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COAL MINING

Coal had been mined in Nottinghamshire (1) ______________


Roman times, but in was in the early 1700s that it became
really important. This was the period when coal was first
used to (2) ____________ iron. But coal became (3)
________________ more important as a fuel after the
invention of the coalburning steam engine by James Watt in
1769. From then until around 1920, England had an
insatiable need for coal. This great need (4)
________________ to the digging of deep mines in the
1800s.At first there were practically no safety measures
taken. Women and children were also commonly employed
to mine coal. They were small and easier to (5)
_______________. It was not until 1842 (6)________________ it
became illegal to employ women and children under ten
years of age in mines. Children of ten or older still worked,
and died, in the mines up until the early 1900s.
The deep mines consisted of holes of around four metres in
diameter and were about 150 metres (7)
________________.The miners were lowered in to the mines in
a steel cage suspended from a steel cable. When D.H.
Lawrences father was working, much of the work was done
(8) ______________ hand. At the time coal mining was still
incredibly dangerous. Men died in many ways. Sometimes
there were explosions of firedamp, the gas found in
mines: sometimes mines collapsed, imprisoning hundreds
of men; and often falling containers full of coal killed the
miners. Whats more, miners who survived all these
dangers often became (9)______________ with black lung

disease caused by breathing coal dust for years. So, it is


not surprising that miners thought that going down the pit
as the hardest work under heaven.

FILL THE GAPS


1. a) since
b) of
c) until
d)
from
2. manufacture
b) create
c) construct d) do
3. a) even
b) very
c) really
d) also
4. a) led
b) made
c) brought d)
caused
5. a) tell
b) move
c) see
d)
manage
6. a) that
b) what
c) how
d) when
7. a) deep
b) long
c) tall
d) down
8. a) from
b) of
c) with
d)
by
9. a) ill
b) unhealthyc) diseased d) well

__________________ was Shakesperares source for his


play, presents the weird sisters (5) _____________
goddesses of fate.In Nordic mythology these
goddesses of fate were called Norns. Three important
(6) _________________keep alive Ygdrasil the Tree of
Existance. One of these Norns governs in the past,
another the present and another the future. There are
(7) ______________ other Norns one of these governs
the life of every person.
Shakespeare, though, combined Nordic Norns, witches
and classical goddesses of the underworld to make his
weird sisters.In the end, the new meaning of weird
first (8) _______________ in Shakespeares Macbeth.
A WEIRD FATE
In Macbeth, Shakespeare called the witched the
weird sisters. Nowadays, when (1) _________________
English speakers hear about the weird sisters, they
probably (2) ________________ that these sisters are
strange, maybe supernatural, and that they might (3)
_____________you an uneasy feeling. But in
Shakespeares time the word weird was connected
with fate and destiny. In fact, the section on the
life of Macbeth in Raphael Holinsheds Chronicles
(1577), an early English history book (4)

FILL THE GAPS

1. a) natural
b) resident c)
2. think
b) regard
c)
3. a) give
b) take
d) bring
4. a) that
b) what
d) whose
5. a) as
b) like
c)
6. a) others
b) singles
c)
7. a) plenty
b) number c)
8. a) comes
b) arrives
c)

born
d) native
consider d) judge
c) offer
c) who
similar
d) for
individuals
d) ones
many
d) lots
shows
d) appears

gestures. Some chimpanzees have learned as many as 100


different signs.

Talking Animals
Books, films and cartoons are full of talking animals.
Then, of course, the loving owners of dogs, cats and horses
insist that their pets communicate just as well as any human
being can. But what do scientists have to say (1)
__________ talking animals? Well, as you might (2)
______________ , chimpanzees and gorillas have been
closely studied in this regard since they are our closest
relatives in the animal world (98% of the genes of
chimpanzees and humans are the same!) Indeed some
chimpanzees, can learn sign language, a language based on

More surprising though, was the discovery (3)


