‘Salus tna ve toogh te aged ela wihagriculture is economical ruil. A eon’ ability to cay out ply intves nei portant economic soto ean be meased y ths fac. ‘on ofthe fu locate othe eon that the region ately disused {a8 planed diag the next three fears (197H- (980). Spending ranged ‘rom 97 percent sn Valle Aewat Opereeat in Calbia and Mise 410, Local Health Unit Expenditares Emily ekg he mo nil eon dem the repos afte Fi was the atonal heh sevice, ellog asa, lnc, and heath Ira The primary ovens imate fot ‘mplememing tee nw moponbite ieee tothe tual og tno of 178, was oe feel Heh Uni" (Unt Sentra Lote Sr USL). One measure ofthe anes of ah oon falls ean Ste ni e's per cpa USL expos a of 1985, Besos ater the enacieot of the ational nt. TOnc gsi al ann for {he heath ervies wa povided byte cual etre. Since USL ‘pendiares are eautely cores with nesses of toby and ‘nf oral, he esas re ot abl othe tytn tat he lowenpenting gions hn ews not for pbc ea srs) Sees on this measure ranged rm Toscana, wih spent pact mote than he tational average, to Sil spd Bast, ech of wach pent 35 percent below th mona erage = 11. Housing and Urban Development (Our sureys showed dt hosing war a high abd increasing prioity for ‘epional officals thoughout lay, expecially inthe 1980s, Beinn in 1971s ad especialy alter 1976, te cone! goverment fered pleat funding esc region to support wabsiized housing (bth pli and Frivaly ovsed), hoaslag rtabitation, and land sequston fr exban ‘evelopment. Regions wate rue to formulate fur yet hosing ‘rams and to set eres for the allocation of fan. We gathered data ih 1978, 1981, 1985, and 1987 on the ability ofthe roxio to ase those fund, as measured by the faction ofthe funds atboreed by the cena sutocties thatthe ego scaly burs. (Spending capacity in this Sense is poslively coneated with eur mesures of touting ality, thus ring out the pose nterpetaon that slow spending merly te ected low needs.) A composite mate covering al four Yeats anges, ‘on average, fom 67 pereat in Eni Romagna to 32 percent in Silly snd Campania ‘tour measures of ptformance 9 ft have taken the perspective of polcyake: How effen fs the badge process? How innovative i the Tepsatlon? How many dy eae centers or foi clinics ovaries Touns have ben provided? What msi fom our analy 0 fai an ‘aluaion of the rlonal government fom the pin of view of asien ‘witha pobiem, 12, Bareaurate Responsiveness “To sess te goveimens “sete!” rxponiveness, we devised Tay ezcotve, bu mocnos and highly ifomative expernen. Inlay 1983 taan coleages spycacel the ceca i ach Teg oqucsting infra sbut tne specie Out Eeshous) obi The est dope ss host enka pedis fo 3 ‘ait inane ws ingterwar nation od ‘Rev cn inn edt + Theos drs om fe ie" IMocnaton ot lone nescence The nial ests wore mde by al and he eps ere vated for prompts: lari, and comerconsivenes. tno timely reply was reese, follo-up tlphone cals and (When necessay) personal visits rere made, Inver can, the quality and alae ofthe response was ‘tasted his expeimentemled us fo constuct a compet inex of the responsiveness of tee important agencis, comparable actos: al ny regis? Ia the mos elicieateeglon) (Era Romagna and Vale Aosta), two ofthe tre ings received thorough eles within 1 vee of our inital lets, andthe hed eqaied sng elepone cal Inthe bast efient rion (Clabia, Campania, and Sardi), nove of the male inure ceceived any reply all, and two ofthe te requests red many weeks, several phono callsand» person visit ol. COHERENCE AND RELIABILITY OF THE INDEX OF INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE (Ou ist of twelve inictrs i itened to elect the diversity of things that madem governments do 10 and Tor det citizens. The differences io performance levels suggeted by these indicators are abso terms, {ote remarkable cabinets five nes more drablein one eon ha a FET TEETITTTTT STF 999 99399999999949%4%3SPST SST SSSSSSSSSSSESSSSSEEESSESESSE SS i tes: budgets delayed by tee weeks in one region, sven months in Soother daycare center and family clic and agrclter! loa a Subsidized Housing mary tines more common in one region tam another {despite equal secon to fring), clizeninuiricsseswered peopl i Som regions snd not atl noe Bven yo, we began this esearch ches! that such independent indi cuors of astral performance would cvely core, given mek urement fale, ferences in regingl pores, sn the alle fivences on any single isatona activity. For example, although the collapse ofa selon cabinet may opicllyeepeset sional nt bili, might aso be caused byt ntinely death of sey ge. Legie. Inve creativity might be completly uncomected with administrate follow-through, we reasoned. Or pechaps some regions ve speci em piss wo hosing, while others devote thelr eneepes to agricfae, Per fips a region's tiie total day eae enters family ches reels olga choice, aot administrative inefficiency. No single distor em capture all dfetences i iesatonal soccer with pect sity, and pethps sucess along ene dimension would be gute coment ‘with succes along ote Agia this background, we mere aie to discover (4s shown in Appendix C) a suprisingly high consistency among our tweve divere indicates of insitiionalpeformance.™ Regions that have sable eat ‘es, adopt their budgets on tie, spend th sporopriation planned, ‘nd pioneer new legslaon at, for he moat pt the seme regions fn [Provide daycare centers and fal linc, develop comprehensive uta Planning, make Toans © farmes, sod answer tel al promply. On he ‘bss of thee tele indicates, we hve constructed sama inde of Tesitsiona Pesrmanee. Table 3.2 dapay th flit of inated shows how each i coreltd wih this sary laden “The intrcoreations among these meats of auton pefor: ‘mance are fat fam perfect. Most rpion ae Bet at rome thing han they area othr. Intttional succes, examined airoscpically nas be teased along moe than one cmeion By and lage, howevsn, technique for combining these diverse idistre tnt single et redces the idlxyneati impact of any single measure, More important, ' these data aso confirm, some reponse high-anked by vital very yr, whereas oar rgions are unsucesfl by aoa evry Imes Our compte meas hoth cmos on! ly How stable and reliable is this assent over tine? ts insittons performance as we have meatured it doable eae the epinal ov fsmment, odo tegians move randomly ap al down the stanngs om Year yea? fedex of Itt Patron 978-1988 Peformance ln looting eto egaion, 9761058 on ‘Cabinet vb, 1975988" oss Family cles, 1978 oon Ie pie 1384 asso ‘Baget compe, 1979-198 ct athe 983 os ‘eval pening sop, ITE tn the ae years ofthe tn ohn expernen, st fer th contin o he stl gir, we aia oats petiminay ev eee erento cao he Aion “on” eons” Thee iigy some wor edo ea ine boy cD oe tered i i tp, bt te ending Et wee Fr soothe 170-1076 pond thus wo oe wit he dt dora bconancsing hte The eft ansanen was ako aot a TroabSaopeo tht ela in tis hater im pra, there Sena open for tien, measures of plc) implementation Ser vale ‘hou wich compar the eas fom ete wo aay, shows ascuaabe sty nae sees, Fa the ot pty io aaa tell teaver vlan rank athe top of theater, ft MeeeF addon! Peformance, snd npr nthe former were ae ses i utr ap well A fe exces to hs ters sand Pa er ned meee very top fll tak tate ae Lar arise asf. Neverthe ove ‘tsa ng Wate smb ig be daring © er ated govemments iti eel porta ad metodo Te aeaay itflrencet ia istona peoemance, 8 mowed {20 Se tenon eabe and bun worth planingriguRE 31 Porat ofthe abtrton of ela ames red al otra nt bok se Appa “ a : 2 mt ‘CONSTITUENCY EVALUATIONS “This summary index soteets imprint, coherent lifereoes in insti tional performance. But are they consent wth che evaluations offer ty ron: gis an cons Dai Ses of intana pertemance 1b be views of flies shout her owe rina ‘Or ae sandals for jdong gov ements thoroughly idosyncatic and pervaded by cull relativism that our jodement andthe Jagentr of alan ote and community leader are acd? "This tet ont ey, fr observers within ny single eon ae not wel placed fo snake fie-pained comparzane with other repons gover ni, nore there aeuance that nkabitans ofthe various eon ave ‘lar standards ce treshols of aisfction” On the other ed, our Inecriwervesed tht besinesmen, mayors, sion leaders, joes, and tbr consmunity ads, nd vena enue forty eens, now imac about the stengti and weaknesses of thet own teponal tnonat Pefrmans (1978-1985) nd Cnc Station (1971-1988), | ee \ Lo : . Baas Conlon r= 3 rn ee arenes St cs ECTTVTEVLITTTEVETETTTEEEVWV442929423%4999924"PITS SS SS98 FSGS HSS8SSSSSESESESESESSESESES nest and respomsivenets—the Iwo fndamentalcrtia for democratic [govemmert-eun ou (at lest in thir case) tobe closely asc with ‘ne another. Regional governments ha enact innovative legion, i loment thir budgets a plaaned tld day cae centers, answer thle fal nd so oa ae more popular with thes constuent tha oe hat fo noe Tsuna performance as we have messed is ft he only onistent predictor of who eid wth regional goverment and who Iselssasee. Across ou sx national surveys, approval ofthe atv ‘ofthe regional governments uncorelated with ay ofthe tana socio logical estegories The well ees dona fer tom the educated, or the wealthy ftom te poor, nor eyrdweles fea tural fll not amers or housewives fom businessmen or ble collar workers, 2 me fiom women, ner young fom ol a cml by tr “chee meas, peo om al was ‘Sepporters ofthe pry in contol of the regional goverment, nots ienly, express more satistacton wit i performance than do supp {sof he opposition. Party loyalty sa less power determinant fete faction, however, thn isthe “bjetve™ peetomnance of the government ‘Throughout ours surveys between 1977 and T9RB, spportrs ofthe ruling partyin low-pecmance region were es sisi with hep Tomine of regions! goverment fan were cppesion pacy supporters In high perormance repons. As Pigue 3.3 shows, an average of #2 per ‘eit of government opponent in high-pedormanee eons Wer 80 sly sated wit the povernoentspoformsnce, as opposed to only 3 tent of government loyal in low-peformance regions.” Contole Ting for pectonnaece, party loyalty makes diference of about Lt pe ‘eaage points in stato, wheres contling fr party yay, po formance makes » difrence of about 24 pectntge points. Iv othe ‘words, objective diferenes in performance are ner wie as portant as prtsan lyales in accounting forthe aiefacton of Wain voles ith thei regional government "Yet anote: perspective onthe operations ofthe rhs goveraments ‘comes from out 1982 naonwie srvey of comunity kedes—tat Provincial presieas, major of large cies and sl town, Bankers, frade union leaders, jours, and represents of indy. om mere, artisan, aealtoe and the cooperntie movement, More than tal ofthese leaders report mecig regulary with egnal oa, and 59 percent ay that he regional government ae had wry Inport wuasuntne reRronMance 79 ricuRe 3.3 ty Goverment Perens unt Party Saget atmo Ron Gon “ate portant inact on the interes ofthe erga thy rep seat Thm, moat of tee en and women have et, personal