Uniform of the Union Army

The Uniform of the Union Army was widely varied and,

due to limitations on supply of wool and other materials, based on availability and cost of materials during the
United States Civil War.[1]

cers were sky blue. NCOs had a vertical stripe in arm

of service colors. General ocers, eld ocers, and ofcers on higher stas wore trousers of the same shade
of blue as the coat. General ocers had their trousers
trimmed with double striping in gold, with all other ocer grades wearing piping with their respective branch of
service .

Generalization

The Confederate Army (south) wore gray. The Union

Army (north) wore blue. This was to tell the dierence
The standard U.S. Army uniform at the outbreak of the
from both sides.
war had acquired its denitive form in the 1858 regulations. It consisted of a Campaign Uniform, a Parade
(Dress) Uniform, and a Fatigue Uniform.

1.2 Parade order

During the war, enforcement of uniform regulations was

imperfect. Uniforms were adapted to local conditions,
the commanders preference, and what was available. For
example, shoulder straps began replacing epaulets in dress
occasions. As a result, almost any variation of the ocial
uniform could be found as ocers and men abandoned
some items, adopted others and modied still others.

The Parade Uniform consisted of the following:

A) Headgear: The hat described with trimmings in the
arm of service colors. Some units such as marines and
mounted artillery retained shakos for ceremonial purposes.

Described in general terms this uniform consisted of:

B) Coat: The same described (frock or short shell-jacket)

with metallic epaulets resembling scales. Ocers wore
French-type epaulets and a sash.

1.1

C) Greatcoat: As described.

Service and campaign

D) Trousers: As described.

The Service and Campaign Uniform consisted of the following:

A) Headgear: A black felt Hardee hat, the Model 1858 1.3 Fatigue
Dress Hat, with one brim being secured by means of a
metallic eagle after the U.S. coat of arms of the day. For- The Fatigue Uniform consisted of the following:
age caps were regulation for service and non-dress occasions, while the non-regulation kepi was also widely used. A) Headgear: A forage cap with a oppy crown. Ocers
tended to privately purchase more elaborate versions after
B) Coat: In Prussian blue, tight tting and almost knee the French Army model subsequently known as chasseur
length, trimmed in arm of service piping along the col- caps. Generals wore a variant having a black velvet band.
lar edges; and in the French-peak styled cu trim, for Insignia was pinned on top of the crown or -in ocers- in
all enlisted ranks. Company ocers wore an untrimmed front of the cap.
single-breasted coat, with shoulder straps to signify rank
B) Coat: A cheaply made dark blue sack-coat of a simple
and branch of service. Cavalry and mounted artillery
used a short jacket, which were more practical for riding. and unsophisticated design, having a loose cut, fall collar,
and no pockets.
Field and general ocers wore a double breasted version,
with the option for black velvet collar and cus. A sack C) Greatcoat: a large sky blue overcoat double-breasted
coat was also issued as a fatigue uniform, being lined for for cavalry, single-breasted for infantry. Both had capes
recruits, and unlined for a service uniform. Rank insignia D) Trousers: sky blue baggy wool trousers cut with pockwas worn on the coat, the same as the dress Frock.
ets. Ocers had dark blue or uniforms tailored to suit
C) Greatcoat: In sky blue, with standing collar and individual needs.
French cus and a xed short cape. Ocers could wear In general terms, as the war went on, the service uniform
this or a dark blue variant.
tended to be replaced by the cheaper and more practical
D) Trousers for all enlisted men and company grade of- fatigue uniform.
1

Description

2.1

Variations

DESCRIPTION

One of the more unusual shell jackets was worn by

the 79th New York. It resembled the doublet worn
by the 79th Highlanders in the British Army and was
worn with a Glengarry cap, sporran and kilt for full
dress or tartan trews and a kepi when on campaign.
Buttons featured the US eagle which originally
showed on the eagles shields, letters denoting the
soldiers branch of service: I for Infantry, C or D for
Cavalry (then known as Dragoons), A for Artillery
(and on some earlier uniforms then still in use: R for
Rieman, V for Voltigeur). This was done away with
early in the war to cut costs; although ocers continued to use such buttons well after the Spanish
American War.

