Understanding Refractory API 936 Reading II-lva1 PDF

Understanding REFRACTORY
For API936 Personnel

Certification Examination
Reading 2- The ASTMs
My Pre-exam Self Study Notes
20th September 2015
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Refractory for Petrochemicals
The Magical Book of Acoustic Emission
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE FOR

API936 REFRACTORY PERSONNEL
CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION
API certified 936 refractory personnel must have knowledge of installation,
inspection, testing and repair of refractory linings. The API 936 Personnel
Certification Examination is designed to identify applicants possessing the
required knowledge. The examination consists of 75 multiple-choice
questions; and runs for 4 hours; no reference information is permitted on the
exam. The examination focuses on the content of API STD 936 and other
referenced publications.
REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS:
A. API Publications:
API Standard 936; 3rd Edition, Nov 2008 - Refractory Installation Quality
Control Guidelines - Inspection and Testing Monolithic Refractory Linings
and Materials.
B. ACI (American Concrete Institute) Publications:

547R87 - State of the art report: Refractory Concrete
547.1R89 - State of the art report: Refractory plastic and Ramming Mixes
C. ASTM Publications:
C113-02 - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
C133-97 - Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus
of Rupture of Refractories
C181-09 - Standard Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and
High Alumina Plastic Refractories
C704-01 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory
Materials at Room Temperatures
Fion Zhang at Shanghai

20th September 2015
Video Time- shotcrete refractory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s81LE7XXZ4A&list=PLey7s_Oct4OK9-7tMIx5cp9-RjSdetDTq
Reading II
Content
Study note One: ASTM C113-02 Standard Test Method for Reheat
Change of Refractory Brick
Study note Two: ASTM C133-97 Standard Test Methods for Cold
Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories
Study note Three:
Study note Four:
Study Note 1: ASTM C113-02

Standard Test Method for Reheat
Change of Refractory Brick
http://cedarcanyontextiles.com/win-bigin-our-shape-shifter-challenge/bigstock-number-icons-4/
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permanent linear change
of refractory brick when heated under prescribed conditions.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
The values given in parentheses are for information only.
NOTE 1- Test methods incorporating additional provisions pertinent to
specific refractory materials are given in the following Test Methods: C 179, C
210, and C 605.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk
Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
C 179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory
Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
C 210 Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
C 605 Test Method for Reheat Change of Fireclay Nozzles and Sleeves
E 230 Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized
Thermocouples
3. Significance and Use

3.1 Refractory brick and shapes of different compositions exhibit unique
permanent linear changes after heating or reheating. This test method
provides a standard procedure for heating various classes of refractories with
appropriate heating schedules.
3.2 Linear reheat changes obtained by this test method are suitable for use in
research and development, also often used to establish written specifications
between producers and consumers.
3.3 Care should be exercised in selecting samples that are representative of
the product being tested and that the schedule selected is appropriate to the
product.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Kiln, of such design that the specified heating schedule and atmosphere
can be maintained throughout the heating zone.
4.2 Linear Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) over
a span of 10 in. (254 mm). (1) A hook-rule, as specified in Test Methods C
134, (2) a vernier caliper, or (3) a dial gage device may be used.
4.3 Gas Sampling and Analysis Equipment, capable of determining the (1)
percent free oxygen and (2) total combustibles in the atmosphere of the test
chamber.
Keywords:
Hook rule, vernier caliper, dial gage
% free O2, total combustible.
Captain Hook- Once Upon a Time
Hook rule
Captain Hook- Once upon a time!
Vernier Caliper
Vernier Caliper- Digital
Dial Gage
5. Test Specimens
5.1 For each test use three rectangular specimens measuring 9 by 4 by 2
or 3 in. (228mm x 114mm x 64mm or 76mm) in size, or, if smaller, shapes
approaching these dimensions as closely as possible. These may be
commercial brick of the specified size or test pieces cut out of larger shapes.
5.2 Using ceramic paint or crayon, label each specimen, and make a
reference mark at each end on the center line of a broad face to indicate the
exact position where the measurement is made. Measure the length on each
of the three test specimens to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).
3 or 2
+
9
nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).
3 or 2
+
9
6. Procedure
6.1 Placing Specimens in Kiln- Place the test specimens in the kiln so that
each rests edgewise, that is, on a 9 by 2 or 3in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face
and set only one course high. Place each specimen upon the corresponding
face of a supporting brick that is from the same lot as the test specimen or at
least of equal refractoriness. Place between the test specimen and the
supporting brick a layer of suitable refractory material, that is non- reactive
under the test conditions and passing an ASTM No. 16 (1.18-mm) sieve
(equivalent to a 14-mesh Tyler Standard Series) and retained on an ASTM
No. 40 (425-m) sieve (equivalent to a 35-mesh Tyler Standard Series).
Place each specimen so that it is not less than 1 in. (38 mm) from other test
specimens or from the furnace wall.
1 in
passing an ASTM No.16

Retain ASTM No.40 sieves
ASTM Sieve
ASTM Sieve
6.2 Temperature Measurement- Measure the temperature within the kiln by

means of an appropriate calibrated thermocouple. Refer to E 230, Tables 1
and 2, for the tolerances and upper temperature limits for use of various
thermocouples. At higher temperatures, the thermocouple may be withdrawn
and a calibrated optical or radiation pyrometer can be used. Place the hot
junction of the thermocouple or sight the pyrometer so as to register the
temperature of the test specimens. Make temperature readings at intervals
not greater than 15 min. Check the kiln periodically by thermocouples,
pyrometers or pyrometric cones to ensure that temperatures over the hearth
do not differ by more than 25F (14C) or one-half cone (?) .
T1,2,3..
To
T = To- T1,2,3, 25F
6.3 Test Atmosphere- At all temperatures above 1470F (800C) the furnace
atmosphere shall contain a minimum of 0.5 % oxygen and 0 % combustibles.
Take gas-analysis samples from the furnace chamber proper.
6.4 Test Temperature Schedule- Operate the kiln so as to conform to the
appropriate heating schedule for the class of refractory being tested as shown
in Table 1. Adjust the firing during the hold period so that the temperatures
will average the specified temperature within 5F (3C). After completion of
the heating schedule, cool the specimens in the closed kiln to below 800F
(425C) before removing.
6.5 Measuring Fired Specimens- Remeasure the test specimens at room
temperature in accordance with 4.2 after rubbing the ends with an abrasive
block to remove small blisters, if necessary.
7. Calculation and Report

