CHAPTER III

PESTICIDES PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN INDIA

3.1 Introduction
The word pest comes from the Latin word "pestis" which includes an
animal or plant that occurs in such abundance as to present a distinct threat,
economically or medically to man or his interest. A pest may be insect, fungus,
weed, rodent, bacteria, virus, nematodes, acarid / mite, parasite and even
animal or bird. Worldwide, about 10,000 species of insects are important as
pest, out of 7, 50,000 identified species. Over 50,000 species of fungi are
responsible for some 1,500 plant diseases; Over 1,800 species of weeds out of
the known 30,000 cause serious economic loss. About 15,000 species of
nematodes produce more than 1,500 serious deleterious effects on plants. Over
1,00,000 species of pests destroy food which could be fed for 135 million
people. The word pest has no biological meaning. Pests are organisms that
diminish the value of resources. In India, crops are affected by over 200 major
pests, 100 plant diseases, hundreds of weeds and other pests like nematodes,
harmful birds, rodents and the like. About 4,800 million rats cause havoc in
India. Approximately, 30 per cent of Indian crop yield potential is being lost
due to insects, disease and weeds which in terms of quantity would mean 110.1
million tonnes of food grain. The value of total loss has been placed at
Rs 90,000 crore, represents about 18 per cent of the gross national agriculture
production. The pest wise losses are as follows:

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EXHIBIT: 3.1
PEST WISE LOSSES

Besides the agriculture, the non - agriculture pests are carriers of

malaria, filaria, encephalitis, typhus, plague and other dreadful diseases. About
30 household pests are worthy of attention, like files, fleas, bedbugs, lice,
cockroaches, mites, termites and moths. Man's war against pests is perennial
and almost eternal. No agriculture or forest crop can be grown in an insect and
disease - free environment. Pests and disease are parts of natural processes that
are going on since the beginning of the universe, and the biological process of
evolution. Total extermination of pests is not possible and is no longer the aim
of pesticide application. The control of pests is the objective and designated as
plant protection. The efficient producer wants to keep loss due to pests to a
minimum. Pest control is now the chemistry of human survival. While pest
control is one of the imperative prerequisites, it bears also higher degree of
negative impacts on environment. Hence, the chemicals which control the pest
commonly known as pesticides. Pesticides are basically toxics and persistence;
they can enter in food chain and cause are injury to human health. They also
destroy the diversity and food web and cause ecological imbalance. Pest

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control, therefore, needs regulation on the interest of human health and

environment.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has defined the term of
pesticide as: any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,
destroying or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal
disease, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during or
otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport or
marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or
animal feedstuffs, or other pests in or on their bodies. The term includes
substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or
agent for thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit. Also used as
substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the
commodity from deterioration during storage and transport.
3.2 Pesticide Use
Pesticides are defined as the substance or mixture of substances used to
prevent, destroy, repel, attract, sterilise, stupefy or mitigate any insects.
Generally, pesticides are used in three sectors viz. agriculture, public health and
consumer use. The consumption of pesticide in India is about 600 gms. /
hectare, whereas that of developed countries is touching 3000 gms. / hectare.
There is a wide range of pesticides found used in non-agriculture situations
such as industries, public health and for a number of purposes in the home.
Domestic use of pesticides is mainly as fly killer, ant killer, moth killer,
repellants, rodenticides and fungicides etc. By and large, industrial use of
pesticide is of vital importance in the industries such as wood and carpet, wood
preservation, paint industry, paper and board industry, leather industry,
building industry, miscellaneous industrial application e.g. soluble cutting oils,
industrial water systems, drilling fluids etc.

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3.3 Characteristics of Pesticide Industry

The characteristics of India pesticides industry in India is summarized
as:
i. Fragmented Structure
As there was no product patent in this industry till 2005, many
formulators entered the market and rendered a fragmented structure to the
pesticide industry. The major players in the Indian market are United
Phosphorous Ltd, Bayer Crop Science Ltd, Rallis India Ltd, Syngenta India,
Gharda Chemicals and the top ten players have an 85 per cent market share.
Bayer Crop science Ltd and Syngenta India Ltd are the market leaders in
domestic sales

while United Phosphorous Ltd is the largest exporter of

pesticides.
ii. Low Capacity Utilization
Given the uneven food grain production which is highly dependent on
irregular rainfall and increased competition in the export market, the
production trend of the pesticide industry is quite irregular. Due to seasonality
of demand the manufacturers face low capacity utilization because of which
they have not been able to take advantage of the economies of scale. During
FY08, the domestic capacity was 146,000 MT whereas production was only
83,000MT.
iii. Working Capital intensive
The pesticide industry is working capital-intensive as the seasonal nature
of demand for pesticides forces companies to maintain large inventory levels.
Moreover, the farmers require long credit periods as farmers have little surplus
money left for purchasing pesticides, as pesticides are the last input in
agriculture operation.

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iv. R & D Requirement

During the process patent regime that existed before 2005, the Indian
companies concentrated on marketing generic and off-patent products;
evidently the R&D investment in the pesticide industry was quite low in India
during this time as compared to the global market. Consequently, about 70 per
cent of all pesticides used in India are generics. Eventhough the lack of patents
deprived the Indian agriculture sector from the benefits of newer and more
effective pesticides, India developed competencies in the generics market and
is now a net exporter of pesticides.
v. Low Brand Awareness and Price-Sensitive Products
The market for pesticides is highly price-sensitive and less brand
conscious as it largely caters to farmers. However, farmers need to be educated
and made aware of the usage and quality of pesticides. Moreover, due to the
prevalence of spurious pesticides in the market, brand awareness becomes
critical for the Indian manufacturers.
3.4 Advantages of Using Pesticides
Pests are an ecological problem and therefore our control strategies must be
ecologically sound. Basically, there are two approaches to pest control:
a. Prevention
b. Cure or removal of the cause.
Modern agriculture is a combination of both and human intervention is
necessary, whether it be pulling out weeds by hand, use of pesticides or genetic
engineering. Control methods evolve over time as knowledge and techniques
improve. This includes the development of chemical means of control which
become very important because of a number of advantages. For example:
Cost Effectiveness. Farm chemicals are an economical way of
controlling pests. They require low labour input and allow large areas to