Ko ig rom which orn Jaigments sot he perormance of ei ial govern ae imnanty ees dea seglcty with thir eioal gover cn go sk aol fon rns fa nee nie ‘Tote mtn poet Basins people dscns regional economic Heting sah roi ofc Lor des con abou fb eaiing mi tun we mete abe tcc dad evahaton fh actives eee anal tan fom thse men and women. As deserted i Shes fe nga about the acct freon ofel, about sermercmai cons of ios pls, bow te feast of Peete tonal proc, shou the dpc wah nich te eit Encarta processed specie ce, aout orien beten tf tical so eet povsnents nd shat ths ces qualification and Selctonmest of rena sitar. Mow commun fees Se tery cat sou the repens byt plement poe, a Tough iy were move complimentary stot the posamatic cokes ‘item of eve perene T Ndget abot tse eer diforen asec of iasttol pero sna ured out beater closely ntercrend nthe sese t y (Pen ogonl govetaat tended be med cont Toor orrants Conmniy en en tei Gove 1982 eet ‘ui and diligence of personnet 067 Sram con hopin 8 conse univra) o al specie apse of goverment per- formance Thse teins tha wee je to be ox rave gro Illy were sl sd ct no promply ad listen moat carl. ‘We combined the ndvdulassoshents inf a sig comprderive Jndoe ofthe communi kad evaaony, cued fa Table 3. The responses provi tance tao x eleney and efile) ef the regina gover The of exch elonal sample inhi srvey was quite mal ava sng only Sitcom leaden pt solo, vo te score for any speci ion iy be red by anopig err sever inseae com re these eatin, resin Oy eo, th or Inden of star Paformmnce. Piguet shows tht he to are qe csly coma, orca given the aenaing elles ofthe sl sample, Orel Sono tational pestrmance gently oafoms fo the judgment 9¢ ape who eal with hese goecmnt dy today The chs cnlton between or ington, sbjve asesment of these gvements he cation fered by tc vn costes isnot mery methodol praiig. Kase andsinc the se of ‘xcesive cata rs, a8 well tbe pts of he so-called ‘ale peofernce™apponc (0 govermet atthe acpton ‘hat peopl gehen of goverment they wat tis smn sid {ht goverment in sone pars a lyn may eer pts ofthe Wood, or tht materiel, inert ad cenupt Sec he eopl lik thn way here,” res 3.2 ant we ong evens 1. the conary A in nly peopl evetyber engl the ine ton betwezn good goverment nb, rg estat soe ac Sanda of eiceny, cei, cohersce,eopmivenes, and pct Calochivement They like god ovement, toy de bad Tis FIGURE 3A TestitionalPeornee (1978-1985) and ‘Comin Lender! Susan 1982) ‘Commi Lo Saacon “Govan r= 58 Spel elon ony r= Be Sosa elon ae shown nao. docs no wean, of cours, that everyone agrees on what ple pris Shout be prod oe how those polices soul be implemented tht ‘Pee fs sa bem way fo govem or that government ca be rec Saleh docs monn tha he dlfreae between beter and worse is ‘widely appreciated. CONCLUSIONS hat ave we Kamed tom it shagter? Some ronal sovecments Mie ce cman mee se i tn ft Tae Fecal operations, noc ceive inthe psy Hlaes, ore Ce er ercmetng te tte Tx fleeces a fre Cre meter or than decade. They ae idl =e canto the iol govern, bah onary = God comet tes AEELEELLEELEELELCELELELEELEEEEEEEELCEEEEEEFS OSS SESS SSS SS SSSSSSESSESHESSISESSS SM fevers a cae el sl poses tert eae se Entel ovr iis ger tttetonal etevere et ‘ret Smite fon mon eon, name het oe sore ‘Seiwa sae room er oc a Wiles, te ono the i pt pres aia cs, as ‘elm covers to, sld be tnsenand wy Done Slr sve yi avs hve tied poe pee tne Wetonl, ecupl nay vrcostos toed Aceinyrs Noverles, beter greens ovement ses ine f mw of he poe mos a te tm an be ed. Se ee ii in ey oe a inet wich we Petoranee Tae cHapren 4 Explaining Institutional Performance tes west to begna journey ofecplortion witha mp. Figure 4.1 shows the level of isitatonal performance ofeach of Ty's enty regions “Te mos stking featur ofthis map the ng Nor; South gradient [Anh te carlin between atte apd isitaonal performance ot prec, the northern rion aovemmcats a group have ben more cessful tan tei southern coamerprs. To be sre, tis dncovery i ot unexpected, To the worde of + thousand taveloges, "he South i ‘We sal ave gocaton to return to this conspicunus contrast between Now and Seuth in Chapters § and 6. However if our purpose is nat ‘Smply descrion, Dut andesaadng, this observation merely reform: nr ou poblem, What et ha difereatits the succesful region in the North om he unaecessful os in tb South, and he mor ro the Jews successful within each section? AS adumbraed in Chapter 1, we shall ‘onouat hereon to bond possbis: ‘Socioeconomic oder ht be ross of the nds esl. 1 SGrc comma tpt fev evaemen ad sec uy. “Toward the end of this chapter we stall also explore bre ly several cater pause explanation, which turnout Be es powerful SOCIOECONOMIC MODERNITY “The moat important Social and economic development in Westen soety inthe ast several eres hasbeen te industrial revolton ands fier tat, tht clesal watrsbd in hum history that as fascinate soa theotits: Marts and now Maxis alike, for mre than one hndied ‘years, Vast poplations moved fam the lan oth facery. Standards of Tring ered almost beyond Blt, Clas sracures wee tansforoed {Capit necks, both pysial and homey, depenod. Levels of education Sid standards of pub healt oe. Beonomic and echalopeal capil tes mpd ola sociologists have Tong argued thatthe prospects fr stable tmocrae goverment depend on ht socal and econtsic tansoralesion aot nthe an Reson, 197-1988 ; tion. Empirically speaking, few geeclztions ace more ily eb lished than that effective democracy is cole with socioeconomic rmodemiztion.' Reviewing the incidence of succestfal democracies Joan the wold, for example, KemethBollen aad Robert acknan re ‘or that "ie level of economs development as proncunoed eect on Political democracy, even when noneconomie facies are cored GGNP isthe dominant explanatory variable"? Wealth eases burdens, ‘oth publican private, aod Seltates wcll accommo, Edacation expands the numberof ined profesional, at well st th sophines- fon of the eizenry. Eeovomic growin expands the middle cia, long thought to be the Bua of stable, effective democracy. Aer examin: Ing the sucesses and fires of utan governmontsatubd the worl Root C. Fred an! Francine Rabinowitsconcded tht "of ll the the Fes 19 explin the performance diferences, the most power al one is ‘modernization. Thay smch ofthis trisformtion bs occured within th st gone tio, altoagh it bad bepan athe end ofthe lat coatiry. Change has touchod all prs of the peninsola bu, 5 eur ep fom postings ‘eves to pred Pepe reminded us the Now i much aa | ee ~ ‘Coaion = 7? oor advaen than the Soh shad ole tha his stark ons {eves oralrace ad eros moder ot an important a of {fe caplunaon potas eve he sl expanton forthe etences wr hte never in te pstmance of epol goverment, ‘Mae mh eye etn gine coring tbe dee of cco olay titel prot, st Da te wr ab the iitaton fs terete Pte "went ore en ep he Nat ncn ne kt quant of Fg 42) ve & ead sa oer te poorer ‘ree neil al han resources. Thr advange 8 sbod Sera henaaer a the rpetve gana goverment. Contes the nondsipe arctrsom dty paza sche! roth eons ‘tlh sory skype neat of Mion ousig te Lamba {ks govcmat, uit ginal forte Pell wuaatonal compro, Fa heath oer or publ waka manag inner seine can earth fl asus of ne ofthe mos alvanced economies in te STs ee eninge fn (Sect iit eal ep ake ig bt evealing xan in ‘the 1970s there were handed of data-processing firms in Milan, but PF 39909999999 999999999999939992399 44"‘ ee SESS SS SSS SSSSSESSSESESISESIIZILES scarcely any in Potenaa. Regional adenseates seokng help in messi ing tec robles or managing their personal are clearly beter off in {nab ha in Dasieta* "To be sre cannot be msely he financial eres available the regional goverment that account forthe North-South disparity in pe formance. Punding forthe eegonal goverment povided by te Sr tea authorities according 10 rdisribtive fom tat favors poorer regions. Indeed, oar srvey of instutnal performance showed that ‘many ofthe moat backward regions hve ns funds aval th te fave been able wo expend. Figure 4.2, However, suggests tat his feat redauibutionappuely cannot compensate for the innense ferences In socioconomi a echnoogies! inst, Yetthe more hosel on examines the pte in Figure 42, the ore cevidot are the linutatons of ths ‘nerprettion. The regions appar “ded ino wo quan, the haves and the have-nots, with governments In the late region piayng comet lower level of pertormane, ‘The marke ifrenes in performance vithin each quadrant, however, se whrlly inexplicable in terms of economic development * Campanit, the fogion around Naples, Is move advanced economy than Meise fad Basica, the very botom of the developmental recy, but the ‘wo late govemunens ae visibly mare effective tan Campania’. Lome bai, Piemonte, and Ligura—the te corners ofthe famed instal triangle of be Nozh—ar ll weal han Emila-Romagea and Umbrit. (ora ent hey were inthe cxly 19702), bathe ater two goverment ‘were ditinlly ore sucess Wealth bad economic development can tbe the ete 0 ‘oonomie moderiy is somehow atocated with high-performance ‘ble intiuttons—that such scat What or simple soaysh 0 far nnot reveal is whether modety i cause of performance (pecs ‘one among sever, whether performances perhaps some way ace ft modernity, whetbr both ar innced By a thie factor (oo tha the Ssncationbetveen te two i in some sense apurios) or whethee the link between modernity and performance i even ore complex. We shall retin to those more compicted—and nee lnereting esos let In this ehapor and nthe following wo shapers ‘nu civic communtiy: SOME THEORETICAL SPECULATIONS In sxteenh-entry Flee, reletng onthe unstable sory of repab- ian institutions in anceat nasa wel a in Reniesance aly, Nicolo “Mochiavei and several of hs contemporaries concled that whether fie institution succeeded o ued depended on the chtater of tect zens, o het “vic vine." According to a long-standing itzpretation Sf Anglo-American polieal thought, thi "eepalean” school of civic humanist wat sabsoqeenly vanuished by Hobtes, Locke, alts tral scceeaors, Wheat the republicans had empasizd comity and the obligations of etizenshi, liberals sessed individualism adi idol rights? Rar from prespposing a viewous,public-spied cit Zenry, ives aad, the US. Constiatin, with its checks and balances, iss desianed hy Maison and bis beri eallegues precisely co make ‘democracy rife forthe wovituous. AS gue to understanding modern emocracy, eve republicans were pass In recent years, however, a feviinls wave bas swept across Anglo American plies philosophy. "The most damate revision fot the his tocy of political thought of he last 25 years oF 0," reports 8 nok tinriical Dom Herzog, i "tbe dscovery—and celebration of civic ‘naman The revisit argue that a nortan republican ce com munition tration descended om te Grecka and Machiavell hough ‘eventzenth-centary England othe American Founders. Far fom eal ing individuation, the now replicons recall Jn Winthrop eloquent, Comaminitran adawoniton tthe elizen of his “ity set upon hl” “Se mast delight in ech other, make other’ conditions ow own, roves together, moutntpetet, labor and euler together, always hin beloe ‘reyes oar sommuniy 2s members ofthe sme body." “rhe new republican theorists ve not gone ancallenged. The de fenders of laste! liberal individualism age tht te oton of comm nity lowed ty the ew cepubliane in "dangerous and anachronistic Ideat"® Remarkably, this widesangingphlosopical debate hs 0 ft taken place simost ently witha refercnoe to systematic empialr ‘catch whether within the Anglo-American world o elaswhee. Never theless, i contin the seeds fora theory of elective democratic gover tee. “As the proportion of nonvirtoun eens iors nical, the ability of Heal socket to Fortin suceetly wil posesively ‘diminish."