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3 authors:
Mohammed Fattah
Kais T Shlash
18 PUBLICATIONS 31 CITATIONS
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Madhat Al-soud
Al-Mustansiriya University
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A B S T R A C T
Article history:
The boundary element technique is a practical problem-solving tool and useful in comparison to other
currently popular alternatives. In this paper, a circular tunnel with a diameter of 3.4 m is to be
excavated through a clayey soil and surrounded by concrete lining of a thickness 0.2 m, so the clear
internal diameter is 3.0 m. A plane strain analysis is adopted for such problem and the soil is assumed
to be homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic medium. The program MRBEM (multi-region BEM)
is adopted to analyze a 2D circular lined tunnel in a soil medium of an infinite extent. The existence of
a lined tunnel, as in the case of any structure, is affected by the soil medium and affects the
surrounding soil. This may be understood throughout the study of many parameters that influence the
tunnel's behavior. The parametric study for the lined tunnel covers the influence of the following
factors: depth of the tunnel and undrained shear strength of soil. It was found that ground surface
settlement, due to the effect of surcharge load, shows its maximum value at both sides of the lined
tunnel and not above the center of the tunnel. The maximum positive stresses at the lining interface
occur at the crown and invert regions. These stresses tend to decrease gradually until they reach their
minimum negative values at the springline region.
Keywords:
Boundary elements
Tunnel
Lined
Displacements
Stresses
doi: 10.5829/idosi.ije.2012.25.02b.02
1. INTRODUCTION1
With the modern development of experimental research,
theoretical analysis becomes very powerful and soundly
based. A successful theoretical analysis is capable of
producing accurate and reliable results without the risk
or expense required to build a test rig and carry out an
actual experimental investigation [1].
Boundary element models are widely used in
geomechanics problems for computing stresses and
displacements around underground excavations. Most of
these models assume the rock mass to be a
homogeneous, isotropic, linearly elastic solid, although
heterogeneity and anisotropy can also be analyzed by
the boundary element method [2- 4]. An important
development of the boundary element approach is that
half-plane and bounded half-plane problems can be
solved
without
making
additional
numerical
approximations. Problems involving layers of finite
thickness are more difficult to treat as closed form
fundamental solutions are difficult to derive. However,
the fundamental solution for a multi-layered medium
*Corresponding
M. Y. Fattah et al/ IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012) 87-94
88
89
M. Y. Fattah et al/ IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012) 87-94
G.S.L
W.T.L
Crown
Shoulder
Dext= 3.4 m
Dint= 3 m
Spring
line
7. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Knee
Invert
Concrete lining
Surcharge 20 kN/m2
Region- 1
Soil
Region- 2
Concrete lining
24 m D
Infinite
region
Symmetry line
Es = 250 cu to 500 cu
Infinite region
(1)
a
30 m
6. PARAMETRIC STUDY
The existence of a lined tunnel, as in the case of any
structure, through the soil medium is affected by the
Soil type
Soft
Medium
Stiff
Soil
cu (kPa)
25
60
100
Es (kPa)
12500
30000
50000
0.49
Concrete
Ec (kPa)
21106
0.15
M. Y. Fattah et al/ IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012) 87-94
Soft
Medium
10
Stiff
20
30
-30
-20
20
30
Z/D=3
0
Soft
Medium
10
Stiff
30
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
9
-20
Soft
Z/D=4
Medium
-10
Z/D= 2
Stiff
-20
-10
10
20
30
0
Soft
Medium
10
Stiff
20
30
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
Soft
15
-30
10
