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Papers:PipeConveyorsDevelopmentandAdvantages
PipeConveyorsDevelopmentandAdvantages
Print
G.A.Vaka
KruppRobins
1.Introduction
RobinsEngineers&Constructors,Inc.asheexclusiveUSlicenseeintroducedthepipeconveyortotheNorth
Americanmarketplaceearlyin1984.Thesaleofthefirstpipeconveyorin1985wasadifficulttasksincethe
conventionaltroughedbeltconveyorwastheacceptedandthemostwidelyusedmeansofcontinuoustransportation
ofbulkmaterialshandlingintheworld.initiallyourclientsviewedthepipeconveyorasadeparturefromthenormal
andacceptedformofmaterialhandling.
Sincethen,theparentcompanyofRobinsEngineersmergedwithKruppofGermanytoformKruppRobins,Inc.in
theUSA.Todatethereareover750pipeconveyorsoperatingworldwidewiththemajorityofthelongoverland
systemsdesignedandinstalledbyKruppRobins,Inc.Thepipeconveyorisnowbecomingthenorm,viewedby
thosewhoarefamiliarwithitscapabilitiesasthepreferredmethodoftransportationforallbulksolids.
2.DevelopmentofthePipeConveyor
JapanPipeConveyorCompanywasresponsiblefortheinitialdevelopmentofthepipeconveyorandpatentedthe
originaltechnologythatledtoitsfirstsuccessfulapplicationbackin1979.BridgestoneCorporationhassince
obtainedalltherightstotheJPCsystemandhasgrantedKruppRobins,Inc.theexclusivemarketingrightsinthe
UnitedStates.JointlyBridgestoneandKruppRobins,Inc.havedevelopedandrefinedthelimitedoriginal
technology.Advancedtechnologyallowsbothinplantandlongoverlandpipeconveyorswithmultiplehorizontal
curves,tooperatewiththereliabilityofconventionalconveyors(Fig.1).Designsareprogressivelytowardlonger
singleflightconveyorswitheachnewcontract.Forexample,a4,500ftlongcoalconveyor,agoldoreconveyor
6,575ftlong,anothercoaltransportationconveyor8,900ftlong,andyetanotherdownhillcoalhandlingconveyor
thatis11,500ftinlength.Currentlythelongestsingleflightpipeconveyorinstalledisover16,500ftinlength.The
conveyorcarriespetroleumcokeinonecontinuouslengthfromarefinerytoaportfacilitywhereshiploadingoccurs.
Fig1.TheHomestakemineinSouthDakota,showingthe
pipeconveyorleadingfromthemine(foreground)tothe
mill(background)transversingthroughthetown.
Theuseofthepipeconveyorisonlylimitedbytheimaginationoftheindividuallookingforthepossibleapplication.
Todatewefindthatanymaterialthatcanbeplacedonthepipeconveyorcanbeconveyed.Thetypicalmaterials
handledareores,coal,coke,limestone,crushedstone,shaleandoverburden.Someofthemoredifficultmaterials
thatarebeinghandledonthepipeconveyorarecopperconcentrate,petroleumcoke,clay,fluedust,readymixed
concrete,sludge,humidifiedflyash,coaltailings,aluminaandfilterdust.
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3.DesignDetails
3.1PipeConveyorBelt
ThebeltwasdevelopedforthepipeconveyorbyTheBridgestoneTireCompany.Itissimilartotheconventional
conveyorbeltbutincorporatesseveralimportantfeaturesinitsdesign.Thepipeconveyorbeltismanufacturedby
BridgestoneinJapanand,underlicense,byGoodyearintheUSA.
Withtheneedforbothstiffnessandflexibility,aspecialcarcassconstructionisemployed.Thebelthastohave
sufficientstiffnesstoformandmaintainthepipeshapeasitpassesthroughthecircleformingidlerrolls.Atthe
sametimeitmustremainflexibleforthetransitionfromtheflatshapeatthepulleystothepipeshapeatboththe
loadinganddischargeendsoftheconveyor.Thisisaccomplishedbyplacingalayerofrubberbetweeneachfabric
plyinthebelt.
Thebeltedgestiffnessisreducedtoassurethatasealismaintainedattheoverlapsothatmaterialdoesnot
escape.Further,thetopandbottomrubbergradesandcuringtimesarecontrolledtoenhancethebelt'snatural
tendencytoassumethepipeshape.