7.1 Calculate the percentage linear change based upon the original length of
each specimen. Report the average of the three individual values as the
reheat change in the test.
specimen.
8. Precision and Bias

8.1 Interlaboratory Test Data- An interlaboratory roundrobin test was
conducted between eight laboratories at three different reheat temperatures.
8.1.1 In the interlaboratory study, four types of brick were tested, three
samples each, a total of seven sets at each laboratory.
8.1.2 Heating schedules, brick types tested, averages of all determinations,
and precisions are given in Table 2.
8.2 Precision- For the components of variation given in Table 2, a test result
composed of three samples should be considered significantly different at a
confidence level of 95 %, if the repeatability or reproducibility exceeds the
precision data given in Table 2.
8.3 Bias- No justifiable statement on bias is possible since the true physical
properties of refractories cannot be established by an acceptable reference
material.
9. Keywords
9.1 heating schedule; refractory brick; reheat change; temperature
measurements; test atmosphere
TABLE 1 Heating Schedule for Reheat of Various Types of Refractories
TABLE 2 Precision of Interlaboratory Test Results Relative precision does

not apply since values pass through the point of zero.
NOTE- Relative precision does not apply since values pass through the point
of zero.
Corundum Mullite Castable

High Strength Wear-Resistant Corundum Mullite Refractory Castable has
high crushing strength, good high temperature volume stability and thermal
shock stability, excellent wear resistance and erosion resistance. It is can be
used in lining of large power station boiler and other lining of high
temperature furnace .
Applications:
1. Steel furnaces
2. Iron making furnaces
3. Glass kiln
4. Ceramic tunnel kiln
5. Cement kiln
http://castable.cc/
Corundum Mullite Castable
http://castable.cc/
Study Note 2: ASTM C133-97

Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing
Strength and Modulus of Rupture of
Refractories
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength
and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all
types.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:
Test Method
Cold Crushing Strength
Modulus of Rupture
Sections
4 to 9
10 to 15
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
The values given in parentheses are for information only.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting
C 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming
Mix Specimens
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3

3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability
for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at
elevated temperatures.)
3.2 These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural
strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength
(cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.
3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different
determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The
specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, asformed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the
loading geometry, and the rate of load application, may all significantly affect
the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different
determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ
between the two determinations.
Factors Affecting Test Results

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The specimen size and shape,

the nature of the specimen faces (that is, asformed, sawed, or ground),
the orientation of those faces during testing,
the loading geometry, and the
rate of load application,
The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen
dimension
may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the
results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of
these parameters differ between the two determinations.
3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen
dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller,
cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the
bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6 by 1 by
1in. (152mm by 25mm by 25mm) specimens be prepared and tested for
materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25
in. (6.4 mm).
3.5 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering
application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing
purchasing specifications.
1 x 1 x 6
OLD CRUSHING STRENGTH

4. Apparatus
4.1 Testing Machine- Any form of standard mechanical or hydraulic
compression testing machine conforming to the requirements of Practices E 4
may be used.
NOTE 1- For low-strength materials (such as insulating bricks or castables), a
sensitivity of 20 lbf (67 kN) or less is required. The use of a hydraulic testing
machine is also preferred over the mechanical type for these materials.
4.2 Spherical Bearing Block- The plane surface of the spherical bearing block
(see Fig. 1) shall have an area which is equal to or greater than the cross
section of the test specimen.
FIG. 1 Recommended Design for Crushing Test Assembly, Including Bearing

Block
5. Test Specimens
5.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3)The test specimens shall be 2 in. (51mm) cubes or cylinders, 2 in. in diameter
by 2 in. (51 x 51mm) high. The height should be parallel to the original
direction of pressing of the brick or shape. In the case of special shapes, only
one specimen shall be cut from a single shape and as many of the original
surfaces as possible shall be preserved. In preparing specimens from
irregular or large refractory shapes, any method involving the use of
abrasives, such as a high speed abrasion wheel, core drill, or rubbing bed,
that will produce a specimen with approximately plane and parallel sides
without weakening the structure of the specimen may be used.
2 in x 2 in x 2 in
Keywords:
The height should be parallel to the original direction of pressing of the
brick or shape.
In the case of special shapes, only one specimen shall be cut from a
single shape and as many of the original surfaces as possible shall be
preserved. (?)
2 in
2 in x 2 in x 2 in
2 in
5.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3),
or greater than 45 % total porosity, or both)- The test specimens shall be 4
by 4 by 2 or 3 in. (114 by 114 by 64 or 76 mm), each taken from a
different brick. It is permissible to prepare these specimens from the half-brick
resulting from the modulus of rupture test (see Sections 10-15). The selected
compression test section shall be free of cracks, chipped surfaces, and other
obvious defects. The test surfaces shall be approximately parallel planes.
Keywords:
Dimensions: 4 x 4 x 2 or 3 in.
5.3 Castable Refractories- The test specimens shall be 2 x 2 x 2 (51mm x