___________in the prestigious periodical Scientific American
in 1996: an African Grey Parrot was taught to count up to six
and to recognise and name of around 100 different (4)
____________. Incredibly, if the researcher put three bottles
in front of the parrot and asked it, How many?, the parrot
could respond correctly. Still, even though these examples of
animals learning to communicate as we humans do are
surprising, it is even more surprising to learn how animals
communicate in the wild. For example, the German scientist
Karl von Frisch (1886-1982), who was one of the (5)
_____________ of the modern study of animal behaviour,
discovered the language of bees. He discovered that bees
send out scouts to search for fields of flowers. After finding a
field of flowers, these scouts return to the hive and do a
special dance which (6) _____________ the other bees of the
direction, distance and size of the field of flowers. This was a
truly exciting discovery, perhaps even more exciting than
talking cats!
FILL THE GAPS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

a)
a)
a)
a)
a)
a)

around
expect
reported
articles
builders
reports

b)
b)
b)
b)
b)
b)

for
believe
revealed
pieces
inventors
tells

c)
c)
c)
c)
c)

about
d)of
predict
d) anticipate
told
d) said
objects
d) words
creators d) founders
c) informs d) says

Bathing in the past


Read the text below and decide which answer best fits
each gap.

The Romans probably (1) _________________heir first


bathing facilities and temples around the hot springs in the
Bath area in around CE 45. The Romans had complex public
bathing rituals. The thermal springs in the area of Bath (2)
______________ been used by the Celts before the Romans
arrival. But with the fall of the Roman Empire in Europe,
public bathing more or less disappeared. In the Middle Ages
the Catholic Church opposed public baths,(3) ____________
ere often places for sexual encounters. It was not until the

17th century that bathing became popular again (4)


__________ he wealthy. During Jane Austens lifetime the
upper classes washed their clothes often and their faces, but
not their (5) ____________bodies. Washing your body was
(6) _______________ an activity of the poor lower classes.
At this time, the rich only placed their bodies in water as part
of medical cures. In 1797, Dr James Currier published a book
called The Effects of Water, Cold and Warmi>, as a Remedy in
Fever and Other Diseases. This and similar books (7)
__________________ the interest in water cures. At the
Pump Room men and women bathed together in a large pool.
The men wore brown linen suits and the women petticoats
and jackets. In front of each person there was a Little (8)
_____________ plate with scented oils because the water
smelled slightly of sulphur. However, more (9)
______________ bathing in England did not really begin until
modern science presented the Germ Theory in the mid-1800s:
this is the idea that diseases are (10) __________________
by germs. Of course, the history of bathing (11)
______________ not been the same everywhere. Japan and
Turkey, for example, have had complex bathing rituals for
centuries.
FILL THE GAPS
1. a) made
b) did
2. a) had
b) is
3. a) which
b) that
4. a) to
b) in
5. a) entire
b) total
6. a) thought b) seen
7. a) built
b)added
8. a) floating
b) sailing
9. a) numerous b) often

c)
c)
c)
c)
c)
c)
c)
c)
c)

built
d) assembled
was
d) has
whose
d) whom
among
d) between
complete d) all
considered d) looked
grew
d) increased
swimming d) flowing
frequent d) repeated

10.a) caused
11.a) is

b) made
b) had

c) started
c) was

d) created
d) has

the 1880s and in Italy in the 1950s. It is interesting to note


that the cure (5) ____________________ malaria is directly
connected with Rome. In 1623, ten cardinals died of malaria
while electing the new pope. When the new pope, Urban VIII,
was elected he instructed his missionaries to (6) __________
for a cure. It was a Jesuit missionary in Peru who found the
cure: quinine. Quinine comes (7) ________________ the
bark (the outside layer) of a tree the ancient Incas used it
to fight fevers. This became one of the first modern drugs
used to fight a disease, and by 1880 (8) ________________
were even pills of quinine in Rome that tourists like Daisy
Miller could take. The British in India also took quinine. They
found a way to make this bitter substance(9)
_________________ pleasant by mixing it with soda water
and lime. (10) ____________ is the origin of the famous
Schweppes tonic water.

Roman fever
Read the text on malaria below and think of the word that
best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.