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be reacted quickly and efficiently. It has been conservatively estimated

that for every dollar a farmer spends on farm chemicals, he receives $4
return (Anon, 1990a). Production per labour unit has increased while
production costs and energy inputs are lower.
Timeliness and Flexibility. A suitable farm chemical is available for
most pest problems with variations in activity, selectivity and
persistence. The best product can be chosen for the situation. This
allows more flexibility in management options and better timeliness of
pest control.
Quality, Quantity and Price of Produce. Farm chemicals ensure a
plentiful supply and variety of high quality, wholesome food at a
reasonable price. Modern society demands nutritious food free from
harmful organisms and blemishes. Ornamental horticulture also requires
unblemished and pest-free plants and flowers. This would be very
difficult without farm chemicals.
Prevention of Problems. Farm chemicals are frequently used to prevent
pest problems from occurring, e.g. preventing weeds in gardens and
lawns; treatment of export and import produce to prevent the spread of
pests; treatment of stored products to prevent pest attack and destruction
during storage.
Protection of Pets and Humans. Without farm chemicals, the treatment
of spiders, cockroaches, etc in houses; fleas on pets, etc, would be most
difficult.
Protection of the Environment. If no farm chemicals were available to
control environmental pests like noxious weeds, feral animals, etc, our
environment would suffer very badly. Using herbicides to control crop
weeds reduces the need for cultivation, thus, reducing land degradation.

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Farm chemicals are a management tool to aid in the control of pests and
their continued use is supported by the conclusions of the Senate Select
Committee on Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals in Australia, and even
Dr. Kate Short of the Total Environment Centre states: "One who do not have a
problem with pesticides being used as a management tool in pest control in
Australian agriculture" (Colston et al., 1990).
3.5 Potential Adverse Effects of Pesticides
Despite their many advantages, there are some potential hazards or risks
when using farm chemicals. These risks may be associated with all chemicals
whether they be industrial chemicals, pesticides, household products or even
natural chemicals found in the environment. Undesirable side effects of farm
chemical use usually stem from a lack of understanding of the impact of the
chemical on the environment, compounded by indiscriminate and overuse of
the product. These side effects do not always occur when farm chemicals are
used and damage does not necessarily result. Some of these effects may be:
1. Reduction of Beneficial Species. Non-target organisms, including
predators and parasites of pests, can also be affected by chemical
application. The reduction of these beneficial organisms can result in
changes in the natural biological balances. Losses of honeybees and
other pollinating insects can also be a problem.
2. Drift of Sprays and Vapour during application can cause severe
damage and residue problems in crops, livestock, waterways and the
general environment. Care in the methods of application and the weather
conditions under which it is carried out can reduce drift. Environmental
pollution from careless application and runoff can result in wildlife and
fish losses. This should be a concern for all of us.
3. Residues in Food for humans and feed for livestock can be a
consequence of direct application of a chemical to the food source, by

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the presence of pollutants in the environment or by transfer and biomagnification of the chemical along a food chain. Not all residues are
undesirable although good agricultural practice must be observed to
prevent unnecessary and excessive levels of residues.
4. Ground Water Contamination by leached chemicals can occur in high
use areas if persistent products are used.
5. Resistance to the pesticide used can develop in target pests due to
overuse and incorrect use of the chemical.
6. Poisoning Hazards and other health effects to operators can occur
through excessive exposure if safe handling procedures are not followed
and protective clothing not worn. Poisoning risks depend on dose,
toxicity, duration of exposure and sensitivity.
7. Other Possible Health Effects due to indiscriminate use of farm
chemicals also concern many people in the community.
Problems result from misuse, abuse and overuse. Farm chemicals can be
used safely and effectively without these undesirable effects although there is
always a risk associated with any activity. This risk is relative, as evidenced by
smoking or driving a car or a tractor. For example, in May this year, 166
Australians died in motor vehicle accidents while there are very few poisonings
from farm chemicals. Many commonly used substances like aspirin or common
salt are more toxic than many pesticides. Despite the relative risks being low,
all users of farm chemicals, whether on a large scale or in the home, have a
responsibility to use them carefully, properly and judiciously.

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3.6 Type of pesticides

A. Pesticides can be broadly classified into six categories:
Insecticides: used against insects
Fungicides: used for preventing fungus
Herbicides: used for removing weeds
Rodenticides: used against rodents
Nemanticides: used for killing pests in the plant root
Regulants: used for nourishing plants

EXHIBIT: 3.2
B. TYPES OF PESTICIDE FORMULATION BASIS
Dust (D or DU)
Solid

Granules (G or GR)
Soluble powder (SP)
Wettable powder (WP or W)
Aerosol (A)

Liquid

Emulsifiable concentrate (EC or E)

Solution (SN)

Fumigants

Gases

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Pesticides can be manufactured and sold mainly in two forms- Technical

and Formulations. Technicals are the first stage of manufacture where the
chemical is concentrated and unsuitable for direct use. This is then processed
with other materials to create formulations. The conversion from technical
grade to formulations adds substantial value to the product. Pest control is thus
an urgent necessity. The current demand for technical grade pesticides stands at
about 85,000 tonnes per annum and has been growing at 5-10 per cent
annually.
Processed foods and agricultural product exports are being given a thrust
in India. For this purpose, quality and quantity have to be taken care of. In
order to increase production and improve the quality of agricultural products,
the countrys dependence on better quality seeds and irrigation will have to
increase. This, in, turn rises the demand for pesticides.
Annual loss of agricultural produce by pests and pathogens alone is
30 per cent. So, use of pesticides has increased the yield from high yielding
varieties of plants which are more easy victims of pests and parasites than their
wild relatives. Flit, baygon and mosquito coils are pesticides. DDT
(insecticide), 2-4-D (weedicide) are two synthetic pesticides introduced after
world war -2. Bordeaux mixture is a fungicide used from a century ago. This
mixture of copper sulphate and calcium hydroxide was discovered in Bordeaux
University in France as an effective killer of fungus Plasmopara viticola,
causing deadly downy mildew in vine.
C. The pesticides used in India can be classified into five on the basis of
chemical nature.
1. Organ chlorides: - These are organic compounds with several atoms of
chlorine per molecule. ALDRIN, DIELDRIN and ENDRIN are organo
chlorine pesticides. Aldrin is used in the foundation of buildings to prevent