> We wait 6 ‘wiser the sucess of & to which is surrouriings ie eel ofa civic commanty™ ‘at what ght eis ey" mean in practical i? Ro- feetng upon the work ofepabican ther, we cn begin by sartng out ome ofthe esl themes in the pilovophical debt Cini Bagagement ‘Ctzenip in a sive community i maked, ft ofall by axe pari pation in pli fir “terest i pli ues and vation to public Enuss are the key signs of evi vee,” suggests Michacl Wale® Tobe sue, not al pocal activity deserves the label “vitwous” of conib- ‘es fo the common. "A steady recognition an pursuit of the pubic {ood ac the expense of al purely individual and private ends cea close {othe core meaning of cive wrt." ‘The dichotomy between ele-interest and altvism can ently be ove awn, for 9 mor, and no sczessel society, can renounoe the power {hl motivation of teitinterestCxzen in the cic Sammy are not rege tobe alts, Inthe civic commit, however, citizens prec ‘what Tocqueville termed elem propery uoderod,” tat ysl: Imerest defined in he contest of roster pablo, sl interest tes “elightene” ater han "ayopi,”selFimterest hat is alive to the inte sts of others.” “The absence of civic vrei exemple nthe "amoral fas” tha [Edward Braieldreponed asthe dominart ctor in Montegtano, «eal ‘osm not fr from ovr Petrperot: “Maximize the mat, shore iivantage of te nuclear family; assume tha all others wil Hike ‘vite Paricpation ins eivie community is more public spite ta that more oreted to shred benefit Citizens in a cive community, ‘hovgh not ees aims, regard the poli domain a mote than ate ound for parsing personal interest Politica auatty Citizenship inthe civic ommenity entails qual rights a obligations for ail, Such community i bound tether by Rorizontl relations of ee proc and ceopestion, not by verte relaton of authority apd dep ‘ney. Citens nrc equal, not as patrons and int ora gover ‘ors and ptionery. To be sue, nt al aria epblcan tect were ‘mocrate Nor can a contomporsy civic communi forgo the advan {ages ofa division of labor and the toad for politcal leadeet. Leaders {nvnach a commanity, however, must Be, ant mist conceive themelies {0 be, resonable their low elzens. Both absolute power and the sen of power canbe comating, fr both instil a ens of iespons biliy- The more thet poles approxiates the ies of pola equ. Sty among eitzens following norms of resprociy and engaged in fel goverment, the mote cive that commit ay Be sid be Solidarity, Trust, and Tolerance (Cuions in a civic community, om most accounts, are more than merely scive, publics, and egal. Vetuus irene hepfl, expect {a and tras toward one anther, even when ty fer on mars of substance. The civ comminity i nt fkely «be bland cont. fee forts ciizens have song views on public ses, bu they ae wl fot of tele cpponents "This is probaly as close ak We caN come t thar "fiendsipr which Aristotle oaght should chance relations ftmond members of the same pola! community.” argues Michael ‘aac As Ginanco Pog: hae noted of Tosquelle's tory of dens ‘crac governance, “nexpersonl fete proabiy the sora ereatation that most asda to be ifs anwng the people epuican soit 510 be mnintuined” ven seemingly “wefdntretd”tansctons take on difererchar sce wen they af embeded in soil network ht fester uta 05 {swe ahll ee in more detain Chopter 6. Foes of ts enable te cv ‘ommunity ote ew smoot wha conor call “oppor” ‘whieh shared interest aeunesized Bea cach nvidia, acing ie ‘ary lation, hes an incentive to defect from elev acon re= “View af commonity developtent in Latin Amica phlights te sociat Imporance of grst-rotscooperive enterprises an of episodes of po Teal mobization-even they are unesccesafl in iuncdte,inst Trent trms—peshely beste of tet indeat effets of “ispeling Foleo and mata dts" | Associations: Social Sructares of Cooperation “The ams and ves of the ve community ae ended in, and Intoeed by dsdneve scl suet and paces The tor slevat ‘Ran nett he somane Ars de Toile. Relecng on 5 ‘Sn conitions tat ssid "Deowrey in Ani,” Tose a ‘Sted eat mporane to the Amescc” progeny Yo fr ci a pola ranean “Acs fa ool toe nH, an lg ation ae itever farmng aston Tie ae nny commer in ‘sions ih le pr, batter eho dee pe — ‘guns my st, tery gel ed ey Hs, tes ten ery min Ths i at eee oun odd ‘sco eh cst eel en rte ‘tps incom ojo co er a ae eed ‘ices ecg ote pomcteuiec fpuqne” Ci asocitions contibute othe tetvenes and tity of demo- cre gverment naga, bth besa of enema lft cw dst neers and bonne of hl eters foto th Wie iy. Tncaly asciton inl io the rember tabi of cope, £32322 2923922322333223323233232232222223222 22vere SST ST STE SOS SSESESSEESESEEE i soldariy, sed publcsplrtedess. Tocqueville observed that “eelings| {nd ides rezoned the hear ealrged, and the undostanding devel ‘oped only by the reciprocal action of men one upon athe." This ‘Shygsston supported by evidence from the Cie Culure surveys of hens in ive cont, inclading Il, showing that members of 80 aton dplayed mare politica sophistication, ecial us, pital pr Tejon, and “abjetive civ competence." Parcpation in civ pinata Incleste skileof cooperation 3s well arn sense of shed Tesponsibliy for collective endeavers. Moreover hen iivigials be Tong to "cioes-ciing” groups wit vere pols and members, their tudes wil tend to moderte a esl of group ineriction and erst [estou Theae effect wor noting, do mt resi tha th man Feat purpose ofthe nsocation be pole. Taking parti choral society ‘rid watching clo ean teach sel-dbipine and an appreciation for {he joys of acceso collaboration Eira, what wenth-centay politcal scents have called “ne terest aiclaton” and "interest aggregation” ae enced By a dene tetwork of secondary ascstons In Tooquevie’s words fe ci ap ev eee ae tte ‘tocion un be eoeples of decpeot min and vgrousy Jos "he wd aly etd el ‘According 1 this tess, dense network of secondary asocations bt ‘dior nd contest effective soil collaboration. Th, contray {othe fear of faction expressed by thinkers ks Jean-Jacques Rowssean, Sn ivi community ssclaions of Ike-mninded equals conibate ef {eave demacraiegovemance” More rece, a independent ie of research has enforced the view that ascent sa necessary precondition for elective se over ‘ent. Suonnarizing scores of eave sds of Third Weeld development ‘Mion Esman and Norman Upof conclude tht cal associations ae 8 ‘roca ingrdint in succes stg of ral development: A vigorous newer of membetip craton esta ary cous “Alot greene mas por ue he cones a ely eval In mont developing cous forte petal fut.» Wale ter utpnete—iteractie nvesment, seperti pc poles, apo fre coli, beter an mat eins ae eee, eat vials ey fri eepmeat combine poet a oduciky with od carbtion of beet wich paruory kl ‘talons ot rot Unhappily from the point of view of social eepisering, Esman and Up hot dat al organization "implanted rom te ouside have high fate ate, ‘The most succesful focal organieatlons represent alge Tus palpate iniatvesm rclalively cohesive oc communities “Kitough Esiman and Uptotf donot 3) So expel, tee conclusions arc quite consistent with Bane ntrpetation of life in Montegano, whe exicie power and barkwardnest of which is (0 be explained ‘arply ct oot enue) By the inabity ofthe wagers tw act oper fr tide dntnen pond x, ined, for any end tansceaing the memediate Imai ietrest of the melee fall" Bane’ cites have di “ret with his atrbuton ofthis bebavoef9 a0 “eos,” but they have ot send rom ht description ofthe beac of enlboraton in Mon Tegra the king lack of "ésliberte concerted tion” 10 improve emmy condo * Bodh defenders and sis of ive rpublicai have made intriguing pilosophical points, We with 1 conont the question tht has 0 or ‘maine unas in any emipincal ways there any connection be {oven the "eve nes” of «community andthe quality ofits govemance? “THe CIVIC COMMUNITY: TESTING THE THEORY Lacking dense etinogrphic accouts of hundeeds of communes tiroughout the regions of Taly, bow can we assess the degre to which naan pica! fi exch of tose regions sppromimais the ideal of 1TSive eommunity? What syserati eideace is there on ptr of 0 hat soles and civic prison? We sal er preset evience on Four indicators ofthe “tve-ess” of regional Iife—wo that corespord firey to Tooguevile's bond conception af what we fave tented the fivie cormmunity, ad two that refer more imedisely 10 politics behavior ‘ne key incor of vie socablty st be the vibrancy of asia sion fe, Fortunately,» Ces fall texociatons i ly, el os well {ts nation, enables gpeif pecsely the number of mates soecee ‘hubs choral societies, hiking cubs, bir-watching groups, Ierary lial Teaders inte mare cv repione come foun more modest Bk rounds” -PLTTTUGTVIVWITVTST SSR S2299ERN9NS4R000"085ee wT TSS SSS SSSSESESESESESSESEESES | Polite leaders in the clue regions ar ace enhanc supporters of| poll equality than thei countrpasin its eve regions, From ott Mest encoumes with the newly elected regional counts in 1970, those inthe moe civic regions, such 3s Eni-Romagna sn Lomb, have ‘been consistently move sjnpatetic othe wen of poplar prpation ih repionl ata, whorese the leaden te les ci reghons have bes sore skeptical In thowe early years, ola eae inthe aoe civic regions landed the regional reform as an opportunity to enlarge wasssoot democracy in aly, tt leaders inthe les sii pions were pepleed by ths populist “power othe people etre. AS ie new ietaton saved dving the 19705 and the ital euphoria faded, regina leaders throughout aly who had once expressed espiatios for set democracy beeeme more slreumspect, Etfors to encourage greater popular involve in the re onal goverment waned, and atzaton everywhere shifted stead to Miminidrative efficiency and effeciveneas. Neves, cee ier ‘ences in sympa for plical equality persed among the fades of ‘erent egies. Some ofthese dtfeences in ouook are captured by four “agree dis gre" lems that we posed to reson councilors in eich of ox four k= ‘ey fom 1970 to 1988, which we have combined ino single Index of ‘Suppor for Polis! Equality. Couns wh rene bigh a the Index arc avowed eyaitarians, Conversely low scores onthe Ince of Suppor {or Political Equality expres skepaisa about te wagon of thee ltzen and sometimes eves have douts about wniveral stage, They Stress the desenility of strong