The Archaeology of Roman

Southern Pannonia
The state of research and selected problems in the
Croatian part of the Roman province of Pannonia
Edited by

Branka Migotti

BAR International Series 2393

2012

Published by
Archaeopress
Publishers of British Archaeological Reports
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
England
bar@archaeopress.com
www.archaeopress.com

BAR S2393
The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia: The state of research and selected problems in the Croatian
part of the Roman province of Pannonia
Archaeopress and the individual authors 2012

ISBN 978 1 4073 0985 9

Translated by Valr Bed, Tomislav Bili, Danijel Dzino, Branka Migotti, Sanjin Mihali , Miroslav Na, Mirko Sardeli
and Vlasta Vyroubal
Proofread by Mirta Jambrovi and Branka Migotti

Printed in England by 4edge, Hockley

All BAR titles are available from:
Hadrian Books Ltd
122 Banbury Road
Oxford
OX2 7BP
England
www.hadrianbooks.co.uk

The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available free
from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com

Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements in Late Antique

Southern Pannonia
Anita Rapan Papea
parts of modern-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Serbia; more important towns in the Croatian part of the
province were Mursa (Osijek) and Cibalae (Vinkovci).
Along with a number of lesser settlements3 (Marsonia
Slavonski Brod, Certissia trbinci), as well as frontier
camps4 (Batina Ad Militare, Zmajevac Ad Novas, Dalj
Teutoburgium, Sotin Cornacum and Ilok Cuccium),
they formed the frame (fig. 1) encountered by the newly
arrived peoples upon entering Pannonia. This paper will
discuss the part of Pannonia Savia from the western border
of modern-day Croatia to the western limit of Pannonia
Secunda (along the line stretching from Donji Miholjac via
the eastern foothills of Krndija and Dilj to the confluence
of the Vrbas and Sava). With regards to Pannonia Secunda,
this paper will discuss the area stretching from the eastern
border of Pannonia Savia to the eastern border of modernday Croatia.

1. Introduction
The period characterised by the coexistence of Late
Antiquity and the beginning of the Early Middle Ages, in
its turn distinguished by migrations of Barbarian tribes, is
one of the most intriguing epochs in the history of Europe.
Cultural production and social organisation of the 5th and 6th
centuries left their strong mark on this period, but also on
Europes modern outlook. The cohabitation of late antique
Romanised population and the newly arrived Barbarian
peoples is a cultural manifestation noted throughout the
Carpathian basin. Excavations in northern Croatia so far
have not revealed any specific elements characterising this
period and the situation in neighbouring countries is only
somewhat clearer. Since the context for most of the finds is
unknown, the spatial and temporal distribution of particular
Barbarian peoples in the territory of modern-day Croatia
can be defined only in combination with historical literary
sources. Nevertheless, even this poor state of research
allows the interpretation of the data as suggesting a high
assimilation rate of Barbarian peoples by the late Roman
cultural frame.

The territory of these provinces was already in the Imperial

period the scene of confrontations among various emperors
and usurpers. From the late 4th century onwards a number
of primarily Germanic peoples appeared in this area
(fig.2), partly arriving forcefully, through incursions and
plundering, and partly peacefully, settling in the area as
Roman allies. All this led to a demise of Roman power
in 5th-century Pannonia, which became only symbolical,
while the real control was exercised by the newly arrived
peoples.5 The chronology of this period is rather well
defined through a combination of literary sources and
archaeological evidence. In this paper the Migration period
will be limited by AD 568 when the Lombards and other
Germanic peoples left Pannonia for Italy,6 given that the
Germanic element no longer played any significant role in
the following period in the Croatian part of Pannonia. The
phase usually styled the Migration period by archaeologists
and historians partially overlaps with Late Antiquity; two
parallel processes were simultaneously in progress in this
area: the demise of the old and the birth of the new cultural
and historical landscape. The impulse for this process came
from the East, when the Huns crossed to the right side of the
frozen River Don in 375 AD. Their invasion gave the initial
impulse that triggered migrations of various Barbarian
tribes towards the south-west and the Roman Empire. The
Western Goths (Visigoths) were the first to seek shelter

In terms of geography the southern part of Pannonian

basin belongs to the sub-Pannonian area. Highland-,
foothill- and lowland-areas alternate from west to east.
Foothills, indented with smaller fluvial basins that gradually
descend into larger river valleys forming large plains in the
extreme east, continue towards the east onto the relatively
low hills in the west. In terms of geography the territory
in question is divided into Central and Eastern Croatia.1
Historically, during Late Antiquity this area was divided
between the provinces of Pannonia Savia, with its centre
in Siscia (Sisak), and Pannonia Secunda,2 with its centre in
Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica). The former encompassed
parts of modern-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Slovenia; besides its metropolis, more important towns
in the Croatian part of the province were Aquae Balissae
(Daruvar), Iovia (Ludbreg), Andautonia (itarjevo) and
Aquae Iasae (Varadinske Toplice). The latter encompassed
VAH, 225, 255.
The so-called Verona List (Laterculus Veronensis 6.2-3, 5-6, in: Not.
Dign. occ.; 314-324 AD) enumerates the provinces Saviensis, Valeria
and Pannonia Inferior (encompassing Pannoniae Secunda and Superior).
The last two received their names in the mid-4th century since the Short
review of the history of Roman people by Festus (ca. 370 AD) mentions
the province of Pannonia Secunda. The name of Panonnia Sirminesis
(Cassiod. Var. 3.23.2, 4.13.1) appeared during the second phase of the
Ostrogothic rule, when Pannonia Savia was united with Dalmatia. I would
like to thank Hrvoje Graanin for clarifying this matter for me.
1
2

Vuli 2009, 121-122.

Sanader 2009, 107.
5
Andri 2002, 131.
6
Paul HL 2.26.
3
4

415

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

Fig. 1. Distribution of late antique provincial sites and finds (made by A. Rapan Papea).

Fig. 2. Distribution of Barbarian finds and sites (made by A. Rapan Papea).

416

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

from the Huns within the borders of the Eastern Roman

Empire in 376 and they settled on Roman territory as allies
(foederati), with permission from the emperor Valens, born
in Cibalae. He paid his decision costly since he was killed
during the battle with the insurgent Goths at Hadrianopolis
in August of 378. The Visigoths had continued to roam
and plunder Pannonia until the early 5th century, when
they departed towards Italy.7 The first literary testimony8
of Germanic presence in Lower Pannonia describes the
settling of a larger Barbarian group consisting of the Huns,
Ostrogoths and Alani. This happened during the reign of
the emperor Gratian (375-383), who settled them as allies
north of the Drava in 380.9 In the early 380, during a Gothic
incursion, the destruction of Mursa and Stridon is explicitly
mentioned.10 In the vicinity of Sisak in Pannonia Savia a
battle took place in the summer of 388 between the emperor
Theodosius (379-395) and the usurper Magnus Maximus
(383-388), involving foederati. On this occasion, or perhaps
before the decisive battle near Poetovio (Ptuj, Slovenia), the
fortress at Kuzelin and Aquae Iasae were also devastated.11
Some years later the Western Roman Empire renounced
all its rights on Eastern Illyricum, together with Pannonia,
through the engagements and subsequent marriage of
the emperor Valentinian III (424-455) with Eudoxia, the
daughter of the Eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II, in
437.12 The large and powerful Hun state under Atilla (406453) most probably did not control either Pannonia Savia
or the western part of Pannonia Secunda, but extended
only to Syrmia (Srijem) towards the west.13 Not long after
Atillas death, Germanic tribes, among which the Gepids
and Ostrogoths were the most important, broke the power
of the Hun state in the battle on the Nedao River in 454 and
they further forced the Huns into retreat towards the Black
Sea.14 The Ostrogoths exploited their moment of power by
occupying Pannonia,15 more precisely, a smaller part of
Pannonia Savia and the majority of the territory of Pannonia
Secunda.16 Between 454 and 473 they ruled this area until,
driven by the lack of provisions, they split into two groups;
one group departed towards Italy and the other towards the
Eastern Empire.17 The vacant territory of Pannonia Secunda
was occupied by the Gepids (473-504), while Pannonia
Savia was controlled by the Suevi, who were pressed from
the north by the Ostrogoths.18 A group of the Ostrogoths
that had crossed the border of the Eastern Empire in 473,
led by Theoderich, departed in the summer of 488 towards
Italy, on the initiative of the emperor Zeno, in order to
occupy the land.19 They have spent the winter in the area of
Sirmium and continued their movement in February of 489,
confronting the Gepids, who controlled this territory, in the

swamps of the Vuka River between Mursa and Cibalae.

The whole-day battle ended in victory of the Goths, who
even managed to seize the supplies wagons of the Gepids.20
The Goths continued along the Drava road and arrived in
northern Italy in August of 489. Theoderich assumed the
complete power in Italy in 494.21 The Ostrogoths returned
to Pannonia in 504, after the situation in Italy had stabilised,
and they formed the province of Pannonia Sirmiensis, a
legal successor of Pannonia Secunda. A smaller part of the
province was ceded to the Eastern Empire.22 Pannonia Savia
was somewhat earlier (ca. 497) united with Dalmatia into
a province governed by a comes of Dalmatia and Pannonia
Savia from the centre in Salona.23 But with the crowning
of the emperor Justinian and his well-known policy of
the so-called reconquest, they were forced to withdraw
all their available forces back to Italy.24 Information on
Pannonia Sirmiensis during Gothic rule are found in
three decrees addressed in 509-510 by Theodeorics to the
comes Colossus. Two of the decrees deal with military
arrangements, that is, issues of defence and army supplies.
The most interesting, however, is the decree addressing
all the Barbarians and Romans in Pannonia, because it
indirectly testifies to the survival of the autochthonous
population.25 Documents referring to Pannonia Savia are
also preserved, in which Theoderics sends his emissaries
Fridibad (507-511) and Severinus (525-526), primarily
to solve the issues of property.26 The Suevi remained in
Pannonia Savia until the Lombards arrived in this territory
in 547 with the allowance of the emperor.27 The repeated
withdrawal of the Ostrogoths was once more exploited
by the Gepids, who returned to Pannonia Sirmiensis and
expanded their rule in comparison with their initial phase
of dominance in this area.28 The renewal of the kingdom
of the Gepids did not conform to the intentions of the
Eastern Empire, hoping to recover the territories it had lost
a long time ago, and it renewed in 547 the alliance with the
Lombards, established in 526.29 The period characterized by
the alternation of war and peace between the Lombards and
Gepids lasted from 549 to 567, when the last Gepid ruler
Cunimund was slain in battle; the Eastern Empire interfered
in these conflicts according to its needs. This is the reason
why the Lombards turned to the Avars for assistance;
the latter agreed to help them, demanding the territories
controlled by the Gepids in return.30 The Germanic period
in the history of southern Pannonia ended with the departure
of the Lombards and other Germanic peoples, but also of a
part of autochthonous population, for Italy in April of 568.31
With the establishment of the great Avar state khanate in
the territories discussed in this paper, a direct Roman and
Germanic influence subsided. Roman influence continued

Graanin 2006, 83-89.