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attack by termites. All these chemicals are lipophillc and get bioaccumulated in
the fatty tissue of animals.
2.Organophosphates:- MALATHIION (Flit) used in antimalarial programmes
and PARATHION are esters of organic compounds with phosphoric acid.
Fenitrethion, malathion and parathion are very effective on the nervous system.
3. Carbamates:- These are compounds having a chemical structure similar to
acetylecholine. Carbofuran (furadon), propoxur (baygon) are carbamate
pesticides.
4. Pyrethroids:- These are synthetic products from pyrethin, a plant chemical
extracted from chrysanthemum cinerarifolium.
5. Triazines:- These are compound like simazine, altrazine derived from urea.
They are effective weedicides (herbicides) used against the weeds of tea,
tobacco and cotton.

D. Grouped Pesticides Based on Application Features

Pesticides can also be classified according to how or when they work.
Some groups that describe how or when pesticides work are:
Contact pesticides generally control a pest as a result of direct contact.
Insects are killed when sprayed directly or when they crawl across
surfaces treated with a residual contact insecticide. Weed foliage is
killed when enough surface area is covered with a contact herbicide.
Systemic pesticides are pesticides which are absorbed by plants or
animals and move to untreated tissues.

Systemic or translocated

herbicides move within the plant to untreated areas of leaves, stems or

roots. They may kill weeds with only partial spray coverage. Systemic

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insecticides or fungicides move throughout treated plants and kill certain

insects or fungi. Some systemic insecticides are applied to animals and
move through the animal to control pests such as warble grubs, lice, or
fleas. Some pesticides only move in one direction within the plant,
either up or down. Knowing what direction the pesticide moves will
help guide your decisions. For example some insecticides only move
upwards in plants. If applied to the root zone, it will travel throughout
the plant, but if applied to the leaves it will not move throughout the
plant. Some pesticides are considered locally systemic. These will only
move a short distance in a plant from the point of contact.
Foliar pesticides are applied to plant leaves, stems and branches. Note,
they may be either a contact pesticide or a systemic pesticide.
Soil applied pesticides are applied to the soil. Some are taken up by
roots and translocated inside the plant. Other soil applied herbicides kill
weed seedlings by contact with young shoots or leaves as they break
through the soil.
Fumigants are chemicals that are applied as toxic gas or as a soild or
liquid which forms a toxic gas. The gas will penetrate cracks and
crevices of structures or soil or the spaces between products stored in
containers.
Preplant herbicides are applied to the soil before seeding or
transplanting.
Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to the soil after planting but before
emergence of the crop or weed. The pesticide label should indicate if a
pesticide is pre-emergent to the crop or weed.
Post emergent herbicides are applied after the crop or weed has
emerged.

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 Tranlocated herbicides enter the roots or above ground parts of plants

and move within the plants. They are also called systemic herbicides.
Eradicant fungicides destroy fungi that have already invaded plants and
begun to damage plant tissues. They inhibit metabolic processes of
growing fungal organisms.
Protectant fungicides prevent fungal infections.

They rated fungal

growth or prevent or transmission from entering treated plants. They

must be used before the fungi reach the infection stage. Once plants
infected, the fungicide will normally not kill the fungi inside the plant.
Selective pesticides will only control certain pests.
Non selective pesticides will control a wide range of pests.
Suffocating insecticides clog the breathing system of insects and may
affect eggs.
Residual pesticides do not break down quickly and may control pests for
a long time (i.e., several weeks or a year).
Non residual pesticides are quickly made inactive after application and
do not affect future crops.
3.7 Pesticides Production and Consumption Pattern in India
In order to meet the needs of a growing population agricultural
production and protection, technology has to play a crucial role. An overview
of plant protection chemicals is thus presented here. Crop losses due to pests: It
has been estimated that 18 per cent of the gross national agricultural production
is lost due to insect pests, plant pathogens, weeds, rodents, birds, nematodes
and in storage. Table 3.1 shows the estimated crop losses due to pests in India.

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Agricultural chemicals have come to stay as an essential input in

increasing agricultural production by preventing crop losses before and after
harvesting to keep pace with the ever increasing demand for food, feed and
fibre. Production of pesticides: From a meager 2000 MT a year during fifties,
the production of pesticides and allied chemicals in India touched a level of
85030 MT during 1994-95, 85338 MT in 2008-09 (Table 3.2)

TABLE: 3.1
ESTIMATED CROP LOSSES DUE TO PESTS IN INDIA
Crop
Rice
Wheat
Sorghum & Millets
Pulses
Seed Cotton
Mustard
Sugarcane
Groundnut
Maize
Total
Other crops (fruits, vegetables, spices, medicinal crops etc)
Losses in storages (due to stored grain insects, fungi and rodents)
Estimated crop losses
Source: Dept. of Chemicals and Petrochemicals

62

Mn Mt
26.3
3.3
8.9
5.6
2.7
2.9
56.8
1.4
3.2
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Value (Rs. Crores)

