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    ee See : The Pearson Guide to Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning for the CAT | Nishit Sinha co ae ‘CD-ROM INCLUDED The Pearson Guide to Logical Reasoning and Data Interpretation for the CAT (Third Edition) Nishit K. Sinha CAT Consultant PEARSON | WINN contgerepenecwves ——_|VAIINNLIN Production Editor: Nitkiran Bedi ‘Composition: Tantls Composition Services, Chandigarh Printer; Sanat Printers ‘The aim of this publication is to supply information taken fram sources believed ta be valid and reliable. ‘This is not an atiempt to render any type of professional advice or analysis, nor is it to be treated as such. ‘While much care has been taken to ensure the veracity and currency of the information presented within, neither the publisher nor its authors bear any responsibility for any damage arising from inadvertent ‘omissions, negligence or inaccuracies (typographical oc factual) that may have found their way into this book Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley (India) Prt. td Copyright © 2008, 2008 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Lid This book is wold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, bired out, o otherwise ciculated, without the publisher's prioe written consent in any form of binding or ‘cover other than that in which published and without a similar condition including this condition being ‘imposed on the subsequent parchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, 20 pall of this publication may be reproduced, stored inc introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book. ISBN 978-81-317-3374-5 10997654321 Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, 4-8 (A), Noida 201 309, Indi. Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110017. India. Contents Preface ta the third edition vil CAT Demystified xiii How to use this book? xvii Pa wia eran nce Chapter 1 Iniroduction to Logical Reasoning 13 Chapter 2 Developing the Skills bu Chapter 3 Logical Links. 124 Chapter 4 Sequencing and Arrangement Chapter S Miscellaneous Lae incase Chapter 6 Foundation Exercises 1s Chapter 7 Moderate Exercises 1.101 (Chapter 8 Advansed Exeseises 1123 Chapier 9 Mastering Logical Reasoning Lal PART 2 PVE Wann nV CO Chapter 1 Introduct to Data intepretation 23 Chapter 2 Developing the Skills 238 Chapter 3 Data Sufficiency 25h Contents Chapter § Moderate Exercises aus Chapter 7 2165 Une TESTING YOUR METTLE Chapter 5 Benchmarking Test 3 431 Chapter I (CAT 2001 43 Chapter $ CAT 2004 4.65 Chapter 8 (CAT 2007 4101 Chapter 9 CAT 2008 4.109 ‘Year 2009 has been a watershed year for the CAT—with the introduction of online Computer Bused Test (CBT) format and the resultant changes, There was a change in number of questions (20 questions each in 3 sections) with the invent of 20 papers in a window of 10 days (as per the original planning), Actually, it was a learning experience for everybody—IIMs, organizing. committee, CAT aspirants, CAT trainers ete, ‘With this third edition, the following. changes have been incorporated in the book io facilitate better learning. as per the standards of CAT including CAT 2009: 1. Practice questions simulating the CBT CAT in CD-Full length tests and sectional tests 2, Thoroughly scrutinized questions and solutions 3, Addition af CAT 2008 question paper 4, Addition of new problems I sincerely believe that third edition of this book will be able to achieve its duall objective of skill development and securing & good percentile in the CAT for the aspirants. | request all the users of this book to send constructive feedback. | can be reached at —nishitkumarsinha(@rediffmail cam ‘NISHIT K, SINHA a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. on Pree . @ STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK This book is divided into four parts: Part 1 facilitates framework and concept building in Logical Reasoning, Part 2 guides the studect in concepts building and development ofthe skilla to apply these in Data Interpretation. Part 3 consists of test papers with varying levels of difficulty and Part 4 contains six previous years’ CAT papers with solutions.Each part has thres different levels of problems: Foundation, Mademte and Advanced. These levels are hicrarchical and sequential. Students are expected to ‘progress through them in the same order. Movement fram ane level to-another is largely a function of sufficient experience with the specific content. A student is unlikely to perform well at a particular level without the experience af the preceding level Time spent at one level will help the student in imbibing and assimilating the methods and approach to solve problems, which im turn will make it easier for the student to tackle problems at the next, higher stage. In other words, hard work put at one ‘evel will allow an intuitive functioning later. fone level is not mastered before moving on ta the next, though good students ‘would appear to perform well a thut higher level and may get the right answers, it would be without any sound reasoning for most of the times. . Some benchmarking tests are also given at the end with comparative scores and then finally few review tests to track ‘your progress, Although I have tried to be meticulous in preparing this text, some errors may have crept in, | invite each one of you to ‘be a co-author of this book for the subsequent editions by making contribution in enhancing the value of this book with your suggestions and by bringing to eur notice the errors, if any, sé that they ean be corrected in flaure, Lean be reached at nishitkumarsinha@redifimail.com NISHIT K. SINHA. