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Differrential Calculus
-
given the function where are to find for the differential or derivative.
Integral Calculus
-
given the derivative of a function where are to find for the required
function.
du
x 2 dx dx ( u2 ) =nua1 dx
d ( x3 ) =3 x 2 dx
1
2
2
d ( x ) = ( 3 ) x dx
3
x 2 dx
d
( 13 x +c )=x dx
2
1 3
2
x dx= x + c
3
*Two function having the same derivative differ only by constant.
y=x 35
'
y =3 x
y=x 3 +1000
y=3 x
f ( x ) dx
dx=u+c
definite of integral
dw=w + z
dx= x+ z
*Indefinite of the variable of integration.
2.)
Ex.
1 3
x +4 x 4 +4 )dx= x 5 dx 1 x3 dx+ 4 x 4 dx +11 dx
7
7
from:
n n+ 1
d ( uu+1 ) =( n+1 ) un+11 du
u du=
n
un du=
n+1
d(u )
n+1
uu+ 1
+c
n+1
Examples:
un+ 1
x dx u du=
+c
n+1
2
u=x ; n=2
du=dx
x 2+1
x3
+c= +c
2+1
3
un+1
(43 x) dx u du= n+1 +c
5
u=43 x , n=5
du=3 dx
unwanted factor
Thus,
( 13 ) ( 43 x ) (3) dx
5
43 x
1
3
6
(43 x)
+c
18
2
( a2x 4 ) dx
=
( a42a 2 x 4 + x 8 ) dx
5
x
4
2 x
= a x2 a 5 + 9 +c
1+u
1+u
1+u2
( 2)
( 2) du
ln 3
+c
u ln 2
ln
3
4.)
=
=
1+u2
1
1
2
2
ln 3 (1+u)2
+c
=
6
Fundamental Integration Formulas
1.)General Power Formula
un du=
n+ 1
u
+c
n+1
2.)Logarithmic Function
a.)
du
u = ln u + c w/r: u>0
b.)
du
=ln (u ) +c w /r :u< 0
u
ln
c.) du = u w :u is not equal zero
u +c r
Ex.)
1
7
+
3
3 w6
=
w/r: u=3w-6 ; du=3dw
w+ 5
1.) 3 w6
(3)
( )
1
dw
3
= 3 dw+7 3 w6
1
7
w+
3
3
2.)
cos d
sin
2
5
ln (3w-6) + c
1
= 2 ln(sin2) + c
w/r: u= sin2,du=cos2 2 d
cos u
du w/r: u = sin u,du = cos u du
sin u
3. cot u du=
= ln sin u + c
5 xdx
1
4.) 1+ 2 x 2 = 5( 4 )
4 xdx
1+ 2 x 2 = 54 ln
3.)Exponential Function
a.)
eu
du=
e u+ c
4
b.)
a u du= lna(a)
+c
w/r: a>0
Ex.)
1
1. ( ) esin 3 x cos 3x dx
3
3
2.)
105 x
=2
ln x dx
1
=( 5 )
1 105 x
5x
10
dx=
(
)+ c
5 ln10
( 5)
x
= 2x
+c
3
4.)
x4
4
= 4 4 + c= x + c
1+2 x
)+c
du
u
2
2 = Arcsin
a
a u
du
a2 +u2
+c
1
u
= a Arctan a + c
Ex.
1.
dx
9x 2
(let:
x
=Arcsin 3 +c
2
x +3 2 +( 6)
dx
2.)
dx
dx
x2 +6 x +15 = x2 +6 x +9+6 =
1
= 6
x +3
6
6
. 6 Arctan 6 . 6 + 6
6 arctan ( x+3 ) 6 +c
6
e2 x dx
3.) 44 e 4 x
2
2x
2x
2x
e 2 x dx( 4)
44 e 4 x
2x
1
2e
= 4 Arcsin 2 + c
1
2x
= 4 arcsin e +c
4.)
( 3 ) dy
dy
1
=
2
9 y + 6 y+ 3 3 ( 3 y +1 ) +2
2
1 1 2
3 y +1 2
{ .
.
+c
}Arctan
3 2 2
2 2
2 A
6
rctan
(3 y +1) 2
+c
2
6.)Integration By Parts
udv=uv vdu
Ex.)