9468
1213
2670
3752
3105
2407
4373
1260
992
29240
30000
30000
90000

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63

D.D.T
Malathion
Parathion-(methyi)
Dimethoate
D.D.V.P
Quinalphos
Monocrotophos
Phosphamidon
Phorate
Ethion
Endosulphan
Fenvalerate
Cypermetnrin
Anilophos
Accephate
Chlorpyriphos
Phosalone
Matasystox
Abate
Fenthion
Triazophos
Lindane
Temephos
Deltamethrin
Alphamethrin

Products

6344
11850
4000
3220
4290
4000
13915
3900
8200
5630
10100
2650
5900
1100
6120
8640
1000
1400
240
547
1268

2005

6344
11760
4000
3220
4320
4000
13965
3900
8200
5630
10100
2650
6900
1100
9220
9090
1000
730
240
547
1528

2006
6.30
8.80
4.00
3.20
5.40
4.00
14.00
3.90
8.20
5.60
9.90
2.60
6.90
1.10
9.20
9.10
1.00
0.70
0.20
0.50
1.50

2008-09

Capacity (March)
200910
6.30
8.80
4.00
3.20
5.40
4.00
14.00
3.90
8.20
5.60
9.90
2.60
6.90
1.10
9.20
9.10
1.00
0.70
0.20
0.50
1.50
3513
5597
2055
847
2832
2111
6706
534
4767
4132
4489
1192
5128
596
4354
6950
513
660
1
69
1523
266
208
97
303

2001-02
2937
4248
2038
758
2512
1770
6519
835
3156
1680
3663
522
5078
354
4837
6400
438
513
45
905
1151
331
122
212
194

2002-03
4471
3945
1305
923
3458
1841
8121
356
5083
2829
3597
821
5173
471
3993
8108
486
499
0
220
2110
414
91
182
209

2003-04
4036
4710
975
897
4984
866
9507
393
3637
1788
3054
627
6524
363
6136
9128
543
556
0
179
2942
375
253
390
330

2004-05
4429
2740
464
828
3840
855
4899
542
6220
1508
2939
573
6484
197
8475
4942
274
317
0
330
2853
177
29
310
249

2005-06

Production

TABLE: 3.2
PRODUCT WISE PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CHEMICALS

4495
4297
0
971
6890
823
4913
366
5713
1804
3898
515
5064
21
8333
4715
246
629
0.00
122
1835
251
98
341
172

2006-07

3441
3968
0
871
3292
524
5118
710
3229
771
3960
719
4659
0
10059
4539
499
0
0.00
0
1841
75
78
256
211

2007-08

(Figures in MT)

2556
486
0
649
1902
551
4644
558
1511
226
2376
295
3935
0
7977
1981
0
0
0.00
0
911
0
0
17
0

2009-10

Table Contd

3305
2000
0
558
2734
888
4570
845
2029
157
4263
488
4034
0
9652
3887
0
0
0.00
0
2026
0
129
26
16

2008-09

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64

1465
200
20700
1500
1200
500
5388
0
3900
100
500
200
860
2300
150
150
145681

Carbendzim (Bavistin)
Calixin
Mancozab
Copper-oxychloride
2,4-D
Butachlor
Isoproturon
Basalin
Glyphosate
Paraquat
Diuron
Atrazin
Fluchloralin
Zinc phosphide
Aluminium phosphide
Methyl bromide
Dicofol
Total

1465
200
20700
1500
1200
500
5388
0
2640
100
500
200
860
2300
150
150
148551

1.50
0.20
20.70
1.50
1.20
0.50
5.40
2.60
0.10
0.50
0.20
0.90
2.30
0.20
146.20

1.50
0.20
20.70
1.50
1.20
0.50
5.40
2.60
0.10
0.50
0.20
0.90
2.30
0.20
146.20

2009-10
1.80
0.50
702
61
11628
18
215
363
3779
0
409
1000
0
203
133
338
2184
41
109
81803

2001-02
1177
0
1263
52
10188
237
0
244
2657
0
107
0
48
200
185
235
1991
56
102
69565

2002-03
782
0

Note: *: (Figures in MT)

Source: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers, Govt. of India. (11342) & (12486)

2005
1800
454

Captan & Captafol

Ziram (Thiobarbamate)

Products

Capacity (March)
2006
2008-09
1800
1.80
454
0.50
835
46
17251
153
186
333
4409
0
308
0
64
61
157
226
1174
93
0
85118

2003-04
838
278
732
74
20801
0
132
264
4664
0
1019
0
0
39
172
307
1362
70
0
93.97

426
35
18857
0
329
254
4295
0
1517
0
0
0
119
254
1518
37
0
82.24

138
29
22875
0
0
182
3150
0.00
2100
0.00
0
93
101
807
1526
51
0.00
85.00

Production
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
852
13
192
285
112
243

PRODUCT WISE PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CHEMICALS

68
0
27115
0
270
28
2962
0.00
1517
0.00
75
218
0
462
1615
88
0.00
83.42

2007-08
0
185

186
0
35338
0
214
119
2979
0.00
2331
0.00
12
263
0
376
1722
88
0.00
85.34

2008-09
0
67

183
0
22042
0
0
193
2056
0.00
1088
0.00
74
152
0
175
1127
19
0.00
82.19

2009-10
0
0

(Figures in MT)

3.7.1 Consumption Pattern

Interestingly, Indias consumption of pesticides per hectare is low when
compared with world averges-0.380 kg/ha against Koreas 16.56 kg/ha and
Japans 10.80 kg/ha (Table 3). According to the pesticide industry statistics,
India spends $3/ha on pesticides compared with $24/ha spend by Philippines,
$255/ha by South Korea and $633/ha by Japan.
TABLE: 3.3
CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF PESTICIDES IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Country or Area
Republic of Korea
Italy
Hungary
Japan
China
Europe
USA
Mexico
Thailand
Indonesia
India
Turkey
Argentina
Latin America
Oceania
Africa

Pesticides use (Kg haa.i)

16.56
13.35
12.57
10.80
2.0-2.5
1.90
1.50
1.38
1.37
0.58
0.38
0.30
0.29
0.22
0.20
0.13

Source: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers, Govt. of India. (11342) &

(12486)

i. Pesticides registered: As on 13/11/2009, about 221 pesticides

belonging to different chemical groups are registered for use, but
only 84 pesticides are in use.
ii. Consumption of pesticides:

The consumption of pesticides during

2005-06 was 42378 MT. Over the years, the consumption has come
down due to the introduction of low dose pesticides (Table 3.4).

