QUESTION WORDS

Who
quin
Whom
a / de quien / es
Whose
de quin/es, cuyo
What
qu
Where
dnde
When
cundo
Which
cul
How
cmo
How many
cuntos(as) (contable)
How much
cunto(a) (no contable)
cunto tiempo, qu tan
How long
largo
How far
qu tan lejos

Months of the year

January
Enero
February Febrero
March
Marzo
April
Abril
May
Mayo
June
Junio
July
Julio
August
Agosto
Septembe Septiembre
r
October
Octubre
November Noviembre
December Diciembre

DEMONSTRATIVES
Singular
Plural
near
this
these
(cerca)
far
that
those
(lejos)
"Some" and "Any"
Examples:
There is some water.
some
+
There are some girls.
There isn't any water.
any
__
There aren't any girls.
Is there any water?
any
?
(normally)
Are there any girls?

Days of the week

Monday
Lunes
Tuesday
Martes
Wednesday Mircoles
Thursday
Jueves
Friday
Viernes
Saturday
Sbado
Sunday
Domingo
Seasons of the year
spring
primavera
summer
verano
autumn /
fall
otoo
winter
invierno

Colors
beige
beige
negro
black
blue
azul
caf
brown
gold/golden dorado
verde
green
grey
gris
anaranjado
orange
rosado
pink
morado
purple
rojo
red
silver
plateado
blanco
white
amarillo
yellow

Articles
COMPOUND
WORDS
English Indefinidos Spanish
English Definidos
Spanish
anything an
hairdresser
estilista
alguna cosa,
nada,
the
a
cualquier cosa
armchair
Antes
de un sonido silln
Antes de un sonido Sehandsome
usa delanteguapo
de los nombres de un
armpitde vocal.
axila
homework
de consonante.
significadotarea
definido o especial
backpack
mochila
housewife ama de casa
baseball
baseball
milkshake malteada
basketball
bathroom

basketball
bao

motorcycle motocicleta
playground patio de receso

bathtub

tina de bao

shoelace

agujeta

blackboard
classroom
cupboard
everybody (one)
everything

pizarrn
saln de clases
alacena
todos (personas)
todos (cosas)

somebody
something
sweatshirt
teacup
toothbrush

alguien
alguna cosa
sudadera
taza
cepillo de dientes

football

football americano

toothpaste pasta de dientes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Greetings and introductions

Abre tu libro
Open your book
Adis
Good bye
Algn problema?
Any problems?
Alguna pregunta?
Any questions?
Aqu lo tienes
Here you have
Bienvenido / gracias
You're welcome
Buenas noches (bienvenida)
Good evening
Buenas noches (despedida)
Good night
Buenas tardes
Good afternoon
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 1

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten

Buenos das
Clmate!
Cierra tu libro
Cuando es tu cumpleaos?
De dnde eres?
Disculpa
Escucha y repite
Escucha. No repitas
Hace calor!
Hace fri!
Has / han terminado?
Hasta luego / Adis
Hola!
Hola!
Levntense!
Listos?
Lo entendiste
Me permite ir al bao?
Me permite pasar?
Me permite salir?
Puede repetirlo, por favor?
Me permite retirarme?
Nos vemos
Pon atencin!
Que edad tienes?
Que hora es?
Repetir
Si / No
Salud (de estornudo
Si / No
Sintense
Te veo maana
Te veo mas tarde
Tmalo con calma /Reljate!
Yo he terminado
Yo no entiendo
A) Como estas tu?
Mas o menos
Regular
Bien
Muy bien
Excelente
B) Yo estoy bien, y tu?
Muy bien, gracias
Gracias
Muchas gracias
Y tu? /
Que hay de ti?
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty

Good morning
Calm down!
Close your book
When is your birthday?
Where are you from?
Excuse me? /!
Listen and repeat
Listen. Don't repeat.
It's hot!
It's cold!
Have you finished?
So long
Hello!
Hi!
Stand up!
Ready?
Do you understand?
May I go to the restroom?
May I come in?
May I go out?
Could you repeat it, please?
May I leave?
See you
Pay attention!
How old are you
What time is it?
Repeat
Yes, I have/ No, I haven't
Bless you
Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
Sit down
See you tomorrow
See you later
Take it easy!
I've finished
I don't understand
A) How are you?
More or less
So so
Ok
Pretty good
Excellent
B) I' m fine thanks, and you?
Very good, thank you
Thank you. / Thanks
Thank you very much /
Thanks a lot
And you? / What about you?

Table of Cardinal Numbers

21 twenty-one
31 thirty-one
22 twenty-two
40 forty
23 twenty-three
50 fifty
24 twenty-four
60 sixty
25 twenty-five
70 seventy
26 twenty-six
80 eighty
27 twenty-seven
90 ninety
28 twenty-eight
100 a/one hundred
29 twenty-nine
1,000 a/one thousand
30 thirty
1,000,000 a/one million
Table of Ordinal Numbers

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 2

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th

first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth

11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th

eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth

21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th

twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
twenty-fourth
twenty-fifth
twenty-sixth
twenty-seventh
twenty-eighth
twenty-ninth
thirtieth

31st
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
1,000th
1,000,000th

thirty-first
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
one hundredth
one thousandth
one millionth

