University of Juba

College of natural Resources &

Environmental Studies
Department of agriculture science

Evaluating the effect of different varieties of

soybeans on growth and yields as a result of
widening production in South Sudan

By: Moses Gum Degur (MSC in Agronomy)

Samuel Majak Achieny Bahon Dak
A proposal Submitted for partial fulfillment of
the requirement for masters Degree in
Agronomy at Juba University
South Sudan
18 th May.
2016

1.Introduction
South Sudan is to benefit from technology that is to be developed by young
Agriculture researchers on soya beans crop to boost food security. This will
enhance agricultural section improves practicality to farmers from
subsistent farming to more advance system.
This project is designed to help farmers in South Sudan to tightly follow up
their farming new techniques in a bid to enhance agriculture production to
improve food security create jobs and reduce poverty in South Sudan. We
shall use simple method to development it as a tool for farmers to begin
production locally.
The program once expanded will be introduce to the farmers using local
languages of understanding and also using available personal computers to
accomplish this agriculture project.
As a result of eliminating hunger and improve livelihood through enough
production, therefore come up with idea of evaluating the effect of different
varieties of soya beans production and yields in South Sudan.
A soya bean is one of the most extensively cultivated crops. More maize is
produced, by weight, than any other grain, and almost every country on
Earth cultivates maize commercially for a variety of uses.
The abundant cultivation of maize globally has led to concerns about mono
cropping and biodiversity, especially since genetic evidence suggests that
maize is radically less diverse than it was originally.

As maize plant do not produce tillers effectively. We cannot fill the gap if left
between plants, and therefore the effects of various plant densities on maize
are quite remarkable. An optimum plant stand can enhance the efficiency of
maize by exploiting growth factors in an effective manner. Plant densities
changed most during the last sixty years as new hybrids are tolerant to
greater plant densities (Tollenaar and Lee, 2002). Plant densities commonly
ranged between
25,000 to 30,000 plants ha-1, which increased to 39,500 plants ha -1 after the
dominance of hybrid varieties (Metcalfe and Elkins, 1980).
As fertilizer use increased in middle of 20 century, the research was focused
th

to develop hybrids that can be planted at higher densities and efforts

resulted in plant densities up to 49,000 plants ha -1leading to higher yields of
corn ha-1.
The exact domestication point for maize is unknown, but it is estimated that
the crop is at least 5,000 years old. The plant was originally domesticated in
Mesoamerica, and appears to be related to species of wild grass which still
exist in Central American today.
People in many English speaking nations know maize as corn. Originally, the
term "corn" could refer to any type of grain. When maize was brought back
to Europe, it was called "Indian corn," a reference to the source of the plant.
The term was shortened to "corn" as maize became ubiquitous in many
gardens, Bedel, J. (1975).
Globally, maize is a staple crop, and many people rely on it as a primary
source of nutrition. In addition to playing a major role in the human diet,
maize is also used as livestock fodder.
Maize is processed to make an assortment of products ranging from high
fructose corn syrup to biofuels, all of which play important roles in human
society. Oddly enough, maize is at the forefront of the green revolution with

byproducts like compostable containers and biofuel, while simultaneously

being used as a controversial food additive in the form of corn syrup and
other derivatives.
Domesticated maize grows to a height of eight feet (2.5 meters). It is
typically planted in rows to make it easy to harvest the female ears once
they mature. The crop is also surprisingly vulnerable to pests and drought,
given its global importance as a food source.
The development of GMO maize was partially designed to address this issue,
but some consumers are concerned about the introduction of GMOs into the
food supply.
When maize was initially cultivated in the Americas, it was grown along with
beans and squash. The beans used the stalks of the maize to support
themselves as they grew, while the squash offered a ground cover.
The combination was also healthy for the soil, which was additionally
enriched with alkaline substances. The addition of alkali to the soil proved to
be an important part of growing maize, as alkali frees up niacin in the grain.
When maize was initially exported to other regions, many people suffered
from pellagra, or niacin deficiency, until the problem was identified and
corrected.
Maize, being popular as a food item, is enjoyed by people in various forms,
like, whole corn, corn flour, cornstarch, corn gluten, corn syrup, cornmeal,
corn oil, popcorn, cornflakes, etc. Apart from satisfying the taste buds of its
users, maize is also a good source of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber.
Benefits of Maize
The nutritional value of cornflakes is almost similar to that of cooked maize.
One large ear of cooked yellow maize contains almost 4 grams of protein, 3.5

grams of dietary fiber, around 30 grams of carbohydrates, 1.5 grams of fat,

and 3.6 grams of sugar, around 100 grams of water, no cholesterol and
amounts to 126 calories.
The composition of maize endows it with many health benefits. The high
fiber content prevents constipation and colorectal cancer.
Antioxidants neutralize the effects of harmful free radicals that cause
diseases like cancer. This prevents lung cancer, while lutein prevents age
related vision loss. Antioxidants slow cognitive decline and conditions like
Alzheimer's. Vitamin C boosts immunity and fights infections, while the
presence of vitamin E gives maize anti-aging properties.
Thiamine is required for boosting memory, cognitive functions and nerve
health, and pantothenic acid is essential for energy, as it is linked to
carbohydrate,

protein

and

lipid

metabolism.