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S. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

TABLE 3.4
CONSUMPTION OF INDIGENOUS PESTICIDES
Pesticides
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
Acephate
750
782
440
Cypermethrin
1300
1315
32
Dichlorvos
1070
1250
818
Dimethoate
1500
2009
625
Endosulphan
3985
2000
2900
Ethion
415
410
315
Fenitrothion
415
410
412
Fenthion
60
79
62
Fenvalerate
2100
1192
975
Lindane
700
615
Metal Dehyde
32
40
07
Malathion
2600
2384
3015
Methyi parathion
3008
3028
3200
Monocrotophos
2815
3205
3115
Neem based insecticides
736
632
824
Oxydemeton methyl
512
382
213
Paradichlora-benzene
0
0
1
Phorate
2215
2316
3010
Phosalone
218
275
145
Phosphamidon
1100
1020
1480
Pyrethrum
13
10
11
Quinalphos
2181
2318
1650
Sevidol
0
0
0
Temephos
0
0
1
Triazophos
114
108
115
Aureofungin
8
5
12
Captafol/Difolaton
419
344
15
Captan
170
256
200
Carbendazim
625
859
400
Copper oxychloride
1122
1213
1080
Copper sulphate
1042
1128
514
Curprous oxide
5
2
5
Ethyl mercury chloride
0
0
0
Ferbam
25
9
12
Lime sulphur
32
45
20
Mancozeb
2577
2800
2615
MEMC
71
81
22
Organo mercurials
0
0
0
Nickel chloride
55
60
0
Paris green
0
0
0

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2004-05
393
641
1295
1412
1303
294
421
108
1088
867
72
3035
3142
3500
1051
352
168
2155
130
883
11
2106
0
0
105
21
142
167
603
1172
491
125
0
11
40
2300
784
0
0
0

2005-06
464
2154
1849
785
3537
143
133
49
938
661
11
1340
1472
1465
991
166
81
263
251
579
34
1301
0
0
0
20
45
65
2167
1497
1118
19
0
9
49
3649
680
0
4
0

Table Contd

S. No
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.

CONSUMPTION OF INDIGENOUS PESTICIDES

Pesticides
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
PMA
0
0
0
Streptocycline
39
47
20
Sulphur
2332
3185
3010
Thiram
419
402
302
Zineb
318
418
205
Ziram
277
385
100
Alachlor
142
150
95
Anilophos
535
716
200
Butachlor
2019
2480
1520
Dalapon
72
85
17
2.4-D
612
680
612
Diuron
12
11
10
Fluchloralin
155
213
115
Glyphosate
180
178
162
Isoproturon
2512
2618
2208
Paraquat dischioride
110
156
70
Propanil
0
0
30
TCA
0
0
15
Aluminium phosphide
234
250
142
Barium carbonate
0
0
0
EDCT mixture
0
0
0
EDB
18
23
0
Methyl bromide
4
7
7
Warfarin
6
10
1
MB+FDB
0
0
0
Zinc phosphide
220
359
215
Alpha napthyl acetic acid
18
19
25
Chiormequat chloride
12
4
10
Others
0
0
0
Total
43800
45130
37352

2004-05
0
18
490
180
48
47
169
401
2290
30
534
18
289
826
1140
973
0
0
255
0
0
0
0
0
0
188
34
0
0
38278

Source: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers, Govt. of India. (11342) & (12486)

2005-06
0
66
3224
551
85
128
50
243
2699
34
565
29
82
216
2140
148
16
0
148
0
0
7
12
13
0
798
818
21
0
42378

Of the top 20 pesticides sold in India, 16 are insecticides. However, the

global market is dominated by herbicides, which have a 48 per cent share
followed by insecticides and fungicides which account for only 29 per cent and
17 per cent respectively
iii. Overall performance:

The overall performance of pesticides ie.,

capacity, production, import, export and consumption in different

years in given in (Table 3.5)

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TABLE: 3.5
PERFORMANCE OF PESTICIDES DURING 2003-04 TO 2008-09
(Figure in Thousand MT)
Pesticides (Technical)

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

Capacity
134
146
148
145
146
Production
85
94
82
85
83
Capacity utilization (per
63.4
64.4
55.4
58.6
56.8
cent)
Import
3
3
3
3
1
Export
26
27
27
33
25
Consumption
62
70
58
55
56
Source: Annual report 2009, Deptt. Of Chemicals and Petrochemicals
iv. Crop-wise consumption: The consumption of pesticides largely
depends upon the pest problem in use region or on a specific crop.
Based on the likely incidence of such posts during kharft/ rabt, the
State Governments make an assessment of the requirement.
However, the projected demand and the actual consumption are
strongly governed by the climatic and other conditions.
TABLE: 3.6
CROP-WISE CONSUMPTION OF PESTICIDES IN INDIA
Crop

Share of pesticide use (per cent)

Cotton
44.5
Paddy
22.8
Jowar
8.9
Fruits and vegetables
7.0
Wheat
6.4
Arhar
2.8
Other
7.6
Total
100.0
Source: Annual report 2009, Deptt. Of Chemicals and Petrochemicals
Cotton, paddy, vegetables and fruits are grown in 32 per cent of the
cultivated area and account for over 80per cent of the pesticide consumption in
the country. While cotton is planted on about 4.5-5 per cent of the total
cultivable area (on about 7.5 million ha). It accounts for about 45 per cent of

