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ICIJournal
October-December 2003
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Fig.1 Load setup and typical load-deflection behaviour
Strain
October-December 2003
ICI Journal
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Assuming linear strain distribution across the thickness of the beam, principles of similar triangles and
axial force equilibrium derive an equation to solve for
the depth of neutral axis, c.
Using the moment equilibrium, derive an equation to
obtain the moment capacity.
Derivation of Equations
A typical cross section, strain and force distributions are
shown in Figure 5. The following standard notations are
used for the derivation of equations.
ds'
df
Ef
Contribution of Concrete,
Fc
/ 1 EC
1 / .-
(2}
As
As'
Af
V=
d3
(3)
s' = As% if
c-ds
C-ds
< 0 002
(4)
[5)
0.002
Fs'= A4,
(6)
October-December 2003 >
ICI journal
aShs
(7)
(8)
or
c -
- 0.003 EfAfdf^O
(11)
Where ai = 6bfc'
(12)
(13)
(14)
04 = Asfvds2 + 0.006Af Ef df ds
(15)
ICI Journal
(20)
(19)
(10)
QIC
(18)
(9)
ds-c
(16)
ds-c
= 0.006
10
Octobf-r-December 2003
b,
Ao1
A of
men
mm
mm
mm
Steels
mm
FRP
mm
mm
1
2
200
200
254
303
157
300
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
200
200
110
110
254
254
254
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
200
400
400
800
160
160
215
430
430
254
254
254
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
188
654
654
860
S60
2712
2712
84
29
43
72
37
56
56
74
93
37
56
56
74
17
66
66
264
264
48
36
39
41
31
36
36
38
42
31
36
36
38
48
94
94
243
243
No,
110
110
110
no
110
110
110
75
150
150
300
300
800
300
300
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
Moment, kN-m
Analyt
Ex per.
51.0
38.5
44,2
53.6
12.8
16.2
16.2
18.6
21.4
12.8
16.2
16.2
18.6
21.2
161,1
161.1
1235.0
1235.0
50,0
40.3
45.9
55.1
12.7
15.6
15.5
18.4
19.8
12.9
15.6
15.7
18.4
22.7
164.5
163.5
1221.1
1239.6
Error
Exper.
1.020
0.955
0,963
0.973
1.008
1.038
1.045
-2.0
1.011
1.081
0.992
1.038
1.032
1.011
0.934
0.979
0.985
1.011
0.996
1.004
Avr.
Analyt
>
'
0.4
-0.4
2.
Arduini, M., and Nanni, A. (1997), "Behavior of precrackedRC beams strengthened with carbon FRP sheets."
J. Compos, for Constr.. ASCE, 1(2), 63-70.
5.
l1
-1.1
References
ICI Journal
' -
6.4
2,1
1.5
'
1.8
-3.8
-3.2
-1.1
-0.2
3.8
-4.5
-1.1
-8.1
Specimens
2 to 9,
strengthened
with inorganic
polymer. For
others organic
polymer was
used for
strengthening.
Conclusions
Appendix A
Model calculations presented below are for the 75 x 200
mm beam tested by Leung et al (2002). The details of the
beam are b = 75 mm; ds = 200 mm;
dp = 215 mm;
f-c = 47 MPa; As = 188 mm2; Af = 17 mm2; Ef = 212
GPa (90% of reported value); fy = 460 MPa.
4.5
3.7
2.6
Remarks
'
October-December 2003
'
'
- '
>
>
6.
Bonacci, J. F., and Maalej, M. (2000), "Externalsbonded FRP for rehabilitation of corrosion-damaged concrete beams." ACI Struct. J., 97(5), 703-711
7.
S.
24
29
30
31. TrianrafiUou.T.C. (1998), "Shearstrengtheningofreinforced concrete beams using epoxy-bonded FRP composites." ACI Struct. J , 95(2), 107-115
32
'.
27
"
23
.i'-
riTT
20
22. Ritchie, P. A., Thomas, D.A., Lu, L. W., and Connelly, G.M. (1991), "External reinforcement of concrete
beams using fiber reinforced plastic.", ACI Struct. J., 88(4),
490-500.
ICIJoumal
16
19
Varastehpour. H., and Hamelin, P. (1996), "Experimental study of RC beams strengthened with CFRP
plate." Proc, 2nd Int. Conf. on Ad-vanced Compos. Mat.
in Bridges and Struct,, M EI-Gadry, ed., Canadian
Society for Civil Engineering, Ottawa, 555-563.