Jord. Get. 141-142; Zos. 4.34.2.
9
Graanin 2005, 14-15; Graanin 2006, 85.
10
Graanin 2005, 13.
11
Graanin 2005, 16-17; Graanin 2006, 37-38.
12
Graanin 2005, 28-31; Graanin 2006, 54-58.
13
Graanin 2005, 32, n. 61.
14
Andri 2002, 133.
15
Jord. Get. 264.
16
Graanin 2006, 95.
17
Andri 2002, 140.
18
Graanin 2006, 100.
19
Graanin 2006, 104.
7

Andri 2003, 297.

Graanin 2006, 108.
22
Graanin 2006, 108-112.
23
Andri 2002, 145.
24
Graanin 2007, 27.
25
Andri 2003, 308.
26
Andri 2002, 147; Graanin 2006, 111.
27
Graanin 2007, 37.
28
Graanin 2007, 30.
29
Graanin 2007, 37.
30
Graanin 2007, 40-44.
31
Andri 2002, 163.
20

21

417

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

3. Archaeological finds

to arrive from the Eastern Empire Byzantium, while the

Germani are recognizable in terms of archaeology through
their jewellery and weapons, even though they were
assimilated into the conglomerate of ethnic groups ruled
by the Avars.32

3.1. Roman proincial culture (late 4th-end of 6th century)

Some of the finds kept in the medieval collection of the
AMZ can be characterised as products of the late Roman
provincial culture, with some of them bearing certain
Byzantine traits. Since these objects arrived to the Museum
as non-circumstantial finds, it is not easy to speculate on the
ethnic background of their owners. The 5th- and 6th-century
population was partly formed of Barbarian peoples and
partly of the Romanised autochthonous population, while
these finds can be affiliated with both groups. Therefore,
they will be discussed as an introduction into the main
subject. The following objects from the area of modern-day
Sisak, kept in the AMZ, belong to this temporal and cultural
frame: a cast bronze earring (fig. 3) with ends terminating
in a polyhedron and a point respectively,42 a gold earring
(fig. 4) with a pendant in the form of a hollowed basket
with a threaded pearl bead in the centre,43 a thick silver
wire torques (fig. 5),44 three bronze pins (figs. 6, 7, and 8)
with the polyhedral head,45 two silver pins (figs. 9 and 10)
with the polyhedral head,46 two bronze pins (figs. 11 and
12) with the head in the form of a bird,47 one bronze (fig.
13) (29 x 29 mm; 5th c.)48 and one silver (fig. 14) brooch
(42 x 21 mm; 5th c.)49 in the form of a naturalistically
rendered pigeon, two bronze brooches (figs. 15 and 16)
in the form of a naturalistically rendered peacock (34 x
17 mm; 4th-5th c.),50 a cast bronze brooch (fig. 17) in the
form of a small horse (37 x 23 mm; 5th c.),51 three cast
bronze brooches (figs. 18, 19, and 20) with bent foot,52 a
cast bronze brooch (fig. 21) with equal arms,53 two cast
bronze brooches (figs. 22 and 23) in the form of a bird of
prey (37x 25 mm; 6th c.),54 six bronze buckle loops (figs.
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29) of different forms,55 one silver
buckle loop (fig. 30),56 two iron buckle loops (figs. 31 and
32) (30 x 15 mm; 5th c.),57 an ornamental bronze belt mount
(fig. 33),58 seven bronze (figs. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and
40)59 and one iron buckle (fig. 41),60 a bronze appliqu (fig.
42) in the form of a lioness,61 four bronze bracelets, 62 and a
lead pendant in the form of an openwork equal-armed cross

2. A review of previous research

The majority of evidence of Barbarian provenance from the
territory in question are chance finds, and, therefore, cannot
be precisely culturally affiliated, since the differences, for
instance, between the Gothic and Gepid material are truly
minor. More often than not historical literary sources are
used in the interpretation of archaeological finds in order to
affiliate them to a particular Germanic people.33 Recently,
the question of ethnicity of the owners of archaeological
finds is being put forward in their interpretation, because
the tendency is, especially in scholarship outside Croatia,
not to speak of the ethnicity of the owners but of the
affiliation of the object itself to a particular cultural group.34
Besides the objects that ended up in museums without any
knowledge of the circumstances of their acquisition, there
are other categories of finds: those acquired through survey/
reconnaissance and those acquired in rescue excavations.
Systematic archaeological excavations in Croatia, however,
of the sites belonging to this period were never conducted,
with the exception of Kuzelin35 and Lobor,36 where late
Roman and early mediaeval layers were excavated.
The most substantial category of objects is that belonging
to non-circumstantial finds kept in the mediaeval collection
of the AMZ. These are mostly artefacts originating from
Sisak and, in a lesser extent, eastern Slavonia and western
Syrmia. The surveys carried out on sites from which
individual objects of Germanic provenance originated were
primarily conducted in order to clarify the circumstances
of these finds. The best example of such practice is the
site of Zmajevac in the Baranja: fittings and a vessel were
found there in 1932 and brought to the AMZ, while the
1954 survey supplemented this find with a solidus of
Theodosius II that, along with other similar evidence from
other sites, helped with dating the original 1932 find.37 Well
documented archaeological excavations were conducted in
Ludbreg (in 1952 and 1976),38 Ozalj (in 1992),39 Kuzelin
(from 1981 onwards),40 and Vinkovci (regularly from 1972
on). 41

Simoni 1989, 108 (1), 119 (1), pl. 1: 1.

Simoni 1989, 108 (2), 119 (2), pl. 1: 2.
44
Simoni 1989, 108 (3), 120 (3), pl 1: 3.
45
Simoni 1989, 108 (6, 7), 120 (6, 7), pl. 1: 6, 7.
46
Simoni 1989, 108(4, 5, 8 = 4, 5, 8), 120(4, 5, 8), pl. 1: 4, 5, 8.
47
Simoni 1989, 109(10, 11), 120(10, 11), pl. 2: 2, 3.
48
Simoni 1989, 109(15), 120(15), pl. 2: 7.
49
Simoni 1989, 109(14), 120(14), pl. 2: 6.
50
Simoni 1989, 110(16, 17), 120(16), 121(17), pl. 2: 8, 9.
51
Vinski 1974, 17, pl. IX,2; Simoni 1989, 110(18), 121(18), pl. 2: 10.
52
Simoni 1989, 110(20), 112(22,23), 121(20,22,23), pl. 3: 1, 3, 4.
53
Simoni 1989, 111(21), 121(21), pl. 3: 2.
54
Simoni 1989,114(33, 34), 122(33, 34), pl. 4: 5, 6.
55
Simoni 1989:114(36,37,38,40), 115(41,42), 122(36,37,38),
123(40,41,42), pl. 5: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8.
56
Simoni 1989, 114(35), 122(35), Pl. 5.1.
57
Simoni 1989, 114(39), 115(44), 123(39, 44), pl. 5: 5, 10.
58
Simoni 1989, 115(46), 123(46), pl. 5: 12.
59
Simoni 1989, 115(47), 116(48, 49, 51, 52, 53), 117(54), 124(52, 53,
54), pl. 6.1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8.
60
Simoni 1989, 116(50), 123(50), pl. 6: 4.
61
Simoni 1989, 117(59), 124(59), pl. 6: 13.
62
Simoni 1989, 110(16, 17), 120(16), 121(17), pl. 2: 8, 9.
42
43

As opposed to, for instance, some Hungarian cemeteries, the excavated

cemeteries of the Avar period in Croatia do not show these characteristics.
33
Cf. for instance Brunmid 1905, 210.
34
A critical review of the question can be found in Babi 2010, 137-145.
35
Sokol 1998, 5-7.
36
Early medieval Croatian cultural layer overlaps the Late Roman one,
while no Germanic finds were discovered. Cf. Filipec 2008.
37
Vinski 1957a, 36-38.
38
Viki 1973, 51; Viki 1976, 83.
39
ukovi 1992, 49-51.
40
Sokol 2006, 155.
41
Iskra-Janoi 1993.
32

418

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

Fig. 3. Earring

Fig. 5. Torques

Fig. 4. Earring

Fig. 6. Hairpin

Fig. 7. Hairpin

419

Fig. 8. Hairpin

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

Fig. 9. Hairpin

Fig. 10. Hairpin

Fig. 11. Hairpin

Fig. 13. Brooch

Fig. 14. Brooch

Fig. 15. Brooch

Fig. 16. Brooch

Fig. 12. Hairpin

420

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

Fig. 17. Brooch

Fig. 20 Brooch

Fig. 23. Brooch

Fig. 18. Brooch

Fig. 21. Brooch

Fig. 24. Buckle loop

421

Fig. 19. Brooch

Fig. 22. Brooch

Fig. 25. Buckle loop

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

Fig. 26. Buckle loop

Fig. 30. Buckle loop

Fig. 27. Buckle loop

Fig. 31. Buckle loop

Fig. 38. Belt buckle

Fig. 29. Buckle loop

Fig. 32. Buckle loop

Fig. 35. Belt buckle

Fig. 34. Belt buckle

Fig. 37. Belt buckle

Fig. 28. Buckle loop

Fig. 39. Belt buckle

422

Fig. 33. Strap end

Fig. 36. Belt buckle

Fig. 40. Belt buckle

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

Fig. 40. Belt buckle

in a circular frame and a ribbed suspension loop (height:

28 mm, diameter: 22 mm; 4th-6th c.).63 A bronze shaft with
a collar-like moulding at the middle of its height, topped
by a solid cast sitting bird and ending in a ring handle (fig.
43) also stems from Sisak (total length: 178 mm; 5th-6th
c.; AMZ). It was interpreted as a Germanic cult object.64
Arguably, it can be affiliated with the Roman provincial
milieu, with analogies in numerous hairpins with pigeons
heads.65 During rescue excavations in the old town of Ozalj,
a silvered bronze brooch in the form of a Greek cross with
expanded ends, decorated with dotted circles and provided
with an iron pin, was found (6th c.; The Regional Museum
Ozalj, Croatia).66 It is a provincial Byzantine product. A
number of pottery fragments were found at this site that can
be similarly dated to the 6th century. Two chance finds of
the same type stem from Sisak, both now in the AMZ: one
bronze brooch67and a silver one (fig. 44) with a preserved
iron pin with traces of fabric on the reverse side (30 x 30
mm; second half of the 6th c.).68

Fig. 42. Appliqu

A rare example of a systematically excavated Germanic

migration period site is the multi-layered site of Kuzelin
near Zagreb. The fortified castrum functioned through four
Roman phases, the third being dated to the end of the 4th and
early 5th centuries and the fourth in the 6th century.69 Several
objects belong to this period and are all kept in the MP:
rings (4 pieces), bracelets (3 pieces), arrows (13 pieces),
a combat knife, a combat axe, 2 pins, a purse fitting, belt
buckle parts loops, mounts and tongues (9 pieces), as
well as a number of construction elements (wedges). These
finds were accompanied with coins struck from 365 to
423.70 Also found at Kuzelin were a notched belt buckle,
shallow ceramic vessels, and glasses that can be dated, by
analogies, in the first quarter of the 5th century.71 These
objects belong to the Roman provincial material from the
Germanic migration period.

Fig. 44. Brooch

3.2. Objects attributed to the Hun cultural circle (433453)

Sporadic finds from Pannonia Savia that can be affiliated
with material remains characteristic for the Hun period in
Pannonia are mostly chance finds. Compared with literary
sources, they arguably originated either in sporadic raids
or through the settling of allied foederati groups in this
territory. Since all this material comes from Sisak and its
surroundings, one can argue for Siscia as a production
centre for the jewellery made according to Barbarian

Sunce 1994, 89, cat. no. 68.

Simoni 1989, 119(71), 125(71), pl. 8: 1; Sunce 1994, 87, cat. no. 58.
65
Cf. for instance Brunmid 1902, 144, sol. 69(1, 9).
66
ukovi 1992, 51; Sunce 1994, 114, cat. no. 147; Juri 1998, 1093;
Sokol 1998a, 1133, pl. 4:5; ukovi 2006, 204.
67
Vinski 1974, 22; Juri 1998, 1092.
68
Simoni 1989, 113, 122, pl. 4: 4; Vinski 1974, 22, pl. XIII: 11; Vinski
1968, 107, pl. V: 8; Juri 1998, 1093; Sunce 1994, 85, cat. no. 49.
69
Sokol 1998b, 8.
70
Sokol 1998b, 18-25.
71
Sokol 1998a, 1132, pl. 1: 1, 2, pl. 2: 1, 2.
63
64

Fig. 43. Shaft

423

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

patterns.72 Considering the proximity of the centre of the

Hun state, the objects from the period of Hun domination
are somewhat more numerous in the territory of Pannonia
Sirmiensis, when compared to Pannonia Savia. Almost all
finds can be associated with the narrow belt of territory of
the Danubian limes, and when further compared to literary
sources, they reveal the association with the attacks on
Roman fortifications along the limes or the sojourn of the
groups of foederati in these fortifications.
Several chance finds of pieces of jewellery with the motif
of cicada come from Sisak. This motif is characteristic for
both the Hun and Ostrogothic periods, and can be properly
affiliated only through its context. Zdenko Vinski believed
these objects to be Ostrogothic, on the basis of other
Ostrogothic finds from Sisak, but with the remark that some
of them were made according to the late Roman tradition.73
A cast silver hairpin (fig. 45) of a circular cross section with
a head in the form of cicada with spread wings, ornamented
with concentric circles, was found at an unknown site in the
area of Sisak (total length: 93 mm; 5th c.; AMZ). The body
of the cicada is triangular and separated from the head,
on which the eyes are marked with concentric circles; the
back side is smooth.74 Another chance find from Sisak is
a silver brooch (fig. 46) in the form of cicada (length: 22
mm; 5th c.; AMZ). The triangular body of the animal is
separated from the head with two ribs, while the pin is
missing.75 A cast bronze ornamental fitting (fig. 47) also
comes from Sisak. Its one end is made in the form of a
cicada and another in the form of a semicircular numeral
three; the back side is smooth (total length: 47 mm; 5th c.;
AMZ).76 A silver brooch (fig. 48) in the form of cicada
with a mended bronze pin was found in the late Roman
layer at Kuzelin; its head is separated off from the body and
decorated with a triangle with a small incision (32 x 25 mm;
5th c.; MP).77 A chance find of a cicada-formed appliqu (fig.
49) comes from the surroundings of Vinkovci (30 x 15 x
5 mm; first half of the 5th c.; The Ivan Vinkov Collection,
Vinkovci, Croatia). The body of the cicada is marked with
shallow incisions, its head is separated off from the body
with a deeper incision, the wings are small and mildly
expanded and the head is rendered in many details; a thrust
is preserved on its lower side with which the appliqu was
fastened to the base.78 A bow brooch (fig. 50) made of struck
silver wire (length: 83 mm; late 4th c.; MSO) is a chance
find from Kneevi Vinogradi. Its degenerate crossbow on
the head prolongs into an expanded and folded rhomboid
foot, whose ending entwines around the bow; the foot has

Fig. 46. Brooch

Fig. 45. Hairpin

72
This information is based exclusively on the fact that necessary
facilities were available in Siscia: workshops, artisans and technology
that could have adjusted to demands and fashions of any period. In terms
of archaeology, this suggestion remains unsubstantiated.
73
Vinski 1957b, 156-157.
74
Vinski 1957b, 136, Abb. 1; Simoni 1989, 109 (9), 120 (9), pl. 2: 1;
Burkowsky 1999, 87.
75
Vinski 1957b, 138, Abb. 52; Plhorn 1987, 195, Abb. 4: 7.a; Simoni
1989, 109 (12), 120 (12), pl. 2: 4; Burkowsky 1999, 87.
76
Vinski 1957b, 138, Abb. 2; Plhorn 1987, 195, Abb. IV,7.b; Simoni
1989, 109 (13), 120 (13), pl. 2.5; Burkowsky 1999, 87.
77
Sokol 1998b, 22, cat. no. 12.
78
Rapan Papea 2009, 136, cat. no. 433; Rapan Papea 2010, 8, fig. 2.a,
2.b.

Fig. 48. Brooch

424

Fig. 47. Mount

Fig. 49. Appliqu

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

six symmetrical pellets.79 A pair of brooches from Batina,

made of hammered silver sheets, is similar to the above
example: they have a degenerate crossbow on the head,
irregular rhomboid feet rounded at the end and with a ridge
along the middle; the pin fastener is missing (length: 70
mm each; 4th-5th c.; The Smeg Museum, Hungary).80 These
brooches belong to the Sintana Mures-Tape phase, and their
owners could have been the Visigoths of the pre-Hun period
or the Gothic-Hun foederati settled in Pannonia in 380. The
dredging of the Kupa at Sisak has always yielded numerous
archaeological artefacts. Among others, six specimens of
iron trilobite arrowheads (figs. 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56)
were recovered, conforming to the types of weapons used
by both the Huns and Germans (5th c.; AMZ).81 The best
known archaeological finds from the period of the Hun
rule in Pannonia are the fittings (fig. 57) from Zmajevac,
made of thin fine gold (length: 49 mm; first half of the
5th c.; AMZ). They were discovered as a pair and have
originally decorated a spatha scabbard as belt suspenders.
Larger semicircular protuberances with six almandine
inlays, inserted into cells and another one onto the loop
(that is, 13 in total on one fitting), were soldered onto the
somewhat narrower middle part. The almandine inlays are
dark-red to light-purple in colour and smoothly whetted
in the form of a triangle, rhomb and ovoid. The rims are
decorated with pseudo-granulation as precisely hammered
protuberances. The back side of the fitting is smooth and
lined with a bronze plaque.82 These objects are dated by an
unused solidus (figs. 58a and 58b) of Theodosius II (408450) struck in Constantinople in 443. The obverse bears the
inscription DN THEODOSIUS PF AUG and the en face
bust of the emperor, while the reverse bears the inscription
XXXXII COS XVII PP CONOB and the representation of
a seated helmeted figure holding a sceptre and a sword.83
Together with the fittings and the coin, a handmade jug
(fig. 59) with a handle (height: 85 mm), biconic body
and kneaded rim, made of impure clay, was found.84 The
find as a whole is dated to ca. 400-453. Another ceramic
biconic one-handled jug (figs. 60a and 60b) was discovered
at Batina (height: 147 mm, rim diameter 73 mm; end of
the 4th and first decades of the 5th c.; GMSo, Serbia).85 Its
rounded and spread rim prolongs into a concave skewed
neck separated from the biconic receptacle. The handle
is cylindrical, starting at the shoulder and ending at the
mid-body, while the bottom is flat with an incised circular
line. The jug is decorated with a polished ornament in the
form of perpendicular and slanted lines on the neck and

Fig. 50. Brooch

Seoba, 68; Mrkobrad 1980, 15, pl. IV,6; Boji 1984, 214; Radi 1997,
83, cat. no. 1; Radi 2009, 136, cat. no. 432.
80
Vinski 1957a, 32, pl. XXI, sl. 78, 79; Kovaevi 1960, 41; Seoba, 67,
fig. 1-2; Mrkobrad 1980, 15, pl. IV,5, 8; Boji 1984, 214.
81
Simoni 1989, 118(65-70), 125(65-70), pl. 7: 6-11.
82
Vinski 1957a, 38, pl. XXIV: 92a, 92b, 93a, 93b; Seoba, 69-70, pl. I:
1; Mrkobrad 1980, 18, pl. V: 11, 12; Boji 1984, 214; Simoni 1993, 179,
cat. no. 254; Plhorn 1987, 226, pl. 20: V/13.a; Demo 2009, 136, cat. no.
431.
83
Vinski 1957a, 37-38, pl. XXIV: 91a, 91b; Seoba, 70, pl. I: 1; Mrkobrad
1980, 20, pl. VIII: 7; Mirnik 1996, 192, cat. no. 225; Plhorn 1987, 226,
pl. 21: V/13.b.
84
Vinski 1957a, 37, pl. 24: 90; Seoba, 70, fig. 1; Plhorn 1987, 226, fig.
V: 13.c.
85
Mrkobrad 1980, 19, pl. 8: 2.