-10
12
-20
20
12
-10
15
-30
Z/D=2
-10
-20
90
Medium
Z/D= 3
Stiff
-20
-10
10
20
30
9
Soft
12
15
-30
Medium
Z/D= 4
Stiff
-20
-10
10
20
30
M. Y. Fattah et al/ IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012) 87-94
0
4
Soft
8
Medium
Soft
Depth
Depth
91
Medium
12
Stiff
12
Stiff
16
16
20
20
Z/D=2
Z/D=2
24
24
10
12
14
16
18
20
18
16
Depth
Soft
Stiff
12
4
Soft
Medium
Depth
Stiff
Depth (m)
Medium
12
Stiff
Medium
Stiff
12
12
16
16
20
20
16
20
20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
24
24
Z/D=2
24
0.0
0.8
Z/D=3
Z/D=3
Z/D=2
24
0.0
10
12
14
16
18
18
20
19
20
21
22
0.8
Soft
0
Soft
4
Medium
Stiff
12
16
Soft
8
Soft
Stiff
Depth (m)
Medium
Depth
12
Medium
Depth
Depth (m)
22
Soft
4
Medium
Depth (m)
21
0
Soft
Medium
12
Stiff
12
Stiff
16
16
16
20
20
20
20
24
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
24
0.0
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
14
16
18
18
20
0.8
19
20
21
22
a. Horizontal displacement
0
Soft
b. Vertical displacement
Soft
4
Medium
Stiff
12
16
Medium
Stiff
Depth (m)
12
0
4
24
24
Z/D=3
0.8
Z/D=4
Z/D=4
Z/D=3
Depth (m)
20
0
0
19
12
16
20
20
Z/D=4
24
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Z/D=4
0.8
24
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
a. Horizontal displacement
b. Vertical displacement
0.8
0
4
Depth (m)
X=13 m
X=20 m
12
X=27 m
16
20
Soft clay
24
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Depth (m)
X=20 m
X=27 m
12
16
20
Medium clay
24
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
M. Y. Fattah et al/ IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012) 87-94
4
X=13 m
X=20 m
X=27 m
12
16
20
Stiff clay
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
3.5
Crown
3.0
2.5
Shoulder
2.0
Soft
Springline
1.5
Medium
Stiff
1.0
Knee
0.5
Z/D=2
0.0
-150
Invert
-50
50
150
250
Horizontal stress (kPa)
350
3.5
Crown
3.0
Shoulder
2.5
Soft
2.0
Springline
Medium
1.5
Stiff
1.0
Knee
0.5
Invert
Z/D=3
0.0
-150
-50
50
150
250
Horizontal stress (kPa)
350
3.5
Crown
3.0
Shoulder
2.5
Soft
2.0
Springline
Medium
1.5
Stiff
1.0
Knee
0.5
Invert
Z/D=4
0.0
-150
-50
50
150
250
Horizontal stress (kPa)
a. Horizontal displacement
24
-0.8
350
Depth (m)
92
3.5
Crown
3.0
Shoulder
2.5
Soft
2.0
Springline
Medium
1.5
Stiff
1.0
Knee
0.5
Z/D=2
Invert
0.0
-50
50
150
250
Vertical stress (kPa)
350
3.5
Crown
3.0
Shoulder
2.5
Soft
2.0
Springline
Medium
1.5
Stiff
1.0
Knee
0.5
Z/D=3
Invert
0.0
-50
50
150
250
Vertical stress (kPa)
350
3.5
Crown
3.0
Shoulder
2.5
Soft
2.0
Medium
Springline
1.5
Stiff
1.0
Knee
0.5
Z/D=4
0.0
-50
Invert
50
150
250
b. Vertical displacement
350
M. Y. Fattah et al/ IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012) 87-94
3.5
Crown
Soft
3.0
Medium
Shoulder
Stiff
2.5
2.0
Springline
1.5
1.0
Knee
0.5
Z/D=2
Invert
0.0
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
93
3.5
Crown
3.0
Shoulder
2.5
Soft
2.0
Medium
Springline
Knee
1.0
0.5
Invert
2
0.15
Soft
3.0
Medium
Shoulder
Stiff
2.5
2.0
Springline
1.5
1.0
Knee
0.5
Z/D=3
Invert
0.0
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
Crown
4
6
8
Vertical displacement (mm)
Crown
3.0
Shoulder
2.5
Soft
2.0
Medium
Springline
1.0
Knee
0.5
Invert
3.0
Medium
Shoulder
Stiff
2.5
2.0
Springline
1.5
1.0
Knee
0.5
Invert
0.0
0.00
Z/D=4
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
Horizontal displacement (mm)
a. Horizontal displacement
0.15
Z/D=3
0.0
2
Soft
Stiff
1.5
4
6
Vertical displacement (mm)
Crown
10
3.5
0.15
3.5
Z/D=2
0.0
Stiff
1.5
3.5
Crown
3.0
Shoulder
2.5
Soft
Medium
2.0
Stiff
Springline
1.5
1.0
Knee
0.5
Z/D=4
Invert
0.0
0
2
4
Vertical displacement (mm)
b. Vertical displacement
M. Y. Fattah et al/ IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012) 87-94
94
4.0
Soft
1.
Medium
3.5
Z/D
Stiff
2.
3.0
3.
2.5
4.
2.0
6
10
11
12
5.
4.0
Soft
Medium
3.5
Stiff
Z/D
6.
3.0
7.
2.5
8.
2.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
9.
9. CONCLUSIONS
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.