The Roman fever is another name malaria. Malaria is an


Italian word that (1) _______________ bad air. In fact, the
real cause of malaria microorganisms (2)____________
not known until 1880. Before this, people (3) ____________
that you got the disease from humid night air.
Malaria still kills around two million people a year in tropical
countries.But in temperate countries it (4) ____________
been mostly eliminated: this happened in North America in

Ferocious Ferrets?
The ferret is a member of the weasel family, which also
includes animals such as the otter, the skunk, the mink and
the badger. However, the ferret is not a wild animal.
It was probably domesticated (1) __________________ than
2,500 years ago, even before the cat. Scientists believe (2)
_______________domestic ferrets are descendants of the
European polecat, (3) ________________still lives in some

wild areas of Europe. Ferrets were mentioned (4)


_______________ the Greek philosopher Aristotle, and the
ancient Romans used (5) ________________ to hunt rabbits.
Recently, though, ferrets have become very popular as pets.
(6) ________________ dogs and cats, they are very playful
animals and do not require much care. Since they are small,
you can easily carry them around with you in your bag or in
the basket of your bicycle! The only major problem is that,
like other members of the weasel family, they can emit a
terrible odour (7) _________________they are frightened.
This problem is easy (8) _______________ solve: a
veterinarian can surgically remove the scent glands that
produce the smelly substance. But (9) _______________ did
Saki choose a ferret as the fierce hero of his story, Sredni
Vashtar? Maybe because the wild members of the weasel
family, including the polecat, are indeed incredibly ferocious
animals, (10) ________________ though most of them are
rather small (the polecat is only 50 centimetres long). Also
ferrets are often used to hunt rabbits and rats in some parts
of the world. However, the ferrets sold in pet shops are
generally gentle animals and their popularity as pets
continues to grow.
Robinson Crusoe on Mars
After Defoe abandoned Robinson on an island, many other
authors and filmmakers have shipwrecked men, women and
children on many other imaginary islands.
Their stories have sometimes been amusing, sometimes
instructive and sometimes terrifying. So, (1) ____________
is not strange that someone decided to substitute a desert
island (2) __________________ solitary planet. In 1955 the
science-fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein wrote (3)
______________ teenagers colonising an isolated planet.

Then in 1964, Byron Haskin directed the classic science fiction


film Robinson Crusoe on Mars. He filmed it in Death Valley,
California. (Later real-life exploration of Mars showed us that
the landscape of Death Valley looks a lot (4)
_______________ that of Mars.)
The Robinson in (5) _______________story is an American
Navy astronaut, Commander Christopher Kit Draper. He has
come to explore Mars, but he has to abandon his ship. He
finds himself alone on Mars with only a monkey named Mona.
(6) _______________Robinson he has to use courage and
intelligence to survive. For example, he invents an alarm clock
to remind him (7) ________________ he needs to have a
fresh dose of oxygen. He(8)___________________ himself
musical instruments. Also, like Robinson, his main problem is
his isolation, his loneliness, and, unlike Robinson, after some
time on the planet he begins to (9) _________________mad.
Then, one day, he sees spaceships bringing slaves to Mars to
work in mines; one of them escapes and becomes Kits
Friday. (10) ______________________ , their relationship is
one of friendship, and not of master and slave. Kit even learns
some of Fridays language.
Film critics have noticed how this film reflects many of the
worries and interests of the time. First of all, Americans were
worried about the Soviet Unions activities in space. (The
Soviets launched the first man-made object to circle the
earth, Sputnik 1, in 1957.) President Kennedy had referred to
outer space as the new sea on (11) _______________
America must set sail. Then, Americas new interest in
relations between different ethnic groups is reflected in the
friendship(12) ____________________Kit and Friday. So, we
can see that the myth of a single man who must learn to
survive on his (13) __________________has remained

exciting and thought-provoking through the centuries. In the


end, however, perhaps the (14) _______________
meaningful part of the myth for us today is the meeting
between two people of two very different cultures.

Lady Macbeth
For questions 1-10, read the text below and think of the
word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).

