SARDAR RAJA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ALANGULAM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MICRO LESSON PLAN

SUBJECT NAME

: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I

SUBJECT CODE

: EC 2205

SEMESTER

: III

YEAR

: II
HANDLED BY

KALIMUTHU V
AP/ ECE
E-MAILID:v.kalimuthuamutha@gmail.com

EC 2205 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I

LTPC
3104

AIM
The aim of this course is to familiarize the student with the analysis and design of basic
transistor Amplifier circuits and power supplies.
OBJECTIVE

On completion of this course the student will understand

The methods of biasing transistors
Design of simple amplifier circuits
Midband analysis of amplifier circuits using small - signal equivalent circuits to
determine gain input impedance and output impedance
Method of calculating cutoff frequencies and to determine bandwidth
Design of power amplifiers
Analysis and design of power supplies.

UNIT I TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY

12

BJT Need for biasing Stability factor - Fixed bias circuit, Load line and quiescent
point. Variation of quiescent point due to FE h variation within manufacturers tolerance Stability factors - Different types of biasing circuits - Method of stabilizing the Q point Advantage of Self bias (voltage divider bias) over other types of biasing, Bias
compensation Diode, Thermister and Sensistor compensations, Biasing the FET and
MOSFET.

UNIT II MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

12

CE, CB and CC amplifiers - Method of drawing small-signal equivalent circuit - Midband

analysis of various types of single stage amplifiers to obtain gain, input impedance and
output impedance - Millers theorem - Comparison of CB, CE and CC amplifiers and
their uses - Methods of increasing input impedance using Darlington connection and
bootstrapping - CS, CG and CD (FET) amplifiers - Multistage amplifiers.Basic emitter
coupled differential amplifier circuit - Bisection theorem. Differential gain CMRR - Use
of constant current circuit to improve CMRR - Derivation of transfer characteristic.

UNIT III FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS

12

General shape of frequency response of amplifiers - Definition of cutoff frequencies and

bandwidth - Low frequency analysis of amplifiers to obtain lower cutoff frequency Hybrid
equivalent circuit of BJTs - High frequency analysis of BJT amplifiers to obtain upper
cutoff frequency Gain Bandwidth Product - High frequency equivalent circuit of FETs High frequency analysis of FET amplifiers - Gain-bandwidth product of FETs - General
expression for frequency response of multistage amplifiers - Calculation of overall upper
and lower cutoff frequencies of multistage amplifiers - Amplifier rise time and sag and
their relation to cutoff frequencies.

UNIT IV LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

12

Classification of amplifiers, Class A large signal amplifiers, second harmonic distortion,

higher order harmonic distortion, transformer-coupled class A audio power amplifier
efficiency of Class A amplifiers. Class B amplifier efficiency - push-pull amplifier distortion in amplifiers - complementary-symmetry (Class B) push-pull amplifier, Class C,
Class D amplifier Class S amplifier MOSFET power amplifier, Thermal stability and
heat sink.

UNIT V RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES

12

Classification of power supplies, Rectifiers - Half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers

with resistive load. Analysis for

dc

V and ripple voltage with C, L, LC and CLC filters.

Voltage multipliers, Voltage regulators - Zener diode regulator, principles of obtaining a

regulated power supply, regulator with current limiting, Over voltage protection, Switched
mode power supply (SMPS), Power control using SCR.

TUTORIAL = 15 TOTAL : 60 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS
1. Millman J and Halkias .C., Integrated Electronics, TMH, 2007.
2. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar and A. Vallavaraj, Electronic Devices and Circuits,
2nd Edition, TMH, 2007.
REFERENCES
1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th
Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2007.
2. David A. Bell, Electronic Devices & Circuits, 4th Ediion, PHI, 2007
3. Floyd, Electronic Devices, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002.
4. I.J. Nagrath, Electronic Devices and Circuits, PHI, 2007.
5. Anwar A. Khan and Kanchan K. Dey, A First Course on Electronics, PHI, 2006.
6. B.P. Singh and Rekha Singh, Electronic Devices and Integrated Circuits, Pearson
Education, 2006.
7. Rashid M, Microelectronics Circuits, Thomson Learning, 2007.

