PANTHEON

Monthly Diurnal Averages

Global Solar Radiation

C MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Rome, Italy

137 AD: Rome, Italy

40

1.0k

GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION - Average Daily

30

12:00 pm December

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0.2k

20.9333

37.6552

27.9667

7.63333

18

7.4

65.8621

125.9

151.586

147.933

76.9333

17.9655

16.0741

100.533

223.379

287.767

312.379

302.333

227.8

142.034

29.1667

16

35.9667

117.963

256.6

356.897

453.9

481.828

428.833

403.933

316.621

141.367

56.7586

28.8

22

137.333

247.63

406.9

494.517

605.3

633.414

558.933

582.667

474.172

286.333

186.966

124.433

14

264.267

342.741

531.833

589.345

737.767

768

687.533

685.733

604.828

396.933

310.138

184.933

326.9

430

552.167

615.31

770.133

875.759

764.533

770.833

716.31

484.233

371

226.833

12

325.067

494.481

559.7

682.759

774.833

901.655

832.833

765.467

707.172

533.467

373.621

267.133

304.667

477.556

563.2

722.897

760.8

880.103

786.867

744.167

660.241

488.167

330.69

231.133

250.167

412.741

503.167

607.241

717.433

788.828

717.867

701.967

633.517

404.733

258.138

167.367

153.033

271.037

362.333

509.517

604.767

662.828

629.1

598.733

499.552

305.9

162.966

95.3

208.1

348.448

443.233

521.862

466

451

339.793

170.433

194.276

284.6

343.448

290.4

272.2

116.035

89

173.379

104.9

10

08

-10

0.0k
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

06

04

Daily Conditions - June 22nd

02

C DAILY CONDITIONS - 22nd June (173)

W/ m

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0.2k

-10

10

12

14

16
1

18

20

22

24

Rome, Italy

Hr

20

In Rome, Italy, the spring (April to May) and fall (September to October) have
mild temperatures and sunny skies. The summer months have hot and humid
temperatures, while the winter months are briskly cold but still fairly sunny. The
oculus is the main source of light for the Pantheon, as well as the large opening at
the entry doors. The oculus allows sunlight in as a focused beam, which creates a
large circle of light within the space.

12:00 pm June

W/ m

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

0.0k

LEGEND
Comfort: Thermal Neutrality
Temperature
Rel.Humidity
Wind Speed

Direct Solar
Diffuse Solar
Cloud Cover

-1

Daylight Analysis
The above diagrams represent the amount of illuminance measured in
footcandles for the Pantheon. The summer solstice and winter solstice
are both shown, and provide the actual measurements dispersed over
the floor plan. The diagrams show an abundance of daylight within the
space, which can be attributed to the sheer size of the 700 square foot
oculus at the top of the dome. However, the winter solstice does limit
the amount of light due to the position of the sun in the sky.

Solar Geometry
The solar geometry shows the sun path diagram that
represents the annual changes in the path of the sun
through the sky. This diagram provides a unique summary
of solar position that a designer can refer to when considering shading requirements and design options.

illuminating the past, present, and future with natural light

W/ m
1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

PANTHEON
Digital Renderings

Interior Renderings

9:00 am March

9:00 am June

9:00 am December

The oculus, a round opening in the ceiling,

at the top of the domed structure allows
light in, and provides the main light source
for the temple. Openings in buildings for
religious purposes were often placed high
in the structure to emphasize the ethereal
quality of the heavens and direct the focus
upward. The Pantheon as an architectural
whole is not illuminated by the oculus, as there is no luminous effect in later
structures like the Hagia Sophia. Instead,
the light entering the interior from the
oculus is focused as a beam of light, which
is most effective in strong sunlight.

illuminating the past, present, and future with natural light

HAGIA SOPHIA

Monthly Diurnal Averages

Global Solar Radiation

C MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - ISTANBUL, TUR

537 AD: Istanbul, Turkey

In Istanbul, Turkey, the spring (April to May) and fall (September to October) have temperatures that are moderate and the skies are generally clear. The summer months have hot
and humid temperatures, while the winter months can have harsh winds and snow. Daylight
penetrates the Hagia Sophia through 40 windows that fill the dome, and as the windows are
placed in the drums of the dome, the dome appears to float over the open space. The central
space, in turn, is very well-lighted, with the side spaces becoming dark and obscure.

W/ m

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

9:00 am June

30.2333

79.931

105.8

17.2

18

24.0667

114.172

236.133

293.517

378.8

229.3

79.9655

79

169.3

312.69

458.8

493.897

622.267

465.767

354.828

62.1333

16

178.8

216.074

316.833

469.621

600.567

634.655

737.2

625.9

550.828

245.933

127.828

101.767

286.233

318.63

422.433

572.345

684.4

729.862

798.2

723.333

663.034

405.9

272.759

198.433

357.7

376.556

476.733

637.379

723.167

786.345

821.267

781.033

726.828

522.533

368.448

248.133

377.533

419.741

501.067

656.379

732.067

818.862

827.533

786

751.31

570.5

401.966

280.967

366.7

425.296

491.367

641.759

710.2

819.448

805.233

774.1

742.276

574.8

394.034

287.6

327.733

390.111

437.667

593.862

655.3

787.759

744.533

729.1

702.379

539.967

361.862

267.233

22

14

10

0.4k

0.2k

12

10

08

0.0k
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

06

04

Daily Conditions - June 22nd

02

C DAILY CONDITIONS - 22nd June (173)