There is no doubt (0) about it, Lady Macbeth is not a


submissive woman. She (1) __________________ command
and begins the series of cruel and violent murders that will
take her husband to power. Even if she finally (2)
______________ mad from her feelings of guilt just as her

husband has, Lady Macbeth is a formidable character. But was


Shakespeare (3) __________________ against the usual
views of his time regarding women? Was he trying to show
that women were just as capable as men? Just as strong? It
would seem almost certainly not. The idea that women and
men were equal was totally unknown (4)
___________________ Shakespeares time. Instead, it was
believed that God had created Adam first, and then he had
created Eve (5) ___________________ part of Adams body
to comfort him, to help him, to obey him - but most certainly
not to rule or instigate him to power. If a woman did rule or
guide her husband it meant chaos, confusion and disorder
or as we see in Macbeth regicide, civil war and madness.
Interestingly, Shakespeare (6) __________________ the
obvious historic example of a great woman ruler, Elizabeth I,
who ruled England from 1558 to 1603. But her rule as queen
alone was not at all expected when she first came to the
throne as a young woman. In fact, everybody expected that
she (7) ____________________ soon marry. So, Elizabeth and
her advisors(8) __________________ to create some rather
sophisticated propaganda concerning her in order for her to
rule alone: Elizabeth became the virgin goddess. Indeed her
writers, poets and artists often(9) __________________ her
to the goddess Diana or even to the Virgin Mary.
This, in short, was the only way she could rule in a society
that saw all women (10) _________________ either pure or
impure, with nothing much in between. In short, Elizabeth
skilfully avoided being seen as a kind of Lady Macbeth in the
eyes of her people.

MAD ABOUT DANCING


One of Jane Austens characters a bright, happy young
woman thought (0) that people had to dance to be truly
happy. The writer herself agreed, and she adored dancing (1)
______________ she was young.
Just as today, dancing was an important part of courtship for
young men and women of all social classes. The upper middle
class and the aristocracy the main characters of Jane
Austens books had very strict rules and practices regarding
dances. There were also many different types of dance
parties, (2) ________________ the important balls of the

London aristocracy to the informal dances (3)


_________________ a private house at the end of an evening
with friends. Then there were the less exclusive balls and the
public dances in resort towns (4) _____________ Bath.
When Jane Austen was young, dances began with one couple
dancing a French dance called the minuet very elegant and
very difficult. (5) _________________ this was already oldfashioned, and the most popular dances of Jane Austens
youth were the simpler country dances. (6) _____________
were done in a longway, or a line of dancers five to eight
dancers facing each other.
Dances were obviously places where young people (7)
__________ meet, but they also served to reveal the dancers
characters. Jane Austens young women can see if men are
true gentleman if they are graceful, amusing (dancers could
talk (8) ______________ dancing) and kind on the dance
floor.
Dancing also provided work for many. Since the dances were
often difficult, people (9) ______________ dancing masters
to teach them. These same dancing masters then published
books on dancing. Music publishers also printed books of
dance music (10) _________________ as The Twenty-four
Dances for the Year 1794 the greatest hits of that year.
Many of these dances were quite complex, but an easier and
freer dance also (11) _______________ popular during Jane
Austens life. This new dance came from Europe and was (12)
_________________ by the officers of the British army after
1814. (13) _______________dance was even a bit
scandalous.
With this dance, instead of just delicately holding hands and
standing side by side, dancers now put one hand on the
shoulder and one hand on the waist of their partner. The (14)
________________ of this new daring dance was the waltz.