Family Members
English
Spanish
English
Spanish
relatives
parientes
mother in law
suegra
parents
padres
father in law
suegro
mother
mama
sister in law
cuada
father
papa
brother in law
cuado
brother
hermano
son in law
yerno
sister
hermana
daughter in law nuera
daughter
hija
step mother
madastra
son
hijo
step father
padastro
aunt
ta
step brother
hermanastro
uncle
to
step sister
hermanastra
cousin
prima
step daughter hijastra
niece
sobrina
step son
hijastro
nephew
sobrino
god mather
madrina
child
nio (a)
god father
padrino
children
nios (as)
god son
ahijado
grandparents
abuelos
god daughter
ahijada
grand mother
abuela
god child
ahijado (a)
grand father
abuelo
god children
ahijados
grand son
nieto
grand daughter
nieta
grand child
nieto (a)
boy
muchacho
grand children
nietos
girl
muchacha
grand grand parents bisabuelos
wife
esposa
grand grand mother
bisabuela
husband
esposo
grand grand father
bisabuelo
divorced
divorciado (a)
grand grand son
bisnieto
married
casado (a)
grand grand daughter bisnieta
widow
viuda
grand grand child
bisnieto (a)
widower
viudo
grand grand children bisnietos
Who is...............?
She / He is my
Who are............?
They are my .................. and .. .

English
avocado
bacon
beer
beet
bread
broccoli
bun
butter
cabbage
cake
cauliflower
celery
cold ice tea

Food and drinks

Spanish
Espaol
aguacate
1 agua
tocino
2 aguacate
cerveza
3 ajo
betabel
4 albndigas
pan
5 apio
brcoli
6 berenjena
pan de hamburguesa
7 betabel
o hotdog
mantequilla
8 bistec
col
9 broccoli
pastel
10 calabacita
coliflor
11 calabaza
apio
12 catsup
te fri
13 cebolla

Ingls
water
avocado
garlic
meatballs
celery
eggplant
beet
steak
broccoli
squash
pumpkin
ketchup
onion
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 3

cookie
corn
cucumber
eggplant
fried chicken
garlic
ketchup
lettuce
mashed
potatoes
meatballs
milkshake
mushroom
onion
peas
pepper
pop corn

galleta
elote
pepino
berenjena
pollo frito
ajo
catsup
lechuga

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

pur de papa

22

albndigas
malteada
hongo, championes
cebolla
chicharos
pimiento
palomitas

23
24
25
26
27
28
29

potato (es)

papa

30

pumpkin
radish (es)
salad
soup
spinach
squash
steak
taco
toast
tomato
turnip
water

calabaza
rbano
ensalada
sopa
espinaca
calabacita
bistec
taco
pan tostado
jitomates
nabo
agua

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

English
accountant
actor
actress
architect
artist
astronaut
barber
barman
bartender
baseball
basketball player
biologist
bus driver
business
administrator
businessman

cerveza
chicharos
col
coliflor
elote
ensalada
espinaca
galleta
hongo,
championes
jitomates
lechuga
malteada
mantequilla
nabo
palomitas
pan
pan de
hamburguesa
o hotdog
pan tostado
papa
pastel
pepino
pimiento
pollo frito
pur de papa
rbano
sopa
taco
te fri
tocino

beer
peas
cabbage
cauliflower
corn
salad
spinach
cookie
mushroom
tomato
lettuce
milkshake
butter
turnip
pop corn
bread
bun
toast
potato (es)
cake
cucumber
pepper
fried chicken
mashed potatoes
radish (es)
soup
taco
cold ice tea
bacon

Professions
Spanish
contador
actor
actriz
arquitecto
qumico
astronauta
peluquero
bailarn
cantinero
beisbolista
basketbolista
bilogo
conductor

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52

administrador

53 painter

pintor(brocha)

hombre de

54 paramedic

paramdico

English
judge
lawyer
letter carrier
lifeguard
locksmith
mechanic
maid
mail carrier
manager
mason
model
musician
nurse

Spanish
juez
abogado
cartero
salva vidas
cerrajero
mecnico
sirvienta
cartero
gerente
albail
modelo
msico
enfermera

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 4

negocios
16 butcher

carnicero

55

17
18
19
20

56
57
58
59

22 dancer

carpintero
cajero
qumico
cocinera
albail o
trabajador en
construcciones
bailarn

23 dentist

dentista

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

carpenter
cashier
chemist
cook

21 construction worker

photographe
r
pilot
plumber
poet
police officer

fotgrafo
piloto
plomero
poeta
polica

60 politician

poltico

detective
director
mdico
baterista
electricista
ingeniero
granjero
bombero
aeromoza

61 psychologist
real estate
62
agent
63 receptionist
64 salesman
65 secretary
66 singer
67 soldier
68 student
69 tailor
70 taxi driver
71 teacher

33 football player

jugador de football

72 travel agent

34
35
36
37
38
39

supervisor
jardinero
estilista
ama de casa
joyero
reportero

73
74
75
76
77
78

psiclogo
agente de
bienes races
recepcionista
vendedor
secretaria
cantante
soldado
estudiante
sastre
taxista
maestro
agente de
viajes
mecangrafa
veterinario
mesero
mesera
obrero
escritor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

detective
director
doctor
drummer
electrician
engineer
farmer
fire fighter
flight attendant
foreman
gardener
hairdresser
housewife
jeweler
journalist