Tesdrship, especialy Kom aidonst slits Figute 48 shows the sar differences la sapprt for plies eqaliy cross the sx eptnal lies miorng sist perfec ho "cvicnes ‘ofthe regional community. Where asscioniam Hours, whee ci | 200s ated to community aller and Woo forbes, no pons thers {oo we ind leads who beleve in domaeracy, not seal and politcal ‘ecarehy “These regional difrences ia authority pltrns haved a poweel sn enduring impact on popu atitades towed the very ste of Talan goverament, Two stiking leone ofthis fact, neal hall entry apt, are proved by the 1846 ballting oa whether to tain the Italian monaechy ond 1991 referendum on eles refer far eae ing package of proposls designed to inhibit “vote-buying” and ober foxms of patrolienelism. As shown a Figues 49 and 410, the more ‘ivi the wcial aod poical ie of region in the 1970s theme ly ‘tas to hve voted forthe republic and again the monatchy this years clit nthe more Iely i wat to support egal letra reform | eaden’ Sopot fo Poi Eu and te Ci Communi epee my Inder of Support Jor Plt Equality 1. People shouldbe permited to vote even if they cannot do inttigenty, 2 *Few peopl lly now wha iin theirbest interests i the long 5 “Certain peopl are tir qualified oad this county beease of ‘hei tedions nd family background, 4. “Teil ava be necessary to have few strong, able ndvidals ho know how 4 tak charg. * Scoring on thes ems is reversed.Figure 49 “The Cv Commonly ad Repelcim, 1946 FIGURE 410 ‘he Cine Common sd HtralReonia, 1991 Reps s r ‘etcenag of clots voting gut he mony in 1946 smote than 4 decade Inter. Ciizans in the more civic regions, tke thir Teoders, hive a perverive das for irurchical author ptr. In shot vier shout equaty as wellas engagement. eis imposible ‘to srt out the complex canal connections hat under these pte of ‘litem nkagee ee fuidess to ask which come fsi-the lade ‘ommlment to eauaityor tho clizeas" commitment to engagement. We ‘anno uyfn what mess the leaders re simply responding tothe com fetnce and cv enhasine (Flack of I) of thelr continent, and in ‘ut measure ive engagement by citzsne has boon influenced by the readines (or eueane) of elites erate equality and encourage par ‘eiption. Ete and mare aludes ate in Tact two sides ofa single coin, ‘ound together ina mutually reinforcing ego, ‘In Chapie 5 we shall present evden tha these divine clte-mass linkages have evolved over a very longtime Under these circumstance, it woul be surg ele at mass atitudes were at congret. A ‘ivaton of aubortrian eles and aeive maxtor cannot bo a sable ‘Shula, and parm of obeion leaders ad compliant flowers istaaly more permanent The moe sable syadrmes of elite-mass link bec tbat we have atl found deepen our anderstanding of te yan , “2 . _ ae 50] cm sine ‘coal Refrmion® ? ry Goninon = 92 percentage felon vting or eet efor a 1991 eso po in cv and ess che replon. The ettectvenes of gone re erEr nhl ted fo the dpre to which au and 8a gover he oft ron eg htt Met are ets jy isan een fee of cv conan Fase mse xan ov no eae ocomprie hah se esis eve tpn. As weal hae hr Sie tps nce ns ny et et Sens i bu Tener three eae oreole tn one’s ra me, charcevd, by a aco pasnei, ty rs poco. Tropa cots ween eve ad sare Siete in igre a1, wich eps te pores Tee our ervey one decades to lung Po amet smproioe when's pil opponents Ganges sn cry fends totic beta ps own ie Fpl ‘Saini mc ln, oly 9 pone es an Bal se olin te ea ve repons Policia in ite tee Joy th ely of cvcag noes, tt they oe Et tein congromioe oo, part of te tapestry of a ay that ap explain wy goverment er wx ee RAV AAIVVPVRIVIVIFUTVVIRAAAAUARAAAANA™SST SSSSSSSSSSSSESHESSESSESES | ‘Leader’ Feat of Compromite andthe Civke Cormmunisy 4 Anal i NAT G ZyAy ed | DA & ACA AYZ Lt “The civc commis deed operational, apt, by th dost toca ell ad teteatonal sora, Eciod 6 dealon, fowere, a te inpnatt alos fr may tala onions, ths Chore, and plil partes. The cvs content sso fo have di feels on member ese tres reat ao tn. Unions sys iy ov “lt porii. ne ah Side Be gen Sxl aioe reser greater civic significance in Italy than it might elsewhere, “_ ei controlling for the respondent's cocpation: Among blue-collar workers caenigers, among professionals, among se-enioyed busines ae ito on membetenip i anon x consistently hg nthe ee RE Fiona y contat, elon member is uneted © edestio, sae oF cntzaon, end he dferencs by soca cs ares tha 0n¢| "Eghe expect, Union membership i alma common among profes bts ad excemves im evi tepons ab among manual workers fa ess Eicione tne civic context i almost a important a socioecon SINE St acoueing for union membership i aly. In the cv obs colwariy inte workplace Is pat ofa Inger syadrome of social fel. The Church and Religosiy Organized igi, ost it Cato Haly, isan aermative tthe civ Creity ot» part of, Throughout Illan history, the presence of {he Papacy in Rowe has had powerful fect onthe ain Church and Jf eladoahip wih civic hfe For move han thirty yeas ar Unica ths the Papa wor expe frie al Catal rom taking pst 0 toad potiea if, although ater Word Wat Mt Ce became a sere Pater of the Chitin Democtae party. Despt the reforms of {he Sedond Vaizan Council andthe lowering of many divrgetieolg- [Re tcalencles among the fh the Kalin Core tans mach ofthe tRatag of the Counter Reformation, clung an crghasis on he ec ‘sat hicrrchy andthe tana vies of obedience and sceptante ns station ae Verte bonds of muhoiy ae more characters {ie ofthe linn Church than horiznntal bonds of fellowship. ‘An eegionl lovely all manifrations of eligi an clscalism— since at Masa, religs (0soppsed to ivi) manages, eetion of ‘Svorce express of rlgose ently in surveyt—are negatively cor- ‘eh wi ic engagement Figure 412 sraries hs pater.) At {he inva evel to, religous sentiments and ivi engagement seem tobe mally insompatble. OF those Kalas who tend Mats more than os a weck, 52 percent sy they rely read newspaper and I percent ay they over discuss policy among their avowedlyielisius com asda fe couvalnt fires ace 13 percent and 17 percent" Chueh rates grew conenent wih ie aod withthe exiting politcal ‘Ege tho oxer Hane, They seem more concemed about the ety of {God than thet of man Th the hist to decades after Weed War Il, many Tai joined Catho- ui Aston federation of Cahoio ny associat reinvigorated by the (Chase sought to stay in tate with newly democraie aly. The lar‘Coscatam andthe Cie Conaanisy -— i 2 oe Na: Cetin acompost itr se ine, sot wing ih Soebroto 1974 oa ‘irc a 73 96 Soe tow or dour ad Chak ons ‘Survey: ion para 9300 one st ns cemietion ia aly tt tine, Cale Actin at oie nesriy tenth ofall tan en, women, ancien Scie fal en, nesta! ii Ths em ip haa ropioaldstibton almost the reverse of at Spied ‘for clericalism in Figure 4.12. Catholic Action was two or thre ime ‘tener in nn‘ mere statin pe repo true Ca Acton epson tec fcc talin Caco ine 1960s, however, ih he pd lrg aan vty tur within the Char following the Second Vatizan Count, Cano saat oa calpaedeatastophcaly, losing two-irdsof 8 member in ‘Bat ve pars td leaving ry a face bythe perio of ow tnd. fn see te Faye a ia the Ialy of Machnvll’s civic humans, the civic ‘community 1 a seelar community Parties htan poi) pati have ably adpted 10 the contesting contest thn hich they operate, uncvi aswell ascii. As result ctizeas of Jet tego ae engaged in pty pls anda nee in po BEES Eainae of more eve regions" Membership in politica patie a iy acenon in th east i regions a inthe rst vie, Vous aricept ars likely to fel closet pry as those in moe Se tcaton, They tak poles as often a ctzens i civic regions, ant aa eee coe eye acally meh spore aly to have personal aaa ere pultn! les. Cizens of fe Tess evi regions are not fess partianof "elie." Pt agpectip and police invoWweren, however, have a isi tive sang inthe es ericregins, twas above al nthe Mezrogio-o vee SPM pelted on port cade inthe Fait ea was common can and not for Porto Nasional Pesca {Nate Fascist Pot] FSS ete fama (or family necessity", Winning avr fom, aa reccatl semaine more Inptat ip es ive region, "Conection’ eet survival te snd the conection that wor best are vertical web dependence and dominion rather han hosizntl ones of cfabo Aion sad older, As Sidney Taw describes he impoverished, Eee Mezzopiomo, “Poel capacity in sue Bayt highly deve se Meth nada atone boi highly poll and essa real secondary agsectation. nth ene, al his soca elatons ae seal" Polite pares ar salient erganiaionally ven i the st va oon despite be peasy of secondary association, because all Feri tat coment ve tend to bears vehicles for ponies itis an we oberved carr, tis not the dere of poi pariip rac dbguiaer che from une regions, but is chaser Cine Attiudes ‘oral thcicpoticking, itizen fs evi segons el expo, lies- roc Gerken Figur #13 shows that (aglgt a reasonably high back aeolian sng al Kalin) both ow eatin and era uningrnocontuate fetings of explotation and powerlessness -CESBPSPSEPSIBPLTPRLUPAPLITPIPBIIVPEEBRIAWE YL 2ee TSS SSSSSSSESSSSSESE SESE | icone 43 ‘ize’ Feaing of Powe, Eaton, she ive Coty \<;, A WA es Index of Powertesaes (percent High) ua Hh “Nesion Low (Civic Community Index Index of Povereenss (Hight = agreement with all our ofthe fllowng items) 1. Mest peopl in postions of power ty to exit you. 2. You fel eft oa of what happening around you 3. What ou hak doesnt count ery much 44 The people who run the county are nt really concerned vith what happens to you In every commit, th more edueted fee more efficacious, for edu ion rpmesents seca its, personal sls, and comection, Newer. les, eve these advantages cannot uly compensate forthe yp aad slienaton tha pervade the les evi regione of lly. educated cto fh the lea civic regions fel ata impo sles educated tac in ‘he most cive ions. Figure 41 also shows tht commmniy cont hasan even sharper eet on effeacy arong the lee edvsted tan esis mong the more edcated. Class illerences in powerlessness are height ned i the lst ive fogions "We do not eed to constr tried Peychodynamicinerpretaons ofthis dsffecton, By contrast withthe ore epaitarian,coupeative ive community, ies a vereally seus {ured horizontal tracted commemity podcss ’ > , > > > > ‘who ae mc capable of common poe nd ta Ato by vue a le civic atiades ad partir stating rae the i aro ic good matt. Stone demo ensnat wityinderd pense ine pas cn heals pn ad eaten ‘ovate a pal acon Several other possible expantions for insane! peormance aso failed to pss snaser when contented with evidence tom he lant shoal expesineat elt sbi bas sometimes te sca wh fective goer ne pi cal cnet ar bee ued, ens ssl ne isi ay, ap ety mare aod i St bares great, Ou peony mao eel pee ‘nce thogh 1976 ta and ene oes es ty cage hii eon np ‘tpn nou mara, Se sy proms et ed See "Ei a emt pn hn i hv imat evrobe, iia aly. Rowan ene {ea ea ont engin ees perme ange a ‘ns. the sein been salpetamancenee es Feil population why ned so! Weeds ea ‘coe utc nies nt Ramp oes ‘srriming, mont cee, ad Cae nec, ‘eccrine italy tl some cna oa Sonal ation 6 pcan 48 