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. CAT Demystified —s to gain a certain level of competence across all the areas in a particular section, With the umber of questions going dawn and time going up, students didn't have much of the choices of questions to choose trem. Chart 2 ‘Timeallowed per question (in minute) ‘GAT2000 CAT2001 CAT 2002 CAT2003 CAT2004 CAT2005 CAT2006 CAT 2007 CAT2008 SSSECTIONAL BREAKUPS AND GETTING IIM CALL ‘One thing that hns remained constant during this period of CAT 2000-CAT 2008 is the mumber of sections and the way these sections have been clubbed—Quantitative Aptitude (QA), Logical Reasoning and Data Interpretation (LR/DI), and English Usage/Reading Comprehension (EWRC). ‘Chart3, ‘Year Qa” LRDI CAT 2000 35 3S 35 165 CAT 2001 30 50 30 150 CAT 2002 50 0 50 150 CAT 2003 50 30 so 150 CAT 2004 35 38 so 13 CAT 2005 30 30 30 90 CAT 2006 2s 25 2s 5 CAT 2007, 2 25 2s 15 CAT 2008 2B 25 40 ~ a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. ae How to use this book? « Step2— Thave given absolute freedom to the individuals wo start with either Part 1 or the Part 2 of the book, but definitely not part 3 and part, ‘Start with the concept first. And before proceeding towards the next concepi, solve all the worked out examples related to that concept and move ahcad only when you have intemalized the same. Sometimes, this might appear to be a druggery, but sce that you do it. And yeah, make sure you don’t swecurmh to temptations like finishing the topic as fast us possible. Step 3— Once you have got the confidence over whatever you have done previously, do the foundation exercise. It is a precursor to the actual CAT problems, Solve it without any time-constraint, This level of baok tests mostly your comprehension of the concept and a bit of application. Most of the questions in this exercise will check only your understanding of the concept, and not the application of it, Weally you should not give more than 2 minutes to any question in foundation exercise, If you get less than 75% questions correct, revise the concepts for which you gat the answers wrong. One mare suggestion—try to salve one exercise in one sitting, whatever time it takes. If you get the answers right, its good. And if you don't get the answers correct, attempt the same questions once again in next siting (preferably the next day) ‘Skill set developed 3, Will give a thorough understanding of the concepts 'b, Interaction with the problems that are being asked at basic level s\ Confidence Building Step 4— Welcome to the Moderate Exercise, Questions at this level are of CAT level and sometimes, above CAT level also, This level of'the book tests your ability to apply a particular concept and also combination of concepts in single problem, If you are not able to solve a particular question, da not go for the solution until you have atiempicd the question at least thrice. Skill set developed — a. Ability to identify easy and difficult questions b, Mental imaging, and visualization of the problems ¢. Hops in ereating a neural-network inside the mind to think about the different processes to solve the problems 4d, Establishing a logical connection between concepts and their application, Step 5— Don't go for Advanced level right now. Relax, And don't solve any question of LR/DI for one day. Then the next day, take the Benchmarking test. Your performance ia tis test ean tll you alot. ideally, you shoold aim for anything shove 83 percentile. Step 6— Once the whale book is covered with all the maderate exercises and bench marking tests, ga for the revision of the topics. And. naw jump 98 to Advanced level of questions, Most of the questions which you will get here are above CAT level. The idea is to prepare you at a level which is above CAT. If you excel af this level, CAT will be a CAKE-WALK for you. Attempt the questions, try to solve, if you can't solve, try once again. Give a second chance and solve them. Now if you can't solve the problems, go for hints and solutions. Step 7—Go to the Part 3—Testing your mettle. ‘Target anything above 98 percentile. If you get it consistently in all the RTS, you aze prepared for CAT. And if'not, repeat the process from Step 4 ‘fim any one of these tests, you get less tl mn 85 percentile, repeat the process from Step 3, All the best. For life, NISHIT K, SINHA ‘Mail me at—nishitkumarsinhagirediffinail.com a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. wo Understanding Logical Reasoning independent of our agreements or disagreements regarding substantive matters. Logic is the discipline that studies the iaction—both by determining the conditions under which. the truth of certain beliefs leads naturally to the truth of some ther belief, and by drawing attention to the ways in which we may be led to believe something without the respeet for its truth. This provides no guarantee that we will always arrive at the truth, because the beliefs or assumptions with which we begin are sometimes erroneous. But following the principles of correct reasoning docs ensure that no additional ‘mistake erecps in during the course of our progress fence, Logic ean be scen asa tool using which we find out the strength of reasoning or the various arguments put forward in favour of or against something. This is refleted in the origin of the word “logic ft takes its roots from the Greek work lugar which means reason or principle, Taking a broad view, we can see several dimensions, or usages of the term logic, Same of these are given below: 1, A.system of reasoning: Aristotle's logic. 2, A mode of reasoning: By that logic, we should sell the ‘company tomorrow, 3. The forme, guiding principles of « discipline, school, 4. The relationship between elements and between an element afd the whole in & set of objects, individuals, principles, or events: Thete’s a certain logic to the rmotian of rush-hour traffic, $. Inthe field of Computer Selence the term, logic, may mean any of the following: 8. The non-arithmetic operations performed by ‘computer, such as sorting, comparing, and matching, that involve yes-no decisions, b. Computer circuitry 6. Graphic representation of computer circuitry. Terms related to Logie: 1, Consistensy—An attribute of a logical systern that is £0 constituted that none of the propositions deducible from the axioms contradict one another, 2, Completeness—-This is an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that @ contradiction arises if any proposition is introduced that cannot be derived fram the system. 