Ocrobf-r-December 2003
iCI journal
October-December 2003
- J
/"
>
NOTEt
1 ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
1. ALL STEEL-USD BARS
1 CLEAR COVER TCI MAIN B A R S - W mm
BOTH IN COLUMN * N D BEAM
|_
SECTION
3-3
BEAM
B-q
2t
1U
! .
fit*
" (TYPICAL)
!W 20*
!U
11
ELEVATION
SECTION
SECTION 1-1
FIG. 1
2-2
COLUMN
COLUMN
Similarly strain
gauges were fixed to
each of the top and
bottom layers of the
column longitudinal
bars at the centre as
well as at third
points. The strain
gauges were well
protected against
damage by moisture
by covering them
with wax and
epoxy9.
The specimen was
concreted using a
mix proportion of
1:1657:2.63 with a
w-c ratio of 0.46.
Along with this, control specimens were
cast to determine the
28 day strength. The
average compressive strength of the
concrete was 41. 14
MPa.
The joint was capped with the top and bottom hinge
assemblies. The whole system was placed under the
loading frame. The top plate of the top hinge assembly
was bolted to the cross beam and the bottom plate of the
bottom hinge assembly was bolted to the floor (fig. 4).
Linear electrical resistance strain gauges of 5 mm size and
linear types were fixed on the surface of the column along
its height at every 250 mm centres, on both sides at the
level of longitudinal steel. Mechanical brass studs were
fixed to the beam of joint both in the compression and
tension faces at every 100 mm centres for about lm from
the intersection (fig. 5). Studs were also fixed along a 45
line at the intersection in the compression zone of the
beam. The electrical resistance strain gauges were con-
: : - :
October-December 2003
EW7W
Discussion of Results
50
1CI journal
-00
mic restrain
October-December 2003
The crack and failure pattern is shown in fig. 15. The crack
formed from the tension fibre of beam as well as from top
portion of the column in flexure mode initially and
developed along the depth in shear mode. Therefore all
the cracks were in flexure - shear mode as the loaded
portion of the beam is its shear span. The cracks from the
beam and the column converged in the joint core and
formed more or less an open circle. This served as a hinge
about which the beam rotated. The joint core was the
exact location of the hinge. The cracking was quite extensive especially in the joint core. This crack pattern is
unique and not reported in the literature. The width of
the major crack at the level of steel for a design load of
1400 kN is 1.2 mm.
A large sized heavily reinforced beam-column joint identical to that available in the oid NPP structures, both in
size and reinforcement detail, was cast in the laboratory
successfully in this investigation. The beam size was 610
mm x 915 mm and 2000 mm long. The column size was
610 x 915 mm and 2915 mm long. Beam contained
4.95% reinforcement and column 1.5%, The mean 28
day strength of specimen was 41,14 MPa.
Such a fullscale joint was tested under ;nonotor::c loading.
The ends of the column were provided with hinged
boundaries. Load was aoDiied on the beam. The shear
ICI Journal
--
October-Decemter 2003
sstsa
cknowledgement
The paper is published with the permission of the Director, SERC.
References
1.
3.
7.
9.
October-December 2003
- ; - , , im - ;-.-
Tests in Geotechnical
Investigations
Field and laboratory tests interpret the behaviour of foundation strata and enable the design
of safe and economical foundations, says MANOJ ANAOKAR, ME, Geotech Engineering.
geotechnical
lead intensity.
Testing
is
an
important
stage
in
7.
Permeability
test: required
to
determine
the
Field t e s t s
1. Standard penetration test (SPT)
2.
3.
resistance to
on
site
during soil
investigations
due to
its
and
Pressure
meter
test:
to
know
the
lateral
Laboratory tests
The
tescs carried
out
on
the
undisturbed
disturbed
samples
confirm
the
type
of strata
the small plate used is less than the actual sile of the
I.
Determination
of field
density
and
and
and
natural
Consolidation
test
to
find
out
the
probable
Standard
proctor
test
(for
light
loads)
and
these
have
to
value;
compact the
of density and
sub-grade
moisture
to
I JO
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*- i i i * t ^ j j ^ u i n . V * L v , V : . '
Fi"ure 1: Unconfined
T
.
compression lesc a p p ^ i r i t u s .
helps co control
formation of pochole;
on flexible pavements.
6.
Tr i j x i i I
compaction, direct
shear,
unconfined
compression
and
laboratory vane shear
test :o determine the
shear strength of the
soil, IF we consider an
element of soil at a
particular depch below
the ground level, it is
,
. .
., . .
loaded
ircm
all
sides
.-'>
. .
'
%
EXPANSION JOINT F!
L.
have
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