Sl.No

WEEK
NO

TOPICS
UNIT I

01
02
03
04

05
06
07
08
09
10

II

T/ R
BOOK
NO

PAGE
NO

A/ V
CLASS

TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY

BJT
Need for biasing Stability factor
Fixed bias circuit, Load line and
quiescent point
Variation of quiescent point due to hFE
variation within manufacturers
tolerance, Stability factors
Different types of biasing circuits,
Method of stabilizing the Q point
Advantage of Self bias (voltage divider
bias) over other types of biasing
Bias compensation Diode,
Thermister and Sensistor compensations
Biasing the FET and MOSFET
Tutorial

T2

149
174
181

yes

T2
180
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2

181
185
193
193
213

yes

UNIT II MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

11
12
13
III
14
15
16

17

IV

18
19
20
21
22
V

23

CE, CB and CC amplifiers

Method of drawing small-signal
equivalent circuit ,
Midband analysis of various types of
single stage amplifiers to obtain gain,
input impedance and output impedance
Millers theorem
Comparison of CB, CE and CC
amplifiers and their uses
Methods of increasing input impedance
using Darlington connection and
bootstrapping
CS, (FET) amplifiers.
CG(FET) amplifiers
CD(FET) amplifiers
Multistage amplifiers
Basic emitter coupled differential
amplifier circuit - Bisection theorem
Differential gain CMRR - Use of
constant current circuit to improve
CMRR - Derivation of transfer
characteristic
Tutorial

T2
T2

279
284

yes

284
T2
T2
T2

251
308

T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2

313
313
313
313
323
325

T2

yes

UNIT III
24

25

26

27
28
VI
29

30

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS

General shape of frequency response of
amplifiers - Definition of cutoff
T2
frequencies and bandwidth
Low frequency analysis of amplifiers to
obtain lower cutoff frequency Hybrid,
T2
equivalent circuit of BJTs
High frequency analysis of BJT
amplifiers to obtain upper cutoff
T2
frequency Gain Bandwidth Product
High frequency equivalent circuit of
T2
FETs
High frequency analysis of FET
amplifiers - Gain-bandwidth product of
T2
FETs
General expression for frequency
T2
response of multistage amplifiers
Calculation of overall upper and lower
cutoff frequencies of multistage
amplifiers

Amplifier rise time and sag and their

relation to cutoff frequencies
VII
Tutorial
UNIT IV LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS
Classification of amplifiers,
Class A large signal amplifiers
VII
second harmonic distortion, higher
order harmonic distortion
transformer-coupled class A audio
power amplifier
efficiency of Class A amplifiers
VIII
Class B amplifier efficiency
push-pull amplifier - distortion in
amplifiers
Preamplifiers,
Error Sources Receiver Configuration
complementary-symmetry (Class B)
push-pull amplifier
IX
Class C, amplifier
Class D amplifier Class S amplifier
Class S amplifier
MOSFET power amplifier,
Thermal stability and heat sink
Tutorial
X

389

397
403

412
417

349

351
T2

T2

T2
T2
T2

351

428
428
429

T2

432
434

T2

436

T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2

438
438
438
442
443
443
443
445
446

yes

UNIT V RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES

49
50

51
52
XI
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60

XII

Classification of power supplies

Rectifiers - Half-wave,

T2
T2

full-wave and bridge rectifiers with

resistive load

T2

Analysis for Vdc and ripple voltage with

C, L, LC and CLC filters
Voltage multipliers
Voltage regulators
Zener diode regulator,
principles of obtaining a regulated
power supply, regulator with current
limiting
Over voltage protection
Switched mode power supply (SMPS)
Power control using SCR
Tutorial

T2

617
619

yes

619
628

T2

637

T2

639

T2
T2

643
654

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
UNIT I
TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY
PART A (2 Marks)
1. Why do we choose q point at the center of the loadline?
2. Name the two techniques used in the stability of the q point ,explain.
3. Why is the operating point selected at the Centre of the active region?
4. List out the different types of biasing.
5. What do you meant by thermal runway?
6.Why is the transistor called a current controlled device?
7. Define current amplification factor?
8. What are the requirements for biasing circuits?
9. When does a transistor act as a switch?
10. What is biasing?
11. What is operating point?
12. What is stability factor?
13. What is d.c load line?
14. What are the advantages of fixed bias circuit?
15. Explain about the various regions in a transistor?
16. Explain about the characteristics of a transistor?
17. What is the necessary of the coupling capacitor?
18. What is reverse saturation current?
19. Calculate the value of feedback resistor (Rs) required to self bias an N-channel
JFET with IDSS = 40 mA, Vp = -10 v and VGSQ = -5V
20. Draw the fixed bias single stage transistor circuit.

