FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

M ay 28, 2010

UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS

Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT
Clerk of Court

U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA ,

Plaintiff - Appellee ,
v.

No. 09-1220
(D. Colorado)

DERRICK LEE SW AN TZ ,

(D.C. No. 1:07-CR-00438-W YD-1 )

Defendant - Appellant .

OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *

Before H ARTZ , A N D ER SON , and TYM KOVICH , Circuit Judges.

On October 25, 2007, Derrick Lee Swantz was indicted by a federal grand
in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado on one count of
mail fraud, see 18 U.S.C. 1341, and 27 counts of wire fraud, see id. 1343.
Each count charged M r. Sw antz with knowingly devising a scheme to defraud
and to obtain money . . . by means of materially false and fraudulent pretenses,

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

representations, and promises, and the concealment of material facts, R., Vol. 1
Part 1 at 7 (counts 122), 13 (counts 2228) (emphasis added).
Before trial, M r. Sw antz objected to the inclusion in each count of both (1)
a scheme to defraud and (2) a scheme to obtain money by means of materially
false and fraudulent pretenses, representations, and promises, and the
concealment of material facts. Arguing that these are separate offenses and each
count was therefore duplicitous, he moved that the government be required to
elect with respect to each count whether to proceed on the scheme to defraud or
on the scheme to obtain money by false pretenses. The district court denied the
motion, but instructed the jury that it could convict only if it unanimously agreed
that M r. Sw antz was involved in a scheme to defraud or unanimously agreed that
he was involved in a scheme to obtain money by false pretenses (or both). The
jury found M r. Swantz guilty on all 28 counts.
On appeal M r. Swantz argues that his conviction should be reversed and his
case remanded for a new trial because the counts of the indictment were
duplicitous, thereby violating his Sixth Amendment right to a unanimous verdict.
W e affirm, because the jury instructions cured any possible problem.
W e will assume that M r. Sw antz is correct that a scheme to defraud and a
scheme to obtain money by false pretenses are two separate offenses. See United
States v. Cronic, 900 F.2d 1511, 1513 (10th Cir. 1990) (addressing mail fraud, but
noting same issue in wire-fraud statute). W hen two offenses are charged in a
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single count, the count is duplicitous, see United States v. Trammell, 133 F.3d
1343, 1354 (10th Cir. 1998), and present[s] a danger that the jury may convict a
defendant although not reaching a unanimous agreement on precisely which
charge is the basis for the conviction, United States v. Schneider, 594 F.3d 1219,
1228 (10th Cir. 2010).
There is, however, a simple cure for duplicity. The court can instruct the
jury that it must unanimously agree on one of the alternative charges, thereby
safeguarding the defendants right to a unanimous verdict. See Trammell, 133
F.3d at 135455 (One cure for an otherwise duplicitous indictment is to give an
augmented instruction requiring unanimity on one or the other of the acts charged
within a count that otherwise appear to constitute separate offenses. (internal
quotation marks omitted)).
The district court provided such an instruction. It informed the jury:
In Counts 1 through 22, and in Counts 23 through 28, the
government has alleged the defendants actions constituted: (1) a
scheme to defraud, and/or (2) a scheme whereby defendant attempted
to obtain money by materially false or fraudulent pretenses,
representations, or promises. In order to find the defendant guilty of
this offense, you must unanimously find the government has proven
beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant pursued either (1) a scheme
to defraud, or (2) a scheme whereby defendant attempted to obtain
money by means of materially false pretenses, representations, or
promises. Furthermore, should you so decide, you must unanimously
agree as to whether there was a scheme to defraud, or whether there
was a scheme whereby defendant attempted to obtain money by
means of false pretenses, representations, or promises. Of course,
you may unanimously decide defendant did both or neither.

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R., Vol. 1 Part 2 at 240; see Trammell, 133 F.3d at 1355 (endorsing essentially
the same instruction). A ccordingly, M r. Swantzs duplicity argument fails. W e
need not address the governments argument that the indictment was not
duplicitous in the first place.
W e AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge

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