English
airport
apartment
baker's
bank
barber shop
bay
beach
bookshop
bus station
bus stop
butcher's
caf
cake shop
chemist's
church
city
clothes shop
country

typist
veterinarian
waiter
waitress
worker
writer

Shops and Public Places

Spanish
English
aeropuerto
29 hairdresser's
departamento
30 hardware shop
panadera
31 hospital
banco
32 hypermarket
barbera
33 jeweller's
baha
34 laundry
playa
35 library
librera
36 mountain
estacin de camiones 37 movie theater
parada de autobs
38 museum
carnicera
39 office
cafetera
40 optician's
pastelera
41 park
farmacia
42 police station
iglesia
43 post office
ciudad
44 ranch
tienda de ropas
45 record shop
campo, pas
46 restaurant

Spanish
peluquera
ferretera
hospital
hipermercado
joyera
lavandera
biblioteca
montaa
teatro
museo
oficina
ptico
parque
estacin de polica
oficina postal
rancho
tienda de discos
restaurante

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 5

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

court
drugstore
dry cleaner's
farm
fish shop
flat
florist's
forest
greengrocer'
27 s
28 grocery store

corte
droguera
tintorera
granja
pescadera
departamento
floristera
bosque

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

school
shoe shop
sports shop
stadium
stationer's
supermarket
telephone box
travel agent's

frutera
tienda de abarrotes

55 university

escuela
zapatera
tienda de deportes
estadio
papelera
supermercado
cabina de telfono
agencia de viajes
universidad

Where is the doctor?

Where is the judge?
Where is the bus?
Where is the farmer?
Where is the priest?

Irregular Verbs

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Spanish

Bare Infinitive

Simple Past

ser o estar
llevar / soportar
golpear
convertir
comenzar
doblar
lazar
morder
sangrar
soplar
romper
criar / cultivar /
procrear
traer
construir
estallar / reventar
comprar
echar / lanzar / arrojar
atrapar

be
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break

was/were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke

Past
Participle
been
borne
beaten
become
begun
bent
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken

breed

bred

bred

bring
build
burst
buy
cast
catch

brought
built
burst
bought
cast
caught

brought
built
burst
bought
cast
caught
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 6

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

elegir
aferrarse
venir
costear
arrastrarse / deslizarse
cortar
tratar / repartir /
acordar
cavar / es-excarbar
hacer
dibujar
beber
manejar
comer
caer
alimentar
sentir
luchar
encontrar
huir
arrojar
volar
prohibir
pronosticar
olvidar
perdonar
abandonar
helar / congelar /
bloquear
conseguir / obtener /
lograr
dar
ir
moler / rechinar /
chirriar
crecer
colgar
tener
or
ocultar
golpear
sostener
daar / lastimar
mantener
arrodillarse
saber / conocer
colocar / poner / tender
llevar
ventaja/conducir/guiar
dejar / abandonar
prestar
dejar / permitir
mentir
perder
hacer
significar / querer decir
encontrarse / reunirse /
conocerse
equivocarse / cometer
un error / confundirse
participar
pagar
poner/colocar

choose
cling
come
cost
creep
cut

chose
clung
came
cost
crept
cut

chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
cut

deal

dealt

dealt

dig
do
draw
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forecast
forget
forgive
forsake

dug
did
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flew
forbade
forecast
forgot
forgave
forsook

dug
done
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

got

give
go

gave
went

given
gone

grind

ground

ground

grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
kneel
know
lay

grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knew
laid

grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
known
laid

lead

led

led

leave
lend
let
lie
lose
make
mean

left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant

left
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant

meet

met

met

mistake

mistook

mistaken

partake
pay
put

partook
paid
put

partaken
paid
put
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 7

75 leer
librarse de algo /
76
deshacerse de
pasear / montar/dar
77
una vuelta
sonar / tocar una
78
timbre
79 subir
80 correr
81 decir
82 ver
83 buscar
84 vender

read

read

read

rid

rid

rid

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

rise
run
say
see
seek
sell

rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold

risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold

Pronombres Personales Sujetos

Vamos a empezar por conocer los equivalentes en ingls de los pronombres personales en
castellano:
Yo
Tu
El
Ella
El/ella (objeto)
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos/ellas

I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They

Su colocacin en la frase suele ser al comienzo de la misma:

I have a dog.
You are my brother.

Yo tengo un perro
Tu eres mi hermano

El pronombre personal tiene que concordar con el verbo, no obstante, los verbos ingleses, salvo
los auxiliares, no varan, excepto en la tercera persona del singular:
I eat apples.
You eat apples.
He eats apples.

Yo como manzanas
Tu comes manzanas
El come manzanas

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 8

 El pronombre "it" (3 persona singular) se utiliza para objetos y animales, aunque a veces con
estos ltimos se utiliza "he" (l) o "she" (ella):
I have a car. It is red.

Yo tengo un coche. El es
rojo

El verbo "to be" en ingls es equivalente a los verbos "ser" y "estar" en castellano.

Spanish

THE VERB "TO BE" IN SIMPLE PRESENT

Affirmative Contraction
Negative

Interrogative

Yo soy / estoy

I am

I'm

I'm not

Am I?

Tu eres / ests
Usted es / est

You are

You're

You aren't

Are you?

El es / est

He is

He's

He isn't

Is he?

Ella es / est

She is

She's

She isn't

Is she?

Ello es / est

It is

It's

It isn't

Is it?

We aren't

Are we?

You aren't

Are you?

They
aren't

Are they?

