IMAGINE Easytrace

Users Guide
December 2010

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Table of Contents
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Users Guide . . . . . . .
Example Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Help System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conventions Used in This Manual

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1
1
1
2
2

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
IMAGINE Easytrace Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Main Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Linear and Polygonal Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Trace from Displayed Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Limitations of Easytrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
IMAGINE Easytrace Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Hot Key Shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Tracing Mode Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Starting IMAGINE Easytrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Digitizing using IMAGINE Easytrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Centerline with Rubber Band Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Changing the Appearance of the Tracing Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Boundary with Rubber Band Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

IMAGINE Easytrace Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Specifying the Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Table of Contents
Table of Contents

iii
iii

iv

Table of Contents

Preface
About This Users
Guide

The IMAGINE Easytrace Users Guide is both a theoretical and a

practical guide that will help you learn how to use the IMAGINE
Easytrace tool. This manual serves primarily as a tutorial.
IMAGINE Easytrace is an add-on module to ERDAS IMAGINE and
LPS that helps you digitize more efficiently by automatically inserting
vertices between the neighboring manually measured vertices
wherever the software finds necessary, based on its readings on the
underlying raster imagery. In comparison, the classical (traditional)
digitizing method will only use manually measured vertices.
In most cases, IMAGINE Easytrace will reduce your mouse clicks
significantly while achieving similar or better digitizing results.
IMAGINE Easytrace gives you enhanced performance and more
feature type choices. In addition to Boundary, the two other feature
types are Centerline and Ribbon, both are useful when digitizing linear
features, such as roads and rivers.
IMAGINE Easytrace also supports four tracing modes (Rubber Band,
Discrete, Streaming and Manual) and allows you to switch between
them during the digitizing process by using hot keys.
This manual includes an Introduction to IMAGINE Easytrace and a Tour
Guide of this tool.

Example Data

Sample data sets are provided with the software. This data is
separately installed from the data DVD. For the purposes of
documentation, <ERDAS_Data_Home> represents the name of the
directory where sample data is installed. The Tour Guides refer to
specific data which are stored in <ERDAS_Data_Home>/examples.

Documentation

This manual is part of a suite of on-line documentation that you receive

with ERDAS IMAGINE software. There are two basic types of
documents, digital hardcopy documents which are delivered as PDF
files suitable for printing or on-line viewing, and On-Line Help
Documentation, delivered as HTML files.
The PDF documents are found in <IMAGINE_HOME>\help\hardcopy
where <IMAGINE_HOME> represents the name of the directory in
which ERDAS IMAGINE is installed. Many of these documents are
available from the ERDAS Start menu. The on-line help system is
accessed by clicking on the Help button in a dialog or by selecting an
item from a Help menu.

Preface
Preface

1
1

Help System

There are several ways to obtain more information regarding dialogs,

tools, or menus, as described below.

On-Line Help
There are two main ways you can access On-Line Help in ERDAS
IMAGINE:

select the Help option from a menu bar

click the Help button on any dialog

Status Bar Help

The status bar at the bottom of the Viewer displays a quick explanation
for buttons when the mouse cursor is placed over the button. It is a good
idea to keep an eye on this status bar, since helpful information displays
here, even for other dialogs.
Bubble Help
The User Interface and Session category of the Preference Editor
enables you to turn on Bubble Help, so that the single-line Help displays
directly below your cursor when your cursor rests on a button or
framepart. This is helpful if the status bar is obscured by other windows.

Conventions Used
in This Manual

The names of menus, menu options, buttons, and other components of

the interface are shown in bold type. For example:
In the Select Layer To Add dialog, click the Fit to Frame option.
When asked to use the mouse, you are directed to click, double-click,
Shift-click, middle-click, right-click, hold, drag, etc.

click click once with the left mouse button.

double-click click twice with the left mouse button.

Shift-click hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and

simultaneously click the left mouse button.

middle-click click once with the middle mouse button.

right-click click once with the right mouse button.

hold press and hold the left (or right, as noted) mouse button.

drag drag the mouse while holding the left mouse button.

The following paragraphs are used throughout ERDAS IMAGINE

documentation:

Preface

These paragraphs contain strong warnings.

These paragraphs contain important tips.

These paragraphs lead you to other areas of this book or other

ERDAS product manuals for additional information.
NOTE: Notes give additional instruction.

Preface

Preface

Introduction
Introduction

IMAGINE Easytrace is an add-on module to ERDAS IMAGINE and LPS

that helps you digitize more efficiently by automatically inserting
vertices between the neighboring manually measured vertices
wherever the software finds necessary, based on its reading on the
underlying raster imagery. In comparison, the classical (traditional)
digitizing method will only use manually measured vertices. In most
cases, IMAGINE Easytrace will reduce your mouse clicks significantly
while achieving similar or better digitizing results.