paca" ily. eo ey Sv lye npn amt ce ona. tu itso oben dee nec on porceeeteate sero rani ibe toed ert some, ito pero tn Ov rion of tis pts a Mar eine mee ish ote nd wee at ml te {ety scited wih ubuznion Aa sere tne ee leeds civ ein ina ingen ey Pe ‘theory implics at institutional performance should be lower in more * se eg ne hy we ens c vi comm spel to meio set space mama athe nen mop aston coencae I ft, tonever We nano te eee tere ya ruplin yan emcee ae ‘sa governs” + Pero ty ma te Nyt tan, acm © ‘sme f ttt Ly tener pes fae ter a omit te non md Feo iy ‘So oma apy eagle payne. Hh pel Set pea hs ea 0 ttt, es center ‘peti mits Aer xanga {Caccp tome, ed pte conelnbeeea {oa sca proce! iy te eel Sot re (Stet wo epnl net owe a cm oe ism-B pee ae Calamani whet ‘ated va ening on cor ration nt er ‘Seance, "Tle be imprant ee e ‘Npincpanng whch itotns mec {heron Conan party (Phos ont en eat be thong pestommc of cen Cray is oepene,t ‘Suse osne with e baen wey hel wo pty ia mt sae bp nat oars Some ten arb os ca, conpomeesatn one pat Spelt cot et nal cee ron py torent hong ow ml it soa ee analy. fav sya aa sets oe i te FL eps TS, to prt comping ec fon ows. Cmts ‘Newel ste ick-busate” ones pat eo tm come eles reno pcr meray. Ect een trim cote spun uh, ghee met at o Om a sips coving ts 1970-1976 pd mpd a ‘neve i xl oe ft ot he Coma oa povcrinenmaly cc mgs “Comma ego pre ee She cnet (repel ce ny ie a Shite fees of ping i ar he ey waa hee thy wee ut ana Ou ai sete, her, Sanit te wl Serf Comme Jans lag con sve son et tty ta, ener er gs ft {mos Bye sof o a fale eaon o aon tern, alo even FC post et ine ety thls ih vcore Sy Gano rd, dig Be pt ton tae be Cm {its eid in pointy a we mal Ese, nie he ce sno cna we mt eine toni govanc, Oty wn te P(x ead “Deo. Sic of a) pi power meses aso ‘ities pr fly to vat th pty mes» Sirota god green20 cuarren rour ‘Wits he possible, pasa exception of PCT rule, none of hese supple mentary explanations as ang at ll © our unerstaing of why “ome govetnmcas work and oder do nt. The evidence reviewed in this ‘Supt is unambiguous Cie context mates forthe way insttatons ‘tok BY far the most inportan faetr in explaining god poverinet i the gue to which soi and pola ie tna region approximates te etc commun, Cen dine oa — fs Wy are some regions mae ive than ____ carrer 5 ‘Tracing the Roots of the Civic Community ‘oun mxque int the performance of allan regional goverment in tbe Oa res Wp has poled the igus character of civic if in vom Aare owing ated ow dens es dcp in te conratng teen yori, Os sor ogy wi spams ito rae he lea ponnsla neal a thousand years ago, a5 Hains Were ot vom tha obscure ra uy tered te Dak Ages aly md ce ur try opens, was close fo cin ome da 1 cra ey we ly cromsogialy But also in every was of Se sil pera pay traceable from ely medieval y eer oa fo be deca in explaining why, 08 the verge of He oe ccna, some communities ae beter ble chan oe een olccve he and wai effective insitatons." “rH CIVIC LEGACIES OF MEDIEVAL TTALY ainough the rina govemamets were exbised in 1970 aint he Aah ie saemal ennai hat hd oon bighly emai for Back of pe ceions thentves ad far depet Nistor rts aa ey ant hal, rm he al of Rome unl hee oft Ferny aly was, in the dismissive words ofthe Aen een Meterrich, mately “a geographlel expression,” cngsries of sas for aates ond cencoanalJomions of fein emp aa dentin European ato states, his agmentation co aan alas fo evoomicCackwardoess wd glial margin. ra et waye Doc so, Inthe rodieval pred, alins hod test olen Hevtuee more afvanced than any tet in Css Fol seeehingly dtnctivepoidcl repies, both agora end eee ea ohne farreaching Sock economic, and pole conse Bean peared rund 110 spat pst of th enn: Trout te pein ding he event cent, ede Honored sei gnelotgorsten—8)znine Inthe woth, Goma te iat ough ine of win sod weakness, ng ual cok aa Ahan be nine cal fe, nt othe ens ae aot was ively herve ad rower Nom CEEAET TET TIITAETITELTELEVIAURATTTUSTAAUEYTAYeee eee SSSSseseseSeseseseseseseeeece. Lingo uit son Banned Ara founding he ot ‘4 cal prtlrs upel all butconpsaly. Hwa ne ein, ‘The new regime in the South, founded by Nec mercenaries from sorthem Burops and eetteted in Sily, was singully advanced, both ‘minsratively and economically, "The grest Norman ave, Roger ‘vo united SieNy, Api, and Calan in 1130 eae the nto ‘ot his yamine aed Masti predecessors, prcully ter efficent se tem of tation” After pein of turbulence, hiv soesse Frederick I re-established his dominion over ll Tay south of the emerging Paps State and impose an enlighoned and widely adied “blend of Crook boreaveracy and Norman feadaism, bot more fully Inept ino a bled state tan tha bon under his predeesot. Ia 1251 Freer Sted # new comstiation, which incde the Gat codliction of ain Isat nw in Europ i seven esnties and foreshadowed any te Preps of the conalized, autocratic st that would Ine spread [ost the continent. Fredenck’s Conututiones represented the mona y's apserton of monopoly over the provision of jie and pic ‘order, a wel a a empti edorsrent othe privioge ofthe eal ‘obi In a Hebbesian wld of widerprea vilence snd anarchy, a: fice all of Europe in the ealy Male Ages, te mpoiton of eal forder wa ho suprome ise of goveraee. ‘Qui remarkably forthe tines, the Norman kingdom pated re ss toleration and gave reo of worship o Moslems and Tew, Not fan Kings poonlzed an extaedinary foweing of Greek, Arabi, Jew 1h, Latin, aod Tllan veracular ans, arciectao, and karing 30 renowned that from Roger Il to Frederick Il the cot was rots termed "a epublic of sha" In 1224 Frederick funded a Nope the Frat tate niversiy i rope, where candses were ined for iil service he had elaborated, building on te founstions Ind by Rope in {the prevows cetuy. "Att zeih Nona Sct had posessed the most highly developed bureaucracy ofeny wees Hngdom.™ eonomicaly, the Kingdom boosted several urshing commercial towns, including Palermo, Ama a0 Naplet, Messina, Bory and Sle, Pederik enfarged tcc harkorsandexabiahed any and met ‘ant let, altough (EU to bis torte misson) he insite om sate ‘monopolet of much ofthe kingdom's comme,» policy which would oc serve the ean wel he utr, A bold solerdplomat, ened cenhoti ited pet, aswell eter, Frederick wat re rite tis Somerporanes ss spor mand the woniee of the wid fBy hs ea o tn 1th cnty, Sil, with cond of he Maticraneta notes, yor tho cut om avs, an Dihy ana Sse in Eros Tar soc and pla rangers, however, he South was, and oti emu, ney sutra, tpt of aon tha vate Vuned by Breer fers ts Conaeaones ramet the fll ‘Rds fame of te brons and dese "ucrege” to question the Sra sions "te competences and tal apd above lin Ba cone a ya aunty Predera APS wesc Europe. The req wa el bythe Esper fom lar btdule ike his rea pedestnoe Rogr I, Pode had mys sea emitvng cncepion of te monarchs sl, an his rule ested on trey cop wr anos cy, When ebel {ty conpign apa be ners crn, was, he sit each Mie ve pefened be nay of aceain igre feedom 1 ne tone showed some sigs dese frm government, bt they vs nom ncaporatd tithe Norman Kingdom ad oboe Ty SStwonc of coma an os fil capone ol tte ig TRasauch he tom, Tike the toe, wee onl Dy the oa ‘Miineations the trons proved te altry stent Oh ay the tor eerie: Historias debut wth kingdom settled “adn” "brent" “abso,” hat te test odgment is tha Nats element lhe. ny ever ny glimmelags of cor ‘Mat anosenny mee extinguished arson as hey appeal. The ive Mela ana and mescans wastegate om the ecner and fm ‘Bove, at ein tn ox fo wii. As Dene Mack Saath onl, Sly ma ait eb cont woe seit be ga mer which enisiedn norte aly; nd lhough this may eect xine ekor ci cnr ale ied op the fs hat he Norman ‘hy estou arin nd oo song o eed Yo eccrae the ces Su he tongs Podeik Hed he tes thse even neh thay hte cme en sno, Sin ity a {im i tn property one oma eng Kgslp, an po poe ‘Teri ely ines evnts were show that econ elope. wis Tally en te maine itn how aly |As royal power begun to fae after Predetick's death, the sothem barons inet power and sutonomy, but southern owas and is didnot. A theenue passed, the seep sell birarey care to be eer mote domi- ‘Sod by handed aiocracy endowed with feudal owes, while tthe oto rnsen of peasant struggled wrtchedly close 1 the Units of [nysia survival: Benes hese wo socal formations cowered «small, Tegel impocat mide lat of aémiisuators and professionals. Al {sgh southern ay inte ext sven ootures was 1 be te abject of fluch biter conenion between various foreign dyeastes (especially Spain and Frances tcearchic strate woul endure essentally Une ‘Shangad, The regine rexained & feudal mooarchy, nO mater ROW eh Tighene is ncumben, and arsng Frederick I's sucesrs, enlighten ‘ment woul ta owt to be mac ater than racy. ‘unwhie n the towne of nother and ect ialy—"oass aids the fed forcat"™—by contest, an unprecedented form of sever teat wat emeaging, This communal epublicnism gradually came to "Sse the major allatve fo the aor based, frdand-ert feudal {im ofthe rest of medieval Earoe. OF his art of aly de eminent ‘ition Fede Lave his writen, “From the twelfth 0 the satenth ‘onury te eat which mat istingulshed Heian sock fom that in ‘ier egos in Earope wae te exes to which en were ble to ake part {i dcsminng, largely by perseasion, the laws and dessins govern theives" Tike the autocratic ego of Frederick Ith pew republican regime wat a eapome tothe violence and antehy endemic in medieval Earop. Tor save ventas among attcratic clans hd Ini wast the towns fin counts in the Now a he Sout, The solaton invented athe Noch however, was gute diffrent, elying lesson vertical bisrachy Zin tote om hoczotal colabortion, Te communes sprang originally tow volun asoiatone,fomel When groups of teighbors swore esa enh to reper oe anober mutual msttace, 10 provide for Stnmon defense an economic cooperation “While it would be going tou fr to aesrbe the ently communes as vate assoeiatons, fo they mast nave ben involved in pb oder om te sat, resi ue that ‘Bap were praanly Zonerned wit the profeton of ther members and {herrcommn interests, nd hy had no organic conncton wit the po Te tottons ofthe ld vpime,"* By the welt coaury commanes had tecr established in Florence, Venice, Bologra, Genoa, Milan ad vr Uy ate otter major towns of ater apd cone ly, rooted histor alin those pimorda social contrat "The emerging comes were not derocrate in out moter sens, for ony ssorty of te popalaion were fall members. Inde, one dk dive tamu of th epublica yess was the absorption ofthe ral ‘obity othe ata ptiite form new Kad of sca elite: How hee, the extent of popular parcipaton in goverment afar was 6 eordinry by any strands Daniel Waly describes the communes a6 Frere ofthe commitc-man” and rots tia Siena, town with aa adi ale, had 86D parsine cyposts, wl er ra ee cpanel might have several usin mebers, any of to ean inthe deberatioa. Tn thi context, "We 8 a a rapa epalicansn depended on tbe readiess of ks leaders espe wer wn there ns ua” The excetve fades of the com fo share Foe ed aceanding to