I.

Introduction

1. Cellular Adaptation when there is excessive physiologic stress, or

pathologic stimuli.
Examples:
A. Atrophy decrease in size and function of a cell.
- Reduced functional demand
- Interruption of Trophic Signals
- Inadequate Supply of Oxygen
- Aging
B. Hypertrophy increase in the size of a cell
- Physiologic Hypertrophy
- Increased Functional Demand
C. Hyperplasia increase in the number of cells in an organ
- Increase in Functional Demand
D. Metaplasia a change of one differentiated type of cells to another
E. Dysplasia alteration in the size, shape and organization of the cellular
components of a tissue
- Can be a sign of future neoplastic lesion
F. Anaplasia hallmark of malignant cells. Lack of differentiation.
*Features:
1) Nuclear and cellular pleomorphism
2) Hyperchromatism
3) Nuclear-Cytoplasmic ration
4) Abundant mitoses
5) Tumor giant cells
2. Reversible Injury
Hypoxia
Cellular energy metabolism is altered
glycogen is depleted
decreased intracellular pH, cellular swelling, clumping of nuclear chromatin.

3. Irreversible Injury
Membrane injury
Intracellular release of Iyososomal enzymes
damage
of other cells
Necrosis cell death in living tissue, resulting from the progressive degradative
action of enzymes.
Nuclear changes: (1) karyolysis (2) pyknosis, and (3) karyorrhexis
Types of Necrosis
1. Coagulation the most common pattern of necrosis. (myocardium, kidney,
liver, and other solid organs)
2. Liquefaction necrotic area is soft and filled with fluid
3. Caseous tuberculosis lesion, cheesy material
4. Fat necrosis in adipose tissue
5. Fibrinoid necrosis in Blood vessels

6. Gangrenous necrosis of diabetic food and in appendicitis

II.

Cardiovascular Pathology

1. Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

- Caused by Staphylococcus areus
- Occurs in IV drugs and it affects the tricuspid valve
2. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
- Caused by Strep. Viridians
- Occurs in doing dental procedures and it affects Mitral valve
3. Atherosclerosis
- Caused by formation of plaques in vessels
- It affects abdominal aorta, coronary arteries, circle of Willis and popliteal
arteries

4. Ischemic heart disease

- Clinical sign of IHD is angina pectoris
- Most often caused by coronary artery disease
Three types of Angina
1) Stable
2) Unstable
3) Variant
5. Myocardial Infarction
- Lack of blood flow
- Most commonly occur in coronary artery
6. Congestive Heart Failure
A. Left-sided may result from heart disease
Symptoms: dyspnea, Paroxysmal Nocturnal dyspnea, Orthopnea,
Tachypnea, Pleural effusion
B. Right-sided
- Peripheral edema, enlarge liver or spleen, and distention of the neck veins
7. Valvular disease
3 types:
a. Stenosis fibrotic valve resulting in reduced blood flow
b. Regurgitation
c. Prolapse floppy valve
- The most common type of valvular disease
8. Rheumatic Heart ever
- All three layers of the heart may be affected

Usually preceded by a Group A streptococcus

Histologic finding: Aschoff bodies

9. Cardiac Tamponade
- Caused by the accumulation of fluid in pericardium
- Signs and symptoms: Hypotension, Jugular venous distention, distant
heart sounds