Nosotros(as)
We are
We're
somos / estamos
Ustedes son /
You are
You're
estn
Ellos(as) son /
They are
They're
estn
declinacin en tiempo pasado (simple past):
Yo era/estaba (fui/estuve)
Tu eras/estabas (fuiste/estuviste)
El/ella era/estaba (fue/estuvo)
Nosotros ramos/estbamos

Su

I was
You were
He/she/it was
We were
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 9

(fuimos/estuvimos)
Vosotros erais/estabais (fuisteis/estuvisteis)
Ellos/ellas eran/estaban (fueron/estuvieron)

You were
They were

Past Simple Tense with the Verb "to be"

-- Subject Auxiliary Verb -

was

short as a child.

+ We

were

in New York last week.

She

was

the top student in her class.

was

not

tall as a child.

- You

were

not

funny last night.

He

was

not

happy about failing the test.

Was

a lot of fun as a child?

Were

you

the tallest in your class?

Was

she

a good runner in hight school?

El verbo "to be" se puede utilizar como un verbo ordinario y en este caso sirve para dar
informacin sobre el sujeto:
I am old.
The car is red.

Yo soy mayor
El coche es rojo
Hace frio (el da est
frio)

It is cold.

Tambin se utiliza como verbo auxiliar para formar las formas continuas:
I am running.
Yo estoy corriendo
I was running.
Yo estaba corriendo
Y para construir la forma pasiva:
La mesa est hecha de
madera

The table is made of wood.

Otro uso del verbo "to be" es seguido de infinitivo y se utiliza para dar rdenes de una manera
un tanto impersonal, especialmente con la 3 persona, o tambin para comunicar un plan:
He is to solve that problem.
They are to help you.
I am to travel next week.

El debe resolver ese

problema
Ellos deben ayudarte
Voy a viajar la prxima
semana

http://www.english-the-easy-way.com/Present_Tense/To_Be_Quiz.htm

Verbo "To have"

El verbo "to have" en ingls es equivalente a los verbos "haber" y "tener" en castellano.
Yo he/tengo
Tu has/tienes
El/ella ha/tiene
Nosotros hemos/tenemos
Vosotros habis/tenis

I have
You have
He/she/it has
We have
You have
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 10

Ellos/ellas han/tienen

They have

Como contracciones de estas formas se utilizan:

I/you/we/they have
I/you/we/they've
He/she/it has
He/she/it's
Su declinacin en pasado simple (simple past) tiene una nica forma:
Yo haba/tena (hube/tuve)
Tu habas/tenas (hubiste/tuviste)
El/ella haba/tena (hubo/tuvo)
Nosotros habamos/tenamos
(hubimos/tuvimos)
Vosotros habiis/tenais
(hubisteis/tuvisteis)
Ellos/ellas haban/tenan
(hubieron/tuvieron)

I had
You had
He/she/it had
We had
You had
They had

El verbo "to have" se puede utilizar como un verbo ordinario y en este caso tiene el significado
de "tener":
I have a car.
Yo tengo un coche
She had a boyfriend.
Ella tuvo un novio
Y tambin se utiliza en algunas expresiones con el sentido de "tomar":
I had a drink after the
Tom una bebida despus del partido
match.
She has a bath.
Ella toma un bao
Como verbo auxiliar, "to have" se utiliza para construir las formas compuestas:
I have read.
Yo he leido
He had played tennis.
El haba jugado al tenis
Nosotros hemos visto una
We have seen a film.
pelcula
Have as the Main Verb in Positive Sentences
Subject

Main Verb "Have"

Continue the Sentence

have /had/will have

a car.

We

have /had/will have

a lot of homework.

You

have/had/will have

a nice house.

The cars

have/had/will have

new tires.

Natalie

has/had/will have

a great time in the States.

Her father
has/had/will have
*have is used in the present simple tense.
*has is used in the past simple tense.
*will have is used in the future simple tense.

a very good job.

Have as the Main Verb in Negative

Subject

Auxiliary verb Not Main Verb "Have"

Continue the Sentence

do/did/will

not have

time to visit him.

We

do/did/will

not have

to cook dinner when I got home.

They

do/did/will

not have

a lot of time to visit Mary.

The car

does/did/will

not have

a new paint job.

Our teacher does/did/will

not have

a hard time teaching us.

My father

not have

me spent a lot of money on candy.

does/did/will

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 11

*do is used in the Present Simple Tense with the following pronouns I. you, we, they, and plural
nouns.
*does is used in the Present Simple Tense with the following pronouns he, she, it and plural
nouns and uncountable nouns.
Question with the verb "have" as the main verb
Wh - word (if
needed)

Auxiliary Verb Subject

Main Verb
"Have"

Continue the Sentence

When

do/did/will

have

time to visit him?

Do/Did/Will

we

have

to cook dinner when we got home?

Why

do/did/will

they

have

little homework?

When

does/did/will

the car

have

to get a new paint job?

Does/Did/Will our teacher have

a hard time teaching us?.