Fig. 51. Arrowhead Fig. 52. Arrowhead

79

Fig. 53. Arrowhead Fig. 54. Arrowhead Fig. 55. Arrowhead

425

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

Fig. 56. Arrowhead

Fig. 57. Spatha fittings

Fig. 58 a, b. Solidus, obverse and reverse

perpendicular lines arranged into fields on the upper part of

the receptacle. Below these is a polished wavy-line between
two shallow flutes. The jug was made of well-purified clay
on a potters wheel, and it is grey in colour.86 This type
of vessel is characteristic for the Barbarian pottery of the
territory along the Danubian limes.87 A completely preserved
mirror made of a silver alloy was also discovered in Batina
(GMSo), certainly a facet of female cosmetic accessories.88
Metal mirrors are characteristic of the Hun period and were
often found as grave offerings in female graves.
3.3. Objects attributed to the Germanic cultural circle (5th
and 6th centuries)
Similar to the Roman provincial archaeological evidence,
there is a group of finds characteristic for all the Germanic
tribes that passed through Pannonia. It is difficult to attribute
the finds to a particular Germanic group precisely, unless
we posses clearly presented historical sources or finds
highly characteristic for a specific group. But even without
these elements, this type of finds is very important for the

Fig. 59. Pottery jug

I would like to thank for these information to Dragan Radojevi, a

senior curator at the GMSo.
87
Parducz 1950, 167, pl. 109: 12.
88
Mrkobrad 1980, 20, Pl. 8: 5. The inventory books of the GMSo do not
contain any information pertaining to this object and, therefore, its very
existence remains in doubt (pers. com. D. Radojevi).
86

426

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

Fig. 60 a, b. Pottery jug

correct interpretation of the archaeological and historical

context of Pannonia.
From Sisak stems a cast bronze bow brooch, smooth and
undecorated, featuring a semicircular, almost triangle
head with three protuberances (length: 49 mm; 5th-6th
c.; AMZ). Its bow is short and elevated and the foot is
oblong and rhombic with an end moulding. The find can
be affiliated to the Visigoth circle.89 Another bow brooch
(fig. 61), made of silver with traces of gilding, was found
in Sisak (first half of the 6th c.; AMZ). Its head is triangle
in form and decorated with two notched tresses and three
protuberances, while its smooth bow prolongs into a thin
ribbed foot ending in a stylised animal head. A part of the
hinge is also preserved, while the pin is missing.90 Two
skeletal burials situated within the ruins of the Roman
town of Iovia/Botivo (modern-day Ludbreg), contained
some grave goods with Germanic characteristics, now in
the GMVa. The first (warriors) grave, dated to the 4th5th centuries, was discovered in 1952. The grave goods
consisted of an iron double-edged sword spatha (fig.
62) (length: 724 mm, blade width: 36 to 46 mm), a glass
goblet (fig. 63) (height: 65 mm, mouth diameter: 83 mm)
and a massive golden ring. The spatha is made of damasked
steel with an exceptionally long tang for the grip socket.
The goblet, typical for the late Roman period, is made
of greenish glass and is bell-shaped with a moulding at
the top of the mouth.91 The gold ring was subsequently
lost and there are no detailed information concerning it,
but it is important because it was exactly such golden

Fig. 61. Brooch

rings that Roman emperors bestowed onto distinguished

individuals among the foederati.92 Considering a mixture
of late Roman and Germanic elements, it is presumed that
in this particular grave a German foederatus in the service
of the Roman army on the limes was buried. The second
find is concerned with a female burial excavated in 1976.
The grave goods (fig. 64) consisted of two small beads of
greenish glass paste and a three-thread wire bracelet (5th c.;
AMZ).93 A warrior burial preliminary dated to the first third
of the 6th century was found in Andautonia (modern-day
itarjevo). The deceased was placed in the grave together
with his equipment: a shield, sword and a lance, and also
belt buckles.94 A battle axe (fig. 65) of the francisca type
was found in the village of Nartski Novaki near Dugo Selo
(length: 160 mm, blade width: 98 mm; second half of the
5th-early 6th c.; AMZ). This Frankish battle axe has a slender
mildly curved S-shaped body and a broadened blade. Its

89
Brunmid 1905, 216, fig. 32,9; Simoni 1989, 112(25), 121(25), pl. 3:
6; Burkowsky 1999, 87.
90
Simoni 1989, 113(28), 122(28), pl. 3: 9; Burkowsky 1999, 87.
91
Simoni 1984, 73; Sunce 1994, 111, cat. no. 142; Tomii 1997, 34;
ia Wiewegh 2004, 297.

Grane 2007, 179.

Simoni 1984, 73, fig. 2, Viki 1976, 83.
94
Kuan palj and Nemeth-Ehrlich 2008, 200.
92
93

427

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

Fig. 62. Spatha

Fig. 63. Goblet

Fig. 64. Bracelet and beads

socket hole is ovoid and the reverse side of the axe is placed
at an angle in relation to the body. On the front side of the
socket hole a small deltoid is incised, divided in half by a
line.95 This type of battle axe is characteristic for the graves
of the Frankish Merovingian circle and it developed out of
the axe used by the Romano-Germanic foederati. Since this
particular axe belongs to the earliest type of francisca, it
can be associated to the Germanic circle.

of a hinge, while the pin is missing,96 a cast bow brooch (fig.

67) with a triangle head and a single protuberance, and with
an elevated bow and rhombic notched foot (length: 64 mm;
5th-6th c.); on the back side a part of the hinge is preserved,
while the pin is missing,97 and a cast bow brooch (fig.
68) of the degenerative Karavukovo style, made of gilded
silver with almandine inlays, decorated in notched tresses
on the head and foot and framed with triangles (length: 55
mm; ca. 500); five moulded protuberances are on the head,
the bow is short and the foot is rhombic.98 Another chance
find is a silver sheet bow brooch (fig. 69) from the site of
Ciglana in Beli Manastir (length: 123 mm; second half of
the 5th c.; MSO). It was produced by hammering with a
palmette application at the junction of the bow and foot
and lateral linear ornaments on broochs head; the pin is
missing, but large sections of transversal axes on the back
side are preserved.99 A pair of silver sheet massive bow
brooches from Ilok was produced by hammering (lengths:
212 and 221 mm; mid-5th c.; AMZ). Lateral ornaments
on semicircular heads are decorated in three lines, with
another one in the middle of the head. The bow is short and
elevated and the elongated thin foot has mildly pronounced
rib in the middle. On the heads back each there are two

3.4. Objects attributed to the Ostrogothic cultural circle

(454-473; 497/504-537)
Archaeological finds that can be affiliated by their style
and typological characteristics with the Ostrogoths in the
territory of Pannonia Savia almost exclusively come from
Sisak, while they are somewhat more frequent in Pannonia
Sirmiensis. Comparing the two periods of Ostrogothic
rule in Pannonia, the finds belonging to the second are
somewhat more frequent. The distribution of sites suggests
that the Ostrogoths utilised the Roman settlement structure
they inherited (settlements and stations on important river
crossings and traffic junctions).
The following 3 finds all stem from Sisak and are now in
the AMZ: a hammered silver sheet bow brooch (fig. 66)
with a semicircular head featuring a mildly protruded rib in
the centre and damaged foot (length: 82 mm; second half of
the 5th c.); the bow is highly elevated and concave and the
junction of the bow and foot is decorated with a threaded
ribbed wire; on the back side of the head is a preserved part
95

Fig. 65. Battle axe

Vinski 1957b, 143, fig. 48; Plhorn 1987, 196, fig . 4: 7.c; Simoni
1989, 110(19), 121(19), fig. 1; Burkowsky 1999, 87.
97
Brunmid 1905, 219, no. 36; Vinski 1957b, 143, fig. 47, 156; Simoni
1989, 112(26), 121(26), pl. 3: 7; Burkowsky 1999, 87.
98
Brunmid 1905, 213, fig. 32,5, 216-217; Vinski 1962, 76, fig. 4; Vinski
1973, 195-196, pl. 5: 50; Plhorn 1987, 196, fig. 4: 7.e; Simoni 1989, 112,
121-122, pl. 3: 8; Sunce 1994, 85, cat. no. 48.
99
Vinski 1957a, 31-32, pl. 21: 77; Kovaevi 1960, 20; Seoba, 68, fig.
1; Mrkobrad 1980, 27, pl. 10: 3; Boji 1984, 214; Radi 1997, 83,93,
cat. no. 2; Radi 2009, 137, cat. no. 435.
96

Simoni 1983, 252, 254, pl. 1.1; Simoni 1993, 182, cat. no. 264.