10th Veteran Reserve Corps bandsmen in sky blue jackets April

1865.

Later in the war soldiers of all branches were issued

loose-tting blue sack coats with 4 brass buttons,
based on the civilian work jacket, which remained in
service during the Indian Wars. However, most of
the artillery and cavalry preferred to wear the colortrimmed shell jackets because of their appearance
and comfort. By mid-war volunteers were issued a
lined version of the sack-coat.
Ocers had to purchase their own equipment, and
thus tended to wear tailor-made uniforms. The frock
coat had epaulettes, (for dress occasions), and shoulder straps, (nicknamed sardine boxes by the men),
and was rst issued during the Mexican War. These
coats were single-breasted for lieutenants and captains and had between seven and nine buttons. It
was double-breasted for senior ocers and generals with black velvet facings and buttons placed in
orders of twos and threes according to rank.

Historical re-enactor wearing the shako and gray tailcoat of

a West Point cadet. The soldier in the background wears the
M1839 peaked cap issued to enlisted US troops before 1858.

A rie green coat was issued to Berdans Sharpshooters, 1st and 2nd Sharpshooter Regiment as an
early form of camouage. These had black rubber
Goodyear buttons that would not reect the light and
give away the snipers position.
Marine bandsmen wore red. Infantry musicians had
braid on the front of their uniforms, known as a birdcage, in the same color as the facings.
Troops from Ohio or New York were equipped with
dark blue shell jackets with shoulder straps and 9
brass buttons down the front and colored tape around
edges denoting their branch of service. Depending
on the unit, there are variations of this pattern jacket.
The Veteran Reserve Corps were issued a similar
pattern but in sky blue with navy blue tape. The
number of buttons on these jackets varied between
12 and 8. Some had shoulder straps, belt loops and
piping while others did not.

On campaign many ocers, including Ulysses S

Grant wore sack coats, either private purchase or of
the type issued to enlisted men with shoulder boards
from the frock coat added to show rank.
High-ranking mounted ocers would sometimes
wear double-breasted shell jackets in dark blue.
These had the same domed buttons and velvet collar
and cus as the frock coat.
Shirt - The most common color for the army-issue
shirt was gray, followed by navy blue or white. The
shirt was made of coarse wool and was a pullover
style with 3 buttons. It was often replaced with civilian clothing such as a white linen or plaid annel
shirt sewn by the soldiers family.
Bright red overshirts were often worn as uniforms
by volunteer regiments early in the war, modeled on
the shield-front shirt worn by Victorian reghters.
Overcoat - Single-breasted for infantry, doublebreasted for cavalry with a rain cape. On campaign
this was sometimes replaced with a rubber poncho
that doubled as a groundsheet. Ocers greatcoats

2.2

Headgear

were made of dark blue wool and had black braid on

front and on the cus.
Depending on region, unit ocers preferences, and
other variables; Cadets and the state militas occasionally wore gray.
The 7th New York National Guard Regiment,
(among others), wore cadet gray tail-coats with
matching trousers and dark blue epaulettes with
white fringe, and 1830s style shakos, as late as 1861.
The fatigue and service uniform of the 7th New
York was a single-breasted shell jacket, with a 9button front, and black cu ashing and shoulder
straps, with piped collar trim; and a cadet gray kepi,
with a piped crown and dark blue band. This appearance, with their white dress gloves, gave them
the nickname of Kid Glove, when the 7th New
York arrived in Washington City, in 1861.