51mm x 51mm) cubes or cylinders 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter by 2 in. (51 mm)
high, prepared by casting or gunning. It is permissible to prepare one
specimen from each 9 x 2 x 2. (230mm x 51mm x 51mm) bar after the
modulus of rupture test (MOR) (see Sections 10-15). The selected
compression test section shall be free of cracks, chipped surfaces, and other
obvious defects. The loaded surfaces shall be approximately parallel planes.
All samples must be dried at 220 to 230F (105 to 110C) for 18 h (overnight).
Upon removal from the oven, allow the sample to cool naturally until cool to
the touch. Complete testing within 2 h of removal from the drying oven. (See
Practices C 862 and C 1054.)
2 h max
Cured?
Testing
dried at 220 to
230F (105 to
110C) for 18 h
(overnight).
cool naturally
until cool to
the touch
4.2.5 As directed by the contractor, test

sample refractories shall be mixed and
formed using metal or plastic forms at the
required specimen dimensions, or larger
dimensions and then cut to the required
dimensions after 24-hour cure:
4.3.2 Casting
4.3.1 Pneumatic Gunning: The test panel

shall be constructed with a removable
back for visual inspection of the castable.
The panel shall also be sectioned and cut
surfaces inspected for voids, laminations,
non-uniformities, and rebound entrapment.
Sectioning or breaking of the panel is
permitted 18 hours after completion of the
panel unless otherwise directed by the
owner.
4.3.3 Placement of Thin Layer, Erosion

Resistant Refractories Hexmesh or hexalt
anchoring system (as the case may be)
shall be attached to a backing plate such
that the backing plate may be removed
and the applied refractory lining examined
from the backside. Examination of the
panel may be performed immediately after
ramming, or within 24 hours, as directed
by the owner.
Refractory cast in the mock-up shall be

cured for 12 hours minimum and then
stripped of forms for visual inspection only.
4.3.4 Thick Layer, Plastic Installations

After refractory installation is completed,
the test panel backing plate shall be
removed immediately and examined for
consolidation and voids.
6. Procedure
6.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number of refractory shapes
compose a sample.
NOTE 2- For relatively weak specimens like insulating castables or insulating
firebricks, a minimum sample size of ten specimens is preferred.
6.2 Brick and Shapes- Place a cellulose fiber wall board (for example,
Masonite4) 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and extending 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or
more beyond the edges of the loaded faces of the specimen. Apply the load
parallel to the direction in which the brick was originally pressed.
Comments:
1 sample = 5 specimens (10 specimens for very weak materials!)
6. Procedure
6.1 At
least five specimens from an equivalent

number of refractory shapes compose a sample.
Comments:
1 sample = 5 specimens (10 specimens for very weak materials!)
Minimum

7.1 Calculate the percentage linear change based upon the
original length of each specimen. Report the average of the three individual
values as the reheat change in the test.
ASTM C113-02 Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
specimen.
6.3 Regular and High Strength Castables- Place a cellulose fiber wall
board 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and extending 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or more
beyond the edges of the loaded faces of the specimen. Apply the load on the
2- by 2in. (51- by 51-mm) or 2in. (51-mm) diameter face and perpendicular to
the depth of the specimen as originally cast or gunned.
6.4 Insulating Brick or Shapes- Apply the load directly to the 4- by 4 in.
(114mm x 114-mm) surface of the test specimen.
6.5 Insulating Castables (typical bulk density of 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3), or
greater than 45 % total porosity, or both)- Apply the load directly to the 2 x 2
x2. (51mm x 5mm) face and perpendicular to the depth of the specimen as
originally cast or gunned.
6.6 Use the bearing block on top of the test specimen, and position it so that
the center of the sphere is in alignment with the vertical axis of the specimen
(see Fig. 1). Keep the spherical bearing block thoroughly lubricated to ensure
accurate adjustment which may be made by hand under a small initial load
for each specimen.
NOTE 3- The spherical bearing block may not be necessary on test machines
having mechanical linkages which ensure that the stress applied is colinear
with the axis of the specimen.
6.7 For dense refractories with sufficient strength to require greater than
about 3 min per test, initial loading to one-half of the anticipated failure load
may be accomplished at any convenient rate exceeding the specified rate.
Subsequently, each specimen shall be crushed with a compressive load
applied at the standard rates specified in Table 1. The rates shall not vary by
more than 10 % of the specified rate for the type of refractory being tested.
FIG. 1 Recommended Design for Crushing Test Assembly, Including Bearing

Block
TABLE 1 Standard Loading Rates for Cold Crushing Strength
A. Where possible, loading at a constant stress rate is preferable to constant strain rate
loading.
B. For dense refractory brick and shapes requiring more than a 3-min test duration,
specimens may be loaded to one half of the anticipated fracture strength at any
convenient rate exceeding that specified.
C. These sizes are preferred for insulating firebricks.
D. These pieces may be cut from broken halves of MOR specimens.
E. These sizes are preferred for insulating castables.
6.8 When using a mechanical testing machine, keep the balance beam in a
constantly floating position.
6.9 Specimens are loaded, as specified, to failure. Failure is defined as the
collapse of the specimen (failure to support the load), or the reduction of the
specimen height to 90 % of its original value. The maximum applied load is
recorded.
Keywords:
Failure is defined as:
the collapse of the specimen (failure to support the load), or
the reduction of the specimen height to 90 % of its original value.
7. Calculation
7.1 Calculate the cold crushing strength using Eq 1:
S= W/A
(1)
S = cold crushing strength, lbf/in.2 (MPa),

W = total maximum load indicated by the testing machine, lbf (N), and
A = average of the areas of the top and bottom of the specimen
perpendicular to the line of application of the load, in.2 (mm2).
8. Report
8.1 Report the following:
8.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is, manufacturer, brand,
description, lot number, etc.);
8.1.2 Specimen configuration, including size, shape, location in the original
brick or shape, the character of the faces (that is, cut, drilled, as-pressed, ascast, etc.), and the specimen orientation during testing;
8.1.3 Pretreatment, if any, given to the test pieces (for example, curing, firing,
coking, etc.);
8.1.4 Number of specimens in a sample;
8.1.5 Individual specimen dimensions, the maximum applied load, and the
calculated cold crushing strength for each specimen (see 7.1);
8.1.6 Mean cold crushing strength and standard deviation for each sample.