=
cos 5 u sin2 u d
u
1sin
u
(
2
2
cos 2=
12 sin
sin
( 2u) cos u du
=
( 2 u+sin 4 u )
+
=
3
5
7
2.)
+c
cot 4 x dx
xx
csc
( x1) dx
= csc 2 dx
2
cot x
2
Let: u =cot x,du = csc xdx
cot 3 x
csc 2 x dx + dx
=
3
cot 3 x
+ cotx+ x+ c
=
3
3.)
tan4 y sec2 y dy
sec 2 y dy
u cos u du
tan 5 y
=
5
4.)
+c
y ln y dy
dy
Let: u= ln y, du= y ,
y2
dv = ydy , v= y
y 2 ln y 1
ydy
=
2
2
5.)
y2
y2
+c
2 - 4
x
x
= xe e dx
x
x
= xe e +c
Integration By Substitution
a.)Algebraic Substitution
e x 9
dx
e x9
dx
2 udu
2
u +9
= u( )
= 2
u u+99
2
+9
(u2 +9)du
du
=2 (u 2+ 9) 18 u2+ 9
=2
du18
du
u2 +9
1
u
=2u-18( 3 arctan 3 + c
=2
e x 96 arctan e 39
2.)
1+ z
+c
dz
y
y (4 y)(1) dy
=
4
2
= 4 y dy4 y dy
4 y5
= 5
4 y3
- 3 +6s
5
4
4
= 5 (1 + z 2 - 3 (1+
2
3
z + c
b.)Trigonometric Substitution
1+ z
dz
Ex.)
a
1.) dx
2+a tan
=a
2
sec d
a
cosd
= a3
2
2 2
1+ tan
3
2
sec
3
2
2 3
x
= a 2 a2 + x 2 + c
a b
a
a=lower limits
b= upper limits
Ex.)
1.)
1 2 1
( x 3 x + + 11)dx
2
3
4
2++11 x 42
4
3
2
=[ x 1 x + 1 x
4 2 3 3
=[
1
(2)
4
If n is add
n1
u
sin cos xsinxdx reduce
power formla
Use =
sin x=1sin x
If m is add
cos 2 x=1sin 2 x
Type II:
2
use=tan x=sec x1
2
cot x=csc x 1
Type III:
tanm x sec n xdx cot m x csc n xdx where m is a positive even integer
Use =
1
sin 2 x= (1cos 2 x )
2
1
cos 2 x= ( 1+cos 2 x )
2
sin 2 x=2 sinx cos x
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
A Algebraic Substitution
B Trigonometric Substitution
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
change the variable of integration that seems to be causing trouble in
the process of integration by way of explicit substitution.
yz
zx
dydzdzdxdwdy
wy
Example:
1
e xg dx
u e x g
2 udu
u2 + g
u[]
u2=e x g
(u 2+ gg) du
= 2
u2 + g
u + g=e
(u 2+ g)du
du
= 2 ( u2+ g) 18 u2+ g
2udu=e x dx
2 du18
2
= u u
du
2
u +g
dx=
a =g
= uu
= 2u-18
1
u
( ) arctan +3
3
3
a=3
2 e x g6 arctan e 3g +3
x
Answer =
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
If the integral invovles,
a x x=asin
2udu
x
e
1
2 , include the
a2x 2
x
=sin
a
a2x 2
cos=
a
cot=
a2x 2
a
a2 + x 2 x=atan
a2x 2
a
sin2
=
= 2sin cos
x
a
2 2 2 2 2
a +x a +x
2 ax
= a2 + x 2
If the integrated involves,
x
=sec
a
x
=cos
a
sin
x 2 +a2
x
Example:
1 In the integral
we may write
a2x 2 x=asec
2 In the integral
we may use
denominator.
If the denominator contains a quadratic expression according to this
2
form: a x + bx+ c
b2=4 ac
b24 ac <0
If
A
a x +bx +c arctangent
A
(a x + bx+ c)
du
a2 +u2
1
2
arctan
u
a
+c
Adx
Bdx
Cdx
(xa)(x b)( xc ) = xa + xb + xc
=
dx
dx
dx
+
+
xa xb xc
f ( a)
g( a)
denominator
Example:
1
(3 y 24 y6)dy
( y 1)( y 3)( y+ 1) Distinct Linear factor
dy
dy
dy
a
+
b
+
c
=
y1
y3
y +1
2
(3 y 4 y 6)dy
= ( y1)( y3)( y +1)
2
= 3 y 4 y6
y1 + y 3 + y +1
= (y-1)(y-3)(y+1)
= A(y-2)(y+1)+B(y-1)(y+1)+C(y-1)(y-2) 1.