428

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

Fig. 66. Brooch

Fig. 69. Brooch

Fig. 67. Brooch

Fig. 70. Buckle loop

transversal axes covered by astragal scrolls. The pins are

also of silver and the fasteners are in the form of spirally
fluted tubes and.100 A fragment of a small cast silver bow
brooch was found in the area of Roman Cornacum, modernday Sotin (17 x 10 x 4 mm; second half of the 5th c.; The
Mato Ilki Collection, Zadar, Croatia). A bow triangular in
cross section and narrowed at the transition into a panelshaped broadening is preserved, as well as a fragmented pin
fastener on the underside of the bow.101 This type of large
silver sheet bow brooches are typical of the Ostrogothic
female wear in the Danubian area, and they came into use
after the mid-5th century. A massive bronze buckle loop
(fig. 70) of ovoid form and cross section, with a damasked
decoration in the form of the letter X, made of silver wire,
stems from Sisak (5th c.; AMZ). The loop is wider at its
front part and narrower at the tongues base; the latter is

Fig. 68. Brooch

Fig. 71. Buckle mount

massive, elongated, somewhat thinned in the middle.102

A buckle mount (fig. 71) is a chance find from Dalj (51
x 57 mm; 504-536; MSO). It was made of gilded silver,
ornamented with seven almandine inlays, two of which are
missing. The decoration is notched; the motive is in the
form of two rows of entwined and zigzag lines. Remains
of a bronze plaque are preserved on the back side.103 On the
bases of some analogies, this object was probably made in
an Italian workshop. A silver spoon (fig. 72) was found in
Sisak (length: 229 mm; ca. 500-first half of the 6th c.; AMZ);
its handle is long and massive and the ovoid shallow bowl
is small and elongated. The bowl has five mildly protruding
ribs on the reverse side, and there is a disk at the junction of
the handle and bowl, ornamented in an incised Greek cross.
A line of convex parallel ribs and concavities are found
on the tapering handle. In view of these characteristics,
the spoon has been classified as of the Ostrogothic Desana

Brunmid 1905, 210, fig. 31; Kovaevi 1960, 33, fig. 68; Seoba, 76,
pl. 2: 2; Mrkobrad 1980, 27, pl. 10: 2, 4; Boji 1984, 214; Plhorn 1987,
224, fig. 5: 10; Simoni 1993, 180, cat. no. 258; Demo 2009, 137, cat. no.
434.
101
Uglei 1994, 146(1)-147, pl. I: 1, 1a, pl. II: 1, 1a; Ilki 2007, 279,
282(4), pl. 1: 4.
100

Simoni 1989, 115(45), 123(45), pl. 5: 11; Burkowsky 1999, 88.

Boji 1984, 214-215, fig. 1; Radi 1997, 83, 93, cat. no. 3; Boji
2009, 32; Radi 2009, 137, cat. no. 436.
102
103

429

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

on the reverse.107 The total number of Theoderics coins

found in Siscia is eleven (AMZ): 2 tremisses, 4 quartersiliquas and 5 decanummi. Tremisses and siliquas were
minted on behalf of Anastasius (491-518) with Theoderics
monogram on the reverse, while the decanummi bear the
monogram of Ravenna.108 A Theoderics tremis minted in
the Mediolanum mint on behalf of the emperor Anastasius
was found in Glina.109 Two silver quarter-siliquas from
unknown sites in Slavonia (MSO), minted by Theoderic
on behalf of Anastasius, also belong to the Ostrogothic
coinage.110 A fragmented quarter-siliqua struck in the
Sirmium mint (AMZ) was found in Dalj, but the only
discernible inscription is Theoderics monogram.111 A silver
quarter-siliqua, another chance find, was found at the site
of trbinci in 1913 (AMZ); it was minted in Sirmium and
has the depiction of the emperor Justin I (518-527) on the
obverse and Theoderics monogram on the reverse.112
3.5. Objects attributed to the Gepid cultural circle (473504; 536-567)
Archaeological evidence that can be affiliated with the
Gepids by their style and typological characteristics mostly
comes from Cibalae (Vinkovci) and is kept in the GMVi.
With regards to two periods of Gepid rule in Pannonia, the
finds attributable to the second period are more numerous.
Similar to the Ostrogoths, the Gepids usually occupied
(destroyed) Roman settlements. In the early 20th century
a damasked spatha with remains of a pommel was found
in Ilok (length: 910 mm; 5th-6th c.; AMZ).113 The spatha
a long double-edged sword did not originate in the
short Roman gladius, but rather in the late La Tne long
sword, took over by the Goths on the Pontus from the
Sarmatians and Alans. It is frequently found during the
5th and 6th centuries in graves of Germanic dignitaries, but
if the circumstances of a find are not known, its ethnic
affiliation remains obscure. Two silver quarter-siliquas with
the depiction of the emperor Justinian I (527-565) on the
obverse and the monogram of the Gepid king Cunimundus
(560-567) on the reverse come from Dalj or its vicinity.
They were minted in Sirmium in ca. 560 or 565-567.114 The
remaining finds from the first phase all stem from Vinkovci
and are kept in the GMVi. A cast bronze bow brooch
(length: 55 mm; 6th c.) is a chance find; it is decorated with
a simple notched ornament on the head plate and foot, with

Fig. 72. Spoon

type.104 Silver spoons developed out of Roman types; one

such specimen was found in Cibalae.105 In the period from
the 5th to 7th centuries they were used in Eucharistic rituals
or, more probably, had profane purposes, as a reflection of
the wealth and social status of the owner.
Continuing the late Roman tradition, the Ostrogothic ruler
Theoderic, among other things, regularly issued coins,
most often on behalf of Byzantine emperors. The coinage
of Theoderic was struck in Sirmium in the likeness of the
coins issued from the Mediolanum mint; at this moment,
only quarter-siliquas issued on behalf of Anastasius I (491518) and Iustin I (528-526) are known.106 A solidus struck
on behalf of the Byzantine emperor Justin I (518-527)
by Theoderic (AMZ) was found in the village of Bain
near Dubica. The coin was struck in the Roman mint (the
mintmark COMOB *) and bears the inscription DN IVSTINVS P F AVG on the obverse and VICTOR-IA AVGGG

Demo 1981, 455, 477(25), pl. 1: 25; Mirnik and emrov 1998, 205,
cat. no. 819.
108
Demo 1981, 455, 477(18, 20, 21, 22), 478(33, 36, 37), 479(40, 41);
Mrkobrad 1980, 41, pl. XXXIV: 1; Mirnik and emrov 1998, 203-205,
cat. nos. 806, 810, 814, 815, 817, 823, 825, 826.
109
Mirnik and emrov 1998, 204, cat. no. 812.
110
Boji 2009, 21.
111
Demo 1981, 455, 477, cat. no. 24.
112
Kovaevi 1960, 33; Seoba, 115; Mrkobrad 1980, 41, pl. XXXIV 34:
4; Demo 1981, 455, 478, cat. no. 29; Boji 1984, 214; Mirnik and emrov
1998, 206, cat. no. 832.
113
Vinski 1957a, 21, 34, pl. XXIII: 89; Csallany 1961, 241; Seoba , 77;
Mrkobrad 1980, 51, pl. XLI: 5; Boji 1984, 214.
114
Mrkobrad 1980, 56, pl. XLVI: 10; Demo 1981, 464, 481, cat. nos. 67,
69; Boji 1984, 214; Mirnik and emrov 1998, 210, cat. no. 868.
107

Simoni 1988: 79 i d., Pl.1, pl.2; Simoni 1989: 119, 125, pl. 8: 1, 2,
2a, 2b; Simoni 1993, 181, cat. no. 261; Sunce 1994, 91, cat. no. 75;
Burkowsky 1999, 88.
105
Brunmid 1902, 158, fig. 88.
106
Demo 1994, 13.
104

430

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

Fig. 73.1, 2. Buckle loops; 72.3, 4. Knives

Fig. 74.1. Bracelet; 74.2,3. Rings; 74.4. Necklace beads

the head featuring three tongues.115 Another chance find is a

bronze single piece belt buckle of the Mediterranean type,
decorated with engraved and chased ornament (length: 71
mm; 6th c.).116 The remains pertaining to the second phase
of Gepid domination in the territory of Croatia are also
most comprehensively known from the area of Vinkovci.
During rescue excavations in 1954-2007, 51 graves were
recovered within the town perimeter of Roman Cibalae,
without any obvious rules regulating the choice of a burial
spot. Only 18 burials yielded grave goods: metal parts of
dress accessories, jewellery, and utilitarian objects, all now
in the GMVi.117 Among dress accessories two iron ovoid
belt buckles (figs. 73.1 and 73.2) were found (diameter:
15 and 57 mm; ca. mid 6th c.). Their tongue base is cut off
and the tip of the tongue is bent over the loop.118 Ovoid
iron buckle loops have appeared as a late Roman heritage
already in the 4th century and continued to be produced
during the entire 5th, while in the 6th century they became

a pan-Germanic property and are often found in graves of

all Germanic peoples. Of the jewellery, two necklaces and
one bracelet are known. The first of the necklaces (fig. 74.4)
consists of nine bronze spheroid pendants with a suspension
loop (diameter: 10 to 14 mm; 6th c.),119 while the second
(fig. 75.3) consists of 16 amber and seven glass paste
beads (diameter: 4 to 12 mm; 6th c.).120 The bronze bracelet
(fig. 74.1) has mildly broadened and traversing endings
(diameter: 69 mm; 6th c.).121 All these types of jewellery
are typical for early mediaeval Germanic burials. Bone
combs are among the most numerous utilitarian objects;
a total of six were found. Three of them (fig. 77) are of
the two-row type,122 which developed from late Roman
bone combs, but were also used by Germanic tribes. The
remaining three (fig. 76) are of a single-row type,123and
are associated with Germanic peoples.124 Bone combs as
Vinkovci 1997, 154, cat. no. 334; Rapan Papea 2009, 139, cat. no.
441.
120
Vinkovci 1997, 152, cat. no. 323; Rapan Papea 2009, 138, cat. no.
440.
121
Vinkovci 1997, 153, cat. no. 238; Rapan Papea 2009, 138, cat. no.
439.
122
Vinkovci 1997, 152, 153, 154, cat. nos. 321, 327, 332; Rapan Papea
2009, 138, cat. no. 438.
123
Vinkovci 1997, 152, 154, cat. nos. 322, 331, 333; Rapan Papea 2009,
138, cat. no. 437.
124
Dimitrijevi 1960, 28.
119