procedures tht vat fom fOWR 10 Me sak govere she communal republics acknowledged ore nin bee Flore gl coves wore promulzated fo case ene wnlence ofthe overnight." In this sens, the structure of cotta te comemual republics was Candamently more ea ant maaan im eonemporeyrgines elsewhere rope, cig, ‘teouse the South of aly ‘i conmon ie ropes, eis war formed by craton and amr de selec and taal asistnee, for socio aswel a tT inptonal purposes Te okest gul-atae stat of Fo me Rou 1308, bt evenly copied from some ouch oer Fone eal anitanoe in asses of whatever Kind’ “hospitality SARIS, nanger, when psig Cough the wwe’. and “obligation a eet nthe case of by" ae tong te obligations of og or Vilaon of aes was met by boyeot apd socal ese groups, slong with other fownsimen, eyan £0 press ot router poli reform, “tome stem of repescuttion and cotta eral secre ord: he tangul ad peacel state ofthe iy ung eel of ice con te ui ecene ove Pai avec th ght ation of pve WAN Se meres» (Tey sine eo co spo wi xpos vero DY er vente! conn: pon nt cnn “Tu, he very moment when Pederik I as stenting fee sari Seth aia ower Inthe Noth ha ean iis re ia ee for example, “Movers ow coun wel event ond nny aan aod sopkecters, nang 6 oy cereus org ers yw ws ge sete Te pcos of vc wpa ove Saar vole put deilon making wiht Satin ths mera Wor i i anaes put ofthe burgsoning of ante ile ee Foe macs i, tus prep, == 9 fms ac RRR ERUBEBPEPESVEZERNAANAIAWANVAGAASASSi dd of solidarity that expressed mere visi seme of equality. Beyond ‘he gus, local arganlation, sch ae wlnance (neighbothood snela: ons), the populus (parish eepantntons that administered the sods of the loal church and elected i pie), conte eigions societok for mutual asistnc),polico-eligios pares bound together by 01. ‘erm eath-takings, ad contonerie ower soceter) formed t provide ‘mutual security, were dominant i eal ffi. "The cas of utual assistance orn by member of tes associations in ll sectors of society sounded remeahy lke thet of the Veronese fuld we cited cate. In 1196 members ofa cnsoreria of Bolognese magnates swore "to lp each other witht faud and in ood uh sth our tower and comupon house and ewer th sone of vs will st ‘gains the others ately or though std prty.""The Stats ofthe ‘Spade ("Sword compagna (1285) one of may volmtcyaseocatons in the neighborhoods of Bologna, recorded tht ie smears "shel nsnfain and defend each thee agai all men, within the comme and ‘outs i" In each cave, thse broad commitments were flowed by ‘labonte descriptions ofthe procedures ofthe atoning the Practical asstance tobe proved to mombers, sh algal i 8 well ' procedires for resolving isputes among members “The nevi ‘onfcts generated within an between thew more oonplex communities Called for silld advocates, mediators sal stateamen, al even fe ‘wed eive morality to prevent the new society from tering ist apart {in inenocine sre" Thich network of esacatina ie ante now mores ofthe epulis gave the medieval ain commune a ung cha ster precisely analogs o what (athe previous capt) we femed “vi cormmanty Pubic adminitraton in the communal pubis was professonalind ‘A corps of expe in suncpal govern! developed remarhaly a ‘vanced systems of publi nance (icing tarket in negteTong ‘erm pablic secure), lan rclomation, commer! lew, accounting, Zoning, public hygiene, economic development, public education, pole ing, and goveromotby corse, often sharing eas with clases ‘neighboring itis. Bologna, wih renowned school of low, pajed tbe role of “capital of communal Waly, witha informa pe-rinene bad ‘ot on force or wealth, but on iatleta! leadership The fe ofthe det, a0 Woernt, professionally tined just instar eleted For ante ter, care o play key pat incor ffi. {Covenants and contracts were eszal to al apets of life in the ep ies, andthe ranks of notaries, lawyers, and judges barooned to veo, imerpeet, and efor thse terceiens. Bologna, a town of gh 50,000 abla, etimated to have had 2000 profesional aoa ‘ech gates could, ofcourse Be san at an fdex ofthe cntetousness ee, terms ea neeieraite ance rin Sanat cmben remem Sittin ewsuerman ict se a a hem ei ws i mt ee Sr en ace rays iseatadiny oe eng eee gry fermen et itp tan ea Dec sovee ema arse na ‘tong th aks fh Ano a ote Fo, nh Vent i Lit ‘ia ad rt ad fret lege fh own cis, 0 eal “Snare tore ss mig et sSljoicio by poping ps Arte coon aegis Me Sf hen ees came bm nore ad ve mown eons ete igor orem gat en a ley ‘tuys oe ones fice ane Intinasy aso with he exposion of ive repubeanisn was 9 tap growhingommote. Ashi oder wor eased, te and ab {ius inert ended heir tadingsnetwors, fst thereon Sound each cst ab thn radi te fees each othe ‘Sowa worl "Tese nercant, mater ofthe comme af the worl, founders of Eopean copitlism, extend ther eng of tae em ‘Cina Creed" For mares a thi complet to evolve, losly fnecgoted communities of ders were cra able sorta Tega ot Sonate 1 sale dis, eachage ration ad ero.” The prosperity proiaed by trae hlpe aunt shape a ‘Risin cv tno fhe public “OT he en ajo An (orui which large took over the Boerne of lnc in he Bi {Een centr, snen were in exgot eae ‘Meanie development was stl forthe economics of he epbls. 1s fniamentlisutons mkt, acy, and ow —repeseatd ‘vif pracaces tnt hd bcm lately wel developed nh sical ror ter economic ns ary se fone than hese Wars however qite nel Crt war invented in the mdival alan Teplice Ale same tine tat he Norn igo nthe Merz. fiomo was eying ne prose sed on seal and pica ftp, the oo lepine ofthe mete ie nd he fundons fu often sec vin lc {Geconing avons histor) cal othe Neal emergeice of perme ‘Steen andthe ine enue revelation = “the frat of is trnsorain was an exponen fecase ia oct" Barer epohs nw mater how gn or how mea, ha ad ony {fe most rmceary mechan for ning savings and ivesient fone that pope for econo development wee ted. With ‘at cretion Tunic mgt ascot pow fortune, o¢ the St might nfrce savings tvnghtton and inven ase pbc ork ie the pyamis othe arthenor but vl some means fe Ue interetiton betwee nds avr ni inyenent Yess Sut devised hc snmense power of pte exp sccomulaton Seid be hamesod Io eco growth For hit momentous socal Strendon to scoot the wigue coment povie by te oman fe Pues proved ca alte the wealth of the Sin kingdom, based om the roving ponyery of he soem Ian lysates was rove in face and Timmer. Bening end fngestice trade dopondod on eed, and Suits ri weet be provided tice eqored mal st acon fcc tha ccs on thea govesing th woud pata Enforcal,Pigmolgialy, “red dere from eedre, “eo babe) Foressns we sal exloe oe flyin th nxt chop, he insti tons of civ replicon, th etotk of sven, and the exten Son of solidarity beyond te bonds of hi tht had eaereed i he Seder communce wore cl fr st nd condene t orth Ins ch cine sol sprouted neers novation a busines prac ce nich helped gener the alone, pie and pale, of Rena Se orc en or eights Tents of teak nh town of mth dco lf leven fu ereith centres, In Geto, Pin enc, and intern lone, eg saci fo angen od cesigpaterhips wee coming Jan vue, Nous, ond of paren wee grafted. fa a te Oy te tel coy, boweer, wate Reb conrctal oe a weve being entered no a to conn of ons 9 a ngewe ied i he se of te computes, be Sa re ginnce siping ene, depen bnking, iy Narre car at ke new pris a rent of Bs a aks ce minimised, wheres epporaies for eosin re atte dunes We an Ger meno of hi expe aa line of meres te lh be of Sopot 8 traf nk rn athe eis oferta cena Ty "Through thse and other mechanisms, even sal stvers wee enabled to invest in age commercial enters: “The tai st i te econo of Europe he elves ny Tes ta caving weve nv fr poate prpes 1 SEER Sart we igpeotscomaren. ese ween oi of vreetegtoned Uy te sete of bean a tested comin ‘Sz; Roi amt logon, mich made pil te pai: ae er yo wt sings in oe = fh sum, in de communal republics of ortern medieval Italy, vat imovorents im esopami HM, a8 wel a in goverment performnes, ir pve te ors and netvorks of ivi engagement. Rev Hee Goangs in the fundamental sastations of polis and econo coef unique sca context, wih its orion es of ol ei and civ solidary, andi tar, those plea and econo ‘Bianca enfooed te civic commonly. ern exaggerate the ceaitarais ofthe commnes nor tet cone Ring seca coofiet and conling violence, Pots rat fot population were indigent lun-dwelles.® Thre faa seid the moby rested aa important pst of abet, eve se Bey ete ineeasingly integrated within, an subordinated, te pe ey ic, Olgrehie fais played an esata ole in the He ice ke Vence and Florence, cten though toi power Wa 8 caeraid than in te South. Tao nobility hep etiues of its rao, Facials was rif. Clan vets and violence (nl He Ln of low-level gla wef) never disappeared fom able Ie Spe bat Towere ond foted palaces tat sill ador Bologns sad aS cues fecal bo the socal negualifes andthe pervasive insecusty fhateuractrzed even the most successful of emmnues esl malty win the republics was higher han. ay “wesc ei in arope ate te, Moreover, te role of eollectiv oli Cae LaLarrLTLtistizeisesrirTi224%4%940t4teeee ea 4NE IEE ESOS SSSSSOSOSSE SSS I ‘Ay lnmainsining the vc order marked te nertiem cities a ul gene. (One anonymous chvoniclr tn 1291, fr instance, report coma, ‘Thore wat corn distance in Pama, sad fou aes. tha ny foutchers, te smiths, the shoemaker, and Tres, together wih fe indgee and notaries nd the oer todas of heey, tok eth topeter to Toainain themselves, and having made cram grvisons, all dtubanee Immediately stopped" “Thus, bythe begining ofthe foursenth centr, tly had prone, ot one, But wo inovatve pater of govemance wit het stoned foci and clr Teattes—the calebrated Norman eada atoeracy of the South andthe feu communal replica ofthe Noth "The ans were the paceseters in heat of govermen, an he Ilia sts penerally developed a greater burascatc power ta ntervene inthe ives ‘ther izes, fer god ol, than wat te fodnd inthe her states of the time." tn economic and Soil I, wel in pls, both the ‘monaichy and the republics had surnodeted the dmmas of collective sctlon andthe problems of eolectve ite tat tl sled progress else ‘wher in Europ Talys leading rl in Ewope could be mented jst plitcally and economically and ats, bot also demographically Palermo ia the South and Venice and Florence int Nori each with poptlatons over 100,000, were the the arget ces of Europe. Bot the systems that had boen invenod inte Now an the South ere quite differnt, oth in thir stustte and in Ut comagoonce, “Two different ccs and ways of fe hee Tod oer” ones th ‘stron John Lame‘ Inthe Noeth, feudal bonds of personal ep dence were weakened; in the South hey were strengthen. Inthe North, the people wee ein; tn the South, they were subjects, Legis ator inthe North was “onty dleged Iy the communi) publi affcials, who remain regonsitl to those wth whose slfas they me usted." Legimat authority inthe South wos mowopolzed ty fh “ing who (hough he might delegate admiistaive tks ocala snd ‘mh consi the nobles in hei privilege) ws responsible only to Gad In the North, while rious sentiments