The miserable life of governesses


Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

The Victorian governess (1) _________________ a strange


blend of babysitter and live-in teacher. An important English
magazine of the time wrote (2) _________________ a
governess was equal to her upper-class employers in birth,
manners and education, but she was inferior to them in
wealth. The upper classes of the time wanted to (3)
________________ their children taught at home. They (4)
_____________ not accept someone from the lower classes
to teach their children so they hired poor women of their own

class.
The governess, then, was a paid servant to the family, (5)
________________ she was above the social class of the
other servants. So, she lived a very lonely and isolated
existence. In addition, the other servants and the children
themselves also realized that they (6) _________________
treat the governess badly if they wanted.
The pay was very low. (7) _____________________
Charlotte Bront worked as governess, she only got 20 a
year (her fathers income of 200 per year was considered
very low). But many other governesses (8)
________________ given room and board with no pay at all.
Also, Charlotte did not (9) _______________ any free time
for herself: when she finished with the children, her employer
had her sew all evening. The hard work, the psychological
cruelty and low salary (10) __________________ that many
governesses ended their lives poor and mentally ill.
Fortunately, the hard life of the 20,000 governesses in
England was discussed in public. This was in part (11)
__________________ of novels like Jane Eyre. The
Governesses Benevolent Association was founded in 1841.
This was a first step (12) ________________ improving the
lives of these women. But even more important was the
founding of the Queens College in London. (13)
____________ was the first school to provide an education
and qualifications for female teachers.

Gothic literature
Read the text about Gothic literature below and think of
the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in
each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

In 1798, when Jane Austen (0) was writing Northanger


Abbey, England was in the middle of a literary mania.
Everybody adored Gothic books, from the servants to their
upper-class masters, from silly young women like our friend
Catherine Morland to wealthy and rational upper-class
intellectuals. This craze had begun almost forty years earlier
(1)__________________ Horace Walpole anonymously
published a short novel entitled The Castle of Otranto (he

published it anonymously because he was a little ashamed of


it). But it (2)_______________ a huge success, and this
book, set in medieval Italy with its ruined castles, horrors and
uncontrolled passions, is often considered the first Gothic
novel. The word gothic comes(3) ________________ the
style of architecture of the Middle Ages, but its association
with these new kind of novels made it almost synonymous
with horror. The next Gothic bestseller, Vathek by William
Beckford, (4) ___________________ an oriental setting, but
it also had lots of ghosts and other supernatural things and
plenty of wild passion. Beckford (5) ______________ he was
inspired by the imaginary prisons drawn by the Giambattista
Piranesi. Then in 1789, Ann Radcliffe, the future queen of
Gothic novels appeared with her first novel, The Castles of
Athlin and Dunbayne. It contained the elements of the (6)
_________________ successful novels: a ruined castle, a
virtuous young woman and an evil nobleman with a
mysterious past. The Gothic novels of this period were
sometimes very unrefined, but (7) ________________ are
now considered great works of literature (8)
______________ the 1818 Gothic novel Frankenstein by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley, for example, which is also a great
literary work. The first great Gothic craze ended in around
1820 with the publication of Melmoth the Wanderer by
Charles Robert Maturin. This very popular and well-written
book tells the story of a man (9) _________________ sells
his soul to the devil. But even if Gothic did not dominate
literature after this, it has !10) _________________
extremely popular. It is to think of later Gothic novels
like Wuthering Heights by Emily Bront and Jane Eyre by
Charlotte Bront, both published in 1847; or Dracula, the
wonderful and frightening vampire story of 1897 by Bram
Stoker; or the bestselling authors of recent years like Stephen

King, with all of his tales of contemporary horror, and Anne


Rice with her great saga of vampires. Gothic also (11)
___________________ to be important in films, and in recent
years Gothic-style clothing is trendy from Japan to Germany,
from England to the United States. Certainly, with many
people, young and old, Gothic is still fascinating.

Word formation.
Read the text below. Use the word given in brackets to fill
in the gaps. There is an example at the beginning (0).

As Frankensteins (0) narration (narrate) continues the


reader is presented with the dark side of________________
(know) and ambition. Frankenstein, looking back, realises how
his search for the__________________ (mystery) origins of
life itself only led to a totally______________
(disaster)conclusion. He reminds Walton that
an_______________ (ambition) man is not______________

(necessary) a happy one, especially if the search for power


makes a man forget fundamental values.
Even at the time of his work Frankenstein says that the felt
so____________ (nerve) that he avoided people and even
felt like a_____________. (crime)
Then, what should have been Frankensteins
great_______________ (achieve) the moment of creation,
turns into a moment of terrible despair: Frankenstein
is_____________ (horror) by what he has done, and his
creations________________(monster) appearance fills him
with disgust.