Why

does/did/will

so much candy in the car?.

your father have

Verbo "To do"

El verbo "to do" en ingls puede funcionar como verbo ordinario, con el significado de "hacer",
o como verbo auxiliar.
Nosotros hacemos
We do
Yo hago
I do
Vosotros hacis
You do
Tu haces
You do
Ellos/ellas hacen
They do
El/ella hace
He/she/it does
En el pasado simple (simple past) tiene una nica forma:
Nosotros hicmos
Yo hice
I did
Vosotros hicisteis
Tu hiceste
You did
Ellos/ellas
El/ella hizo
He/she/it did
hicieron

We did
You did
They did

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 12

 Como verbo ordinario con el significado de "hacer" hay que distinguirlo de otro verbo, "to
make", que tambin se traduce en castellano por "hacer", aunque este ltimo con un significado de
"fabricar":
I did my job.
Yo hice mi trabajo
I made a cake.
Yo hice un pastel
What areyou doing this
Qu haces esta tarde?
evening?
She made that table.
Ella hizo esa mesa
Como verbo auxiliar, se utiliza para construir las formas negativas y de interrogacin del
presente y del pasado simple:
I don't know that.
Yo no se eso
I didnt answer
No contest correctamente
correctly.
Do you go to the
Vas al cine?
cinema?
Didn't you see that film? No viste esa pelcula?
Como se puede observar, en las formas negativas se suelen utilizar contracciones:
Do not
Don't
Does not
Doesn't
Did not
Didn't
Otro uso del verbo "to do" es para evitar la repeticin de un verbo que se acaba de mencionar,
especialmente en la contestacin de preguntas:
Do you like coffee?
Yes, I do
Did you play tennis?
Yes, I did
... and so do I ( = I like music
He likes music...
too)

Present Simple (Presente del Indicativo)

Se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, genricas, que tienen lugar con cierta frecuencia,
sin hacer referencia a si en el momento actual se estn realizando.
I study English.

Yo estudio ingls; empec hace algn

tiempo y contino, aunque puede que en el
momento presente no est realizando esta
actividad.
He plays tennis. El juega al tenis; practica este deporte
con cierta asiduidad, pero no significa que
en el momento presente est en la pista de
tenis jugando.
I work in a bank. Yo trabajo en un banco; sta es mi
profesin, aunque puede que en el
momento actual yo est de vacaciones,
descansando en mi casa.

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 13

 Tambin se utiliza para hablar de acciones futuras que ya han sido planificadas, especialmente al
referirse a viajes.
I leave Madrid tomorrow
Me voy de Madrid maana por la
morning.
maana
La forma del "present simple" coincide con la del infinitivo sin la partcula "to", salvo en la 3
persona del singular en la que se le aade una "s".
Infinitivo
I / you / we / they He / she / it
To eat (comer)
eat
eats
To run (correr)
run
runs

Si el verbo termina en "ss", "sh", "ch", "x", "o", al formar la 3 persona del singular se le aade
"-es".
Infinitivo
I / you / we / they He / she / it
To kiss (besar)
I kiss
He kisses
To watch (observar)
I watch
He watches
Si el verbo termina en "y" tras consonante, al formar la 3 persona del singular se sustituye esta
"y" por una "i", seguida de la terminacin "es".
Infinitivo
I / you / we / they He / she / it
To carry (llevar)
I carry
He carries
To envy (envidiar)
I envy
He envies
Las oraciones negativas se forman con el auxiliar "to do", habitualmente en sus formas
contradas: "dont" (= do not) para las personas "I, you, we, they", y "doesnt" (= does not) para las
personas "he, she, it".
I don't play tennis.
Yo no juego al tenis
She doesnt go to the
Ella no va al cine
cinema.
We dont know the answer. Nosotros no sabemos la
respuesta
La forma interrogativa se forma tambin con el auxiliar "to do" al comienzo de la oracin ("do"
con las personas "I, you, we, they"; "does" con "he, she, it").
Do you play tennis?
Juegas al tenis ?
Does she go to the cinema?
Va ella al cine ?
Do we know the answer?
Conocemos la respuesta ?
Present Simple Tense
- Subject Auxiliary Verb -

Main Verb -

live

in New york.

+ We

play

football.

She

plays

outside.

do

not live

in New York.

- You

do

not live

in London

He

does

not live

in a big house.

Do

make

a lot of money?

you

learn

English in school?

she

clean

the house everyday or once a week?

? Do
Does

Past Simple (Pasado Simple)

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 14

 Se utiliza para referirse a acciones que se desarrollaron en el pasado y que hace ya algn tiempo
que finalizaron.
I studied English.
I bought a car.

Yo estudi ingls (fue una actividad que realic en

el pasado y que ya finaliz)
Yo compr un coche

En estas oraciones no se da informacin sobre el presente:

I lost my job. Yo perd mi trabajo (puede que en la actualidad lo haya
vuelto a recuperar)
I bought a car. Yo compr un coche (en la actualidad puede que ya no
tenga el coche, que lo haya vendido)
Con frecuencia se indica el periodo de tiempo en el que se desarroll la accin:
I played tennis yesterday.
Yo jugu al tenis ayer.
I went to Paris last summer.
Yo fui a Pars el verano pasado
La estructura de la frase es similar a la del presente, utilizando el verbo principal en su forma
pasada.
She listens to music.
Ella escucha msica (presente)
She listened to music.
Ella escuch msica (pasado)
En las formas negativas e interrogativas se emplea, asimismo, una estructura similar: se utiliza el
verbo auxiliar "to do" en su tiempo pasado, que acompaa al verbo principal en su forma infinitiva:
I didnt go to the party. Yo no fui a la fiesta
Did you go to the party? Fuiste t a la fiesta ?