2 Corollary-An inference hat lows ircty tom he proof of the another proposition. 4. Non sequitur—A conelusion that does net follow from the premises, “The fiest term of proposition {6 Predicate—What is prodicted about the subject of a _ proposition. 7.” Proof A foemal series of statements given showing that if something is a fact, then something else necessarily follows from it 8, Paradox—A self commadiction (As inthe statement— ‘I always lis" is a paradox.) 9, Postulate—A declaration of something self evident 10. Proposition—A statement that affirms or deni something and is either true ar fase 11. Negation—A proposition that is true if and only if another proposition is false. ‘Axiom—A proposition that is always true and does not require proofs or disproots. ie be true, 13, Taurology—A statement that is always necessarily tue (CAs in the statement—'‘He is honest or he is mot honest.) 14, Contradiction—Opposite of Consistency. 15, Logical relation—A relation between proposit 16. Inductive Reasoning—Proceedings from particular facts to a general conclusion. 17, Deductive reasoning — Proceedings from jeeneral facts: tar 1 particular conclusion. 2 REASONING QUESTIONS AND PUZZLES © Puzzle i Put the digits from 1 to 9 inte the given ciscles $0 that the ‘sum of the numbers in each straight line is the same. © Puzzle2 ‘Our local town hall has a clack which stikes oa the hous and also strikes just onee oo the half hour. While I was awake the ather night, | beard the clock strike once, but I could not tell what time ft was, Half an hour later it struck once again, bat I still could not tell what time it was. Finally, half an hour later it struck ence again and I kneve what the time was. ‘What time was © Puzzle 3 ‘You are running in a marathon and you overtake the person in second place, what position are-you mow in’ © Puzzle 4 “Tree-Teat is logical game (similar to minesweeper) in wich the aim isto identity all tents in the grid. Each tree is exactly onnected to only one tent. A tent can be found in a orizarally a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a Understanding Logical Reasoning -equal Rs 100, but it is purely 2 coincidence that the total of the right-hand column is close wo Rs 100, Ans. 12 ‘Ans, 13. 31 Each one won Rs 247. 141016 Ans. 144) Ans. 15 (a) Ans, 160) ‘Ans, 17 Monday 181020 Scenario—The problem set given above involves many facts-the scheme of firing shots, the way the points are awarded, the number of shots fired and the number of shots, hitting the target Observation—Afer going through the setup given above, following points should come of the surface: 1. One round of firing involves 12 shots being fired, four shots by’ each shooter, fi, Since 12 shots are being fired in one round, so a total of 72 shots are being fired in six such rounds. Out of the 72 shots, 24 shots have been fred by each of them. Now, in the next six shots, 4 shots must have been fired by the person who was the fist person to shoot and rest two aust have been fired by the person who was the second person to shoot iii, So, total number of shots fired by the Ist person =28 Total number of shots fired by the 2nd person =26 ‘Toul number of shots fired by the 3rd person 74 Problem-Besidles the problems given in the question set, let us raise some ore pertinent points regarding this sct 1 Since Akhil was the first on to get 60 points, can we ussume that AKRil was the first one to shoot? If yes, then why and if no, then why? ii, Since Bharat was the second ranker, can we assume that ‘Bharat was the second one to shoot? If yes, thea why and if no, then why? FLAW DETECTOR—While operating on the surface only gives us an ida that Akhil was the first one to shoot because he got 60 points fis, it also gives us the reason why we get this conclusion-because we were operating on surface only. Understand the points scheme—A person can get points without hitting any target or even without firing shots. As it is gives that two points are awarded for a hit abd one poist is awarded to the opponents in case of 8 miss, It might be a possibility that Akhil would have got 59 paints or 58 points or sa in his round, and chen other shaoters go 19 shoot, they mise and in tun Akhil gets the point, and thus he gets 60 points. ‘And otherwise also, a deep thinking tells us that game ends with second shooter (because a total of 78 shots are fired), s0 Akhil could be at best second shooter and not the first shooter. Explanation—As we have discussed above also, this question set invalves many facts and hence lets make some equations, Hite Miss Points © Abt A b datdee Bharat c a 2etb+e etbed Chand E r We are using six variables above, so we need to have ssix equations to solve this set, Let us make the equations— Points scored by Akhil = 2a +d +f = 60 Points scored by Bharat = 2c +b +f = $3 Points scored by Chand = 2e+b+d = 43 Total hits =a + e+e = 43 Total misses = b + d+ f= 35 Till now we have been able to construct only five equations. Since we have used all the given information, ‘we cannot have a sixth equation directly from the given set. Hence, we will iniroduce the “hypothetical equntions” now ‘that will work as 6th equation, “Assume that Akhil is the first one to start, sa a+ b= 28 (vi) (wid) Doing (i) —(v) gives us: 2a-b=28 ‘Adding (vi) and (vii), 3a = 53, since we are not getting the integral value of ‘a’ from here, we would conclude that (wi) equation a +b ‘= 28 is not a valid equation and so Akhil is not the first one to shoot. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. as Understancling Logical Reasoning If box T is delivered on Monday, then box X must be delivered on Friday. This is a loose sequencing rule which introduces further conditions related to the delivery of box T and box X. But we should be very clear about certain facts related to this statement: ()1fb0x T isnot delivered on Monday, then box X ean be: delivered on any day (except Monday) (ii) If box % is not deltvered on Friday, then box T cannat be delivered on Monday. If box X is delivered on Tuesday, box U is delivered on Monday, This is again a loose sequencing rule which intro-duces conditions related to the delivery of box X and box U. This statement also means that if U is not delivered oa Monday, then X is not delivered on Tuesday. Box W is delivered the day following the day of the delivery of box Z. This is also a loose sequencing rule which intraduces conditions related to the delivery of box W and box Z. It simply means that Z =W will be consecutive im the same onder, For the sake of establishing the rules clearly in our mind, we should write it as follows: @ X—Not on Monday (Rule 1) mT (Monday) then ~ X (Friday) {Rule 2) WX (Tuesday) then — U (Monday) —{Rule 3) mw (Rule 4) ‘And then the five places— Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday “Ans. I, (a) Since box W is to be delivered on the day imme- ddinkely after the day on which box 2 is delivered, box W ‘cannot be: delivered on Mandy ‘Ans. 2.() Box U is to be delivered the day after box T. So, the ‘order is: TU. This is the second such pair after 2 ~W i to be accammmodated into the Says schedule ‘Now start visualizing the days for X ta be delivered: Monday ~ Not possible Tucsday ~ Not possible, otherwise one of the pairs from T — U and 2 ~ W will be required to split up. _Wesinesdiay — If X is to be delivered then one of the pairs will be delivered on Monday — Tuesday and other pair on ‘Thursday ~ Friday with either box T being delivered on Monday'Thursday or box 2 being delivered on Monday! Thursday. ‘Now, T cannot be delivered on Monday otherwise X ‘will be delivered on Friday (Ralle 2). IFT is delivered on Thuraday, then U willbe delivered ‘on Friday and compulsorily, Z will be delivered on Monday and W on Tuesday. ‘This delivery schedule is in accordance with the given tales, So, box X can be delivered on Wednesds Thursday — Not possible, otherwise one af the pairs from T—U and Z ~ W will be required ta split up. ‘Exiday - If X is to be delivered then one of the pairs will be delivered on Monday = Tuesday and other pair on Wednesday ~ Thursday with either box T being delivered on Monday/Wednesday OR box Z being delivered on Monday! Wednesday, The following delivery schedule scheme can be followed: ‘Monday — T Tuesday -U ‘Wednesday -Z ‘Thursday - W Friday —X Hence box X can be delivered om either Wednesday or Friday. ‘Ans. 3.(c) Let us make the diagrams: ‘Monday Tucsdlay Wednesday Thursday Friday W If W is on Wednesday, then Z will be on Tuesday. Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday. Zz Ww ‘Checking the options: Option (a), Box U is delivered om Friday, ‘We are left with three boxes T, U and X and three days—Monday, Tuesday and Friday. ‘Now let us take the stock of the situation now: For Monday—X cannot be delivered on Monday, so X hhas to be delivered on either Thursday ox Priday. If T is delivered on Monday, thea X will be delivered ‘on Friday and consequently, U on Thursday. IF is delivered on Monday, then the rest two will be delivered on the remaining two days. $0, Box U cannot be delivered an Monday. (Option (b) We can eliminate this option very easily Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Exiday: z w Option (e) Monday Tuceday Wednesday Thursday Friday. Zz W [Now moving ahead from bere: If U is delivered on Monday, then X and T can be ddetivered on Thursday and Friday respectively Hence, option (¢) could be true, ‘Work for students: Check the veracity of option (4), ‘Ans (a) Box U is delivered on Wesinesday. Monday Tussday Wednesday Thursday Friday u Now, 2 will be delivered on either Monday or Thursday. ‘Monday Tucsday Wednesday Thursday Eriday (1) z w u OR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Ihumday Exiday (2) u Zz w a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. da Understanding Logical Reasoning @ PRACTICE EXERCISE 1 (DRRERIGH For questions 1 te 5: Read the following passage cand solve the questions based on it (@ Sixstudents P,Q, R$, Tand U are indifferent branches of Engineering viz. IT, Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Metallurgy and Electronics but not necessarily in the same order. (ii) Each of them is a resident of a different city viz, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Patna, Hyderabad and Bangalore, R ig the resident of Patna but he is not in chemical or clectrical. T, who is in mechanical, is not a resident of Mumbai or Hyderabad. is from Kolkata and he is in electrical. The student from Chennai is in electronics; $ is from Mumbai; P is in metallurgy, Q1. Which of the following isnot the correct combination of student and subject? (0) P-metallurgy — (b) Qeelecirical te) U-Electronies (a) SIT Q2. Which student is from Chennai? fo) RK tb) U fs id) T Q3. Which city does P belong to? (a) Chennai f(b) Kolkata (6) Hyderabad (@) Cannot be determined Q4. Which student is from Bangalore? T ob) Q (8 (d) TorP Q'S, Which subject is being studied by R? (a) Electronics (b) Mechanical (c) Metallurgy (d) None of these DLRREAIGRE for questions 6 to 10: Read the follawing passage and solve the questions based an it. (i) Five friends P, Q, R, $ and T travelled to five different cities, Cheanai, Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad, by five different modes of transport, bus, train, airplane, car, and boat, from Mumbai. (G8) The person who traveled 10 Delhi did not travel by “boat (Gil). went to Bangalore by eur and Q went to Kolkata by airplane {iv) travelled by boat whereas T