The Pincio
Read this adaptation of Henry Jamess description of the
Pincio from his book Italian Hours. Use the word in
brackets to form a word that fits in the space.

For the last few days I have spent a couple of hours in the sun
of the Pincio.
The weather was perfect, and the
crowd_________________ (particular) today, was
incredible. Everybody was staring and friendly. All
the________________ (noble) and half of the
_____________(foreign) were there in their carriages, and
the middle classes were on the ground staring at them.
The great ______________(differ) between public places in

America and Europe is the number of people of every age and


social status that stare at you, from your hat to your boots, as
you pass. Europe is __________________ (certain) the
continent where people practise _______________ (stare).
The ladies at the Pincio have to walk past many people. In
fact, _______________ (europe) women learn how they
must act in public when they are young.
A lady must travel in her carriage and ignore the men that
stare at her on each side of the road. Then she must choose
to notice and ________________ (polite) greet just one of
them. This is one of her everyday jobs.
In any case, it is _______________ (wonder) to do nothing
at all at the Pincio.

A patient came into their class and he asked the man some
questions. The man answered yes to all of them and went
away in__________________ (amaze).Why? Because their
professor had______________ (correct) guessed the mans
job, his regiment, where he had been in the army, and that he
had only just arrived in England. He then____________
(explain) how he had come to his________________
(conclude).
The man had good manners, but he did not take off his hat. A
man does not____________ (usual)do this in the army, so
he had not been out of the army long enough to remember to
take it off. He was still_____________ (suntan) and
his______________ (ill) is_____________ (common) found
among soldiers in the West Indies. The Scottish soldiers there
are in the Highlander Regiment, based in Barbados.
Elementary, my dear students!

FCE Use of English part 3

D. H. Lawrence: Writer and Painter


Even though D. H. Lawrence had hardly any
formal___________ (art) education, he enjoyed painting
throughout his life.
As a boy he had no opportunities to see
____________ (origin) works. Most of his works
were______________ (produce) of art he saw in magazines and
books. For his twenty-first birthday he received a book
on______________(England) watercolours with facsimiles
of__________ (fame) works. With this book he began to learn
the_____________ (vary) techniques of water-colour painting.
In 1926 his friend Maria Huxley gave him four blank canvases.
This inspired him to begin a series of paintings. Many of his

Read the text below. Use the word in brackets to form a


word that fits in the space.

Did Sherlock Holmes really exist?


Many people would like to know if Sherlock Holmes was part
of Conan Doyles imagination or if he
really___________ (exist).
The answer to the second part of this question is yes. He was
Conan Doyles professor.
Joseph Bell was a professor of medicine at Edinburgh
University. One day he___________ (show)his class how it
was possible to give a good_____________ (describe) of a
person and their past by simple____________ (observe).

paintings were____________ (nature) landscapes and others


were_______________ (religion) scenes. In 1929 he had an
_____________ (exhibit) at a London art gallery.
More than 12,000 people came to see his paintings,
but,_____________ (fortune), among them were also some
policemen sent by the Home Secretary.
They_____________ (move) the paintings. Although these
paintings now seem rather_____________ (offend), some
people found them________________ (shock) for their nudity.
One newspaper wrote that they were frankly _____________
(disgust). These paintings did not make another
public______________ (appear) in London until 2003, when a
London bookstore exhibited these _______________
(controversy) works of art.

Read this description of bird life during the First World


War. Use the word in brackets to form a word that fits in
the space.