9.1 Precision- The precision of this test method is currently being investigated.
9.2 Bias- No justifiable statement can be made on the bias of the test method
for measuring the cold crushing strength of refractories, because the value of
cold crushing strength can be defined only in terms of a test method.
MODULUS OF RUPTURE
10. Apparatus
10.1 Testing Machine- Any form of standard mechanical or hydraulic
compression testing machine conforming to the requirements of Practices E 4
may be used.
NOTE 4- Properly calibrated portable apparatus may be used.
FIG. 2 Recommended Design of Bearing Cylinders for Modulus of Rupture

Test
FIG. 3 Alternative Design of Bearing Cylinders for Modulus of Rupture Test
10.2 Bearing Surfaces, that shall have a radius of curvature of 5/8 in. (16 mm)
or be cylindrical pieces 1 (32mm) in diameter. For 6 x 1 x 1. (152mm x
25mm x 25mm) specimens, the radius of curvature shall be 3/16. (5 mm) or
cylindrical pieces 3/8. (10mm) in diameter. All such bearing surfaces shall
be straight and of a length at least equal to the width of the test specimen.
The supporting members for the lower bearing surfaces shall be constructed
so as to provide a means for the alignment of the bearing surfaces with the
under surface of the test specimen because the test brick may have a
longitudinal twist. Apparatus of the design shown in Fig. 2 is recommended,
although other types may be used, provided they conform to these
requirements. A satisfactory alternative design is shown in Fig. 3.
11. Test Specimens

11.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3)The preferred test specimens shall be standard 9 x 4 x 2 or 3. (228mm
x 114mm x 64mm or 76mm) bricks, or specimens of equivalent size ground or
cut from refractory shapes. In the case of special shapes, only one specimen
shall be cut from a single shape. As many original surfaces as possible shall
be preserved. Where brick sizes are impossible or impracticable, alternative
specimen sizes of 9 x 2 x 2. (228mm x 51mm x 51mm) or 6 x 1 x 1. (152
mm x 25mm x 25mm) may be prepared. In preparing specimens from
irregular or larger shapes, any method involving the use of abrasives, such as
a high- peed abrasion wheel or rubbing bed, that will produce a specimen
with approximately plane and parallel sides without weakening the structure
maybe used.
9 x 4 x 2 or 3
11.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100 lb/ft3 (1.60
g/cm3), or total porosity greater than 45 %, or both)- The test specimens shall
be whole brick measuring 9 by 4 by 2 or 3 in. (228mm x 114mm x 64mm
or 76mm), or specimens of equivalent size cut from larger shapes.
9 x 4 x 2 or 3
11.3 Castable Refractories- The test specimens shall be 9 x 2" x 2". (228 x
51mm x 51mm) bars prepared by casting or gunning. The top and bottom,
and the side faces, respectively, shall be approximately parallel planes. All
samples must be dried at 220F to 230F (105C to 110C) for 18 h
(overnight). Upon removal from the oven, allow the sample to cool naturally
until cool to the touch. Complete testing within 2 h of removal from the drying
oven. (See Practices C 862 and C 1054.)
9 x 2 x 2
2 h max
Cured?
Testing
dried at 220 to
230F (105 to
110C) for 18 h
(overnight).
cool naturally
until cool to
the touch
12. Procedure
12.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number of refractory shapes
compose a sample.
NOTE 5- For relatively weak specimens like insulating refractories, a
minimum sample size of ten specimens is preferred.
12.2 Place a test specimen flat on the bearing cylinders with a span as
specified in Table 2 and with the load applied at mid-span. Whenever
possible, use an original, unbranded surface of a brick or shape as the
tension face, that is, the face in contact with the two bottom bearing cylinders.
For castable pieces, the depth dimension of the specimen as originally cast or
gunned is horizontal; that is, the top surface of the casting or gunned sample
becomes a side of the properly oriented test specimen.
Minimum
TABLE 2 Standard Loading Rates for Modulus of Rupture
12.3 Each specimen shall be broken at mid-span in flexure with a loading

applied according to the standard loading rates given in Table 2. For high
strength materials requiring longer than about 3 min to perform a test, initial
loading to one half of the anticipated failure load may be accomplished at any
convenient rate exceeding the specified rate. Subsequently, the specimens
should be loaded at the standard rate specified in Table 2. The rates shall not
vary more than 10 % from the stated rate for the type of refractory being
tested. The maximum applied load is recorded.
12.4 When using a mechanical testing machine, keep the balance beam in a
constantly floating position.
13. Calculation
13.1 Calculate the modulus of rupture using Eq 2:
MOR = 3PL/2bd2
(2)
where:
MOR = modulus of rupture, lbf/in.2 (MPa),
P = maximum applied at rupture, lbf (N),
L = span between supports, in. (mm),
b = breadth or width of specimen, in. (mm), and
d = depth of specimen, in. (mm).
FIG. 2 Recommended Design of Bearing Cylinders for Modulus of Rupture

Test
b
d
L
14. Report
14.1 Report the following:
14.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is, manufacturer, brand,
description, lot number, etc.);
14.1.2 Specimen configuration, including size, location in the original brick or
shape, the character of the faces (that is, cut, ground, as-pressed, as-cast,
etc.), the specimen orientation during testing, and the load span;
14.1.3 Pretreatment, if any, given to the test pieces (for example, curing, firing,
coking, etc.);
14.1.4 Number of specimens in a sample;
14.1.5 Individual specimen dimensions, the maximum applied load, the
location of the fracture plane, and the calculated modulus of rupture for each
specimen (see 13.1);
14.1.6 Mean modulus of rupture and standard deviation for each sample.