En la formacin del tiempo pasado hay que distinguir entre verbos regulares e irregulares: los
verbos regulares forman el tiempo pasado aadiendo "-ed" a la forma infinitiva , mientras que los
irregulares no siguen un patrn determinado, hay que estudiarlos individualmente
Verbo regular
Verbo irregular

"To listen": forma pasada "listened".

"To go": forma pasada "went"

La forma pasada de los verbos es nica para todas las personas, no hay una forma distinta para la
3 persona del singular como ocurra en el presente.
I / you / he / she / we / they "listened"
I / you / he / she / we / they "went"

Past Simple Tense

-

Subject

Auxiliary
Verb

Main Verb

live

in New york.

+ We

play

football.

She

plays

outside.

did

not

live

in New York.

You

did

not

live

in London

He

did

not

live

in a big house as a child.

receive

a letter in the mail?

you

learn

English in school?

? Did
Did

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 15

Did

she

clean

the house everyday or once a week?

Present Continuous (Presente Continuo)

Se utiliza para describir acciones que se estn desarrollando en este mismo momento:
I am reading a book.
You are playing
football.

Yo estoy leyendo un libro (en este preciso

instante)
T ests jugando al futbol

Tambin se utiliza para describir acciones que se estn desarrollando alrededor del momento en
el que se habla, aunque no necesariamente en ese preciso instante:
I am studying
French.

Yo estoy estudiando francs (me he matriculado

en una academia, pero no necesariamente en este
preciso momento estoy con los libros de francs)

Asimismo, se utiliza para describir una accin que va a tener lugar en el futuro prximo y sobre
la que se ha tomado una resolucin firme. En este caso, siempre se tiene que mencionar el tiempo en
el que se va a desarrollar la accin:
I am going to London Yo voy a Londres la prxima semana (la
next week.
accin se va a desarrollar en el futuro prximo y
existe una decisin firme por mi parte de llevarla
a cabo)

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 16

 Otro uso del presente continuo es para describir acciones que se vienen repitiendo con
frecuencia; en este caso, la oracin viene acompaada del adverbio "always" (siempre):
He is always working.

El est siempre trabajando (con el significado

de que trabaja frecuentemente, quizs, incluso,
excesivamente)

Formacin del "present continuous": se construye con el presente del indicativo del verbo "to
be", en su funcin de verbo auxiliar, y el "present participle" ( = gerundio) del verbo principal.
Present Continuous Tense
Subject

Auxuilly
Verb

Main Verb

am

going

to the store.

+ We

are

playing

ball.

She

is

eating

dinner.

am

not

reading

the newpaper.

You

are

not

cooking

dinner.

He

is

not

watching

the movie.

Am

going

to the store with you?

? Are

you

fixing

the car?

Is

she

cleaning

the house today?

Past Continuous (Pasado Continuo)

El pasado continuo se utiliza para describir acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el momento
del pasado al que nos estamos refiriendo y que continuaron despus de ese momento:
This morning at 8 o'clock she A las 8 de la maana ella
was reading
estaba leyendo: la accin de
leer haba comenzado antes de
las ocho y continu despus de
este instante.
Last Monday he was traveling El pasado lunes, l estaba
viajando: la accin de viajar
comenz antes del lunes y
continu despus.
En castellano equivale al pasado continuo (ella estaba leyendo), o tambin se puede traducir por
el pretrito imperfecto (ella lea).
El pasado continuo se utiliza tambin para referimos a dos acciones en el pasado, una de las
cuales se complet, mientras que la otra continuaba: para la primera se utiliza el "past simple" y para
la segunda el "past continuous":
When he arrived, I was
Cuando l lleg, yo estaba viendo
watching TV.
al tele: la accin de ver la tele haba
comenzado antes de que l llegara, y
continu despus.
While she was listening to Mientras ella escuchaba msica, su
music, her brother did his hermano hizo sus deberes: la accin
homework.
de or msica tena ya lugar antes de
que el hermano comenzara sus
deberes, y continu una vez que el
hermano haba terminado.

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 17

 Mientras que en el "past simple" se indica que la accin ya ha terminado, en el "past continuous"
no sabemos si la accin ha concluido:
She wrotre a letter.
Ella escribi una carta: la carta
est escrita, la accin ya ha
finalizado.
She was writing a letter. Ella estaba escribiendo una
carta: no sabemos si lleg a
terminar de escribir la carta.
El "past continuous" se forma con el verbo auxiliar "to be" en su forma pasada y el gerundio
(present participle) del verbo principal:
She was playing tennis. Ella estaba jugando al tenis
They were traveling.
Ellos estaban viajando
La forma negativa se forma con la partcula "not" detrs del verbo auxiliar, y la forma
interrogativa con el verbo auxiliar al comienzo de la oracin, seguido del sujeto y del verbo
principal:
I was not listening.
Yo no estaba escuchando
Were they dancing?
Estaban ellos bailando ?
El gerundio (present participle) se forma aadiendo al infinitivo la terminacin "-ing", aunque
con algunas peculiaridades que veremos en la prxima leccin:
To listen
listening
To read
reading
Past Continuous Tense
Auxiliary
Verb

-=

Main Verb

was

going

to the store when she called.

+ We

were

playing

ball yesterday morning.

She

was

eating

dinner when someone came to the door.

was

not

reading

the newspaper all day yesterday.

- You

were

not

doing

your homework when I checked on you.

He

was

not

sleeping

when I went into his room.