Despite the effects of the war, bird life has been quite
undisturbed. Rats and mice have mobilised and barn owls
have followed them, but it is_______________ (POSSIBLE) to
say if the barn owls will be successful or not in controlling the
mice_________________ (FORTUNATE), there are always
enough mice to populate the trenches and run over your face
while you sleep.
Barn owls generally stay in _____________ (INHABIT)
buildings, and because thousands of people have moved
away, there are now entire streets full of empty houses
available for barn owls. But, apart from the increase in mice

and places for barn owls, bird life in the northern French
countryside, has been quite_______________ (AFFECT).
You would expect large flocks of crows and rooks near the
fighting line, but these flocks are
practically_____________ (EXIST). The obvious explanation
is that the crows are frightened by the sound of the
explosions, but this explanation
is_____________ (CORRECT). Normally rooks are very afraid
of the sound of guns, but I have seen rooks peacefully looking
for food in the ruins of a village with explosions all around
them.
According to Russian naturalists, the war has had a greater
effect on birds on the Eastern Front. They say that during the
first year of the war rooks_______________ (APPEAR) and
skylarks stopped singing in the fields.
Here on the Western Front though, skylarks have not left
these dangerous fields. One early morning, when nothing
seemed to be alive, a skylark flew high up in the sky to sing
its song of joy. To me though, its song seemed forced
and____________ (SINCERE). I thought that it
was__________________ (CONCEIVE) that the skylarks had
nests in these desolate battlefield. However, I discovered a
nest with young larks in it. Two of them had been hit by
something and were in bad condition, but the survivors were
as peaceful and comfortable as the average nestling. from
Birds on the Western Front.

The Real Helen Burns


Read the text below about Charlotte Bronts experiences
at a boarding school. Use the word in brackets to form a
word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an
example at the beginning.

Charlotte Bront wrote about


her horrific (horror) experiences at the Clergy Daughters
School at Cowan Bridge some twenty years later in Jane Eyre.
Its______________, (found) the Reverend Carus-Wilson,
became the self-righteous Mr Brocklehurst and
Charlottes__________________ (religion) and patient

sister Maria became Helen Burns. Charlotte insisted that


her______________ (describe)of the school was in no
way________________ (exaggerate) . Rev. Bront sent his
four daughters there because he knew that they did not have
enough money to marry and so they needed to study to find
work. In a way, Rev. Wilson too wanted to prepare the girls to
work as governesses, but he used__________________
(punish) and repression. He thought that if he helped their
bodies he hurt their immortal souls. So, the girls hair was cut
off; they had to wear plain clothing; and they were given only
hard bread and________________ (burn) food to eat.
Charlotte later wrote that the pain from hunger that she
suffered there was______________ (possible) to describe.
Charlottes sister Maria did well at her studies, but she was
always in trouble for being _______________ (orderly) and
dirty (in the winter, the water for washing was usually frozen).
She was often hit and insulted in front of the other girls. The
11-year-old Maria, like the______________ (fiction) Helen,
always looked beyond life, and so saw no reason to worry
about______________ (suffer) in this world when life is so
short and death is so certain an entrance
to_________________ (happy) : to glory.
Maria, who died when she was twelve, became a kind of ideal
for Charlotte. However, Charlotte did not
accept_____________ (brutal) She had the courage to say
that men like Mr Brocklehurst were hypocritical. This is why
many considered Jane Eyre an______________________
(religion) book. Charlotte responded to these critics that
self-righteousness is not religion.

This first Inquisition became increasingly_______________


(important) in the two centuries that followed until it
disappeared. Then in Spain another Inquisition was
established by King Ferdinand in 1478. Its main object was to
investigate the_________________ (religion) beliefs of Jews
and Muslims who had__________________
(recent) converted to Catholicism.
Its head or Grand Inquisitor was the infamous Toms de
Torquemada.
Historians estimated that Torquemada had about 2,000
heretics burned. The Spanish Inquisition continued until 1834.
Spanish monarchs supported it______________ (complete).
This was_______________ (particular) true of Philip II, who
tried to invade England in 1588. This is why the Spanish
Inquisition became part of English and Protestant propaganda
against Catholic Spain._________________ (late) in the late
1700s and early 1800s, English writers of Gothic novels often
gave horrifying but_________________(fiction) descriptions
of the tortures and________________ (suffer) of the
Inquisition. Poes pit and pendulum follow in this tradition.

The Spanish Inquisition


Use the word given in brackets to form a word that fits in
the space. There is an example at the beginning.