15.1 Interlaboratory Test Data- An interlaboratory study was completed
among eight laboratories in 1995. Four different types of refractories were
tested for cold crushing strength and cold modulus of rupture by each
laboratory. The four types of refractories were a dense firebrick, an insulating
firebrick, a dense castable, and an insulating castable. The dimensions of the
firebricks were 9 3 4.5 3 2.5 in., and the dimensions of the castables were 9 3
2 3 2 in. Before testing, bulk density and sonic velocity were measured on all
refractory bricks to ensure uniformity. Refractory bricks were then randomly
selected for distribution to the participating laboratories.
15.2 Precision- Table 3 and Table 4 contain the precision statistics for the
cold crushing strength and cold modulus of rupture results, respectively.
15.2.1 Repeatability- The maximum permissible difference due to test error
between two test results obtained by one operator on the same material using
the same test equipment is given by the repeatability interval (r) and the
relative repeatability interval (% r). The 95 % intervals are given in Table 3
and Table 4. Two test results that do not differ by more than the repeatability
interval will be considered to be from the same population; conversely, two
test results that do differ by more than the repeatability interval will be
considered to be from different populations.
15.2.2 Reproducibility- The maximum permissible difference due to test error

between two test results obtained by two operators in different laboratories on
the same material using the same test equipment is given by the
reproducibility interval (R) and the relative reproducibility interval (% R). The
95 % reproducibility intervals are given in Table 3 and Table 4. Two test
results that do not differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be
considered to be from the same population; conversely, two test results that
do differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be considered to be from
different populations.
15.3 Bias- No justifiable statement can be made on the bias of the test
method for measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories because the
value of the modulus of rupture can be defined only in terms of a test method.
16. Keywords
16.1 crushing strength; modulus of rupture; Monolithic refractories; Refractory
brick; room temperature
TABLE 3 Precision Statistics for Cold Crushing Strength
TABLE 4 Precision Statistics for Cold Modulus of Rupture
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Study Note 3: C181-03

Standard Test Method for Workability
Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina
Plastic Refractories
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the workability index of
fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories by measuring the plastic
deformation of a molded test specimen when subjected to impacts.
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles

3.1 Workability index serves as a measure of the facility with which plastic
refractory materials can be rammed, gunned, or vibrated into place.
3.2 Workability index is commonly used to control consistency of plastics
during manufacture. It has also been found useful for specification
acceptance by the consumer.
3.3 The workability index determination can provide information for
developing a plastic body. When a sample splits under impact at various
water contents, it is an indication that the material is short or lacking in
plasticity.
3.4 Determinations on samples that split during impact will be difficult to
reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement is not a true indication of
deformation. This should be noted in the report.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Rammer- The apparatus shall consist of the device known as the rammer
for refractories3 (see Fig. 1). It shall consist essentially of a steel cylindrical
mold 2.00 in. (50.8 mm) in inside diameter and 4.75 in. (120.6 mm) in length,
supported in a vertical position on the same axis as a shaft to which shall be
fastened a plunger that fits inside the mold. A 14-lb (6.4-kg) cylindrical weight
slides on the same shaft and is arranged to fall a distance of 2 in. (51 mm)
before engaging a collar fastened to the shaft.
As shown in Fig. 1, the weight may be raised by a manually rotated cam.
Provision shall be made to support the weight, thereby removing the load
from the vertical shaft by the installation of two hooks (having a 10-32 screw
thread) in the top side of the weight in a position that enables them to engage
with pins (having an 8-32 screw thread) placed on each side of the upper
portion of the framework, as shown in Fig. 1 and in detail in Fig. 2. A steel
rule,4 one edge graduated in 0.02in. (0.5-mm) increments, shall be attached
(Note 1) to the rammer so that the position of the end of the vertical shaft can
be read.
FIG. 1 Apparatus for

Workabilityindex Test
FIG. 2 Upper Portion of the Sand

Rammer Showing Close-Up of
Modifications Required
The portion of the rule to be used shall be adjusted so that when the vertical
shaft is in the lowest position, its machined end is in alignment with the
graduation on the rule that represents the exact distance between the top and
bottom of the bottom plate of the mold (approximately 1.7 in. (43 mm)). The
upper end of the scale may be cut off flush with the top of the rod (see Note1), which provides a rule of sufficient length for measuring the maximum
distance obtainable between the ends of the mold (Note 2).
NOTE 1- One method of mounting the rule is to install in a vertical