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146
85
58.2
0
0
85

pesticide consumption in India, followed by rice (23 per cent), jowar

(9 per cent), vegetables (7 per cent), wheat (6 per cent) and pulses (4 per cent)
(Table 3.6).
v. State-wise consumption: Based on the data on consumption of
pesticides for the year 2001-01, three States viz. Haryana, Punjab
and Uttar Pradesh consumed more than 5000 MT (technical grade)
pesticides annually, Nine States viz., Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, Orissa and Tamil Nadu consumed pesticides between
1000 and 5000 MT. Three States viz., Assam, Bihar and Himachal
Pradesh consumed pesticides between 100 and 1000 MT. Seven
States viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur,
Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Delhi and UT of Pondicherry
consumed pesticides between 10 and 100 MT annually. Three States
viz., Goa, Meghalaya, Sikkim and five UTs viz., Andman & Nicobar
islands Chandigarh, Dadara & Nagar, Haveli, Daman & Dlu and
Lakshadweep consumed less than 10 MT pesticides annually.
(Table 3.7).

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S. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Name of State/ U.T

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhatisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur

2000-01
4000
13
245
853
NA
6
2822
5025
302
1
150
2020
754
871
3239
20

2001-02
3850
17
237
890
NA
5
4100
5020
311
4
36
2500
1345
714
3135
14

2002-03
3706
15
181
1010
NA
5
4500
5012
380
98
40
2700
902
1026
3725
19

2003-04
2034
147
175
860
332
5
4000
4730
360
9
56
1692
326
662
3385
25

2004-05
2133
17
170
850
486
5
2900
4520
310
12
69
2200
360
749
3030
26

2005-06
1997
2
165
875
450
5
2700
4560
300
1433
70
1638
571
787
3198
28

2006-07
1394
17
165
890
550
9
2670
4600
292
829
82
1362
545
957
3193
26

TABLE: 3.7
CONSUMPTION OF PESTICIDES IN VARIOUS STATES (MT Technical grade)
2007-08
1541
16
158
870
570
2.3
2660
4391
296
1248
81
1588
880
696
3050
26

2008-09
1381
150
10.00
915
270
2650
8.90
42.88
322
2679.27
85
1675
272.69
663
2400
30.36

2009-10
1015
19
10.0
828
205
2750
10.30
4070
328
1640
88.5
1647
631
645
4639
30.36

In India, Andhra Pradesh (A.P) ,Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Punjab

account for 50per cent of the total pesticide market. A.P alone consumes 24 per
centof the total pesticides. The herbicides have a good market in Punjab and
Haryana. Insecticides are much in demand in the southern states and
Maharashtra.
vi. Export and Import: India is a net exporter of agrochemicals. The key
export destination markets are USA, UK, France, Netherlands,
Belgium, Spain, South Africa, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Singapore.
Some of the agro-chemicals exported over the years include
cypermethrin, isoproturon, endosulphan and aluminium phosphide.
Exports consist mostly of off-patent products. The value of export
and import during last five years is given in Table 3.8.
TABLE: 3.8
EXPORT AND IMPORT OF PESTICIDES
(Rupees in crores)
Year
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08

Export
1356.45
1487.51
1745.56
2095.53
2790.69
5717.80
4585.23

Source: Directorate of Plant, Protection, Quarantine & Storage

Import
362.01
286.97
501.06
712.48
754.41
840.50
695.49

Pesticide regulation: The Insecticides Act, 1968 and Insecticides Rules.

1971 regulate the import, registration process, manufacture, sale transport,
distribution and use of insecticides (pesticides) with a view to prevent risk to
human beings or animals and for all connected matters, throughout India. All
insecticides (pesticides) have to necessarily undergo the registration process
with the Central Insecticides Board & Registration Committee (CIB & RC)
before they can be made available for use or sale. Thus, technically all
insecticides pesticides in India are those substances that are listed on the

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"Schedule" of the Insecticides Act, 1968. The Registration certificate mandates

that a label be put on the packaging, which clearly indicates the nature of the
insecticide (agricultural or household use), composition, active ingredient,
target pest(s), recommended dosage, caution sign and safety precautions.
Therefore, a pesticide labeled for agriculture should not be used in a household.
The CIB & RC scrutinizes and periodically reviews all pesticides and
their usage, some are banned from registration (Table 3.9). Sometimes a
pesticide can be banned even after registration when it causes serious
environmental and public health concerns. Some pesticides are meant for
"Restricted Use" (Table 3.10) which means that they can be used only for
prescribed purposes and by authorized personnel by obtaining the appropriate
Government license.

S. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

18.

TABLE 3.9
LIST OF PESTICIDES FOR WHICH REGISTRATION REFUSED
Name of pesticide

Calcium Arsonate
EPM
Azinphos Methyl
Lead Arsonate
Mevinphos (Phosdrin)
2,4,5-T
Carbophenothion
Vamidothion
Mephosfolan
Azinphos ethyl
Binapacryl
Dicrotophos
Thiodemeton / Disulfoton
Fentin acetate
Fentin hydroxide
Chinomethionate (Morestan)
Ammonium sukphamate

Leptophos (Phosvel)

Pesticides Banned for manufacture, import and use (25 Nos)

Aldnn
Benzene hexachloride
Calcium cyanide
Chlordane
Copper acetoarsenite
Cibromochloropropane
Endrin
Ethyl Mercury Chloride
Ethyl Parathion
Heptachlor
Menazone
Nitrofen
Paraquat dimethyl sulpha
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenyl mercury acetate
Sodium methane arsonate
Tetradifon
Toxafen
Aldicarb
Chlorobenzilate
Dieldrine
Maleic hydrazide
Ethylene dibromide
TCA (Trichloro acetic acid)