The Inquisition was a tribunal, or court, set up by the Catholic


Church in 1231.
The main activity of this tribunal was
the ...investigation... (investigate) of heretics people who
did not accept the doctrines and ideas of the Church. The
Inquisition had two Inquisitors,_______________
(assist) and police. The Inquisition was allowed to use
torture to obtain________________ (confess) from those
accused of heresy.

TRANSFORMATIONS
1.

But there is one other thing I want to know


ELSE
But there is ___________________ I want to know.

2.

No one will remember Macbeth.


WILL
Everybody _________________ Macbeth.

3.

Perhaps it was you who killed Duncan.


MIGHT

You _______________________ Duncan


4.

Tonight you and Fleance will be dead


NOT
Tonight you and Fleance ______________.

5.

My sense of hearing was very good.


COULD
I ___________________.

6.

This idea never left my brain day or night


ABOUT
I __________________ and night.

7.

The disease did not destroy my senses.


BY
My senses ___________________ the disease.

8.

I asked him if he had slept well


YOU
I asked , _________________?

The Victorian Age


Read the text below. Use the word given in brackets to fill
in the gaps. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Victoria became Queen in 1837 at the age of eighteen and


ruled for 64 years, (0) longer (long)than any other British
monarch.
The British people loved her because she was an intelligent,
dedicated and responsible queen who was______________
(interest) in all aspects of British life.
During her reign Britain became
a____________(wealth) country and the British Empire

became the largest empire in the world,_____________


(cover) one fifth of the Earths surface. The British Empire
created trade and wealth for millions of people.
With the________________ (introduce) of the first national
postal system in 1840 a letter could be sent anywhere in
Britain for a penny. The________________ (invent) of the
railway brought many great__________________
(improve) to travel and transportation. Thanks to the railway
Victorians started going on day trips and taking holidays at
the sea.
By the middle of the nineteenth century more British people
lived in towns and cities than in the countryside, because they
had jobs in the factories. Cities became
very_________________, (crowd)dirty and polluted, and
living conditions for the poor were terrible. Big families had to
live in small, dark and damp homes that
were_________________ (usual) no bigger than a room,
and were without heating and running water. The rich and
middle classes went to live in________________,
(space)comfortable homes with gardens in the suburbs.
Charles Dickens wrote about social injustice
and_______________ (poor) in his great novels, which
became______________ (extreme) popular and awakened
the public conscience. In 1863 the first underground railway
opened in London, which was a brilliant_________________
(solve) to the traffic problem in the streets. It was called the
tube.

subject, Poe__________________________a story about


mesmerism.
2 The first version of the case of M. Valdemar to appear in
newspapers was very confused because the facts did not
come directly from the people involved.
- If the facts_______________________directly from the
people involved, the first version of the case of M. Valdemar to
appear in the
newspapers_____________________________so confused.
3 The narrator didnt feel embarrassed about asking M.
Valdemar to participate in his experiment because M.
Valdemar saw death as a perfectly natural subject.
- If M. Valdemar_____________________death as a perfectly
natural subject, the
narrator_______________________embarrassed about
asking him to participate in his experiment.
4 The narrator was able to write a complete description of his
experiment because a medical student took notes.
-If a medical student_________________________notes, the
narrator_________________________write a complete
description of his experiment.

Third Conditional
Turn these sentences into Third Conditional sentences
with a similar meaning. Dont use contracted verb forms.

1 Poe wrote a story about mesmerism because the public was


interested in the subject.
- If the public__________________________nterested in the

5 The doctors made a good estimate of when he would die


because they knew the exact condition of his lungs.
- If the doctors
the exact condition of his lungs,

they

such a good estimate of when he would

The pearl necklace the gold bracelet the diamond ring

1.

It is pretty but they are probably false

2.

The woman receives five pounds for it

LISTENING

3.

Her husband gave it to her.

Which piece of jewellery?

4.

It belonged to her grandmother

You will hear a conversation between a woman and a


pawnbroker. For each sentence decide which object they
are talking about.

5.

The pawnbroker still has it.

6.

The womans son found it.

die.

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