position a 3/8. (9.5mm) square rod, 4 1/8. (105 mm) in length, in that
part of the framework which constitutes the top bearing for the shaft. One
end of the rod is reduced to a . (6.4mm) round section for a length
of 3/8, and this is threaded for a - 20 screw. A tapped hole, to receive
the threaded rod, is made in the framework and on the center line (from
front to back) of the apparatus. When tightening the rod in place, one face
must be in a position so that the rule can be sweat-soldered to it as shown
in Fig. 2.
NOTE 2- The apparatus as described in this section is capable of
measuring workabilities up to about 32%. For products of higher
workability a suitable spacer block5 may be installed under the specimen.
4.1.1 Mounting for Rammer- The rammer shall be mounted on a 27in. (686m) high concrete column, having a base measuring at least 8 by 11 in. (200 x
279 mm). Four . (6.4mm) bolts, at least 3 in. (76mm) in length, shall be
cast in the top of the column and shall be grouted with a suitable mortar.
Variable results are obtained from the test unless the described mounting or
an acceptable alternative mounting6 is used for the rammer.
4.1.2 Maintenance and Calibration- As needed, depending on use, clean all
moving parts and lubricate with SAE 10 oil. Make periodic checks of the
height that the weight drops to insure the weight is being raised 2 in. (51mm).
Inspect the rammer to determine whether it and the foundation are producing
full ramming energy. This is accomplished by using calibrated impact rings.7
NOTE 3- Variation in the smoothness and dimensions of the specimen tube
may cause variation in workability values. For referee testing the specimen
tube may require periodic comparison with a master precision specimen
tube.8
5. Test Specimens
5.1 Temperature of Plastic Refractory- Since the workability index may vary
with a wide spread of temperature, the temperature of the material to be
tested must be between 65F and 75F (18C and 24C) to reduce this
variable. Record temperature of material before forming the cylinder.
NOTE 4- As much as a 3-point change in the workability index may occur
within the 10F (6C) stated range.
5.2 Number of Specimens- Five cylindrical test specimens shall be
molded from the sample (Note ) of plastic refractory.
5.3 Molding of Specimens- The interior of the mold shall be cleaned and
coated with a light film of suitable parting agent9 prior to the preparation of
each specimen. To facilitate filling the mold, the sample shall be broken into
pieces varying in size, the largest dimension being about 1 in. (25 mm). The
sample weight shall be chosen to provide a sample height of 2.5 0.1 in. (64
3 mm). For a super-duty plastic, the sample weight is approximately 300g;
for an 85 to 90 % alumina plastic, approximately 375g. After placing the
material in the mold, it shall be subjected to ten impacts by turning the handle,
which causes the weight to be raised 2 in. (51 mm) and then dropped upon
the collar attached to the plunger shaft. The mold containing the sample shall
then be upended and an additional ten impacts given to the specimen. The
formed test specimen shall then be extruded from the mold by the use of a
suitable auxiliary plunger.
6. Procedure
6.1 Remove the load on the plunger of the mold by suspending the weight
from the framework. Do this by slightly rotating the weight while engaging the
hooks on the pins in the framework. After raising the vertical shaft, place the
test specimen on the bottom of the mold and lower the shaft until the plunger
is in firm contact with the specimen. Obtain the length of the specimen to the
nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) by sighting on the rule and the end of the shaft.
Disengage the weight from its support and carefully lower it until it is at rest in
its normal position. Then apply three impacts from the weight to the test
specimen. Read the final length of the specimen from the scale, and record
the difference in inches or millimetres between the two measurements.

7.1 Calculate the percentage deformation for each of the five test specimens
on the basis of the original length and report the average value as the
workability index. The workability index shall be calculated by the following
equation, and shall be rounded off to one decimal place.
where
L = length of specimen prior to deformation,
L1 = length of specimen after deformation, and
W = workability index.
7.2 State the temperature of the sample, the specimen weight used, and
whether any test specimen crumbled as a result of the three impacts.

8.1 Interlaboratory Test Data10- An interlaboratory test was run in 1975, in
which two laboratories each tested ten specimens from each of two plastic
materials: a super-duty and a high-alumina phosphate-bonded plastic.
Samples were selected from the same container of plastic and tested in each
laboratory at the same time. The components of variance for workability index
results calculated by the procedures given in Practice D 2906 are as follows:
Within-laboratory component 4.1% of the average Between-laboratory
component 5.1% of the average
8.2 Precision- For the components of variance given in 8.1, two averages of
test values should be considered significantly different at the 95 % probability
level if the difference equals or exceeds the critical difference listed as follows
(for t = 1.96):
8.3 Bias- No justifiable statement on bias is possible since the true value of
the workability index cannot be established by an accepted reference material.
9. Keywords
9.1 refractories; refractory plastic; workability
Foot Notes
1. This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on
Monolithic Refractories. Current edition approved November 1, 2003.
Published January 2004. Originally approved in 1943. Last previous
edition approved in 1997 as C 181-91 (1997) e 1.
2. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual
Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards
Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3 The rammer for refractories, Model 315-R, is available from Dietert Foundry
Testing Equipment, 9190 Roselawn Ave, Detroit, MI 48204. Accessory parts
required for conduct of this test and calibration of the rammer include:
Test Equipment
Part Number
Specimen tube
Cup pedestal
1.000 in. cup pedestal spacer block 3
Stripping post
Specimen tube conditioner
Replacement swab for 315-30
Liquid parting pattern spray
315-9
315-11
15R-8
315-14
315-30
315-02006
315-02007
Calibration Equipment
Part Number
Rammer foundation tester

(includes impact rings, micrometer, and test anvil)
Replacement impact rings 307-3A
Master precision specimen tube
307
315-18
4. A suitable rule is the Lufkin Rule Co. Rule No. 2103-R, which is 6 in. (152
mm) in length and must be cut off at each end so that the desired portion
of the graduations aligns with the shaft.
5. A suitable 1in. (25-mm) spacer block is listed in footnote 4.
6. An acceptable alternative mounting is available from Dietert Foundry
Testing Equipment; use the rammer base, part no. 315-27, and the
rammer pedestal, part no. 315-45.
7. Part number 307 as provided by Dietert Foundry Testing Equipment,

consists of a set of precision steel rings, a steel anvil and a micrometer,
has been found suitable for this purpose. To determine full ramming
energy, the anvil is positioned in the specimen tube locating hole in the
base of the rammer. A test ring is then placed in the center of the anvil
with the axis of the ring being horizontal. The ring is then subjected to 3
impacts of the rammer head. A measurement across the center of the
deformed ring is then made and compared to the limits specified on the
box containing the rings. Detailed instructions are included in the
calibration kit.
8. Part number 315-18 as provided by Dietert Foundry Testing Equipment,
has been found suitable for this purpose.
9. A suitable parting agent is provided by Dietert Foundry Testing
Equipment, as described in footnote 4.
10. Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters.
Request RR: C 08 1003.
Study Note 4: C704-01

Standard Test Method for Abrasion
Resistance of Refractory Materials at
Room Temperature
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative abrasion resistance
of refractory brick at room temperature. This test method can also be applied
to castable refractories (see Metric Dimensions C 861 and Practice C 865)
and plastic refractories (see Practice C1054).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The
values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk
Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
C 179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory
Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
C 861 Practice for Determining Metric Dimensions of Standard Series
Refractory Brick and Shapes
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting
C 865 Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
C 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming
Mix Specimens
3. Summary of Test Method

3.1 This test method measures the volume of material in cubic centimetres
abraded from a flat surface at a right angle to a nozzle through which 1000 g
of size-graded silicon carbide grain is blasted by air at 448 kPa (65 psi).