travelled by train 4») Mumbai is not connected by bas to Delhi and Chennai, Q6 Which of the following combinations of person and mode is not correct? (a) FAirplane (c) S-bost () R-Car (@) P-Bus Q7. Which of the following combinations is true foe S? (a) Chenmai-bus (b) Chennai-boat (c) Dethi-bus (d) Cannot be determined QE. Which of the following combinations of place and made is nat correct? (a) Chenmai-bast (b) Kolkata-airplane (c) Hyderabad-bus () Dethi-bus Q9 The person travelling to Delhi went by which of the following modes? (a) Bus. ) Tr (©) Airplane = (4) Car Q.10, Wha among the following waveled to Dethi? (a) T (o) S @R (d) Cannot be determined (DWFREHOHE for questions 11 to 15: Reed the following pascage and solve the questions based on i, Six persons Amar, Bijay, Chetan, Disha, Esha and Farukh took op & job with an organization in a week from Monday to Saturday. Each of them joined for different posts on different days. The posts were of— clerk, officer, technician, manager, supervisor and sales executive, though not necessarily in the same order, Farukh joined as a manager on the first day. Bijay joined as a supervisor but neither on Wednesday nor Friday. Disha joined as a technician on Thursday. Chetan joined the firm as an officer on Wednesday. Esha joined as a clerk on ‘Tuesday, Amar joined as a sales executive. Q 11. Who joined the firm.on Wednesday? (3) Buay (b) Chetan (¢) Bijay of Chetan (d) Cannot be determined 12. Who was the ast person to join the frm? (@) Esha (0) Farukh (©) Amar (@) Bijay Q.13. On which of the following days did the Sales Executive join? ‘a) Tuesday (6) Thursday (e) Sarurday (4) Friday Q 14, Which of the fotlowing is correctly matched regarding ‘the posts and day of joining? (a) Manager ~ Tuesday {b) Officer ~ Wednesday (ec) Clerk - Thursday {@) Technician ~ Monday QS. Who joined on Wednesday? (a) Chetan {b) Clerk» fe) Amar (4) Manager a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. als ‘Understanding Logical Reasoning = ANSWERS Q. Ans. 2. ow 2 te 40 s@ 6b ao 9 10 id) 12 (¢) Be 4a 6 © 17_ id) 18 (dy 20 (a). @ Hints and Explanations 102 1. English Dehusis 2 Hindi Neeta 3. Beanomics Harsh 4. History Ravi 5. Geography Sanjay 6. Psychology ——_-Vishowas 306 Son Color af Shirt Likes yellow writing whiterblue/green singing 8 red tcaveling R Dbluelwhite reading N green'white playing Ans. 3 (d) white or blue or green 71010 Wed Thu Fri Sat Mon Tue EB WE 1D C AG J 11t0 15 Seven professors are: A, B,C, D, E, F and G. Seven subjects are: History, Geography, Physics, ‘Chemistry, Maths, Biology and English, Subjects are taught on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. ‘From statements (i), (v) and (vii), we get the following: ‘Table 1 Person ‘Subject Day Chemistry ‘Tuesday Maths Mondry = Thursday Now, with the help of (i (iv) and (vi) we get the following table: Table 2 Person Subjeet Day B Geography Tuesday (Chemistry Tuesday © Maths Monday G ‘Thursday D Friday F History ae A English = From Table 2, ybvious that E teaches Geography ‘on Tuesday, ‘Now, we know that History and English are not taught ‘on Tuesday, Monday, Thursday and Friday. Hence, History and English are taught on Wednesday. ‘Again from Table 2, it is obvious that B teaches either Physics or Biology. But from Ans. (ii) D does not teach Physics. Hence, D teaches Biology. So, using elimination techniques, G teaches Physics. Hence, the obtained information can be summarized ‘as below: Table 3 Person Subject Day L E Geography Tuesday 2 B Chemistry Tuesday 2 © Maths Monday 4 6 Physics Tuesday & oD Biology Friday 6 F History Wednesday 1 A English Wednesday a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. ao Understanding Logical Reasoning IFT go to-watch a movie, only then will she go-to a picnic, Or, if we allow a bit of change in the nature of statements then statements could be seen as follows too: fT go to watch a movie, then she will not go te a picnic. IfT do not goto watch a movie, then she will go to-8 picnic. II do not go to waich a movie, then she will not go to TF do ot go to watch a movie, only then wil she nat 0 to 8 picnic If | go to watch « movie, only then will she not go to a picnic. After we have joined the simple statements, we call these statements Compound Statements. And the words which we use to join two simple statements are known as Logieal Links. @ SOME STANDARD LOGICAL LINKS: AND THEIR USAGES BA. if-then “If theo” is one of the most important Logical Links. Its usage includes the affirmative as well as the negative statement. Following are same of the structured applications of this Logical Link: "Bit a happens then B happens Given ~ A his happened. Conclusion ~ B will happen. This is & valid conclusion, a through the following. diagram: Reason 1 of | happening of B Bexample 1 QL. Ifthe terrorists* demands are met, then lawlessness will prevail Given — The terrorist’s demands have been met. ‘Conclusion ~ Lawlessness will prevail, Sif A happens then B happens Given — A has not happened. Conclusion ~ B will not happen “This isan invalid conclusion, Using the diagram given above, despite A. hes not happened, B might happen owing to the occurrence of either reason 2 or teason 3 ete. Bexample 2 Q2. Ifthe terrorists’ demands are met, then lawlessness will prevail. ‘Given ~ The Tesrorist’s demands have not been met, ‘Conclusion - Lawlessness will not prevail, ‘This is an invalid conclusion, Bexample3 Q3. Ifyou fall down from the roof, then your logs will get fractured. Given = You have no fallen down the roof. Conclusion ~ Your legs will not get fractured. ‘This ison invalid conclusion. What we should understand here isthe fact that falling dawn the roof is just one of the ways by which the legs can get fractured and there can be other ways also of the legs getting fractured e.g, meetir ‘with an accident or getting beaten up etc. And just because you have not fallen down the roof, we cannot be sure thatthe legs have not got fractured. ‘Gif A happens then B happens Given ~ B has happened. Conclusion - A would also have happened, ‘This is an invalid conclusion, Once-again go through the same diagram: Obviously B can happen due to reasom 2 or reason 3 also and is not dependent ot ‘reason 1 only". Bexample4 Q4. If you fall down from the roof, then your legs will get fractured. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. . Understanding Logical Reasoning @ PRACTICE EXERCISE QL. | vvill buy the airplane only if'it is the costliest and the fastest (2) 1 did not buy the airplane and it is neither the fastest nor the costliest. (&) I bought the airplane and itis not the costliest nor ‘sit the fastest. (©) The airplane is the fastest and the costliest and ‘didnot buy it. (@) | bought the airplane and it isthe fastest and the sostliest. 22. work very hard whenever there is a need, (8) 1 work very hard and there is a need. (b) I did not work hard and there is no need. (6) 1did not work hard and there is no need, (a) Both b and Q3. Lweara pad every time I bat, () U batied. (Gi) I didn’t bat. 4, I get cold feet whenever I see a ion, (Law a lion, (ii) didn’t see a lion. ii) got cold feet. iv) I didn't get cold feet ‘Whenever Devdas comes, Uniraa Jaan rings @) Unarao Jaan is singing. i) Devdas has come, (ii) Devdas hasn't come. (iv) Unwao Jaan is not singing. 'Q6, | can soe the star oaly if1 goto the planetarium (@) 1 went to the planetarium. (Gi) I didn’t see the star (ul) saw the star. (iv) I didn’t go ta the planetarium, (@ (b) i © iss | can find Chinese toys oaly if go to the fair (i) I didn’t find Chinese toys. Gi) 1 found Chinese toys. (Gif) went to the fair (jv) 1 dida’t go to the fair Qn Q8. Lwill beitiend Som only if he returns: my book. (i) I befriended Som. (Gi) Som returned my book. Q9. 10. qu Qn Qn Qu. Qs, (iii) E wont befriend Som, {iv} Som didn't return my book, (a) i (©) viii (Only in Bengal, you can ses the Bengal Tiger. @) You went to Bengal, i) You didn’t ge to Bengal. i) You saw the Bengal Tiger. (iv) You didn’t see the Bengal Tiger. (a) i (by ive c ‘You cannot clear the CAT unless you are hard working, i) You are hard working, i) You can clear the CAT. i) You are not hard working. (x) You cannot clear the CAT, (ay th) iii (e) iv ta) i Amit Kumari either an engineer or a dactor. @) Amit Kumar is an engineer. Gi) Amit Kumar is not a doctor (Gil) Amit Kumar is not an engineer. (Gv) Amit Kumar is a doctor fa) tb) () ivi ta) ii Either Raghav is sick or be is stoned. @) ivi (d) itiv ‘When I seean GY movie I have a bad dream, (1 saw an RGV movie. Raja gets a mild fu whenever he eats an ie ercam, ) Raju gets a mild flu, i) Raja does not eat an ice cream. i) Raju does not get a mild flu, (Gv) Raje ate an ioe cream, @ ii (b) ivei te) (a) ii Either SRK is angry or be shows mock anger. (i) SRK shows mock anger. ARK is angry. 1) SRK does not show mock anger, a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. a Understanding Logical Reasoning = ANSWERS ‘Ans. ‘Ans Q. Ans. @ 2 ze 3a 6m 7@ se »@ 10 (e) Lt @ 12 @) 13 (a) 4 @ i @ 16 (b) 17 18) 9 20 (b) LEARNING OBJECTIVES |. Meaning of Sequencing and Arrangement Different types of Sequencing and Arrangement ‘questions 1. Greular Arrangement Approach to solve the questions ‘In CAT and other major B-School exams, sequencing and arrangement questions constitute a major portion ofthe paper. ‘im this chapter, we will discuss sequencing and arrangement both as a skill and as a type af question. ‘However throughout this book, other than this chapter, ‘we will be using the word sequencing and arrangement more asa ski, rather than as a type of question. ‘While discussing the constituents of Logical reasoning ‘im Chapter 2—Developing the Skills, we went through the definitions and interpretations of variables and understood the mechanisms to solve the LR questions. Besides, we ‘covered Sequencing, which is just « part of the whole gamut ‘of solving questions, and the problems of two/threc/more ‘than three vari We ‘Chapter 2. start from the same place where we left in = WHATIS SEQUENCING AND ARRANGEMENT? Soquencing is the act of puiting things ina specific sequence, order or a list. In our day-to-day life too, we go through many examples of sequencing or arranging things and events such x: While writing appointments on a calendar or a mobile, White placing an order im a restaurant—Talumein soup, kebabs, ice cream and finally mocha, While taking. test and deciding which section is to be attempted first, second and so om. The only difference between sequencing in our practical life and the LR set will be the fact that the LR. set ‘given in the questions will have a prior order of variables, ‘As a student your job will be to find out that order or sequence. = TYPES OF SEQUENCING AND ARRANGEMENT While a good number of times the statements/conditions given in the LR set will specify the exact positioning of the entities given. Howover, many a times only the relative positioning of the variables wil be given, Understanding Logical Reasoning Let us see some examples of such statements ‘Context ‘Statement reads as. ‘Which variables are Mis fourth, exactly placed in the sequence? Which variables ae Mis not 6th ecbiddea from a specific position in the sequence? ‘Which variables are next | M and N are consecutive to, before or immediately A is next to B, preceding or following No wariable comes hetween A one another? and B. ‘A.and B are consecutively inthe sequence, Which variables cannot Adoes not immediately precede be next to, befure or im- ar follow B. mediately preceding or Ais not immediately before or following one another? after B. M and N are aot consecutive in the sequence ‘How far apart im the se- Bxactly two people come be- quence are‘two particular ween A and B. variables? ‘What is the relative pasi- A comes before ‘Bin the queue, tion of A.and B in the M comes after N inthe queue. sequence? In the above