2.2

Headgear

Hardee hat - Aka Je Davis Hat. Black with eagle badge keeping the left side of the brim pinned
up. For parades an eagle feather was added, with
brass designating the soldiers regiment, company
and branch of service (bugle for infantry, cannons
for artillery or sabres for cavalry).[1] Western units
like the Iron Brigade preferred the Hardee hat as
its wide brim provided protection from the sun and
rain. These hats were personalised by the men, usually shaped into civilian styles like the centercrease,
which was the precursor of the cowboy hat.
Kepis were worn on campaign and for fatigue duty.
The design varied from a tight-tting cap resembling
the one adopted by the French in the 1840s to a tall
oppy bummers cap described by the troops as
resembling a feedbag. The leather peak could be
sti and rectangular or crescent shaped (known as
the McDowell pattern). The hat band was sometimes a contrasting color to the normal blue: yellow for cavalry, red for artillery, or green for medics
and soldiers belonging to the Irish Brigade. Ocers
1866 picture of Model showing correct uniform of a Company
kepis might have black or gold braid to display their A 1st US Cavalry Sgt wearing Hardee hat
rank. Early in the war kepis were supplied with a
waterproof cover. Other troops purchased a havelock which, like the contemporary Foreign Legion
bersaglieri hat), pork pie hat, telescope crown hat,
cap had a neck ap to protect the wearer from the
at cap, bowler hat or smoking cap (worn in camp
sun. The havelock was made of a grayish-blue cotwhen o-duty)
ton mesh and was not liked by the troops, who usu Marines were issued tall leather shakos before the
ally used them to lter tea or coee. So their issue
war but in the eld these were replaced with kepis
was discontinued in the later years.
(often with the red enamelled brass M badge from
Many troops would replace their regulation kepis
the shako added)
with civilian hats (normally in black). Popular styles
Early in the war the Mexican War era M1839 forincluded the slouch hat with either a at or round
top (the latter was issued to the Garibaldi Guard
age cap was still in use among some regular soldiers.
with black feathers added to resemble the Italian
This peaked cap with a neck ap had ocially been

3 RANKS AND INSIGNIA

replaced by the kepi in 1858, but continued to be
issued by quartermasters eager to use up old stock.
General ocers could also wear for undress order a cocked hat with black ostrich plumes and a
black rossette surmounted with the U.S. eagle either
metallic or embroidered.

2.3

Trousers

These were sky blue with tin buttons. NCOs had a

dark blue (infantry), red (artillery) or yellow (cavalry) stripe down the leg. However, junior NCOs
which included corporals, wore a French blue stripe
down the seam of the trousers.
Ocers wore navy blue trousers with a black or gold
stripe.

2.4

Footwear

Jeerson Davis Boots - Black, rough side out with

hobnails and heel irons resembling modern-day
dress boots. Recent research suggests smooth side
out boots were equally common for volunteer regi- General Butler wearing uniform with sardine box shoulder bars
ments.
and gold embroidery on the cus.
Cavalry and artillery were issued calf-high riding
boots, originally designed for the drivers of artillery
limbers. Some also wore thigh-high trooper boots
as protection from the elements and in imitation of
European cavalry.

With the exception of slight changes to the representing

insignia for the more junior commissioned grades as well
as additional color combinations for new career elds, the
shoulder strap insignia and color scheme survives largely
unchanged in the modern era on the Army Service Uni Gaiters were issued to regular troops, sharpshooters, form.[5]
zouaves and the Iron Brigade but were quickly discarded as impractical.
The enlisted infantry uniform was completed with a black
leather belt and oval buckle with the letters US. Ocers,
NCOs and cavalry troopers were equipped with a sword
belt with a rectangular buckle with eagle motif.