4.1 This test method measures the relative abrasion resistance of various
refractory samples under standard conditions at room temperature.
4.2 The abrasion resistance of a refractory material provides an indication of
its suitability for service in abrasion or erosive environments.
4.3 The results obtained by this test method could be different than those
obtained in service because of the different conditions encountered.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Abrasion Tester, used for measuring the abrasion resistance of refractory
specimens, consisting of the following (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2):
5.1.1 Blast Gun, modified for this equipment as shown in Fig. 3.
5.1.2 Nozzle- A piece of glass tubing is used to replace the steel nozzle
supplied with the sand-blast gun to permit control of nozzle size through
nozzle replacement after each determination. Flint-glass tubing, 115 mm (4)
long, 7 mm () in outside diameter, with a nominal 1.1 mm (1/16) wall, is
used. This piece of glass tubing is held in place by a 70 mm (2) long piece
of stainless steel tubing. The I.D. (inside diameter) of this tubing, which
should be flared at one end to sit snugly inside a 9.53 mm (3/8in.) tubing nut,
should be 7.15 mm (9/32). The O.D. (outside diameter) should be 9.53 mm
(3/8).
NOTE 1- Identified by number in this figure are: (1) cabinet pressure

manometer, (2) dust collector vent, (3) test pressure gage, (4) grit feed tunnel,
and (5) vacuum gage. FIG. 1 Abrasion Tester
FIG. 1 Abrasion Tester
NOTE 1- Identified by number in this figure are: (1) sand blast gun, (2) air
pressure regulator, (3) glass tube and metal stabilizing sleeve, (4) test sample,
and (5) adjustable platform. FIG. 2 Abrasion Tester
FIG. 2 Abrasion Tester
NOTE 1- Identified by number in this figure are: (1) glass tube adjustment rod,
(2) metal stabilizing sleeve, (3) glass tube with grommet, and (4) sand
blast gun. FIG. 3 Modified Blast Gun Breakdown
FIG. 3 Modified Blast Gun Breakdown
This sleeve is glued in place along with a rubber grommet of proper size,
inside the 9.53 mm (3/8) tubing nut, and is used primarily to hold the glass
tubing perpendicular to the test sample, assuring a proper vacuum within the
gun. The end of the glass tube, through which the abrading media enters the
nozzle in the venturi chamber, is placed at a distance of 2 mm (0.08) from
the air-generator nozzle. This is done by placing the glass tubing on a brass
rod, 4.5 mm (0.175) in diameter with a shoulder 7.9 mm (5/16 in.) in diameter,
117 mm (4.68) from the tip. This will allow the operator to push the glass
tubing up through the rubber grommet until the rod touches the nozzle,
assuring a 2 mm(0.08) gap between the nozzle and the glass tubing.
5.1.3 Venturi- The air-generator nozzle should have an inlet inside diameter
of from 2.84 to 2.92 mm (0.112 to 0.115 in.) and an outlet inside diameter of
from 2.36 to 2.44 mm (0.093 to 0.096 in.). The surface of the air-generator
nozzle within the venturi chamber of the gun is protected from the abrading
media with a 9.4 mm (3/8 in.) long piece of vinyl tubing 4.7 mm (3/16 in.)
inside diameter with a 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) wall thickness. The inside diameter
of the venturi chamber should not exceed 10 mm (38 in.) and should be
checked periodically for wear.
5.1.4 Air Supply- The air line pressure shall be maintained at the desired
pressure at the gun through the use of a standard suppressed range air gage
indicating 6.9 kPa (61 psi) mounted as close to the gun as possible. Only
clean dry air should be used.
5.1.5 Abrading Media- No. 36 grit silicon carbide having a screen analysis as
shown in Table 1.
5.1.6 Feeding Mechanism- Two acceptable mechanisms for feeding the
abrading media are shown in Fig. 4. The feed funnel must contain a suitable
orifice to obtain a flow time of 45015 s while delivering 1000 g of abrading
media into the gun supply funnel. Metal, glass, or plastic orifices can be used
to regulate the flow. There must be an air gap between the orifice and the gun
supply funnel to allow secondary air to enter with the abrading media.
5.1.7 Test Chamber, consisting of a tightly sealed closure with a door to
permit ready access for mounting and removing the test specimens. A 13mm
( ) hole shall be cut in the top of the test chamber to permit the vertical
mounting of the blast gun such that the downward stream of abrading media
will travel 203mm (8 in.) from the glass nozzle tip to the test specimen. Fig. 1
and Fig. 2 show the design of an acceptable chamber.
TABLE 1 Screen Analysis for Abrading Media
NOTE 1- Identified by number in this figure are: (1) main supply funnel with
metering insert, (2) gun supply funnel, (3) main supply funnel, (4) metering
funnel, and (5) gun supply funnel. FIG. 4 Feeding Mechanisms
FIG. 4 Feeding Mechanisms
5.1.7.1 Dust Collector- A standard dust-collecting cloth bag of adequate