given examples, we observe two types of sequencing: @ Strict Sequencing and Arrai In these kinds of sequencing, relative positioning of the ‘variables will be almost fixed, These are the rules which give ‘us the exact position of the variables. "Sexample (DAREREEEE for questions 1 to 3: Read the following passage ‘elaw and solve the questions based on it During the summer placements at MU, which will rats for a single week in June starting from Monday through Friday; ‘Due North Inc will interview thres applicants Omakara, Tyagi, and Keshu, Exactly five interviews will be conducted in this ‘week long schedule with strictly one interview per day. Further information about the schedule of the interviews is as follows: Each applicant is interviewed at least once. I Omikara is interviewed twice on two consecutive days. ‘Tyagi has to meet his girl friend Billo on Wednesday, therefore he cannot be interviewed on Wednesday. MW Keshu is not interviewed on Friday as be has to goto meet Dolly who is Omkara's wife, If Tyagi is interviewed on Monday then Keshu must be interviewed on Tuesday. Q1, Which out of the following week's schedule could be true? (8) The person who is interviewed on Tuesday is also. interviewed on Thursday. (©) The person who is interviewed on Wednesday is also interviewed on Friday. (¢) The person who is interviewed an Manday is also. interviewed on Tuesday. (4) Tyagi is interviewed on Monday and Thursday, Q2. Ifin addition to Omkara, one more person is interviewed on two consecutive days, then which of the following. could be (a) Tyagi is interviewed on Monday and Omkara is interviewed an Wednesday. (b) Tyagi is interviewed on Tuesday and Friday. (c) Tyagi is interviewed on Tuesday and Omkara is interviewed oe. Friday. (2) Kesh is interviewed on Tuesday and Omkara is interviewed oa Thursday Q3. Ifthe woek’s interview schedule has the same appticant scheduled for Monday and Thursday then on which day ‘nist Tyagi be interviewed? (a) Monday (b) Tuesday (c) Wednesday (a) Friday Solution ‘Scenario There are three applicants— Omkara (O), Tyagi (T) and Kesh (K) and they are to interviewed for five interviews, Monday through Friday. Looking at the given limitations of exactly one interview per day and with only three applicants for five interviews, some of the applicants must be interviewed more than once Rules The interviews are conducted one per day starting on Monday through Friday. Hence sketch a weekly schedule with five The first condition says each applicam will be interviewed at least once. The next condition says Omkara is interviewed on two consecutive days-lets have an OO black, for two consecutive days. The next two conditions tell about the days on which Tyagi and Keshu cannot he interviewed; mark this information in your diagram. The last condition says that if Tyagi is interviewed on Monday, Keshu must be interviewed on Tuesday. ‘T (MON) then ~ K (TUE) ‘The OO block for Ombara is the only big restricting factor present here. There is nothing that stops its placement on any particular pair of days in the schedule. But since Omkara is interviewed on exactly two days. and Tyagi and Keshu are cach to be interviewed at least once, you have four out of the five entities, The fifth interview will go to either P or S. If Tyagi is interviewed on Monday, Keshu is inerviewed on Tuesday, then Omkara will be interviewed either on Wednesday-Thursday or Thursday-Friday. Hence, one thing is sure that Omkara is definitely interviewed on ‘Thursday, And if any of this does not happen, then it means that Tyagi won't be imterviewed on Monday. ‘T (MON) then ~ K (TUE) Ans, 1 (6) ‘To find out the ‘could be true” statements, we should sliminate the options that must be false Option (a) does not allow to place the pair of ddays for Omkara anywhere, soit can’t be true Option (b) cannot be true either: Tyagi is not interviewed on Wednesday and Kesiu is not interviewed 10n Friday, the only applicant who can be interviewed san both Wednesday and Friday is Omikara- but his two interviews must happen on consecutive days. Option (4) also can’t be true; if Tyagi is interviewed on Monday, we have already concluded that Omkara will be interviewed on. Thursday. ‘Only option (¢) could be true. Ans 2(d) According ta the conditions given in the question, besides an OO block. we will have either 2 TT block or a KK block. Going through the options: Option (a) suggests that if Tyagi is on Monday, then Keshu has to be on Tuesday. But with Kesiu oa ‘Tuesday and Omikara on Wednesday and Thursday, we don't have the consecutive days block left either for PP or SS, so option (a) is ruled out Option (b) cannot be the answer because here ‘Tyagi is interviewed oa two non-consecutive days, and that stops every body besides Omiksra to go on two consecutive days. Option (c) Omkara is on Friday, so he is interviewed on Thursday also. Since both Keshu and Omkara can’t go on Wednesday (using condition 3) ‘Sequencing and Arrangement a Keshu must be interviewed on Wednesday. Taking Tyagi on Tuesday, he must be the second person to be interviewed on two consecutive days — Monday and Tuesday. But if’ we put Tyagi on Monday then Keshu should be interviewed on Tuesday. Se option (c) cannot be the answer Optian (d) is the only option left out, sa this has to be the answer, If Keshu is on Tuesday and Omkare is on ‘Thursday, then Kesiu can be on Monday and Omkara can be on Wednesday, Now Tyagi can be interviewed on Friday, “Tyagi ‘Ans. 3 () If the same applicant is to be scheduled for both Monday and Thursday, then it can't be Omkara, wha must have the interview on twa consecutive days, It can’t be Tyagi too, because Tyagi on Monday and Omkara oo Thursday is not an acceptable set. So it must be Keshu, Now, Monday and Thursday are taken up by Keshu, then Omkars must be interviewed on Tuesday ‘and Wednesday(the only consecutive days left). Hence “Tyagi must be on Friday. Option (4) is