retained profound, the Chrch wus only oe civ institution among many inthe South the Chrch wat * powerful and wey proprietor nthe ead err Inte North the uci soca, pelea, and even religion allegiances and aligrmcnts ‘were horizontal, wile those im the South were vertical. Collaboration, mutual asstance, civic obligation, and even tust—not vives, of ‘course, bu extending Troe beyond the line of Kinship than syne elec in Europe inthis eerste distinguishing fetes nthe North ‘Techie vitue in the South, By cont, asthe imposition of letachy and exder on nent sary. “The pre-eminent sci sof he Miele ABs, he ie gu no for au props, mos public oder. Theft an pundr were common. Pace ton an refuge mgt be provided, a Inthe Noman Knpom, by an torte sovereign or ab stongert local aro. Or security cu Sought instead tough irwsnving pats oh atace emery foogh equ: he me complex shay followed fn he communal publics Compare to ht of Chrendo, both eines pod Prosper and efit goverment, bt fe nts fh woutem, Ne Noe sfaion othe dma fells ston were ite becom ing manifest by te tists Wheres» nied yous ete the South poorly ha Ban estore no les nance an he Noch the commun reps were now paling ply shea, a be North's {cad world cote to wien fore ext several conearn, Oral the fal consquoncs ofthe difrenns n ommerity He aed se see ttre bute eel a pubis Ras wee becoming mane. Inthe fd nr, era amaegementtyply eae, wher a ne eee sane sae by concept et and seve farang, lo atl a en hos, bl anna ‘ee areas, charred by cooperation among es. The gi he faery the wer and above alo Gem, that i fp, he ‘rom nn snl te bre, te Commune were tens eed tye new ion and which elected he ae al.” Duvig the fourteenth centers, fons and fine, the Black Death ad te Hunted Yous Wie hep o adenine te pt of the {ins conmuniy and he sei of rpticen govemnct. Te deat ton fe Deh wa nny. Ne a ne Entire epltin of kalyan robaiy more tan al of he wan pope Indes perhed daring Ge stape Sumer of 1368, ands wa iowed by secant epidemics tat overly depressed economic 2 ty formote tans ceiry. Nor wer gla! asc in the conn ‘eps spared ofthe Cov f Seven set In Crt tthe end of Je, 134, sx wer ded by August dainatin ta was by no ans tngue. "Te cata of Sen, cay hall ited when the pape Sk, rumined somite evdeice of bow torughy te Blak Plague tapped ce carps and shared ce lo "Verret tn tnwor of che aman rode religow and mltary foxes bond tis iy walt echoed lnresingly win he opin tHemehc "The sory of the communes oul hcl be ther an tsmulows, fr hey were Uyeg to pace goteneat on cove rine ina sokty which emaledlsly hice" Neely reryuhore, Gel, Chitline, ands hundred ter ans gle aoostatitigue and fen Hoody tif. Relying on mercenary mies, Individual despos (signort) andi familes gained political dom tance These new irannies wore very log ting, the ted ign a evolving imperceptibly ito the remissance perpae ‘By the Begoaing ofthe fourteenth century. more than two hundred yeas afer they had been founded. epulian commanal povenments a begun to scum to sgnorial domination, although he despots often ‘sontaued to pay homage tothe fons and ideals of republican gover ent A sgneant exception tot spetale of decay, however, we [rovided by abet of cies extending actos nor ceatal aly trom Ver fee onthe Adve actots Ena and Tuscany to Genoa onthe Tyteian Sea where republican tadiions proved harder than elsewhere fer aa Thst as Miners owt of wisdom fies ony at dat, political philoso pers bog to aiculate the eset vies ofthe wa cle elves) ‘ofthe comnnal epics ony a thee demise. The fte ote communes inspired Renaissance polite! thors, Machiavell stove al osellect, on the preconditions for suble republican goverment, fouing espe aly onthe character ofthe etzes, their vr ‘Machavell, iva passage of remaitablevelevance w our owe task of| ‘ndetstanding‘instconal sucess upd flue, argued that sepubian foverment (dough the nom desiable form of govennent where ‘ould be achieved) was destined ofl whee socal condons wee un fhitabe. In particular, where men lack vie vse and where soil abd covomic fe is erganizod in feual fashion, "thre has never sen any Fepublc or aay poia! fe, for men bom i sch conditions ae eal) Intnl to any forn of evic government. In provinces thus organized (ike Naples, he nde} no tempt to set wp a epuleeculd possibly ececd” In his native Tuscany, by const soa conditions were #0 favorable “tata we man, fnilior with ancen forms of civic govern ‘moat, should easly Be ab wo invedoce there a cv cnstntion.” Ma Chinveli’s chap ie apy summaries what we might frm the “ion law of civic commanity" "Thats very easy to manage Tings ina Sate in which the Moses ate not Coop nd tht, wher Eguaiy exit ici Impossibi to set wpa Pracpaty, and, where doc nt exe, poe be st up a Republic." The works of Machiavli,Guiccanini and thers “express fesing forthe price pla! community a conte and continang ext that independ ofthe men and government in power at any Even time and wrth of human affection, ley, and support" At the core ofthis ideology of the ot che wat the ideal of the model cizen, tovering his ov alain toa and country and dutifully participating [ate fais of te state Meanie, by the thiteenth canary, the Paps ha acquired tempo sat wway over teary between the Kingdom of Sythe South and {he dorain ofthe communal republic inthe North. THe Pope rad ver these lands ae feudal monarch, appoiting princes to flefdoms i eu Forfa, but his contol vas len coeliac sd efficient than thi the ‘Norma regime to fs south Given he somewhat ambiguous temporal showy ofthe Pope further weakened dating the pesod ofthe Avion upaccs between [305 and 1377, the Papal Stats encompassed a wide anctyof sce actu and poical practic. In some towns local fants essed Papal intrfrene, while elsewhere “the nity Tought {ich oer, teoneed the course, and did as they pleased and bar Gis made the region everywhere unsafe." To the arth, on te eee andthe papel testes nominally ialaded several cies with stong Commun! waions ssh at Fer, Ravenna, Rimi, and above al ‘Boogna gue 5.1 shows the various rpies hat characterized ily a the bepning of the fourteenth entry # The map clearly evel ous bas ous he pennsta,coneaponding to dfn dgses of republicanism Sn atoceay. Pom south o north they a as flows: “The fel monarchy fede bythe Noms inte Meza, ‘Te Pa Sees wih hc ead ne of fenda, rany, sa egubeanen: “he neaon of pcan, the conan which had ete re cn itn it teeth etry a ‘Tees pan ate her oth fa, by his te, on “The parle bec hs pte the isto of rcpt and cto ine 197, a dapiye is igure 4, i emai The Sater eerie on sdb ho Noman ngs conse exact the ‘orem fat eve repo inthe 170s Almost se pec! the Papal ‘SI (ine comma pbc that yin these secon at the Pope's drain) caespond to be ex eo otras up che SEE nthe 1970s, A teeter end of teen, e Hearn of aren 1360conesonts neal the mest ce eins of {chy aloe howl by ae mee il her noth whi mesa ‘epican tuin,tough el bad poved somewhat weaker. To de ‘Chae whcber ir iigsngcoelon resents n emit [Shima omer acon omcdece, we sal elt suns be ‘Sotto of ata soll an oil i uring te eres seven arg th enh an ay itt cet, ft ses wee ince one penne, Span rans, nd he raced pow SSSBLALAUUATIETUEUETLEL ETL 44ERR%OE EIS EEE BBSSZSCS ESET mioure 51 Repu an Autocrat Tinos ay 1300 go ly cag Sone: The Tones Ado Wo ary, etn, et, Cte Baraghand ‘Newna Sae Land Ties Bek, 198), p 14,1 Kc Has, Saceyod Peter, it Meera indy: Te Bro oft Cot ie, 1050180 ma Mise 4290, Man 4; and Joba Lame, ely Age of aon Popa (ew Yon Langs 1980). 199-150 eet of Eope fog thi booty dys din th alan ren, The sare RRO oe Inaummary, economies does ot prec iis, bucivis does predict cinch, Beer indeed than econrnict isl" Figure 5.6 syathe- Seana eyes ArTow bin effet of economics on cis) is oo oe crow’ (he eflect of ives on economics) is rons — care en an ard, Moreover, mow a (eve conn is Ye SRORE ie ow d Goineconoic colin) is generally weak, A tons, Wipuncer of achieving scoeconomic development ding ht eB he depended lesson nial socioeconomic endowments than see ioement Insta we can jue rom his simple any or ee coporary colton Between cvs and economics rete ‘ay tn imget of ives on economies, not the even: imal ston have rnackable vying power. Moreover, 0 the dt co atthe previews chapter showed, is coviemporary civic engage Sari oat socioeconomic development arow that ety a cfomance of reqinal goverment We now se arte re Ua elfen sno puro, On the cinkary, hes results Sear salons may fave powerful consequences for economic de atonal wel, at wel sfr insttuna pefomane eran tery, we noted nthe previous chap, Best een a6 & conan of vc eagageent, rather than as merely aesponse oe sono anance, This iret s strengthened by examining tee Gute of anon membership fst ater the fit Word Wat oon sion memtership cts in 1921 are very srongly cold wa aEEEVWREVAARAVVINVAWNAN NY 'ee TT PSS SSSZLIESZDESCSEESEESE I wth rie civic tutions = 84) So tong shi nk tha, cooling {orci adtins, thee io correlation a al between indostalizaton ‘nd union membership. Union seengfllomed pater of eve slldst= iy, eater tan pater of economic development" These unexpected, clemenal aks between civic ad economics cast ‘ow light on the long stanting debate about the Noth South developmcat ‘ap, not ely win Taly bat also globally, The widening gu between [Now and Sous ise cera iive of modern Kalan fstry, and is ‘worth recalling the stack fact that have monsed such pasion among Seholas and acviss. At Uaifeation, nether the North or the Sooth ha relly been touched by the sda! revoton. As lat at 1881, roy 60 percent of Kans wvked on the Ian (igty more in the North, hile ever than 15 percent ihly mare inthe Sut) worked in ano Tctring, including cotage indus Howes, nostern fates were snore productive, at ths ee capita income wae probably 15-20 percent Higher inthe Noh atthe tine of Unification. Alter 189%, however int hsttization began to move the Nort sharly shes, whee the South ‘setully became less urban and less india betmech 1871 and J911 “as, by 1911 the Nec South gap ha widened sppeecaly: nother Incomes were about 30 percent higher" Throughout the twentieth ceniry the North-South gap bas erown re lends, despite sings n woe conditions (oars peae, the Crest Depression and the pasar boom), fundamental centstionl changes (monarchy, Fascism, and padlmesary democracy), ad get changes in economic policy he Fass atorpt a ata, Baropéae integration, sd, ot leat, a roave program of public investment la the Mera0: ro over the last forty yeas). Even though the South ha experienced one modes, welcome development in recent decades, ath sre ine the North has enjoyed on ofthe mot remarkable growth spurts in West em ccanomic history, pling fete nd further ahend of the South By i 90s, peep inane wes rs han RO pet highs oe ow topes in Talia historiography have arowed sch debates thie steal increasing dtm solled “Soatherm, Question.” Com ‘ventional econo theor, tht, pris gadialcovergence in evel of regonal development within single