Vinski 1957a, 31, pl. XX: 76; Kovaevi 1960, 33, fig. 69; Seoba, 97,
fig. 1; Dimitrijevi 1979, 190, pl. 27:1; Mrkobrad 1980, 48, pl. XXXV: 10;
Boji 1984, 214; Vinkovci 1997, 151, cat. no. 317; Rapan Papea 2009,
139, cat. no. 443.
116
Dimitrijevi 1979, 190, pl. 27: 8; Vinkovci 1999, 151, cat. no. 318.
117
A more detailed analysis of these objects and their publishing is
currently in progress.
118
Vinkovci 1997, 151, 153, cat. nos. 319, 324; Rapan Papea 2009, 139,
cat. no. 444.
115

431

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

Fig. 75.1. Weight; 75.2. Bead; 75.3. Bead-necklace

Fig. 76.1, 2, 3. Single-row combs

Fig. 77.1, 2. Two-row combs

432

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

Fig. 78. Pottery shards

grave goods are characteristic among the Gepids for all age
groups, independent of the deceaseds gender.125 Several
other items belong to the group of objects intended for
everyday use: three iron knives (figs. 73.3 and 73.4) (length:
35 and 142 mm; 6th c.),126 a ceramic spindle whorl (fig. 75.1)
(diameter: 20 mm; 6th c.),127 a chalk bead (fig. 75.2) used as
a whorl (diameter: 23 mm; 6th c.),128 as well as two bronze
loops (fig. 74.2 and 74.3) (diameter 29 mm; 6th c.).129 All
these objects have direct analogies in Gepid graves from the
territory of modern-day Serbia130 and Hungary.131 Besides
the grave finds, more than 30 fragments of typical Gepid
pottery (fig. 78) were found in Vinkovci, featuring stamp
decorated patterns (some half of these have already been
published),132 but also fragments of Germanic pottery for
everyday use.133

mostly come from Pannonia Savia, where the carriers of

this cultural sphere lived for a longer period, while they
appear only sporadically in Gepid-dominated Pannonia
Sirmiensis. The distribution of sites suggests that the
Lombards, although continuing the Roman tradition, mostly
occupied the border areas of southern Pannonia, pointing
towards their primary goal: defensive military fortification.
A massive bow brooch (fig. 79) of the Pannonian-Lombard
type with a semicircular head and rhombic foot was found
in Sisak (55 x 35 mm; mid-6th c.; AMZ). It has three
moulded protuberances and notched ornament in the form
of tresses on its head; the same motif is repeated on the
short elevated bow. The foot is decorated with meanders
and ends in a bulge, while its edges are decorated with small
nielloed triangles.134 A gold ring (fig. 80) with characteristic
arcade crown is a chance find from Samobor (diameter: 24
mm; 6th c.; AMZ). The ring was hammered and granulated.
The hoop is in the form of a low triangle in cross section
and broadens towards the crown. The crown is in the form
of a truncated cone and consists of a hexangular base upon
which stand six small vertical arched columns, creating the
appearance of an arcade carrying six small triangles made
of three granulated beads. Every triangle carries upon itself
another small hoop with a circular plate forming the upper
cover of the crown. This is certainly a luxurious product
made in a Mediterranean workshop, with analogies in Kranj

3.6. Objects attributed to the Lombard cultural circle

Archaeological objects that can be affiliated with the
Lombards by their style and typological characteristics
Csallny 1961, 251.
Vinkovci 1997, 151, 153, cat. nos. 320, 330. The third was discovered
in 2007 and is currently being restored and conserved (Rapan Papea and
Vuli 2008, 72-73).
127
Vinkovci 1997, 153, cat. no. 326; Rapan Papea 2009, 139, cat. no.
446.
128
Vinkovci 1997, 153, cat. no. 329; Rapan Papea 2009, 139, cat. no.
442.
129
Vinkovci 1997, 152, cat. no. 325; Rapan Papea 2009, 139, cat. no.
445.
130
Dimitrijevi 1960, 44; Simoni 1978, 214; Zotovi 1992-1993, 190.
131
Bna and Nagy 2002; Bna, Garam, and Vida 2005.
132
Dimitrijevi 1966, pl. 17:9-17; Simoni 1978, 220-221, pl. V:1-12;
Dimitrijevi 1979, 190-191, pl. 27:2-5; Vinkovci 1999, 154, 155, cat. nos.
335-338.
133
These are currently being studied.
125
126

Brunmid 1905, 213 , 216, fig. 32: 4; Simoni 1989, 113, 122, pl. 4: 1;
Simoni 1993, 181, cat. no. 262; Sunce 1994, 85, cat. no. 48; Vinski 197273, 201, n.126, 210, pl. 12: 68.
134

433

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

(Slovenia), as well as Cividale and Castel Trosino (Italy).135

A gilded cast silver S-brooch (fig. 81) decorated in notching
was found in Vinkovci (length 26 mm; 540-560; AMZ).136
It consists of two stylized antithetical interconnected birds
heads and is decorated in notched geometrical pattern.
Although the pin is missing, there are remains of a hinge
and a pin fastener on the back.137 J. Werner named this type
Varpalota 34/Vinkovci (Pannonian-Lombard type) and
dated it to the first half of the 6th century. According to more
recent and more precise studies, the brooch in question
belongs to the North Danubian-Pannonian transitional
phase; it must have been worn by the Lombards.138 A gilded
silver S-brooch (fig. 82) is a chance find from the site of
Popovac umarine (24 x 18 mm; 540-560; AMO).139 It
is decorated in notched triangles and two red almandine
inlays are still preserved. It is an early predecessor of the
Varpalota 34 type and also belongs to the above mentioned
North Danubian-Pannonian transitional phase. A gold coin
struck by Lombard rulers on behalf of Justinian I has been
found in Osijek.140 A decorative piece of horse gear (fig. 83)
from Sisak has a form of an equal-armed cross, whose arms
are decorated in deeply notched meander framed with small
stamped rhombi (54 x 40 mm; 6th c.; AMZ). A rivet hole
is seen on one of the arms, as well as two protuberances
for strap fastening on the back side of the fitting, while its
central part is made in the form of calotte, framed with
engraved small birds heads with strong beaks.141 A bronze
pommel (fig. 84) in the form of an elongated rhomb,
decorated in vertical and diagonal plastic mouldings, has
been found in Sisak (6th c.; AMZ). Its upper surface is in
the form of an irregular quadrangle. A piece of an iron
tongue is preserved in the middle, probably belonging to a
Lombard spatha.142 A handmade vessel (figs. 85 a and 85
b) of an irregular form made of greyish brown clay was
found in the Kupa at Sisak (6th c.; AMZ). The rim is everted
and the body is decorated with an ornament in the form
of three circular stamps.143 The coinage of the Lombard
period in the territory of Pannonia Savia is represented
with a solidus from Sisak and tremisses from Sisak and
Petrinja respectively (AMZ); they were struck by unknown
Lombard rulers on behalf of the emperor Justinian I (527565).144 A chance find of a bronze Byzantine follis from
the second half of the 6th century, struck during the reign
of the emperor Justin II and empress Sophia (565-578),
was found at the site of Gradec in Zagreb. It was struck in
Constantinople in 570-571, with depictions of Justin II and

Fig. 79. Brooch

Fig. 80. Ring

Vinski 1960, 50, pl. 11: 1; Simoni 1981, 156, fig. 1; Sunce 1994, 129,
cat. no. 191; Plhorn 1987, 196, pl. 16: IV/8.a; Sokol 1998a, 1133, pl. 4:
3.
136
Brunmid 1905, 219, fig. 37; Kovaevi 1960, 33, fig. 69; Seoba, 97,
pl. 10,3; Mrkobrad 1980, 63, pl. 50: 8; Boji 1984, 214; Plhorn 1987,
230, fig. 5: 20; Demo 2009, 140, cat. no. 447.
137
Simoni 1993, 182, cat. no. 266.
138
Milavec 2007, 337.
139
Boji 2007, 22, 32; Boji 2009, 16; Radi 2009, 140, cat. no. 448.
140
Mirnik and emrov 1998, 208, cat. no. 855.
141
Simoni 1989, 113(30), 122(30), pl. 4: 2; Simoni 1993, 181, cat. no.
263; Sunce 1994, 86, cat. no. 55; Burkowsky 1999, 88.
142
Simoni 1989, 118, 124, pl. 7: 5; Burkowsky 1999, 88.
143
Vinski 1954, 73-74, fig. D; Simoni 1989, 113(31), 122(31), pl. 4: 3;
Burkowsky 1999, 88.
144
Mirnik and emrov 1998, 208-209, cat. nos. 856, 857, 858.
135

Fig. 81. Brooch

434

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

Fig. 82. Brooch

Fig. 85 a, b. Pot

Sophia on the obverse and the officina mark, Chi-Rho and

the year of minting, on the reverse.145
4. Concluding remarks
Fig. 83. Horse-gear piece

The late Roman and early mediaeval period, that is, the
period of Barbarian migrations, is a historical and cultural
epoch characterized by a transition to the first steps
towards the image of modern-day Europe. This period
is exceptionally important in the area of the Carpathian
basin. The cohabitation of the autochthonous Romanised
population with the newly arrived Barbarian peoples was
certainly not a painless process, and this development had
encompassed a significantly wider area in comparison to the
limited region of the present study. In terms of geography
this region the continental part of Croatia, that is, the
Roman provinces of Pannoniae Savia and Secunda
stands at the very southern limit of the area encompassed
by the process of Romano-Barbarian acculturation. After
a meticulous analysis of archaeological material and a
reinterpretation of literary sources, one can safely conclude
that the theory of a complete collapse of life in the late
4th-century Pannonia is no longer valid. The present state
of research cannot deny a significant reduction, compared
to earlier centuries, of Roman finds from the mid-4th