yes

PART B
1. Explain the need for biasing , Stability factor and Fixed bias circuit (16)
2. Explain in detail different types of biasing circuits (16)
3. Explain the advantage of self bias (voltage divider bias) over other types of
biasing.(16)
4. Explain the various types of bias compensation techniques. (16)
5.
i) Explain biasing of FET (8)
ii) Explain biasing of MOSFET (8)
6. (1) Explain the fixed bias method and derive an expression for the
stability factor.(8)
(2) Discuss the operation of thermistor compensation. (8)
7. Explain the circuit which uses a diode to compensate for changes in
VBE and in ICO.(16)

UNIT II
MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS
PART A (2 Marks)
1. What is an amplifier?
2. How are amplifiers classified according to the input?
3. How are amplifiers classified according to the transistor configuration?
4. What is the different analysis available to analyze a transistor?
5. How can a DC equivalent circuit of an amplifier be obtained?
6. How can a AC equivalent circuit of a amplifier be obtained?
7. What is small signal amplifier?
8. Draw the small signal equivalent model or h-parameter model of a transistor.
9. What are the advantages of h-parameter equivalent circuit?
10. Tabulate the h-parameters for all the 3 configurations.
11. What are the steps involved in midband analysis of single stage amplifiers?
12. What is the need to go for simplified hybrid model?
13.What are the techniques available to improve the input impedances?
14. Define CMRR
15. State Millers theorem.
16. What is the coupling schemes used in multistage amplifiers?
PART B ( 16 Marks)
1. Explain the AC and DC Analysis of Common Emitter amplifier . (16)
2. Explain the AC and DC Analysis Common Base Amplifier. (16)
3. Explain the AC and DC Analysis Common collector Amplifier. (16)
4. Draw the circuit of a common source FET amplifier & explain its operation? (16)
5. Briefly explain the operation of a Darlington emitter follower and also derive an
expression
for its performance measures? (16)
6. What is a differential amplifier? Explain its working in common mode operation.
Obtain its
AC equivalent circuit & drive the expression for voltage gain? (16)
7. Draw the circuit diagram of a differential amplifier. Explain the operation in difference
mode
and common mode? (16)

8. What are the methods to improve the CMRR of differential amplifier?

Detail any two of them. (16)
9. i) Explain with circuit diagram the boot strapped Darlington emitter follower. (8)
ii) Draw the circuit diagram of self-bias circuit using CE configuration and explain how it
stabilizes operating point. (8)
10.Draw the small signal hybrid model of CE amplifier and derive the expression for its
AI.AV,RI and RO. (16)

UNIT III
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS
PART A (2 Marks)
1. Draw the general shape of the Frequency response of amplifiers.
2. Define bandwidth.
3. Draw the hybrid _ equivalent circuit of BJTs.
4. Define base spreading resistance (rbb).
5. Define rise time
6. Give the relationship between rise time and bandwidth.
7. What are high frequency effects?
8. What is the difference in bandwidth between single stage and multistage amplifiers?
9. Give the expressions for gain bandwidth product for voltage and current.
10. What do you mean by amplifier rise time?
11. What results in a sag?
PARTB( 16 Marks)
1. Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain of transistor at high
frequency (16)
2. i)What is the effect of Cbe on the input circuit of a BJT amplifier at High frequencies?
(8)
ii)Derive the equation for gm which gives the relation between gm, Ic and temperature.
(8)
3. Draw the high frequency hybrid _ model for a transistor in the CE configuration and
explain
the significance of each component. Define alpha cut off frequency. (16)
4. Draw the high frequency equivalent circuit of FET amplifier and derive all the
parameters
related to its frequency response. (16)
5. Using hybrid _ model for CE amplifier derive the expression for its short circuit
current gain. (16)
6.i) Define the frequency response of multistage amplifier and derive its upper and lower
cut-off
frequencies. (8)
ii) How does Rise and Sag time related to cut-off frequencies and prove the same. (8)
7.Discuss the low frequency response and the high frequency response of
an amplifier. (16)
1. Explain the operation of high frequency common source FET amplifier with neat
diagram. Derive the expression for (i) voltage gain (ii) input admittance (iii) input
capacitance (iv) output admittance. (16)