Foliate

is

an

essential

requirement, especially during pregnancy.

The phosphorus helps to maintain normal growth, kidney function and bone
health. Magnesium boosts the latter, as well as regulates the heart rate.
Finally, maize lowers LDL cholesterol and guards against cardiac diseases,
diabetes and hypertension.
The traditional maize, like other cereals, also provides proteins, lipids and
little water. Maize has also diuretic properties when taken as a tea and is a
component in certain oils, corn oil and syrup.
One of the nutritional benefits of maize comes from its rich carbohydrate
that is derived from its abundant starch. Maize is also very rich in thiamine or
vitamin B1, which is necessary for the brain to absorb glucose and to
transform that food into energy. Biotin or Vitamin B7 gives nutritional
benefits to maize, since the deficiency of this vitamin in the body affects the
state of the skin and hair.

The nutritional benefits of maize are also determined by its vitamin A, which
functions as an antioxidant in preventing diseases such as cancer. The high
fiber content is another characteristic linked to the nutritional benefits of
maize.
This condition makes it suitable for diets that are made to lose weight and
those made with the aim of lowering cholesterol levels.
Recent clinical studies in Japan, published in the journal Biochemical and
Biophysical Research Communications have shown that purple corn (Zea
mays L.) could be a great ally in the fight against diabetes and obesity
Last year a research team from Japan Doshisha University, Kyoto, was born
to see that the purple corn extract increases the activity of a gene that
regulates the function of fat cells. Obesity and diabetes are the great evils of
this new century, and the properties of the purple corn then open new hope
in preventing it.
Purple corn extract or juice is a powerful antioxidant. This corn is also a good
inhibitor of cholesterol and is a protector of the retina, stimulating blood
circulation and also prevents the development of colorectal cancer. Promotes
tissue regeneration, prevents cardiovascular diseases, retards degenerative
processes in general, has anti-wrinkle action, increases blood circulation,
encourages diuretic action, so that in future instead of the harmful soft
drinks, take purple corn juice.
More Health Benefits of Maize
1. Nutritious and highly appetizing
Maize flour is used to make nutritious bread which is highly palatable, and is
easily broken down in the body. When taken at intervals, bread helps to clean

the colon and the dextrose produced is commonly used for medicinal
purposes.
2. Prevents constipation
Popcorn is a wholesome staple food made by heating small grains. It is easily
digested by the body. In addition, it is practically starch-free and not
fattening, and is converted into intermediate carbohydrates and dextrin,
which is easily absorbed in the body. It promotes peristalsis and is also
beneficial in preventing constipation.
3. Reduces stomach acidity
Maize facilitates the removal of toxic food substance and also accelerates the
passage of faeces through the intestine. Additionally, it protects the digestive
tract thus promoting function of the gall-bladder and reducing stomach
acidity.
4. Combats the symptoms of certain cancers
Cereals generally wheat, rice, millet, oatmeal and maize should be eaten in
large quantities since they are sources of carbohydrates and starch.
According to recent studies, the use of maize helps to combat the effects of
certain cancers, as it reduces the development of cancer.
5. Reduce the risk of diabetes and heart diseases
Maize is low in cholesterol and fat content. Cereal or whole grains are great
sources

of

vitamins

and

minerals,

magnesium,

fiber

and

complex

carbohydrates. The fiber in whole grains helps to prevent the risk of heart
diseases and diabetes, and all its nutrients boost the immune system. The
main shortcoming is that most people are not aware of the numerous health
benefits of maize, hence fail to include it in their nutrition.

Appropriate fertilizer use leads to increased crop yields and high crop
recovery of the applied nutrients. Some elements may be hazardous to the
environment if used in various forms, i.e. nitrates and phosphates (Okalebo,
1987).
Efficient fertilization is there-fore important in ensuring crops attain maturity
within

specific

growing

seasons

(Okalebo,

1987).

Effectiveness

of

phosphorus fertilizers therefore depends on the chemical and physical

properties, rate and method of application, soil and climatic conditions and
the crop species grown (Mokwunye and Bationo, 2002).
In recent years, there has been an increased use of high nutrient fertilizers,
mainly for economic reasons and these are applied in exhausted lands.
Examples of fertilizers used include Diammonium phosphate (DAP), triple
super phosphate (TSP) and manure fertilizers from cow dungs and other
decomposed material (Smallinet al., 1997).
However the responses to cattle manure application are highly variable due
to differences in the chemical composition of the manures.