W/ m

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0.2k

-10

10

12

14

16
1

18

20

22

24

ISTANBUL, TUR

20

-10

9:00 am March

GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION - Average Daily

Hr

231.4

277.259

345.4

509.621

606.8

741.862

688.5

663.633

624.828

447.333

288.103

205.5

101.333

134.667

220.5

388.724

519.367

649.276

592.067

553.467

497.69

305.467

166.69

93.8

83.0333

233.379

379.3

486.517

439.767

374.867

299.966

126.667

22.1724

71.5517

216.233

283.517

238.133

147.7

63.4138

25.7667

54.0345

31.5333

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

0.0k

LEGEND
Comfort: Thermal Neutrality
Temperature
Rel.Humidity
Wind Speed

12:00 pm September

12:00 pm December

Direct Solar
Diffuse Solar
Cloud Cover

-1

Solar Geometry
The solar geometry shows
the sun path diagram that
represents the annual changes
in the path of the sun through
the sky. This diagram provides
a unique summary of solar
position that a designer can
refer to when considering
shading requirements and
design options.

illuminating the past, present, and future with natural light

W/ m
900

810

720

630

540

450

360

270

180

90

UNITY TEMPLE

Monthly Diurnal Averages

Global Solar Radiation

C MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Chicago Ohare Intl Ap, USA

W/ m

1906 AD: Oak Park, Illinois

In Oak Park, Illinois, the spring (April to May) and fall (September to October) have
mild temperatures and sunny skies. The summer months can be warm with humid
temperatures, while the winter months have a fair amount of snow and wind. The
Unity Temple captures much of the available daylight through clerestory windows and
skylights, all of which are covered in patterned art glass that diffuses the available
sunlight.

40

1.0k

30

157.897

135.3

18

215.345

303.567

352.552

354.533

248.067

191.37

253.667

339.552

472.8

463.862

516.833

402.167

295.034

75.7

16

272.2

376.148

396.633

475.138

569.067

602.759

609.333

547.9

457.931

320.533

145.862

192.033

12:00 pm December

22

0.8k

20

0.6k

14

10

0.4k
12

0.2k

10

08

0.0k
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

06

04

Daily Conditions - June 22nd

02

C DAILY CONDITIONS - 22nd June (173)

W/ m

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0.2k

-10

10

12

14

16
1

18

20

22

24

Chicago Ohare Intl Ap, USA

20

-10

12:00 pm June

GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION - Average Daily

Hr

398.833

440

497.3

572.828

652.867

666.69

713.6

574.867

534.69

431

281.069

334.267

488.433

482.333

589.767

631.621

754.033

704.517

745.4

638.367

606

551.267

413.414

400.767

494.133

548.333

629.733

588.586

779.733

724.793

808.5

663.333

646.069

564.967

450.241

453.633

471.8

531.63

600.3

615.793

759.033

719.793

775.533

685.933

630.655

550.1

473.103

453.333

431.567

535.333

598.9

592.759

749.233

749.552

722.267

666.633

640.31

578.9

445.241

463.833

366.533

448.185

525.933

559.448

742.8

700.483

694.467

648.233

624.379

559.467

365.552

390.2

234.233

290.333

416

495.138

660.967

670.69

614.367

555.033

551.069

485.567

305.552

292.9

82.0741

303.467

380.034

543.533

575.103

503.533

454.233

408.793

309.333

122.621

296.138

387.933

446.759

382.133

300.3

230.379

184.033

255.966

162

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

0.0k

LEGEND
Comfort: Thermal Neutrality
Temperature
Rel.Humidity
Wind Speed

Direct Solar
Diffuse Solar
Cloud Cover

-1

Daylight Analysis
The above diagrams represent the amount of illuminance measured in
footcandles for the Unity Temple. The summer solstice and winter solstice are both shown, and provide the actual measurements dispersed
over the floor plan. Comparing the data reveals that the winter sun at
noon provides an average illuminance level around 10 footcandles in the
center area of the temple, while the summer sun provides an average
of around 40 footcandles in the same space.

Solar Geometry
The solar geometry shows the sun path diagram that
represents the annual changes in the path of the sun
through the sky. This diagram provides a unique summary
of solar position that a designer can refer to when considering shading requirements and design options.

illuminating the past, present, and future with natural light

W/ m
900

810

720

630

540

450

360

270

180

90

UNITY TEMPLE
Digital Renderings

Interior Renderings

9:00 am March

9:00 am June

9:00 am December

The Unity Temple sought to employ the

daylight as both a source of illumination
and provide a heavenly experience within the temple. Clerestory windows and
skylights covered with art glass provide
the main sources of illumination, and all
of these are well above ground level to
give the impression of light coming from
the heavens above. The lower portion of
the temple is unbroken by windows or
doors, except for the tall, thin vertical
lancet windows that bring natural light
into the darker areas for visibility. The
various windows work together to provide
abundant natural light within the temple.

illuminating the past, present, and future with natural light