Forlongsingleflightapplications,thepipeconveyorbeltisalsoavailableinsteelcordconstruction.Inthiscase,a
layeroftransversefabricisusedbothaboveandbelowthesteelcables.Again,aswiththefabricconstruction,a
layerofrubberseparatesthefabricandthesteelcords.
Forpurposesofemergencyrepair,metalfastenerscantemporarilybeusedoraconventionalbeltcanbesubstituted
untilapermanentrepaircanbemade.Theconventionalbeltdoesnothavethenecessarystiffnessandflexibility.It
wouldrestmainlyonthebottomsupportidlersandconsequentlywouldsufferprematurecrackingandfatigueor
couldcreateotherunforeseenproblems.Thebeltlifeofapipeconveyorbeltandtheconventionalbelt,whenused
onconventionaltroughedconveyorapplications,arevirtuallythesame.
Beltcleaningisaccomplishedwiththesameequipmentthatisusedonconventionalbeltapplications.Singleblade
andmultiplebladebeltscrapersaswellasrotarybrushesandreturnbelt"V"plowsmaybeused.
Hotmaterialscanbehandledonthepipeconveyorthroughtheuseofbeltsthatarespeciallymadeforthepurpose.
Standardgradebeltingisusedfortemperaturesupto140degF.Twohotmaterialgradesofbeltwillallow
temperaturesupto230degFand320degFrespectively.
Specialconsiderationtobothlumpsizeandbeltsurfacetemperaturemustbegivenfortheproperselectionofbelt.
Extremeheatconditionsatthebeltsurfacewillhaveapronouncedeffectonbeltlife.
3.2IdlersandSpacing
Whenthepipeconveyorisstraightandwithoutanyverticalorhorizontalcurves,thebottomthreeidlersofthetop
orloadcarryingsideofthepipeconveyorsupportsthebeltandmaterialload.Thetopthreeidlersmaintainthe
beltinitspipeshape.Shouldtheconveyorhavebothverticalandhorizontalcurvesections,thentheotheridlersthat
surroundthebeltmaybetheloadsupportingidlerswhiletheremainingidlersmaintainthebeltinthepipeshape.
Thesameappliestothebottomorreturnbeltsideofthepipeconveyor.Thereasonthatthebottomorreturnstrand
ofthebeltiskeptinthepipeshaperatherthantheflatshape,asonaconventionalconveyor,istopermitthesame
sizestructuretobeusedandtoguidethebeltthroughtheverticalorhorizontalcurves.
TheidlersthatsurroundthebeltareaptlycalledthePipeShapeKeepingIdlersorPSKIdlers.Thediameterand
spacingofidlersetsisdeterminedbythesizeofthepipeconveyorandthematerialthatitconveys.Duetothe
rigidityofthepipeshapetheidlerspacingcanbeincreasedwithoutexcessivebeltsagaswithconventional
conveyors.Table1showsthetypicalspacingusedforstraightpipeconveyors.Theidlerdiameterrelativetopipe
conveyorsizeisshowninTable2.
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Table1.IdlerSpacing
PipeDiameter
Spacing
mm
in
50ft3
75ft3
100ft3
150
5'6"
5'0"
4'3"
200
6'0"
5'3"
5'0"
250
10
6'3"
5'6"
5'3"
300
12
6'6"
6'0"
5'6"
350
14
7'0"
6'3"
6'0"
400
16
7'3"
6'6"
6'3"
500
20
7'3"
7'3"
6'6"
600
24
8'0"
7'9"
7'3"
700
28
8'3"
8'3"
7'6"
850
34
8'6"
8'3"
8'0"
Table2.IdlerRollDiameter
PipeDiameter
IdlerRollDiameter
(in)
(in)
4or5*
10
4or5*
12
14
16
20
24
28
34
6or7*
*DependingonloadimposedandidlerRPM
Idlerspacingforpipeconveyorswithhorizontalcurvesmayhavetobereducedinareasofthecurves.Inallcases
thefinalselectionofidlerspacingisbasedonacompletereviewofthestaticanddynamictensionconditionsofthe
individualpipeconveyorandthetypeorcombinationofcurvesthatmaybeused.