Was

going

to go to you to the store?

you

fixing

the car while it was raining?

sleeping

when I called this morning?

- Subject

? Were
Was

your mother -

Future Simple Verb Tense "going to"

Positive Sentence

Subject

Main
Auxiliary
Verb
+
+
Verb "to be"
"going
to"

+ am

+ going to

We, They, You, Plural

+ are
Nouns

+ going to

He, She, It
Singular Nouns
Uncountable
Nouns

+ going to

+ is

Continue the
Sentence

Examples:
1. I am going to be at school to today.
2. They are going to the doctor tomorrow.
3. My dog is going to come home this evening.
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 18

4. Your coffee is going be cold if you don't drink it.

5. The girls are going to be home at ten o'clock.
Future Simple Verb Tense "going to"
Negative Sentences
Auxiliary
Main Verb
+ Not +
Verb "to be"
"going to"

Continue the
Sentence

Subject

I, He, She, it

+ am

+ not + going to

+ =

We, They, You

Plural Nouns

+ are

+ not + going to

+ =

Singular Nouns
Uncountable Nouns

+ is

+ not + going to

+ =

Examples:
1. I am not going to be at school to today.
2. They are not going to the doctor tomorrow.
3. My dog is not going to come home this evening.
4. The girls are not going to be home at ten o'clock.

Questions
Auxiliary Verb
+ Subject
"To be"

Main Verb
"going to"

Am

+ I,

+ going to

+ -

Are

we, they, you,

+ plural nouns
uncountable nouns

+ going to

+ -

Is

he, she, it
singular nouns

+ going to

+ -

Continue the
Sentence

Examples:
1. Am I going to the hospital next week?
2. Are you going to be home next week?
3. Are your friends going to help you clean your room latter?
4. Is there going to be hot water when I come home tonight?
5. Is someone going to buy some milk and cheese?
Future Continuous Tense
Positive Sentences
Auxiliary
Verb "will"

Subject

I, We, They, You,

He, She, It
Singular Nouns
Plural Nouns
Uncountable
Nouns

+ will

Main Verb

Continue the Sentence

base form
of the verb

Examples:
1. I will be at school to today.
2. They will go to the doctor tomorrow.
3. My dog will come home this evening.
4. Your coffee will be cold if you don't drink it.
5. The girls will be home at ten.
Negative Sentences
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 19

Auxiliary
+ Not + Main Verb
Verb "will"

Subject

I, We, They, You, He,

She, It
Plural Nouns
Singular Nouns
Uncountable Nouns

+ will

+ not

base form of
the verb

Continue the
Sentence

+ -

Examples:
1. I will not be at school to today.
2. They will not go to the doctor tomorrow.
3. My dog will not come home this evening.
4. Your coffee will not be hot if you don't drink it.
5. The girls will not be home at ten o'clock.
Questions
Auxiliary Verb
+ Subject
"will"

+ Main Verb

I, we, they, you, he, she, it

plural nouns
base form of the
+
+
singular nouns
verb
uncountable nouns

Will

Continue the
Sentence

+ -

Examples:
1. Will I have time to go to the store?
2. Will you be home next week?
3. Will your friends help you clean your room latter?
4. Will there be hot water when I come home tonight?
5. Will someone buy some milk and cheese?
Present Perfect Tense
Subject

Auxiliary
Verb

Main Verb

have

lived

in that house for 2 years.

+ We

have

played

football for 2 years.

She

has

played

outside for an hour.

have

not

lived

here for a long time.

You

have

not

lived

with my parents for over 10 years.

He

has

not

lived

here for many years.

Have

gotten

any mail today?

Have

you

learned

English for a long time?

Has

she

cleaned

the house for a long time?

Past Perfect Tense

-

Subject

Auxiliary
Verb

Main Verb -

had

stamped

your letter, and then sent it for you.

We

had

read

the books form the library, and returned them last week.

She

had

played

outside for an hour.

had

not

lived

in New York, before, I moved to Paris.

You

had

not

studied

very much, that is why you failed your test.

He

had

not

eaten

all day, so when he got home was hungry.

Had

the dog

gone

to the vet. He was very sick for last week.

Had

you

called

your teacher. She left you a message a few days ago.

Had

she

cleaned

the house yesterday, because we had a party.

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 20

Summary of the formation of the English present and past tenses

(Resumen de la formacin de los tiempos presentes y pasados en ingls)
Tense
Auxiliary
Verb Form
Simple Present
do/does *
bare infinitive ** (go, write)
Present Continuous
am/is/are
present participle (going, writing)
Present Perfect
have/has
past participle (gone, written)
Present Perfect Continuous
have/has been
present participle (going, writing)
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous

did *
was/were
had
had been

simple past *** (went, wrote)

present participle (going, writing)
past participle (gone, written)
present participle (going, writing)

* En los tiempos presentes y pasados simples, se utilizan los auxiliares solamente para dar nfasis, y
para la formacin de preguntas y oraciones negativas.
Nunca se usan auxiliares en el presente o pasado simple del verbo to be (ser o estar).
You are a student.
Are you a student?
** Cuando no se usa el auxiliar, se le agrega s al verbo en presente cuando el sujeto es he, she o it
(tercera persona singular).
He dances.
We dance.
*** Cuando el verbo se utiliza sin el auxiliar, se utiliza la forma simple del pasado del verbo (bare
infinitive).
- Did they dance?
- They danced.
Para los verbos regulares, y para muchos verbos irregulares, el pasado simple tiene la misma forma
que el participio pasado.
Tense
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous

Example
We drive.
We are driving.
We have driven.
We have been driving

Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous

We drove.
We were driving.
We had driven.
We had been driving.