1.2 Problem statement

The thesis is to discuss a scenario for the South Sudan agriculture policy to
look for models with more market and motivation (and less rules and
regulations). This scenario should be developed based on the comparison of

the framework conditions for agriculture and the sustainability level of farms
in South Sudan.
There should be tool to be developed by the South Sudanese researchers to
analyze sustainability at farm level and to evaluate a farm consultancy
process focused on fostering the fundamentally motivated implementation of
sustainable practice.
Maximum crop yields can only be attained through strict following of all
farming activities right from clearing of the garden for cultivation through to
harvesting of the crops from the garden. Farmers that might have little
educational background have to learn from the research and train rural
people to enhance agricultural sustainability.
The idea is to carryout serious study on what can result to high yields of
maize crop in silt loamy soils. It is be done knowing the nature of fertilizers
whether by green manure (organic) or in Organic known as fertilizer (DAP).

1.3 Objectives of the research

General Objective: Enhance Agriculture Production to Improve Food
Security, Create Jobs and Reduce Poverty in South Sudan.
Specific objectives are;
1. The Research Strategys ambition is to evaluate the effect of different
varieties of soya bean crop on production and yield as a result of
widening production.
2. To empower smallholder farmers in South Sudan to successfully
manage their crops and farms in a more profitable and environmentally
friendly manner, and moving from subsistence to more market
connected, poverty abandoning approaches.
3. To know what significance effect a soya bean does in producing viable
products.

4. To create a sense of awareness for the local farmers towards

sustainable agriculture production as well as re-organizing

and strengthening the existing farmers in the villages to
ensure productivity.

1.4 Significance of the study

By evaluating the effect of different varieties on yields of soya bean crop will
bring about interest from farmers toward production through developing it
from consumption to cash crop in South Sudan.
The aim is to boost production of soya bean regionally and internationally to
minimize poverty at the level of the country.
The main important of this research is for farmers to understand ways on
how improve soya bean productivity into a profitable and marketable product
in the country.
This is to enhance soya bean production in order to improve food security,
create jobs and reduce poverty in South Sudan as well as modifying farming
system in the country by doing the following activities.
i.

Rapidly

Develop

scientific

ways

of

farming

by

introducing

contemporary methods of farming.

ii.

Farmers to adapt the use of new technology and follow proper

application system of farming to improve food security.

iii.

Farmers to train on how to demonstrate the right application of inputs.

1.5 The Research Strategy has two distinct target groups;

1. The first target group includes those farmers who have very poor
production of soya bean in rural areas.
2. The second target group comprises smallholders in more favorable
production areas with some potential to grow but lack sufficient skills in
production, therefore will be shown technical ways of doing it.

1.6 Nature and Limitations of the Study

The proposed study will follow a qualitative research approach, involving
consultations with various experts in University of Juba and Catholic
Universities of South Sudan respectively as the primary method. It will
involve preliminary descriptive procedures from qualified researchers.
It will be limited to meet these experts because of the time constraints as
this may involved inquiries as means of conducting research.
The issue of funds for buying farming equipments might not be possible in
the mean time.

2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1 study area:
The experimental trial that evaluates the effect of different varieties of soya
bean on production and yield will be conducted in the main Juba town.

This experimental trial will be conducted under rain fed conditions and
records will be strictly followed to get accurate data for analysis for this will
be use by future researchers to boost maize production countrywide.

Duration of the study: the study will take a period of four months
right away from the date of planting to the harvesting time.
3.2 study design:
The trial will be laid down in a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD).
This will follow two treatment systems with an area of (2 x 3) m and the
space to be provided is to 45 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants.
A minimum of two seeds will be per a hole and later thin to one after
emergence reaching knee height.

3.3 Statistical Analysis:

ANOVA statistical analysis will be use as means of analyzing the data to be
collected.

4. Conclusion
The expansion of soya bean on the African continent and in particular South
Sudan will be the first milestone to farmers to ensure sustainable
development in the region.

Researchers are easily to developed ways on how to increase production to

produce enough food surpluses to eliminate hunger.
The local population has to accept the new technology and therefore, the
system could rapidly replace traditional way of cultivation. It also worth
mentioning that became important foodstuffs for consumption and had to be
transported to feed labor and populations which were not self-sufficient.

Work Plan
Proposal budget
BUDGET

Amount requested

Budget item

Other revenue

total

(cash)

Photocopying and printing

3000

3000

Transport

2500

2500

Food

2000

2000

Allowance for supervisor

10000

10000

Seeds and tools

2000

2000

Graduation

10000

10000

29, 500 SSP

Grand total

5. References

29, 500 SSP