Intheareaoftransitionatthetallendwherethebeltgoesfromtheflattopipeshape,thebeltissupportedby
idlerswithvariableinclineendrollssimilartotheconventionalconveyorbelt.Inthislocationthebeltisloadedby
meansofaloadingchute.Theidlersbeneaththeloadingskirtboardsarespacedatcentersthatwillabsorbthe
impactoftheloadedmaterial.Atthebeginningofthepipeshapeaspecialidlersetisusedcontaining12idlerrolls
arrangedasoffsethexagons.Theresultingtwelvesidedfigureapproximatesacirclecloserthanthestandardsixside
idlerhexagonandiscapableofwithstandingthehigherloadsoftheclosingbelt.Inadditiontotheseidlers,aspecial
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singlerollguideidlerisusedtopressoneedgeofthebeltbelowtheotheredgeasthebeltcomestogether.This
idlerisinstalledjustaheadofthefirstcircularidlerset.Theidlereliminatesbeltedgeabrasionandallowsthe
properoverlapclosingofthebelt.
Idleralignmentandproperbeltloadingplayakeyroleinthestabilityandtrackingofthepipeconveyor.Ona
conventionalconveyorstructuretheidlersupportsteelandhorizontalandverticalalignmentarecriticalforproper
belttrainingandsuccessfuloperation.Impropertracking,orbeltmisalignment,iscorrectedthroughtheuseof
trainingidlers.Withthepipeconveyorbeltguidedbyidlerssurroundingthebeltonallsides,theconveyorisableto
negotiatecurvesandcenterlinemisalignments.Duringcommissioningofthepipeconveyor,idleralignmenttothe
beltisadjustedtomaintainthebeltoverlapinapositionthatislocatedasnearthetopaspossibleonthecarrying
side.However,whatactuallyassistsmostinbeltstabilityandkeepstheoverlapatorneartheupwardpositionis
theweightofthematerialconveyed.Theheavycenterofgravityinthelower75%crosssectionmaintainsthe
properdynamicattitudeoftheconveyorbelt.Onthereturnoremptyside,thebeltoverlapislocatedatthebottom
ofthepipeshape.Theextraweightoftheoverlapmaintainstheproperdynamicattitudeonthereturnrun.
CurvedsectionofthepipeconveyorasitapproachesthedischargepointatAES(AppliedEnergySystems)Barbers
Point.
Uniformfeedtothepipeconveyorisimportanttoitsstabilityandtracking.Forthisreasonitisrecommendedthat
thematerialisfedthroughtheuseofabeltfeederorvibratingfeederthatwillprovideaconstantanduniformflow.
Ifitisnotpossibletoprovideaconstantanduniformfeedthenamaterialcrosssectionmonitorandavariable
speedpipeconveyordriveisemployedtocreateadesirablecrosssectionthatissuitablefortheapplication.The
crosssectionmonitordetectsthematerialloadattheloadingchuteandprovidesasignaltovarythepipeconveyor
beltspeedtofacilitateauniformcrosssectionatalltimes.
Table3.Transitiondistance,minimumconveyorlength.
FabricBelt
SteelCOrdBelt
PipeDiameter
Transition
MinimumConversion
Transition
MinimumConversion
Length*
Length
Length
Length
Length
(in)
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
12.5
59
25
118
17.0
65
34
130
10
21.0
75
42
150
12
25.0
82
50
164
14
29.0
98
58
196
16
33.5
114
67
228
20
42.0
131
84
262
24
50.0
164
100
328
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28
58.5
196
117
392
34
71.0
229
142
458
*Basedonstraightconveyorswithnocurves.
Thelengthofthetransitionbetweenthetailpulleyandthepipeshape,andfromthepipeshapetothedischarge
pulleyisafunctionofthepipeconveyordiameter.Duetothetransitiondistancesatboththeheadandtailendof
theconveyor,aminimumpipeconveyorlengthisalsorecommended(Table3).
3.3Curves
Asstatedpreviously,asignificantadvantageofthepipeconveyoristheabilitytonegotiatecurvesofatightradius
ascomparedtotheradiusrequirementsoftheconventionalconveyor.Thisfeaturecombinedwithitsnarrowprofile
enablesthepipeconveyortobeinstalledwherephysicalconstraintswouldnormallyexcludeconventionalbelt
conveyorsorrequiretheuseofseveraltransferpoints.