county, only heightening the preae of eign duis, Many poenble anaes have box offered + Pil dindvanages ofthe Sout ins tance math, (0) eae icy (ne te at Kd of eng other in hy so ner pteston at ecard msn nd) ies (2) capt (ih xeon he Sout nd peng to ene the ‘tough by th end fhe ent centr ta aes wee poprin: ‘Sy no hghr i the Sou an emt government i alkeny ‘ego ving sustenance ea ‘3 nde ple (which sere mrt eres by prom an ane tereoun heat indy td age bk). “The “eral poverty” and absence of oman capital in the Mezzo, ot the North South gap in Italy, and the range of theories tht have been offered to account for i,m the broader debate about develop ‘cnt the Third Word. Why do so many countries remain uderdevel ‘oped: inequate resources? goverment rises? cener-periphery de pendencia? mrket fale? “colar? rece fr that reason, staios, [rhe Iain eve bave the potential o cone ipotamly to or un ‘dertning of why many (Ost not all Third Werlé counties remain nex tsealy and inexplicably edi povey ‘At Tonioioceay served about the Kaan debate, however, “this treat flourishing of ides abd loterpretatonshns not bec sappoted ihc then or leery an adoqate commit ¢o qvnttatie analy. fis. Alfhough tbe Works deleted othe southern question’) would fl ane Horry, may of the economist’ questions a to these and oss of alin eSonomie dais remnant." The histori! roord, bth estat wad rece lend vs ike thr) to suspect tht societal aco ae an important pat of the expla lion > Tobe ture, any sngeofctor interpretation is surely wrong. Civic ttdtins sone didnot wigger (aor, in that mens, “sn tho Now's ‘api am ssnined eonome progres verte lat contr hat akoafT tras oessione by changes in he. roadesnalinay itera, and technological environment. On the oer han svi taditions help €x- au = ‘wentieth centuries han the Soot How igh thie “macro” ik between civics and economies be man fered a the “air” lve? Through what mechanism might he noms fd ntworks ofthe civic community conbut to economic prosperity? This key question mers nore work (apd we sal feta to in he next hapted, bu some important isighs are provided by an independent body of rseareh cried ou in fecal eat Oy Tallan and Arica pol Teal economists, Araldo Bugnasco fst called tet t the fe tha Alongside the fama "two Ties of the nthe industrial Wing wathe backward Merzopiomo, existed “thin Ray,” bated on a “fe conomy""sall seal, ut leciologclly advanced, and highly po ductive” Michael Por and Chres Sel extended this analy, point. ing to numerous examples in nortvcental lly of crfike “Bebe Specilizaion"--Aigh‘ashin texte frm around. Prato, the Bossi ‘un-mll steel poduces, the mobike nduty of Bologns, the craic te makes of Stole and soon, Beriowing x cone rom one ofthe founders of modern eesaomic, Alel Marshall, scholars have some fer such areas inant dtc" ‘Among the distinguishing features of these desentlized, bat inte= grated Indusval discs 16-2 seemingly contadicory combination of cmpeion ad cooperation. Fim compete vigerosly or nnovation i fiyle and efficiency. while cooperating in aminstative services. Toatils purchases, financing, and research. These networks of sll fans combine low ertialiaigration and high horizrtal Integration, through extensive subcontracting and “ping out” of entra barnes temporaly underemployed compote. Active indus associations provide adminitauve and even nancial si, while ical government Plays an active vale In providing the neces soval infact and Serves, such a professional tain, ifuematon on export markets nd ‘World fashion ends, and soon. Tha fal sa tocnolopelly advanced ‘od highly feable economic statue, which proved precy the right "ecipe for competing inthe fast-moving cconam word ofthe 1970s and 1980s. Not susingly, tes regions of flexible specialization have en Joyed above average prosperity ding thse two desde. ‘Ate eat ofthis peculaly productive economic sractare fst of ‘nsttional meshanishs that enable congettion lo coekit with coopers tion by forestaling opportunism. “A ih astwork of private ceonom sociation a polites! ganizations... have comrited a environ ‘meat in which markets prosper by prong cooperative behavior and by Providing small me with the tnatsctural meee that they could mot Mo slo." Social mobility is high in theseindasal disci, ax worker move {om slated jobs to seltemployment and back agra. Athowgh bor ‘ions ae often well developed and strikes se notre, the practic of “soil compromise” encourages Rexblity and innovation. Mtl ass {anos common, and technical innovations diffuse quickly fom fr firm. The importance of cooperative horional ntworks among small, frm and wotker-owners contrasts with the ealiace of vertal athe si communiction in Inge, conventional rs eiewhere fn ly. It Short, by contrat withthe “internal” econtnee of sels highlighed i ‘asia theoies ofthe fm, Morshallanindustal ditts rely healy fon “extemal economies” "Narrow econamle coeddeations comb With less precisely calculable ess of collective advantage to ciete a Sense of profesional slay whic ste bockop and lini for xr petton between the fis." Piote and Sabel cance tha the cohesion ofthe insty rests on 2 ‘more fundamental seas of community, of which te various nites form of cooperation are moe the rex than te ese Among tat Ino ofthe resurgence of craft production stat ple of od em technology depends on is etavgortion of flatios that asc ‘ed with she prladusal past" “Typically singled ou seen forthe success of Indust srt, in Kay and beyond, ae norms of reipracty abd atworks of civ en tigemeet. Networks faltateAows of infomation abot lechologcal Gevelopments, about the eredwontiness of woulrbe eateprencrs, ‘bout the rely of individual workers and 0 on novation copes fn “continual informal interaction ineaes and bar ad inthe sect, Sociol norms that forestall opportu ae 0 deeply intralze a the Issue of opportnism athe expense of commnty sligation i eid to aise less often hte than in area chrsteraed by vets let ‘sic etwosks. What is ctucal shout these salem dil trets, conc most oberves, stl fest, soil cooperation, sa well-developed sense of evieduy--in short, the hallmaks of the civic ornmuniy- Ie is no surpese to lar that these highly productive, Stall-scale indus ast ae concent inthe vty Tego of nov ental Tal that we have highlighed ae ceters of evictions, (ofthe contemporary eile community, and of high-performance ene ‘overnent We regu thse of ent evelopment as provocative, rather than conclusive. woul be rcs lous © suppose thatthe cv waditons we have sks i hs caper are the onlyer even the mest imporant—deteminant of econenic Prosper, In fic, athe Hrs historical peoprephes Jota Langton se RJ. Moris pint ot, "Whether cultura nherance or ezonoi devel opment Is constected to bean lngependet element will depend very ‘rch onthe ne-scale wiia which the bistoriel proces x concived. Iti obvious that they interact wo change ope anor Tere ws a eae And effect bata dialectical process of rosprocation™*" Our bivaist ode! (Figure 5.6) is to simple to acount forall of he factors tht uy ineence regional economic progiss, sch strat resoaoes, conve iene 10 major mikes, and alonl economic plicies, Much face {raped suis Gnlidng stds a the sbogional evel) would Be mee ary to subtantatethe broad historical spent we have shee. "Neverthles, the evidence of ths chapter diummies the poe Of bistorca continues to afec the edd Of instittonal som Even © ETERS REEAAH222929 93939499983 9939389985SST ST SSS ST SSSSESSSSSEIZII SES: 162 cuneren vive our simple ndings inp tat, 1 he extent hat we have overlooked the sea” cms of economisdeveopment (all that Factor X), then Factor X must be more closely correlated wih civic tions than with pror economic development. Once erable, affuence may reinforce Riiienese,” whe poverty probably dicoaraes ie emergence, 3 imerocked pir of ¥icious and virwous cls. Ow evidence angus however tint the “economics > civic” loop i thew intercon Sok fhominant. Civic norm and network re nip rth othe waves of conan prowess. Dring the ast fn ceniriee—and paris inthe last several do cadeylaly ban undergone massive economic, sci, polis, and ‘demographic change. Millon of llisns migrated from one region to ce, ot than nine mailon of tem (or oughly cpe-th ofthe ent: population) la the Been years flor 1985." Daring the first century afer {inition cess lsptogged one aneber a the socioeconomic tak ings, Regions witha relatively inurl economy i 1970 had na noes ‘edy ben the instil ropios 4 eontry euler, and eons with good public Belh in 1970 had ot Bet the eae ones in 1570. Despite tis whl of chang, however, th regions chaaceiod by civio involvement inthe lat tenet coy are simost pete the ame region where coopersives and eal asoiations and mutual feclees wore mos abundant athe inteathconry, and where nel bothoodasscitons and religious contemiis and guid hd cous ‘ted to the Houritingcomisnol republics ofthe twelfth eat. And sling thos civic regions were not especialy advanced economically ‘contry ago, they have seadly outpaced theless vc regions both in {sonore perfonnance and (at les sce the advent of reglonal govecr- ‘nt in quality of goverment. The astonishing tense strength of civic traditions testis to the power ofthe fas at why the post v0 powefl? What vio cle i the North uve presen there tans of eve engagement rough centres of ‘aca socal, economic, nd poled change? What vicious ccs inthe South have reproduced peremial exploitation and dependence? To 1 tres such questions we aut think net merely in tm of ease ad f= fect, bt inter of scl equa, To tat ask we ur inthe nest chapter CHAPTER 6 ‘Social Capital and Institutional Success Collective fife in the et civic selon of aly hasbeen blige for | thousand years and more Why’? I can hardly be ta the nhitans pre fer solitary aod submissive nal! Foeiga oppression might ence have ten pat ofthe explanation fo hl light, but the regional exparinnt ‘Siegest that self-government is a0 panacea. One is fempted 10 atk 8 txasperton: Hive peopl these tecbled regions leamed ating at ll ftom their melancholy expercace? Surely ey rust se that ty would All be beter off only everyone would eooperte forthe common good David me, the ciehecah-cntry Sooish philosopher alfred « simple parle that expres the essential dima that contends rol pablicspintenea: ‘Your comm pe way: ne wl bes to-movow. "Ts pola os ‘hth, ta shed inbr ith 9o0 ty, ed hat you td ‘moow: [have ao Bins fo you, and kaw you fa fe me trih you ep ny wn ann, nope tury kw Tah e dapolted, al ht sna vain ped Yon You gate Hee then {ete you to Into alone; You tenth he se nae. THe ‘ean change an oth a te ou haves or want of tal Cot Tile to cooperate for musa ene dos ot acess sgn igo tance oe lation Game theorists have suded ths fundameatal pre lcemost under a vacity of guises, Ine rageyof he commoner ca nk sraing ty anyon he's otal depends, [public ond rch clea ose ighoroads, an be ejoed by ‘ing he pb gio, aed ite praticed nang oe, nh ial og of colectiocon, evry worker woud tet ll