correct. © Loose Sequencing and Arrangement In this kind of sequencing, the data given will tell us the Telnive pontoning o€ cn "aisle wh reapact totb olber ‘adable without pring hc enact patton ‘Sexample (DURERHRH for questions 4 to S: Read the following passaye and solve the questions based an it. Eight parties—Forward Block, Hindustan Panty, Janta Party, Lokmat, New Socialist party, Praja party, Socialist party and ‘TDP, contested in the last general election. The number of seats won by these parties vary largely. While announcing, the final results, The election commission expressed the following observation regarding the number of seats won by these parties in terms of their popularity (the more the popularity, the more is the number of seats won by the party and vice-versa, (While doing the ranking, take the first to be being the party with the maximum seats won and the eighth to be the party with minimum seats won.) i) No two parties won the same number of seats Gi) The Socialist party and the Forward block are each Jess popular thaa the TBP. Understanding Logical Reasoning ‘The Socialist party is more popular than the Janta party. (iv) The Lokmat and the New Socialist party are each less popular than the Forward black, (0) The Hindustan party and the Lokmat are cach less popular than the Janta party. (vi) The Praja party is less popular than the Lokmat. (vi) The Praja parry is not the eighth in rank, Scenario When planning the diagram for the sequencing first, decide if it should be drawn horizontally or vertically. To draw the diagram here, we will think of the rankings in terms of top +o bottom, Unlike the problems done in the strict sequencing section, uniting 1 to & or ereating eight spaces will not serve the purpose owing to the fact that no exact information ‘regarding the positioning of variables eg. (The Praja party is ‘pot eighth) is given. Rules ‘Start visualizing. Let os name each party with its first letter as in the Forward Block is F ete. The first condition states that S and F are both less popular than T. Here we don’t know anything about the space between these two entities, just the order. Draw T above both ‘Sand F by keeping in mind that nothing is said about the relationship between Sand F. ‘The second condition: $ is more popular than J Next condition: Both Land N are less popular than F ‘Next condition: Bath H and IL are below J Last condition: P is not the eighth. “P+ ‘not the last” Let us now start joining the information. If we connect § from condition 2 to condition 1, this is exactly what we get: or P is T 4 L P (nat last) After joining the rules, we have the relationship. bet- ‘ween more parties. ‘Which is higher, F of P? Of course F is higher, and we |mow we can determine the relationship between them because ‘we can travel from one to the other in one direction. FLAW DETECTOR—Now have a look at F andl H. (Can we say that F is higher then H? The answer is No. It's all because of the fact that to go from F to H, w ‘would have to “travel” along the tree in more than one direction (first up then down, or first down then up). | By doing this there is no definite relationship. F could | ‘be ranked higher than H or H could be higher than F. | ‘Which party is ranked last? Eicher H or N. Lets now consider the questions. Q4. Which of the allowing could be the order of the parties liste from winning the maximum mire of seats tothe ‘minimum number of seats? (@) TBSLIN.RH @) STRNLLBRH (©) TS LKERLN (@) TS, 5,F LN, BH {All the parties are being denoted by their first eter) Ans.4 (0) ‘To start with, this could be seen as the complete and accurate ist, since all parties are taken into consideration in each answer choice ‘Now, start going through the options ‘Apply cach condition to the given options: Option (6) violates condition (i) by making S more popular than ‘, therefore option (b) must be incorrect, Condition (i) and (iii) don’t hetp climinate uny options, but (a) violates condition (iv) by making L more popular than J, and is hence incorrect. Option c) gives P's higher populanty than ‘La violation of condition (x). We have eliminated three ‘options. So the remaining option D has ta be the eoreect, answer, Q5. If the Forward block is more popular than the Socialist Party and tbe Hindustan party is more popular than the ‘PrajaPary, then which ofthe following must be tnse ofthe ‘number of seats won by different partes in the election? ta) ‘The Hindustan Panty is sith, (b) The Lekmat is. sixth. 6) The Lokmat is seventh, (d) The New Socialist Party is eighth Ans. 5 (d) ‘Let usagain use the frst eter of the pts as their symbol. ‘This “if* question places two additional conditions on. the order of popularity, The first condition places F above S, “The second condition places H ahove P. Re-draw your sketch 1 incorporate these new conditian: Going through the options against the backdrop of the introduction of new facts like F is assigned to position 2 and the elimination of H as a possibility for the last position, (leaving only N available for that slot) in the new sketch, Sequenting and Arrangement a ‘option (d) is correct. Since both H und. L could be in the sixth Position, (a) and (b) don't have to be true, although these are probably true, Also, if L is placed at the seventh position, then P would have to be in the last position. And this violates the last condition, making option (c) incorrect, i Circular Arrangement ‘The Circular Arrangement questions are not necessarily the ‘questions regarding a situation where in we need to make the seating arrangement around a circular table. It can be a rectangular table or even a hexagonal table. We should understand Circular Arrangement as an arrangement having, closed loop. This can be understood with the following diagrams also: ks Understanding Logical Reasoning The shove given diagrams might appear to us as three

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