UNIT IV
LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS
PART A (2 Marks)
1. Define Large signal amplifier.
2. What are applications of power amplifier?
3. What are the features of large signal amplifiers?
4. What are the classification of large signal amplifiers?
5. What is class A amplifier?
6. What is class A amplifier?
7. What is class C amplifier?
8. What is class AB amplifier?
9. What is the construction of a class D amplifier?
10. What are the classification of Class A amplifier?
11. What are the advantages of directly coupled class A amplifier?
12. What are the advantages of transformer coupled class A amplifier?
13. What is frequency distortion?
14. Define heat sink.
15. What is theoretical maximum conversion efficiency of class A power amplifier.
16. What is distortion in power amplifiers.
PART B
1. With neat circuit diagram explain the working principle of complementary symmetry
class-B amplifier and (16)
2. Explain and obtain the efficiency of transformer coupled class A power amplifier.
3.Prove that the maximum efficiency of Push Pull class B amplifier is 78.5%. (16)
4. i) Compare class A, class B and class C power amplifier based on their performance
characteristics (8)
ii) Explain the significance of heat sinks for thermal stability. (8)
5. What is the difference between a voltage amplifier and a power amplifier? (16)
6. Differentiate Class S from Class D amplifier and derive the efficiency of
Class D amplifier. (16)
7. (i) Explain the operation of the transformer coupled class A audio power amplifier.(12)
(ii) Explain the terms conversion efficiency and maximum value of efficiency used in
audio power amplifiers.(4)
8. Explain the operation of the class-B push pull power amplifier with neat
diagram and list its advantages.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

UNIT V
RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES
PART A (2 Marks)
Compare the halfwave and fullwave rectifiers
What are the advantages of SMPS
Differentiate between voltage multipliers and voltage regulator
What is the need for voltage regulators
What is the need for over voltage protection
What is PIV rating of full wave bridge rectifier
What is line regulation

8. Derive form factor and peak factor

9. Draw the circuit diagram of LC filter
10. Define TUF
11. Define voltage regulation
12. What is meant by ripple factor
13. Write the advantages of linear voltage regulator
PART B
1. Explain the circuit of voltage regulator and also discuss the short circuit
protection mechanism.
2. Explain the power control method using SCR.(8)
3. Design zener regulator for following specification Vin=8v to 12v; Vo=10v,
RL=10kO. Assume that zener diode is ideal. (8)
4. Explain how zener diode acts as a regulator (6)
5. Draw the ripple factor for FWR with capacitor filter.
6. Draw and explain the working principles of a SMPS circuit with its output
waveforms. (16)
7. Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF
for full wave and bridge rectifier.
8. Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF
for half wave and bridge rectifier.
9. Explain the operation of Voltage multiplier.

ASSIGNMENT TOPICS
ASSIGNMENT-1
1. Explain the AC and DC Analysis of Common Emitter amplifier with emitter
Feed back resistance and by pass capacitance.
(1)Basic Common Emitter amplifier explanation with diagram
(2)Ac and dc analysis with equivalent circuits
(3)Ac and dc analysis with emitter feed back resistance
(4)Ac and dc analysis with by pass capacitance
(5)All the parameters in the analysis are to be given with a relation.
2. Determine Vce and Ic in the Voltage divider Biased Transistor circuit of fig 1

ASSIGNMENT-II
(1) Discuss the working of a basic emitter coupled differential amplifier circuit
(2) Compare CB, CE and CC amplifiers.
(3) Draw the small signal hybrid model of CE amplifier and derive the expression for its
AI.AV,RI and RO.
(4) What are the methods to improve the CMRR of differential amplifier?
Detail any two of them. (16)

ASSIGNMENT-III
(1) How does Rise and Sag time related to cut-off frequencies and prove the same
(2) Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain of transistor at high
frequency
(3) Explain the operation of high frequency common source FET amplifier with neat
diagram. Derive the expression for (i) voltage gain (ii) input admittance (iii) input
capacitance (iv) output admittance.
(4) . Using hybrid _ model for CE amplifier derive the expression for its short circuit
current gain
ASSIGNMENT-IV
(1). Explain the operation of the transformer coupled class A audio power amplifier.
(2). Explain the terms conversion efficiency and maximum value of efficiency used in
audio power amplifiers.
(3). Explain the operation of the class-B push pull power amplifier with neat
diagram and list its advantages
(4). Compare class A, class B and class C power amplifier based on their performance
characteristics

ASSIGNMENT-V
(1). Design zener regulator for following specification Vin=8v to 12v; Vo=10v,
RL=10kO. Assume that zener diode is ideal.
(2) Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF
for half wave and bridge rectifier.
(3) Explain the power control method using SCR