3
3.1

Ranks and insignia

Ocers

Rank was displayed on epaulettes (dress occasions) or

shoulder straps(eld duties): no insignia for a second lieutenant, one gold bar for a rst lieutenant, two gold bars for
a captain, a gold oak leaf for a major, a silver oak leaf for
a lieutenant colonel, a silver eagle for a colonel and one,
two or three silver stars for a general, depending on his
seniority.[3]
The color of the shoulder strap elds[4] - with trims in A Union ocer sporting the Je Davis hat adopted in 1858.
Note the eagle motifs.
gold braid - were as follows:

3.3

Corps

Individual ocers would sometimes add gold braid

Austrian knots on their sleeves but this practice was uncommon as it made them easy targets and risked friendly
re as this was the standard insignia for Confederate ofcers.
Nevertheless, many ocers personalised their uniforms.
For instance, the Je Davis hat would be pinned back
with eagle badges. Many cavalry ocers were adorned
with eagles and belts with eagle motifs. The designs were
based on the Great Seal of the United States.

3.2

Non-commissioned ocers

3.3 Corps
Corps badges were originally worn by Union soldiers on
the top of their army forage cap (kepi), left side of the
hat, or over their left breast. The idea is attributed to Gen.
Philip Kearny who ordered the men in his sew a two-inch
square of red cloth on their hats to avoid confusion on
the battleeld. This idea was adopted by Gen. Joseph
Hooker after he assumed command of the Army of the
Potomac, so any soldier could be identied at a distance,
and to increase troop morale and unit pride - the badges
became immensely popular with the troops, who put them
anywhere they could, and the badges accomplished the
objectives they had been created for, and the idea soon
spread to other corps and departments.
Gen. Daniel Buttereld the task of designing a distinctive
shape of badge for each corps. Buttereld also designed
a badge of each division in the corps a dierent color.
The badges for enlisted men were cut from colored material, while ocers badges were privately made and of
a higher quality. Metallic badges were often made by
jewelers and were personalized for the user. The badges
eventually became part of the army regulations.
Division badges were colored as follows:

Color plate from the War of the Rebellion Atlas depicting the
eagle motif on Union rank insignia.

Ranks were worn as chevrons on the right and left sleeves

above the elbow. They were colored according to service
branch:
Infantry = Blue
Artillery = Red

1. Red - First Division of Corps

2. White - Second Division of Corps
1. Blue - Third Division of Corps
2. Green - Fourth Division of 6th, 9th and 20th Corps
3. Yellow - Fourth Division of 15th Corps
4. Multicolor - Headquarter or Artillery Elements (certain Corps)

Cavalry = Yellow
Engineers = Yellow (or Gold)
Ordnance = Crimson
Brass shoulder scales were worn on dress uniforms, with
dierent features to signify enlisted ranks. Shoulder
scales were not normally worn on service or fatigue uniforms. When in full dress and sometimes also in battle,
Sergeants in non-mounted service branches carried the
M1840 NCO Sword suspending on a leather belt (except for Hospital Stewards who carried a special sword
model). Additionally all ranks above Sergeant (i.e. First
Sergeant, Ordnance Sergeant, Hospital Steward, Sergeant
Major etc.) wore crimson worsted waist sashes (In the
Confederate States Army, all Sergeant ranks wore swords
AND worsted waist sashes: red for Artillery and Infantry,
yellow for Cavalry).

4 European and civilian inuence

The uniform itself was inuenced by many things, both
ocers and soldiers coats being originally civilian designs.
Leather neck stocks based on the type issued to the
Napoleonic-era British Army were issued to the regular army before the war. These were uncomfortable, especially in hot weather, and were thrown away by the
men at the rst opportunity to be replaced with cotton neckerchiefs, bandanas or (in the case of ocers)
neckties or cravats.
The basic cut of the uniform, adopted in 1851 was
French, as was the forage cap worn by some men and the
frock coat was a French invention. However, some parts
of the French uniform were ignored, such as enlisted men
wearing epaulettes and collar ornaments.