7
2
say y = 2:
say y = -1:
12-14 = 3B B =
2
3
3+4-6 = C (-2)(-3)
1=6C C =
Using method B:
2
= 3 y 4 y6 = A(y-2)(y+1)+B(y-1)(y+1)+C(y-1)(y-2)
1
6
2
= 3 y 4 y6
y2
2
2
2
= A( y y-2)+B( y 1 )+C( y 3 y +4 )
: 3 = A+B+C 1
y : -4 = -A 3C 2
C : -6 = -2A B +2C 3
Equate: 1 and 2
Equate: 4 and 2
3= A+ B+C
6=2 AB+2 C
3=A 3 C
3=A +3 C
4=A3C
7=2 A
A =
7
2
From 4:
From 1:
3= A+3 C
7
3= +3 C
2
7
3 C=3+
2
3C =
3C =
3= A+ B+C
7
1
3= B+
2
6
3 7 1
B=
1 2 6
6+7
2
1
2
C=
1
6
18211
6
4
6
2
3
Plane Areas
*enclosed by the given boundaries (a curve or a line)
A= yi x
i=1
Y 1 x +Y 2 x + Y n x
x 0
yvariable
dA=ydx
a
ydx= f ( x ) dx
o
A=
Examples:
1 Find the area bounded by the parabola
y 2 =4ax
w/v(0,0)
Soln:
12=4a
; a=3
LR=12
; 2a=6
y
=12x x= 12
dA=2
6
=12(3)
( 3x ) dy
0
y2
3
dy
dA=2
12
0
=36
dA=2
+ 6
Y=
[ ( )]
1 y3
3 y
2 3
[()
36
dA=2
1
(6)3
36
dA=2 [ (86) ]
y=k
horizontal
x=k
vertical
dA=24s.u
ans.
x=3
contd
dA=ydx
3
A=2
ydx
0
3
A=2
2 3 x dx
0
A=4
A=4
3 x dx
0
3 3
2
[]
x
3
2
[ ]
3
8 3
2
A= 3 (3)
1
8 2 2
A= 3 (3) (3)
8 2
A= 3 (3)
A=24s.u ans.
x 2=3 y
y y 2 ) dx
dA= ( H
3
A=
( y H y 2 ) dx
0
A=
A=
x2
dx
3
3 3
x 1x
2 3 3
1 2 1 3
A= 2 ( 3 ) 9 ( 3 )
9
A= 2 -3
3
A= 2 s.
x 2=3 y
x 2=3 x
x=3
x 2=3 y
y=
x2
3
Therefore:
y=3
SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION
A solid is generated when an area is revolved about any reference axis
or line.
CIRCULAR DISK
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
dv=2 y xdy
b
V =2 yxdy
0
dv=2 ( b y ) xdy
b
V =2 ( b y ) xdy
0
CIRCULAR RING
y2
y
dv=
y2
V =
0
Examples:
1 Find the volume of a sphere.
(V = 34 r )
3
[ ]
V =2 r 3
dv= x dy
V =( 2 ) ( x 2 ) dy
V =2
r
0
[ ]
2 3
r
3
4 3
V = r cu .units
3
V =2 ( r 2 y 2 ) dy
3 r
y
V =2 r y
3
2
y=3 x
r3
3
y 2=6 x
y=2 .
y=3 x y =6 x
2
y =6 x
y 2=6
y
x= xR
3
( 3y )
y=3 x
y ( y )=2 y
2
y =6 x
y=0
x=0
y=2
y 2
x= =
3 3
x=
y
xL
6
dV =2 y ( xRxL ) (dy )
2
V =2 y ( xRxL ) dy
0
y y
V =2 y
dy
3 6
0
[ ( )( )]
1 y3 1
V =2
3 3 6
( 2 ) 3 ( 2 )4
V =2
9
24
y4
4
]
V =2
V=
V=
6448
72
( 16 )
36
4
cu .units
9