Source: Directorate of Plant, Protection, Quarantine & Storage

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B. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but their

manufacture is allowed fir export (2 Nos): Nicotin sulfare and Captafol 80 per
cent Powder
C. Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use are:
Mehomyl 24 per cent L, Methomyl 12.5 per cent L, Phosphamidon 85 per cent
SL, Carbofuron 50 per cent SP, D. Pesticide withdrawn, Dalapon. Ferbam,
Formothion, Nickel , chloride, Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB), Simazine,
Warfarin and
TABLE: 3.10
PESTICIDES RESTRICTED FOR USE IN INDIA
S. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Name of Pesticides
Aluminium Phosphide
DDT
Lindane
Methyl bromide
Methyl parathion
Sodium cyanide
Methoxy ethyl mercury chioride (MEMC)
Monocrotophos (banned for use on vegetable)
Endosulphan

Source: Directorate of Plant, Protection, Quarantine & Storage

Agriculture has had to face the destructive activities of numerous pests

like fungi, weeds and insects from time immemorial, leading to radical
decrease in yields. With the advent of chemical pesticides, this crisis was
resolved to a great extent. But the over dependence on chemical pesticides and
eventual uninhibited use of them has necessitated for alternatives mainly for
environmental concerns. Degraded soils and groundwater pollution has resulted
in nutritionally imbalanced and unproductive lands. Violative pesticide
residues also sometimes raise food safety concerns among domestic consumers
and pose trade impediments for export crops. However, it is has been noticed
that the Indian crop protection market primarily serves the production of
cotton, rice, soybeans, groundnuts, fruits, vegetables, wheat and other cereals.
Although India produces about 16 per cent of the worlds food, it uses just

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2 per cent of the worlds pesticides, one of the lowest per-hectare consumption
rates in the world.
TABLE: 3.11
SIGNIFICANCE OF SYMBOLS ON THE PESTICIDES CONTAINER
OR PACKING OR LABEL
Sl.
No

Toxicity Category

Extremely toxic

Highly toxic

3
4

Moderately toxic
Slightly toxic

Colour of
triangle

Signal word
on label

Bright Red

Poison

Bright
Yellow
Bright Blue
Bright Green

Warning symbol
on label
Skull and cross
bones

Poison

Danger
Caution

3.8 Pesticides Marketing Practices

Nothing can be more disheartening for farmers when a large part of their
production is destroyed by insects, weeds and pests. However, it is not wrong
to say that protecting agricultural farms and lands from these unwanted pests is
a tough task. But, with the availability of several kinds of agrochemicals, these
problems can be solved to a significant level. Agrochemicals are those kinds of
substances, which are actively used in managing agricultural ecosystem. These
products, commonly referred as crop protection chemicals play a vital role in
controlling the attacks of pests, weeds, fungi, diseases and other undesirable
pests which pose serious threats to the crop production. Agrochemical products
include wide ranges of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and fungicides.
These agrochemical products aid in protecting crops from the harmful attacks
of pest, insects, unwanted weeds and fungi respectively. It may also include
synthetic fertilizers, hormones and other chemical growth agents, and
concentrated stores of raw animal manure. It is to be noted that safety of
agrochemical products for consumer and environment is carefully regulated
and only after a comprehensive safety assessment, a particular agrochemical
product is allowed to be sold within a country. Each agrochemical product has
a specific application that is clearly mentioned on its label for clearly stating its

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use to the consumers. Education and training programs are also organized to
convey the safe and proper use of the crop protection products. Moreover,
recommended precautions that have to be adopted while using these products
and the effective way of applying the agrochemical products are also taught to
increase productivity and save input costs.
3.8.1 Agrochemical Manufacturer
It is now a well-known fact that India has become a major centre for
chemical and pharmaceutical Industry. Many factors play vital role in
flourishing chemical and pharmaceutical industries in India, but one cannot
ignore Gujarat's contribution to flourish these industries. Ankleshwar based
GIDC is Asia's largest industrial development centre which is also renowned
for utmost chemical zone with modern infrastructure facilities. All kind of
chemical manufacturing companies are there; from small traditional company
to multinational giants have their base in Ankleshwar. All kind of chemical
products are produced. From pharmaceutical product to agrochemical products
everything is produced at same industrial estate.
Today agrochemical products are emerging as necessary products for
agriculture industry. Agrochemical products especially apply to crop protection
from harmful insects and germs. With the growing population, the demand for
food crops is also increasing and for efficiently meeting the demand farmers
have to constantly take the help of crop protecting chemical products. Wide
range of chemical products includes insecticides, herbicides, fungicides,
synthetic fertilizers, and chemical growth agents. Agrochemical products are
boon to the farmers, as with the use of these products farmers can increase the
agricultural productivity that efficiently helps to provide food for the ever
growing population and also contributes toward eradicating poverty. Many
manufacturers are involved in manufacturing of agrochemical products and
offer wide range of products like insecticides, fungicide, herbicides, etc.

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3.8.2 Marketing of Pesticides

Agriculture has an impact on the lives of everyone, from farmers to
consumers. Pesticides companies play an important role and responsibilities in
agribusiness.

They are committed to sustainable agriculture, through

innovative research and technology.

3.8.3 Marketing strategy
The marketing of agrochemicals is done through rural marketing. Here,
the consumer targeted is the farmer the attitudes, lifestyle and consumer
behaviour of the farmers differ from those of the urban consumers. Hence, a
slightly different approach has to be adopted while marketing agrochemicals.
Marketing strategy of pesticides companies is based on the 4 Ps of marketing,
namely, Product, Price, Place (distribution) and Promotion.
a. Product
Indian pesticide manufacturing companies are engaged in constant
endeavor to provide the farmers with the best product. Pesticide manufactures
continuously meet the demand of the farmers by adding new products,
changing existing ones and eliminating others. The ideas for development of
new products or modification in existing products come from the feedback
received from the farmers and also sometimes dealers. Pesticide manufactures
have a huge network of field-workers who practically go into the farms to find
solutions to recurrent as well as new problems related to crop production and
collect feedback. It has to conduct ongoing research & development activities,
as one of the inherent features of agrochemicals is obsolescence due to the
ability of the pests to gain immunity to these products.
b. Price
The products offered by Syngenta are premium end products and hence
are priced slightly higher. But their product range consists of the best that is to
be offered in the market due to their immense R&D activities and emphasis on