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 21

Summary of the uses of the English tenses

(Resumen de los usos de los tiempos en ingls)
Type of Action Expressed
-acciones que ocurren en los intervalos regulares
-verdades generales, o situaciones que existen por un perodo de
tiempo
-acciones no continuas

Type of Tense
Simple

Continuous

-acciones continuas, en curso

Perfect

-acciones no continuas terminadas antes de cierto tiempo

Perfect Continuous

-acciones continuas, en curso terminadas antes de cierto tiempo

Preposiciones bsicas
B.P
at

Used

Example

Specific times
Definite place
Full address
Speed
Idea of definite time and place

He has class at 8:30.

My brother is at school.
They live at 2388 Park Road.
He was driving at 90 miles per hour.
The exercise is at the end of the

in

Exception: at night: use in for the

other parts of the day.

lesson.

Inside
Cities, boroughs
States, countries
Parts of countries
Continents
Parts of the day
Months, seasons, years
Time (length of time)

We are in the kitchen.

The school is in the UCV.
How long have you lived in Caracas?
I live in the West.
We saw many interesting sights in
Europe.
We have class in the morning.
Graduation will be in July.
Youll have your exam in seven days.
Ill be back in ten minutes.

within
on

On the surface
Streets, avenues
Floors
Dates
Days of the week
On a farm, a planet, an island,
campus

The book was on the table.

Their house is on First Street.
My apartment is on the sixth floor.
My birthday is on October 22nd.
There is no class on Saturday.
He works on campus.
Hes usually here on time.
Note: in time for something)

Punctuality
by

Means, by way of (pasando

por; por va de; como; por medio
de; a modo de)

of

Possessive of things

You learn by repeating.

You can get there by car.
The leg of the chair was broken.
I bought a pound of carrots.

Parts of a whole
over

Exact position (vertical)

The light is over jack.

The cabinets are over the counter.

to

Destination
Leave for
Arrive at place

We are going to New York.

The plane to Houston left an hour ago.
He got to his office at eight.
They will arrive in New York tonight.
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 22

Arrive in a city
above

The temperature is above 40.

There are cabinets above the sink.

Degree higher than

Location higher than

below

To a lower degree

Is Caracas above or below sea level?

Tips para traducir

1. Cuando nos encontramos ante la presencia de palabras en el idioma ingls que se asemejan
a ciertas palabras en el idioma espaol y poseen el mismo significado, estas palabras son
llamadas: verdaderas cognadas.
2. Cuando nos encontramos con palabras en el ingls que se parecen a ciertas palabras en el
espaol, pero que su significado es diferente, estas palabras son llamadas: falsas cognadas.
3. Cuando nos encontramos con varias palabras seguidas unas de otras que pueden ser
sustantivos, adjetivos o adverbios, nos detendremos a leer en el primer verbo, preposicin,
conectivo o signo de puntuacin y procederemos a leer de derecha a izquierda sin omitir
ninguna palabra. Solo jugaremos con los adjetivos o adverbios en el idioma espaol.
(Marbella Delgado, 2003)
PAGINAS WEB
Gramtica
http://www.aulafacil.com/CursoIngles/IndexClases.htm
http://www.aulafacil.com/CursoIngles/IndexEjercicios.htm
http://www.aulafacil.com/Ingl1read/Reading/Temreading.htm
http://www.aulafacil.com/Ingejerc/Lecciones/Temario.htm
http://www.aulafacil.com/Inglesnegocio/Lecciones/Temario.htm
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/download/quizzes.shtml#grammar
Vocabulario en general
http://www.mansioningles.com/Vocabulario.htm
http://www.languageguide.org/english/esp/
Vocabulario y gramtica http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/
Yet / still / already http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/yetstill.htm
Conditionals http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/conditionalTheory.htm
Passive voice http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/passivetheory.htm
Reading comprehension http://archive.1september.ru/eng/2002/46/2.htm
Pginas Con Explicaciones Gramaticales:
http://esl.about.com/blgrammar.htm
http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/toc.cfm
http://www.siu.edu/~cesl/teachers/know/grammar.html
http://www.ruthvilmi.net/hut/help/grammar_help/
http://www.englishclub.com
http://www.englishpage.com/
http://www.english-the-easy-way.com/
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/index.htm
http://www.mansioningles.com/Gramatica.htm
http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/grammarindex.htm#presperf
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar
http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/passivetheory.htm#top
Pginas Con Ejercicios De Compresin Auditiva:
http://esl.about.com/blgrammar.htm
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/try/listentry/listen_activites.shtml
http://www.siu.edu/~cesl/teachers/know/grammar.html
Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 23

http://www.examenglish.com/
http://www.clet.ait.ac.th/sall.htm
http://www.englishclub.com
http://www.englishpage.com/listening/
http://www.mansioningles.com/listening00.htm
http://eleaston.com/listen.html
http://fog.ccsf.edu/~lfried/activity/listening.html
Ejercicios Gramaticales On-Line:
http://www.1-language.com/
http://www.examenglish.com/
http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/
http://www.english-test.net
http://a4esl.org/
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/freeexercises.htm#BASICS

Lic. Tamara C. Oorts Daz 24