Sincethepipebeltistotallycontainedbythesurroundingidlers,sidedriftdoesnotoccuraswithconventional
conveyors.Asanexample,thehorizontalcurveforaconventionalconveyorisgenerally,ataminimum,2,500ft.
Theconveyorbeltsizeisthenusuallyincreasedbyonesizetoallowforsided@ftbetweenemptyandloaded
conditions.Temperaturechangeandweatherconditionsarealsocriticalfactorsinsizingcurveradiiwiththecon
ventionalbeltconveyor.
Thepipeconveyorcanbecurvedinboththeverticalandhorizontalplaneaswellasincombinationofthetwo,
eliminatingtransfersorpassingaround,overorunderexistingplantequipment(Fig.2).Thecurvedsectionsare
begunonlyafterthebeltpassesthroughthetransitionsectionandisinthepipeshape.Thecurvedsectionsmustbe
completedwhilestillinthepipeshapepriortoexitingthroughthetransitionsectiontothedischargepulley.The
transitionsectionsmustbestraightatbothends.
Theradiusofthecurvesaregenerallyafunctionofthepipeconveyordiameter,thetypeofbeltandcurveused.In
generalthestandardminimumrecommendedradiusforhorizontalorconcavecurvesforafabricbeltis300times
thepipeconveyordiameterandis700timesthediameterforasteelcordbelt.However,shouldan"S"shape,
convexorcombinedhorizontalandconcavecurvebeusedthentheminimumradiusis400timesthediameterfor
fabricbeltand800timesthediameterforsteelcordbelt.Inthecaseofacombinedhorizontalandconvexcurvethe
minimumradiusisthen500timesthediameterforafabricbeltand900timesthediameterforasteelcordbelt.
Theforgoingisonlytobeusedasageneralguide.Inallcasesthefinalselectionofradiiisbasedonourengineer's
completereviewofthestaticanddynamictensionconditionsoftheindividualpipeconveyorandthetypeor
combinationofcurvesthatareused.
Table4.Pipeconveyorcapacity.
Pipe
Cross
diameter
section*
Beltspeed**FPM
NormalCapacity
Max.Lump
mm
in
ft2
Norm
Max
50lb/ft3
100lb/ft3
in
150
0.140
394
541
84
166
1.25
200
0.248
427
541
159
318
2.75
250
10
0.441
459
591
304
608
3.5
300
12
0.527
492
591
389
778
4.00
350
14
0.710
574
591
612
1224
4.75
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400
16
1.163
656
738
1144
2288
5.50
500
20
1.670
738
738
1848
3696
6.50
600
24
3.330
820
902
2861
5722
8.00
700
28
3.014
902
902
4079
8158
10.00
850
34
4.349
984
984
6420
12840
11.50
*At75%loadcross
**Normal/maximumbasedonidlerdiameterandmaximum
section
idlerrpm
3.4PowerRequirements
Whenthegeometryofapipeconveyoristhesameasastraightinclinedconventionalbeltconveyorofintermediate
length,(plus300ft)thepowerconsumptionandbelttensionsaregenerallyequai.Thepipeconveyorrequirements
maybeafewpercenthigherdependingoncapacityandsizeofconveyorscompared.
Ifthepipeconveyorisdesignedwithcurvedsectionsadditionalpowerisconsumedtochangethematerialdirection
withinthebelt.Belttensionandpowercalculationsforeachindividualpipeconveyorapplicationarecarriedoutin
accordancewithanexclusiveandproprietaryformuladevelopedbyBridgestoneCorporation.Althoughthepower
requirementmaybesomewhathigherforthecurvedpipeconveyorwhencomparedtoastraightconventional
conveyorofthesamelength,transferswiththeassociatedadditionalliftrequirementareeliminated.When
comparedtothemultipleflightconventionalbeltconveyorswiththeadditionalhorsepowerrequirementtoliftthe
materialtomakeeachtransfertothenextconveyor,theconsumedpowerrequirementsofthepipeconveyorare
thenquitecomparableormayevenbeless.
Eachspecificapplicationmustbesubjectedtoacarefulengineeringreviewforacomprehensiveevaluationofboth
powerrequirementsandbelttensionswhenacomparisonistobemadeagainsttheconventionalbeltconveyor.