Fig. 84. Pommel

Simoni 1981, 155-156; Sunce 1994, 126, cat. no. 181; Dukat 1996,
69; Sokol 1998, 1133.
145

435

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

century onwards, but this is generally the characteristic of

turbulent periods. The quantity of objects appearing in more
recent excavations, as well as a more thorough analysis
of some earlier finds, suggest that in the majority of late
Roman urban centres such as Siscia146 and Cibalae147
life continued uninterruptedly until the first half of the
5th century, and occasionally even longer. This fact does
not apply in its totality to rural areas, but even there some
places148 and settlements exist that continued life during
this period.

was Sirmium. But the proximity or rather, source of

riches was in this case very near to them, and the area of
southern Pannonia was certainly open to their forays. In
their turn, these forays could have been responsible for the
mixed evidence finds. Attilas army passed through this
territory on its way to Gallia (451), as well as on its return
from Italy (452), suggesting the possible date of some of
those finds.
The finds attributed to two phases of the Ostrogothic
occupation of Pannonian provinces are somewhat more
frequent, although the majority of these can be associated
with the time of Theoderics rule (493-526). The brooches
from Beli Manastir, Sotin and Sisak can be associated with
the first phase of the Ostrogothic occupation of southern
Pannonia, but the major part of the territory of Pannonia
Savia was certainly not under direct Ostrogothic rule during
this period. Pannonia was nearest to the image of Roman
government during Theoderic s rule, since in this period
the provinces were restored, together with the government
and economy. As part of this renaissance, archaeological
finds suggest that the Ostrogoths took over the Roman
logic of settlement patterns, that is, they used the sites of
tested strategic importance: Siscia, as the metropolis of the
province, as well as smaller settlements such as Dalj, Beli
Manastir, Ilok and Sotin, along the Roman limes on the
Danube, which made a frontier with the kingdom of the
Gepids. Sporadic finds within these limits, such as Bain,
Glina, and trbinci, only testify to the movements along the
corridors defined by the existing Roman roads.

The comparison of the distribution of archaeological finds

and literary sources reveals that different Germanic groups
that have roamed over this area in the majority of cases
respected the pre-existing structures in the spheres of the
settlement, economy and government. Their selection of
settlement positions not only respected the topographically
important Roman centres and other places, but demonstrated
their wish to assimilate into the existing structures, to
become a part of the Empire, and, finally, to reinstate it.
Siscia and Cibalae are larger centres that have continued life
under Germanic rule, while Andautonia, Iovia, Ad Novas,
Cuccium and Cornacum, should be mentioned among lesser
settlements of such nature.
Sporadic finds generally attributed to the Germani from
the northern part of Pannonia Savia suggest that the
Drava region was the main corridor for the movements of
Germanic peoples through Pannonia, that is, that the road
from Mursa to Poetovio was used as their path to Italy.
The utilisation of this particular course, in comparison with
the road Siscia-Sirmium along the Sava, was otherwise
more opportune, considering the possibility of attack from
the direction of Dalmatia. The rest of the finds, mostly
stemming from the southern part of Pannonia Savia,
testifies to a continuous life of Roman settlements in the
period of the Germanic domination. However, because
of the generally meagre evidence, and considering the
questionable attribution of the finds, a more in-depth study
is not possible at this stage.

The next in chronological development are the finds

pertaining to two periods of Gepid supremacy in Eastern
Pannonia, attested in literary sources. During the first
period, the territory of todays northern Croatia probably
only represented their sphere of interest, although an
important battle with the Ostrogoths took place in the
marshes of the Vuka. An archaeological find that could
tentatively be associated with this period is the spatha
from Ilok, in the light of possible guerrilla attacks of
the Gepids on a detachment of the Ostrogothic army. The
number of finds that can be associated with the second
period of Gepid supremacy is much larger, and they were
mostly found in Vinkovci. A renewal of Roman Cibalae,
as evidenced by the distribution of the material, was rather
chaotic and unplanned, and was probably a result of the
strategic importance of this town as the westernmost limit
of the Gepid kingdom, whose western frontier presumably
followed the line Vinkovci-Dalj.

Archaeological evidence attributable to the Huns consists

mainly of chance finds and can be affiliated with either
the groups of foederati known from literary sources or
Hun forays. This is true of the finds from both Pannonian
provinces the finds from the area of Sisak and Kuzelin
can be associated with the struggle between the emperor
Theodosius (379-395) and the usurper Magnus Maximus
(383-388), while the finds from the Danubian limes can
be associated either with the foederati settled in frontier
garrisons, or the Hun attacks on these garrisons. Taking
literary sources into account, in this particular case,
substantiated with archaeological finds, the westernmost
point under direct Hun rule in the first half of the 5th century

A review of Germanic finds ends with the Lombards.

They followed the established strategic positioning in
the territory of Pannonia Savia (Sisak), but also created
some new sites (Samobor, Kuzelin), that enabled them to
control the surrounding territory. In comparison with the
Gepid archaeological evidence in Pannonia Sirmiensis, the
Lombard finds are sporadically dispersed (the vicinity of
Osijek, Vinkovci and Popovac).

146
Cf. the Roman provincial objects from Siscia discussed in this study
(Simoni 1989).
147
For example the grave finds from the site of PIK, as well as a number
of other movable finds from Cibalae (unpublished).
148
For example, the cemeteries that suggest the existence of nearby
settlements (Migotti 2009, 130-131).

436

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

It is necessary to touch here on the issue of ethnic

changes that took place in the studied territory, although
this phenomenon is not satisfactorily substantiated by
archaeology, given that the majority of the evidence is
chance finds. Recent studies have shown that the late
Roman autochthonous population in Pannonia generally
continued to live there unhindered until the mid-5th century.
During generally turbulent periods, depopulation must have
occurred, with the process of Barbarisation also taking
place under the influence of mostly Germanic peoples. This
is particularly obvious with respect to small finds, in the
first place jewellery and dress accessories of the Roman
provincial affiliation, which were increasingly acquiring
the forms and techniques of decoration characteristic of
Barbarian tastes. The same is shown in pottery, as well as in
the general loss of urban character of major (Roman) towns.
Yet precisely the archaeological material from the period
of Germanic migrations, but also of later epochs, in the
first place those dominated by the Slavs and Avars, suggest
that the remaining Romanised autochthons, as well as the
Barbarian population, were strong enough to convey to the
early mediaeval period parts of their technology, customs
and toponyms. Precisely for this reason even though the
first association when considering the transformation of
the territory of northern Croatia from the Roman to the
mediaeval period is discontinuity it is possible to establish
that in every respect (settlement positions, burial customs,
traffic routes, economy, government, jewellery, weaponry
and tool production techniques) there is a continuity of life
in this area.

Bna, Garam, and Vida 2005 Istvn Bna, va Garam,

and Tivadar Vida (eds.), Gepidische Grberfelder
im Theissgebiet II., Monumenta Germanorum
Archaeologica Hungariae 2, Budapest 2005.
Bna and Nagy 2002 Istvn Bna and Margit Nagy,
Gepidische Grberfelder im Theissgebiet I., Monumenta
Germanorum Archaeologica Hungariae 1, Monumenta
Gepidica, Budapest.
Borovac 2002 Ivanka Borovac (ed.), Veliki atlas Hrvatske,
Zagreb.
Brunmid 1902 Josip Brunmid, Colonia Aurelia Cibalae.
Vinkovci u staro doba, VHAD 6, 117-166.
Brunmid 1905
Josip Brunmid, Starine ranijega srednjegijeka iz Hrvatske
i Slavonije, VHAD 8, 208-220.
Burkowsky 1999 Zdenko Burkowsky, Sisak u prapovijesti,
antici i starohrvatskom dobu, Exhibition Catalogue,
Sisak.
Cambi and Marin 1998 Nenad Cambi and Emilio Marin
(eds.), Lpoque de Justinien et les problmes de VIe et
VIIe sicles, ACIAC 13/1-3, Citt del Vaticano Split.
Csallny 1961 Dezs Csallny, Archologische Denkmler
der Gepiden im Mitteldonaubecken (454-568 u. Z.),
Budapest.
ukovi 1992 Lazo ukovi, Ozalj zatitna arheoloka
iskopavanja 1992. godine, ObHAD 24/3, 49-51.
ukovi 2006 Lazo ukovi, Ozalj, in: A. Durman (ed.),
Stotinu hrvatskih arheolokih lokaliteta, Zagreb, 204205.
Demo 1981 eljko Demo, Novac germanskih vladara druge
pol. 5. st. do u drugu pol. 6. st. u Numizmatikoj zbirci
Arheolokog muzeja u Zagrebu, AV 32, 454-481.
Demo 1994 eljko Demo, Ostrogothic Coinage from
Collections in Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia &
Herzegovina, Situla 32.
Demo 2009 eljko Demo, Nos. 431, 434, and 447, in:
Slavonija, 136-137, 140.
Dimitrijevi 1960 Danica Dimitrijevi, Gepidska nekropola
Kormadin kod Jakova, RVM 9, 5-50.
Dimitrijevi 1979 Stojan Dimitrijevi, Arheoloka
topografija i izbor arheolokih nalaza s vinkovakog tla,
in: Corolla memoriae Iosepho Brunmid dicata, IzdHAD
4, Vinkovci, 133-200.
Dukat 1996 Zdenka Dukat, Nalazi novca na irem podruju
grada Zagreba, IzdHAD 17, Zagreb, 65-71.
Graanin 2005 Hrvoje Graanin, Huni i Juna Panonija,
SSlav 5, 9-47.
Graanin 2006 Hrvoje Graanin, Goti i Juna Panonija,
SSlav 6, 83-126.
Graanin 2007 Hrvoje Graanin, Gepidi, Heruli, Langobardi
i Juna Panonija, SSlav 7, 7-64.
Grane 2007 Thomas Grane, The Roman Empire and
Southern Scandinavia a Northern Connection,
Copenhagen.
Ilki 2007 Mato Ilki, Nalazi seobe naroda i ranog srednjeg
vijeka iz Sotina, PIAZ 24, 277-278.
Iskra-Janoi 1993 Ivana Iskra-Janoi, Povijesni pregled
arheolokih istraivanja u Vinkovcima, Godinjak