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technology. The farmers too believe in the quality of their products and price
comes secondary to such quality products.
c. Place (Physical Distribution)
Syngenta makes very little use of middlemen as they strongly believe in
personal selling. Their general channel of distribution is:
EXHIBIT: 3.3
CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION

Company Sales Person

Dealer /Retailer
Farmer
They have strict policies when it comes to offering credit to middlemen.
Since the company salespersons are in very close contact with the
farmers, they can offer timely supply of their products.
d. Promotion
Since Syngenta is a newly formed company, it is currently engaging
itself in a lot of marketing activities. As mentioned earlier Syngenta very
strongly believes in personal selling, that is, creating demand at the grassroots
level. Their target audiences are the farmers and also opinion leaders like
village chiefs or teachers (as they are educated). They also target influencers
like the Department of Agriculture to help promote their product.
They use media like direct mailers to inform the farmers about their
products and schemes, which, helps in creating a good rapport with the farmers
and schemes, which, helps in creating a good rapport with the farmer and they
distinguish Syngenta from rest of the companies. Press or print media is used

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very judiciously since many of the farmers are not educated. For print
advertising, popular regional newspapers or trade journals are used. For
television advertising, regional television is used extensively and the most
preferred channel is Doordarshan since the reach of Cable television is
minimal. Programmes like aamchi maati, aamchi mansa which are targeted
towards farmers are used advertising. Radio is a very essential media since it
has a wide reach. Audio advertising is also done through vehicles, which
announce the product and its features by way of catchy phrases. Films and
slides are another very effective way of marketing. T h e y a r e screened at
village theatres or at farmer meetings specially organized to inform them about
the product. The films are either educational where only the product story is
told or they may be theme based like a feature film wherein the product story is
told through dramatization of a theme which appeals to the farmer. Other
media used are wall paintings, hoardings and point of purchase media like
posters and danglers.
Another effective way of marketing is word-of-mouth publicity. The
company targets influencers like village sarpanch or a very prosperous farmer
who enjoys very good reputation among the farmers. These people inform
other farmers about the company and its products.
e. Public relations
This element is used to build preferences and awareness among the
farmers. This is done through trade fairs, sponsorship of events, public service
activities. For instance, Syngenta is involved in a project called Project
Sahyog to help farmers cultivating rice. It also organizes lot of training
programmes to create awareness and train the farmers about modern farming
techniques and use of High Yielding Varieties. This is in short the marketing
strategy of Syngenta Cropscience. Other agrochemical companies also adopt a
similar strategy.

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3.9 Competitive Positioning of the Key Players

The Indian pesticides market can be divided into three major groups as
follows: On the one hand, there are large Indian companies that produce both
technical grade pesticides and formulations and have a large product portfolio
of generic products. Key players among them are Excel Industries, Rallis
Industries. On the other side, there are a larger number of subsidiaries of
multinational companies catering to niche segments like specialty products.
The chief players are Monsanto Chemicals, Bayer (India), Novartis (India) and
Cyanamid Agro. Lastly, there is presence of a large number of small players
engaged in formulation business. The local market is characterized by large
capacities with low capacity utilization that has resulted in a steady decline in
the selling prices of many generic products. The uncertain weather conditions
coupled with long credit period for farmers and poor economic status of
farmers have resulted in low margins for the players in the industry. Many
Indian players have very little investments in research and development
activities.

Consequently, the Indian players own very few proprietary

molecules and product patents. Patent protection is necessary so that producers

can invest in intensive research and development and identify new and more
effective but less harmful products. The following factors are considered by
industry players as critical for the future growth in this industry:
To have a global reach: There are more than 100 countries particularly
high priced US and European markets, which offer opportunities for the
Indian players to improve sales revenues and improve capacity
utilization.
To obtain global registration: It is mandatory for players operating
outside India to comply with various rules and regulations like
registration of pesticides to enable local sales in the country.
To have extensive distribution channels: A strong reach across the
country using a network of wholesalers and retailers spread

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geographically across cities and regions will enable the players to

consolidate their position with reference to unorganized players.
To have large product portfolio: Wide range of product portfolio
covering most of the target markets which are experiencing substantial
growth.
In future, the firms will have to set up integrated world class
manufacturing facilities employing state of the art process and technologies
developed through in-housing research and development to survive in the
fiercely competitive market. Besides, companies will have to provide superior
quality products at cheaper prices with complementary services and build
customer franchise.
3.10 Opportunities for Indian Players
The following table briefly enumerates the opportunities of Indian
players in the industry based on the characteristics of the agrochemical industry
as follows:
TABLE: 3.12
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AGROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND
OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIAN PLAYERS
Characteristics of the agrochemical
industry
Limited Research and development
activities
Seasonal demand
Environmental regulations
Small scale of operations
Large unutilized idle capacity

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Opportunities for Indian players

Exploit the generic business as 70% of
molecules are off patent
Opportunity to tap commercial crops
Set up manufacturing base for global
players
Develop niche markets and low
dosage molecules in future
Opportunity to develop new markets
and increase awareness level for
pesticides usage

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References
Pesticides in Agriculture,
http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/?q=content/pesticides-agriculture, Thu,
11/06/2009
http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/126100PESTICIDES.aspx
http://www.pesticides-india.com/
Ashok Kumar Ora, Bharat Bhushan Sharma ,Manish Singhal and
Kamal Bhukkal, Report on Pesticides Industry, Submitted to Institute of
Agri Business Management, S K Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner. 2011
Sujit Choudhury (2002), Distribution network analysis for marketing of
fertilizer in West Bengal, http://www.geospatialworld.net
Marketing of Pesticides: Case study on Syngenta Croscience, Project on
Agrochemical, http://www.scribd.con/doc/21254546/Project-Report-onAgrochemicals 26

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