3.5MaterialLumpSize
Materiallumpsizeisimportantintheselectionofpipeconveyorsize.Table4showstheconveyorsize,capacityand
theassociatedlumpsizethatcannormallybehandled.Generallythemaximumlumpsizeis1/3ofthegivenpipe
diameter.Undercertainsizedistributionconditionslargerlumpsizesmaybeallowed.Thefeedofmaterialtoolarge
fortherecommendeddiametercouldbedetrimentaltothelifeofeitherthebeltortheidlersetsthatcontainthe
belt.Ifthepipediameterisdictatedbythelumpsizeofthematerialitmaybenecessarytoselectalargerpipe
diameterthanwhatotherwisemaybeselectedforcapacity.
3.6Construction
Theconstructionusedforthediaphragmpanelsthatsupporttheidlersisverysimple.Thepanelsarepressedfrom
plateandcanbemadeveryeconomically.Forthelargersizepipeconveyor,thepanelsarefabricatedfromangle
shapesandplatesections.Theidlermountingholesarejigdrilledtogivetherequiredaccuracyforidlermounting.
Supporttrusses,galleriesandbentsaresimilartothoseusedwithconventionalconveyors.Duetothediaphragm
effectoftheidlerpanel,thepipeconveyortrussthatincludeswalkwaysismuchstifferandthereforeallowsalighter
designtobeused.
Walkthrutypegalleriesarealsoavailableforthelongerspanrequirement.Walkwayscanbeprovidedononeor
bothsidesforconveyormaintenancedependingonthesizeofthepipeconveyor.Typicallytheshapeofthepipe
conveyorallowsforamorecompacttrussdesignthatconsequentlyreducesfoundationloads.
4.AdvantagesofthePipeConveyor.
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4.1EnvironmentallyAcceptable
Themostimportantadvantageofthepipeconveyoristhatthematerialiscoveyedcontainedwithintherolled
tubular,orpipeshapebelt,thusprovidinganenvironmentallyacceptablealternativetotheconventionaltroughed
beltwherespillingordustingcananddoesoccur.Theloadingofthepipeconveyorisexactlythesameasthe
conventionalconveyorbeltwhichisthroughaloadingchuteandskirtboardsnearthetailpulleyoftheconveyor.
Immediatelyfollowingtheloadingarea,thebeltisrolledintothepipeshapewithasealformedatthetopby
overlappingtheedgesofthebelt.Theconveyedmaterialiswithinthepipeshapebelt,eliminatinganyfurtherneed
foranenclosure.Attheheadend,thebeltpassesoveraconventionalpulleywhereitopenstotheflatshapeand
thematerialisdischarged,thesameaswithaconventionalbeltconveyor.Theareasatthetailandheadendsofthe
conveyor,wherethebelttakesthepipeshapeoropensbacktotheflatshape,arecalledthetransitionsections.
Idlersarrangedtoformahexagonareusedtosupportandguidethepipeshapedconveyorbeltwiththematerial
containedtherein.Dustingandspillageisreducedtoanabsoluteminimumbecausethematerialiscompletely
enclosedbythesurroundingbelt.
4.2AbilitytoNegotiateSharpRadii
Thesecondsignificantadvantageofthepipeconveyorisitsabilitytonegotiateactivelysharpradiicomparedto
otherformsofbelttransportation.Tomany,thisadvantageisconsideredthemostimportantsinceitcaneliminate
transfersthatarenormallynecessarywhenthereisarelativelysharpchangeinbeltdirection.
Theidlersformacircleandconstrainthebeltonallsidesallowingrelativelytightcurvestobenegotiatedinany
direction.Thecurvescanbehorizontal,verticalorcombinationsofbothplanes.Eliminationoftransferstationsalso
deletestheneedforadditionalpulleys,chutes,dustcollectionordustsuppressionequipment,foundationsandpower
distribution.Therefore,productdegradationisalsosignificantlyreduced.Butmostimportanttheassociated
maintenanceofatransferpointiscompletelyremoved.Apipeconveyorcanbeinstalledwithmultiplecurvessothat
onepipeconveyorcanreplacemultipleconventionalbeltconveyorsandtheassociatedtransferpointsandauxiliary
equipmentasoutlinedabove.