Sources of illustrations
Figs. 3-47, 51-56, 61, 66-68, 70, 72, 79, 83, 84, and 85 b
(after Simoni 1989, M 1:1, except for no. 85 b = 2: 3); fig.
48 (after Sokol 1998b, M 1:1); figs. 73-77 (made by A.
Rapan Papea). The remainder were provided by courtesy
of various museums: figs. 49, 78 and 81 (GMV; drawings:
1:1), figs. 50, 69, 71 and 82 (MSO), figs. 57-59, 62-65, 80
and 85 a (AMZ), and fig. 60 a, b (GMS, not to scale).
Bibliography
Andri 2002 Stanko Andri, Juna Panonija u doba Velike
seobe naroda, SSlav 2, 117-167.
Andri 2003 Stanko Andri, Juna Panonija u doba
ostrogotske prevlasti, Kolo, asopis Matice hrvatske 13,
Zagreb, 291-311.
Babi 2010 Staa Babi, Arheologija i etnicitet,
Etnoantropoloki problemi 3/2, Beograd, 137-149.
Boji 1984 Zvonko Boji, Pregled istraivanja i
rasprostranjenosti ranosrednjovjekovnih arheolokih
nalaza u Istonoj Slavoniji i Baranji, in: Arheoloka
istraivanja u istonoj Slavoniji i Baranji, IzdHAD 9,
211-222.
Boji 2007 Zvonko Boji, Izgradnja i otvorenje
Arheolokog muzeja u Osijeku, Osijek.
Boji 2009 Zvonko Boji, Seoba naroda i srednji vijek,
in: Z. Boji (ed.), Vodi kroz Stalni postav, Osijek.

437

The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia

ogranka Matice Hrvatske Vinkovci 10 (1992), Vinkovci,

61-78.
Juri 1998 Radomir Juri, Le fibule a forma di croce in
Croazia, in: Cambi and Marin 1998/2, 1091-1105.
Kovaevi 1960 Jovan Kovaevi: Arheologija i historija
varvarske kolonizacije junoslovenskih oblasti od
poetka IV do kraja VII veka, Posebna izdanja
Vojvoanskog muzeja II, Novi Sad .
Kuan palj and Nemeth-Ehrlich 2008 Dora Kuan palj
and Dorica Nemeth-Ehrlich, itarjevo dvorite
osnovne kole, HAG 4 (2007), 198-201.
Migotti 2009 Branka Migotti, Kasna antika i rano
kranstvo, in: Slavonija, 129-135.
Milavec 2007 Tina Milavec, Prispevek h kronologiji S-fibul
v Sloveniji, AV 58, 333-355.
Mirnik 1996 Ivan Mirnik, Novac Istonog Rimskog Carstva
u numizmatikoj zbirci Arheolokog muzeja u Zagrebu,
VAMZ 28-29 (1995-1996), 159-228.
Mirnik and emrov 1998 Ivan Mirnik and Andrej emrov,
Byzantine coins in the Zagreb Archaeological Museum
Numismatic Collection. Anastasius I. (A. D. 497-518)
Anastasius II (A. D. 713-715), VAMZ 30-31 (19971998), 129-258.
Mrkobrad 1980 Duan Mrkobrad, Arheoloki nalazi seobe
naroda u Jugoslaviji, Fontes Archaeologiae Iugoslaviae
III, Monografije 6, Beograd.
Parducz 1950 Mihly Prducz, A szarmatakor emlkei
Magyarorszgon (Dnkmler der Sarmatenzeit
Ungarns) III, Budapest.
Plhorn 1987 Wolfgang Plhorn (ed.), Germanen, Hunnen
und Awaren, Schatze der Vlkerwanderungszeit,
Exhibition Catalogue, Nrnberg.
Radi 1997 Mladen Radi, Arheologija seobe naroda
i srednjeg vijeka, in: M. Radi (ed.), Blago Muzeja
Slavonije, Exhibition Catalogue, Osijek, 81-93.
Radi 2009 Mladen Radi, nos. 432, 435, 436, and 448, in:
Slavonija, 136-137, 140.
Rapan Papea and Vuli 2008 Anita Rapan Papea and
Hrvoje Vuli, Vinkovci Ulica Hrvatskih rtava 11,
HAG 4 (2007), 71-73.
Rapan Papea 2009 Anita Rapan Papea, nos. 433, 437-446,
in: Slavonija, 136, 138-139.
Rapan Papea 2010 Anita Rapan Papea, Razmatranja uz
jedan novi nalaz iz Vinkovaca, SHP 37, 7-15.
Sanader 2009 Mirjana Sanader, Vojne graevine na
dunavskom limesu, in: Slavonija, 105-114.
Seoba Danica Dimitrijevi, Jovan Kovaevi, and Zdenko
Vinski, Seoba naroda arheoloki nalazi Jugoslavenskog
Podunavlja, Exhibition Catalogue, Zemun, 1962.
Simoni 1978 Katica Simoni, Dva priloga istraivanju
germanskih nalaza seobe naroda u Jugoslaviji, VAMZ
10-11 (1977-1978), 209-233.
Simoni 1981 Katica Simoni, Zagreb i okolica u ranom
srednjem vijeku, in: Arheoloka istraivanja u Zagrebu
i njegovoj okolici, IzdHAD 6, Zagreb, 155-168.
Simoni 1983 Katica Simoni, Skupni nalaz orua i oruja iz
Nartskih Novaka, VAMZ 15, 251-266.
Simoni 1984 Katica Simoni, Ludbreg i okolica u ranom

srednjem vijeku, in: V. Maari (ed.), Ludbreg, Ludbreg,

73-79.
Simoni 1988 Katica Simoni, Srebrna lica iz Siska, VAMZ
21, 79-86.
Simoni 1989 Katica Simoni, Funde aus der
Vlkerwanderungszeit in den Sammlungen des
Archologischen Museums in Zagreb, VAMZ 22, 107134.
Simoni 1993 Katica Simoni, no. 266: Fibula tipa Varpalota,
in: Ante Rendi-Mioevi (ed.), Arte e cultura in Croazia
Collezioni del Museo Archeologico di Zagrabia,
Exhibition Catalogue, Zagreb.
Slavonija V. Kusin and B. ulc (eds.), Slavonija, Baranja
i Srijem vrela europske civilizacije, Exhibition
Catalogue, Zagreb 2009.
Sokol 1998a Vladimir Sokol, Panonija Savija u
Justinijanovo doba, in: Cambi and Marin 1998/2, 11311143.
Sokol 1998b Vladimir Sokol: Rimski metal s Kuzelina
(iskapanja 1990.-1997.), Exhibition Catalogue, Muzej
Prigorja Sesvete, Zagreb.
Sokol 2006 Vladimir Sokol, Kuzelin, in: A. Durman (ed.),
Stotinu hrvatskih arheolokih lokaliteta, Zagreb, 154155.
Sunce 1994 . Demo (ed.), Od nepobjedivog sunca
do sunca pravde. Rano kranstvo u kontinentalnoj
Hrvatskoj, Exhibition Catalogue, Zagreb.
ia Wiewegh 2004 Marija ia Wiewegh, Iovia Botivo,
PZ 30, 297-314.
Tomii 1997 eljko Tomii, Arheoloka topografija i
toponimija (Iovia Botivo Ludbreg), in: K. HorvatLevaj and I. Reberski (eds.), Ludbreg. Ludbreka
Podravina, Zagreb, 21-41.
Uglei 1994 Ante Uglei, Nalazi Seobe naroda iz Zbirke
Mate Ilkia, RFFZd 33 (20), 145-152.
Viki 1973 Branka Viki, Jovia, Ludbreg istraivanja u
1973. godini, AP 15, 50-51.
Viki 1976 Branka Viki, Ludbreg, kod Varadinskih
Toplica, AP 18, 81-83.
Vinkovci 1999 S. Jozi (ed.), Vinkovci u svijetu arheologije,
Exhibition Catalogue, Vinkovci.
Vinski 1954 Zdenko Vinski, Gibt es frhslawishe Keramik
aus der Zeit der sdslawischen Landnahme?, AI 1, 74-75.
Vinski 1957a Zdenko Vinski, Arheoloki spomenici Velike
seobe naroda u Srijemu, Situla 2.
Vinski 1957b Zdenko Vinski, Zikadenschmuck aus
Jugoslawien, JRGZM 4, 136-160.
Vinski 1960 Zdenko Vinski, Ranosrednjovjekovni
arheoloki nalazi u Zagrebu i njegovoj okolici, Iz starog
i novog Zagreba 2, Zagreb, 47-65.
Vinski 1962 Zdenko Vinski, O znaaju nalaza Seobe naroda
iz Karavukova u Bakoj, VMKH 11/3, 75-79.
Vinski 1968 Zdenko Vinski, Krstoliki nakit epohe seobe
naroda u Jugoslaviji, VAMZ 3, 103-168.
Vinski 1973 Zdenko Vinski, O rovaenim fibulama
Ostrogota i Tirinana povodom rijetkog tirinkog nalaza
u Saloni, VAMZ 6-7 (1972-73), 177-216.
Vinski 1974 Zdenko Vinski, Kasnoantiki starosjedioci

438

Anita Rapan Papea: Early Mediaeval Barbarian Elements

VAH I. Borovac (ed.), Veliki atlas Hrvatske, Zagreb, 2002.

Zotovi 1994 Ljubica Zotovi, Die Gepidische Nekropole
bei Viminacium, Starinar 43-44 (1992-1993), 183-190.

i salonitanskoj regiji prema arheolokoj ostavtini

predslavenskog supstrata, VAHD 69 (1967), 5-86.
Vuli 2009 Hrvoje Vuli, Rana antika, in: Slavonija, 119125.

439