capacity may be used on the 52 mm (2 1/16 in.) exhaust port of the chamber.
This port is equipped with a butterfly valve to regulate the pressure in the
chamber during the test. Alternate dust handling systems are acceptable as
long as the chamber pressure is maintained at the desired level.
5.1.7.2 Manometer- During the test the chamber pressure shall be measured
with a water manometer having a scale such that 311 Pa (1 in.) of water
may be readily measured. A 6 mm ( in.) inside diameter pet cock shall be
mounted in the top of the chamber to permit manometer connection.
5.2 Balance, capable of weighing the sample to an accuracy of 0.1 g, used
for weighing the abrading media and test specimens. Typically a 2000 g to
3000 g capacity balance is required.
6. Test Specimens
6.1 Test specimens shall be cut from refractory brick or shapes, or molded
from monolithic refractory materials and measure from 100 by 100 by 25 mm
(4 by 4 by 1 in.) to 114 by 114 by 65 or 76 mm (4 by 4 by 2 or 3 in.).
Only the most abrasion resistant materials can be 25 mm (1 in.) thick since
the test is invalid if a hole is eroded completely through the specimen.
6.2 Castable refractories shall be molded in accordance with Practice C 862
and fired to anticipated service temperatures in accordance with Practice C
865.
6.3 Plastic refractories shall be molded and fired to anticipated service
temperature in accordance with Test Method C 179 (see the sections on
apparatus and test specimens).
7. Procedure
7.1 Dry the test specimens to a constant weight at 105C to 110C (220 to
230F) before testing.
7.2 Weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.1 g. Determine the volume of the
specimens by measurement of length, width, and thickness to the nearest 0.5
mm (150 in.) in accordance with the apparatus section of Test Methods C
134.
7.3 Place the nominal 114mm by 114 mm (4 by 4 in.) face of the test
specimens at a 90 angle to the glass nozzle with the unbranded surface to
be abraded 203 mm (8 in.) from the tip of the glass nozzle. With monolithic
refractory specimens, the surface (that is, top troweled face or bottom mold
face) that most accurately reflects the actual field situation should be the test
surface.
7.4 Turn on the air pressure and regulate it to 448 kPa (65 psi). Check the air
pressure before and after the abrading media is run through the system.
7.5 Measure the cabinet pressure using the water manometer and maintain
the pressure in the chamber at 311 Pa (1 in.) of water by means of the
butterfly valve in the exhaust vent.
7.6 After the air pressure to the gun and the chamber pressure have been
adjusted, disconnect the media line to the gun and place a 30 in. of mercury
vacuum gauge in position. If the vacuum gauge does not show a minimum of
15 in. Of mercury, check the position of the glass tubing or the condition of
the air-generator nozzle. After obtaining the proper vacuum pressure,
reconnect the feed tube and recheck the cabinet pressure before placing
1000 5 g of dry abrading media in the reserve funnel. The feed funnel to
the gun must not fill completely or flood with material. The feed mechanism
when connected with the test apparatus must deliver the abrading media in
the specified time of 450 15 s.
7.7 Use the silicon carbide abrading media no more than 5 times before
discarding. Remove the material retained on No. 20 (850m) and passing No.
50 (300m) sieves after each run.
7.8 Remove the refractory specimens from the test chamber, blow off the dust,
and weigh to the nearest 0.1 g.

8.1 From the weight and volume, calculate the bulk density of the specimens
in grams per cubic centimetre.
8.2 Calculate the amount of refractory lost by each specimen by abrasion in
cubic centimetres, A, as follows:
A = (M1 - M2)/B = M/B
Where:
A = volume of refractory lost cm3
B = bulk density, grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3),
M1 = weight of specimen before testing, g,
M2 = weight of specimen after testing, g, and
M = weight loss of specimen, g.
8.3 Report the average of the individual results as the abrasion loss for that
sample.
8.4 Record and report the time required for 1000 g of abrading media to flow
through the gun.
8.5 Report which surface was abraded.

9.1 Interlaboratory Test Data- An interlaboratory study was completed
among eight laboratories in 1999. Five different types of refractories, along
with a plate glass standard, were tested for abrasion resistance by each
laboratory. The five types of refractories were a high-alumina brick, a silica
brick, an abrasion-resistant castable, a super-duty fire brick, and a
conventional high-cement castable. All specimens were 4.5 by 4.5 in. in cross
section. Additionally, both castables were fired to 1500C. Prior to testing,
bulk density and sonic velocity were measured on all specimens to ensure
uniformity. Specimens were then randomly selected for distribution to the
participating laboratories.
9.2 Precision- Table 2 contains the precision statistics for the abrasion
resistance results.
9.2.1 Repeatability- The maximum permissible difference due to test error
between two test results obtained by one operator on the same material using
the same test equipment is given by the repeatability interval (r) and the
relative repeatability interval (%r). The 95 % repeatability intervals are given
in Table 2. Two test results that do not differ by more than the repeatability
interval will be considered to be from the same population; conversely, two
test results that do differ by more than the repeatability interval will be
considered to be from different populations.
9.2.2 Reproducibility- The maximum permissible difference due to test error

between two test results obtained by two operators in different laboratories on
the same material using the same test equipment is given by the
reproducibility interval (R) and the relative reproducibility interval (%R). The
95 % reproducibility intervals are given in Table 2. Two test results that do not
differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be considered to be from
the same population; conversely, two test results that do differ by more than
the reproducibility interval will be considered to be from different populations.
9.3 Bias- No justifiable statement can be made on the bias of the test method
for measuring the abrasion resistance of refractories because the value of the
volume loss can be defined only in terms of a test method.
TABLE 2 Precision Statistics for Abrasion Resistance
10. Keywords
10.1 abrasion resistance; blasted by air; castable refractories; flat surface;
monolithic refractory materials; Refractory brick or shape; room temperature
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