4.3AbilitytoNegotiateSteepAnglesofInclination
Thepipeconveyorcannegotiatemuchsteeperanglesofinclinationthanaconventionalbeltconveyor.Duetothe
roundcrosssection,increasedcontactareabetweenthematerialandthebeltoccursthatallowsagaininangleof
inclinationofapproximately50%toasmuchas27degrees.Withthesteeperinclinationtheconveyorcanbemade
shorter,providingfurthereconomicsorperhapsmakingittheonlyviablesolutionduetospaceorproperty
restrictions(Fig.3).
Fig3.AES(AppliedEnergySystems)Barberspointatthelocationwherethepipeconveyorcrossesthemainport
entranceroad.Thedischargeofthepipeconveyorisatthepowerplantinthebackground.
4.4PipeFormforReturnBelt
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Thereturnbeltofthepipeconveyorisalsoformedintothepipeshape.Thebeltisrolledsothattheoverlapis
placedatthebottomofthepipeshape.Thisnotonlyallowstheconveyortonegotiatethesamecurvedrouteasthe
carryingstrandbutitalsoenclosesthedirtysideofthebelt.Thepossibilityofdrippingorscatteringofmaterialthat
mayhavecarriedovertothedirtysideofthebeltisthereforeminimized.
4.5SameVolumeofMaterialTransportedaswithLargerConventionalBeltConveyor
Thepipeconveyorcantransportthesamevolumeofmaterialastheconventionalbeltconveyorthatistypically2.5
to3timesthesizeofagivenpipediameter.Asanexample,a300mm(12inch)diameterpipeconveyorwill
conveythesamecapacityasa30inchwideconventionalbeltconveyorusing20degreetroughingidlersanda20
degreesurchargeangle.Thistranslatestoasupportstructureforpipeconveyorthatisonly25incheswidein
comparisontotheconventionalbeltconveyorthatwillrequire,atminimum,awidthof41inchesforitssupport
structure.Wherespaceforaconveyorislimited,suchasinatunnel,theuseofthepipeconveyorwouldallowa
smallertunnelcrosssectiondesign(Table3).
4.6StandardComponents
Thesamestandardcomponentsthatareusedfortheconventionalconveyorsarealsousedforthepipeconveyor.
Sincethepipeconveyorbeltisflatatallhead,tailandtakeuppulleylocations,andbecausethebeltspeedsare
similar,standardconventionalconveyorpulleys,bearingsanddrivecomponentsareused.Theconveyorbeltitselfis
manufacturedbybothBridgestoneinJapanor,underlicense,byGoodyearintheUSA.Theuseofstandard
componentsavailablefromthelocalmarketplacemakesthepipeconveyoranacceptablealternativeusing
equipmentthatcustomersarefamiliarwithandhavefullconfidencein.
4.7ConveyanceonTopandReturnStrand
Aswithaconventionalconveyor,materialcanbeconveyedonthereturnstrandinadditiontothatbeingcarriedon
thetopstrand.Toaccomplishthis,thereturnbeltisturnedover180degreessothattheoverlapthatsealsthe
materialinthepipeshapeisonthetopwiththedirtysideofthebeltstillremainingontheinside.Although
additionalpulleysareneededandsupplementarydrivesmayberequired,theinstallationofonlyonepipeconveyor
couldprovideeconomicalbenefitsovertheinstallationoftwoseparateconventionalconveyors.
5.Installations
Todatethereareover600locationswhereover750pipeconveyorshavebeeninstalled.Theclient'sreasonsto
chosetheuseofthepipeconveyoroverconventionalconveyorhavevaried,butineachcaseitwasduetooneor
moreoftheinherentadvantagesofthepipeconveyorasoutlinedhere.Inafewinstancesthecostofthepipe
conveyorwasmorethanthecomparableconventionalconveyorbut,intheclientsopinion,themeritsofthefeatures
gainedfaroutweighedtheadditionalcosts.
6.Conclusion
Thepipeconveyorisstillarelativelynewandinnovativeconceptforthetransportationandhandlingofbulk
materialsascomparedtotheconventionalbeltconveyorthathasbeenunchangedsinceitsinceptionattheturnof
thecentury.Itoffersmanyadvantagesoverothermaterialhandlingsystemsbymakinguseofallthestandard
equipmentdevelopedfortheconventionalbeltconveyorandbyincorporatingtheadditionalfeaturesdescribed
herein.NowthataUSlicensehasbeenestablishedandahistoryofinstallationexists,thefeasibilityandeconomics
ofthepipeconveyorapplicationcaneasilybedetermined.
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