The army went even further than simply having a Frenchinuenced uniform, with some regiments wearing French
Imperial Guard voltigeur uniforms, or even many wearing
zouave uniforms, such as the 62nd Pennsylvania Infantry,
63rd Pennsylvania Infantry, New York Fire Zouaves as
well as the 18th Massachusetts. These consisted of a short
blue jacket with red facings, fez, red or blue pants, a red
sash and a blue waistcoat with brass buttons or alternatively a red overshirt.
The late-war sack coat was copied from the fatigue jacket
worn by the 19th century Prussian Army.
The Hardee hat was inspired by the headgear of the
Danish Army.

Gallery
The uniforms of the Union were deeply inuenced
by the French ones of the same era (French Light
Infantry, above)
Pvt James Thomas from the 95th Pennsylvania in
state-issue shell jacket.

REFERENCES

African American Union soldier in uniform with

family
Drummer boy Johnny Clem wearing sack coat and
kepi

6 See also
American Civil War
Union Army
Uniforms of the Confederate military

7 References
[1] Generalizations regarding the U. S. Army Uniform of
the Civil War. Howardlanham.tripod.com. 2010-05-24.
Retrieved 2012-07-23.
[2] 1866~ Lieutenant general
[3] War of the Rebellion Atlas Plate 172. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

Regulation artillery musicians uniform with birdcage chest piping

[4] Eicher, 35.

Private Francis Brownwell of the 11th New York

Volunteer Infantry regiment-in Zouave Uniform

[5] DA PAM 6701. Guide to the Wear and Appearance of

Army Uniforms and Insignia (PDF). Army Publishing Directorate. 10 April 2014. p. 170. Retrieved 9 July 2014.

USCT regiment storming Fort Wagner

Ft Brady Va-Company C 1st CT heavy Artillery.
Gun crew wearing the late-war sack coat. The ofcers private purchase blue wool jacket is based on
a typical civilian style. The soldier with his back to
the camera has a pair of riding boots and several of
the men wear civilian hats
Zouave units wore identical uniforms to their French
counterparts
Replica Je Davis boots used by historical reenactor
Black frock coat worn on campaign by the regimental padre
Chaplain leading prayers-69th New York Infantry
Irish Brigade. Note the use of civilian hats by the
men.
Civil War re-enactors wearing shell jackets, kepis
and greatcoats
Custer's personalized uniform with Austrian knots,
yellow piping and a non-regulation red remans
shirt with a Brigadier-Generals star embroidered on
the collar points.
Garibaldi guard wore slouch hats and blue frock
coats with red facings

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Uniform of the Union Army Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_of_the_Union_Army?oldid=723042977 Contributors:

PaulinSaudi, Garth 187, Oknazevad, Alansohn, Ynhockey, Woohookitty, Rsrikanth05, Deimos7773, Mhardcastle, Timh99999, Kintetsubualo, Gilliam, Chris the speller, Egsan Bacon, Derek R Bullamore, NeilFraser, The Frog, Hotspur23, Hoodinski, Spacini, Aldis90,
PhilKnight, Fallschirmjger, Mtd2006, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Pharaoh of the Wizards, AzureCitizen, Scewing, Oshwah, SGT141,
StAnselm, ClueBot, QueenofBattle, XPTO, Nick19thind, Excirial, Lordoliver, Seeker alpha806, LGF1992UK, Yobot, Brian in denver,
AnomieBOT, DocHellsh, Ipatrol, Ulric1313, LilHelpa, Gensanders, Anna Frodesiak, DITWIN GRIM, PigFlu Oink, , Cramyourspam,
EmausBot, Satchmo Sings, K6ka, FunkyCanute, Illegitimate Barrister, RaptureBot, UltimaRatio, Bullmoosebell, ClueBot NG, Helpful
Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Island Monkey, Wikih101, Osama57, Wasserlufer, Hmainsbot1, Frosty, Sfthenerd, Faizan, Vieque, BethNaught,
Fhzy nzoobfkuxly, MarkFilgerleskiWiki and Anonymous: 74

8.2

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8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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File:War_of_the_Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/War_of_the_
Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Atlas to Accompany the Ocial Records of the Union and
Confederate Armies Original artist: United States Department of War

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