Description

In the geospatial imaging industry feature extraction relies heavily on

labor intensive digitizing. The heads-up digitizing method is used for
collecting GIS-ready data from geospatial imagery. It is costly, time
consuming, and tedious.
To obtain object vector information from imagery, for example the
shape of a lake, an operator must visually follow the curved boundary
of the lake to digitize many points - this could be inaccurate and is
certainly very time consuming.
Fully automated feature extraction, one of the hottest issues in the
industry, would greatly improve productivity and eliminate inefficient
manual digitizing. However, due to the complexity of the problem, it can
be difficult for automatic systems in all cases to extract features from
imagery to automatically update vector data for GIS/Mapping while
eliminating the need for post-editing or operator intervention. As a
trade-off, semi-automatic feature extraction can relieve much of the
manual labor, reducing the time consumed and cutting the cost.

IMAGINE
Easytrace
Concepts

The IMAGINE Easytrace module is embedded in the IMAGINE

Workspace, and can be used to digitize any features by Vector, AOI or
Annotation drawing tools.

Main Features

The main features of IMAGINE Easytrace are:

Introduction
Introduction

Currently Easytrace focuses on tracing linear features, such as ribbon

features (mostly roads) and object boundaries. Semi-automatically
tracing the linear features can be very helpful for many projects which
need to obtain the features with high productivity.

Fast response - extraction results can be displayed in real time

Capable of processing any raster image displayed in the View

In most cases, it is not necessary to do data pre-processing

5
5

Linear and Polygonal

Features

Integrated with manual digitizing minimizes learning curve and

makes it easy-to use

Different tracing modes deliver high flexibility to different data type

and image scene complexities

Hot keys enable you to quickly switch between various digitizing

modes

The linear features currently operated on by IMAGINE Easytrace are:

Ribbon features

Boundaries

Easytrace draws ribbon features by centerline or dual parallel lines.

Ribbon features are linear features that have a definite and nearly
constant width and similar texture (pattern) along the extension of the
ribbon. Most roads, trails, and some rivers are ribbon features. The
width is no less than 1 pixel on the screen. Similar pattern on the ribbon
means that it has consistent texture, which may be simply whiter or
blacker than the background, or more complicated things such as
multiple lanes with lane markings on high resolution images.
Boundaries are linear edge lines that can be straight or curved in
images. Boundaries reflect the discontinuity of intensity or color that
usually separates different areas or objects. Typical boundary features
are road edges, hydrologic object boundaries and boundaries
separating different land uses.

Trace from Displayed

Image

Instead of directly using image source data, IMAGINE Easytrace deals

with semiautomatic extraction based on the screen image in the
IMAGINE View. That means for any raster image, Easytrace can only
use at most three bands of data which is converted from image source
data to red, blue, and green channels for display on the screen.
Easytrace is an interactive tool guided by the operator who recognizes
features from the screen image. If the features can be identified through
the displayed image, the tool should be able to trace them. Otherwise if
you are unable to see a feature in the displayed image, it is not likely
that the tool could trace it.
The objects created by IMAGINE Easytrace may be edited by any of the
IMAGINE Vector, AOI, or Annotation drawing tools. It is important to
note however that some layer types do not support both polygons and
polylines.

Limitations of Easytrace

Based upon the design and the algorithm implementation, there are
several inherent limitations of Easytrace that you should keep in mind:

Introduction

Introduction

Tracing features off-screen or cross-screen will most likely fail

because the algorithm works only on the currently displayed image
in the View window. So when roaming the image, you should not
expect Easytrace to be able to trace the feature correctly. Leaving
last input point unseen and try to input new point to trace will also
result in incorrect results.

In built-up areas on an image, the image scene is typically very

complicated. Tracing ribbon or boundary features with Easytrace is
as difficult as finding a features edges.

For digitizing ribbon features, if the width or texture of a ribbon

varies drastically, Easytrace output may be unpredictable.

Easytrace can only trace the feature between the two points input
by the operator. The two points define the search range. Easytrace
can not automatically trace the feature outside the search range.
The purpose of using the search range is to trace the feature with
high reliability. A large search range often results in unstable output.

For multispectral images, Easytrace may not properly trace the

feature which normally is sharp enough to see on the screen.
Easytrace processes only intensity information of the displayed
image. Big color differences may not be big intensity differences,
therefore we suggest you change Easytrace settings (for example,
use one of the color bands) or perform image processing to
enhance the image.

Introduction

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

Introduction

IMAGINE Easytrace adds assisted feature extraction capabilities to the

existing vector, AOI and annotation editing tools of ERDAS IMAGINE.
Assisted Feature Extraction is a means of reducing the number of
mouse button clicks that you must perform, in order to capture vector
information from a digital source such as satellite imagery or aerial
photography, through automation of the extraction of features in the
vicinity of the mouse clicks. The most prevalent example is the capture
of roads from imagery.
The traditional heads-up digitizing requires you to place vertices
frequently along a winding road in order to adequately capture the detail
represented in the imagery, whereas assisted feature extraction
minimizes the number of manually measured vertices by automatically
tracing the path of the feature between the positions you digitize. By
minimizing the number of mouse clicks the linear feature capture
process becomes more efficient, therefore faster.
In this tour guide, we will demonstrate the IMAGINE Easytrace tool by
digitizing roads and boundaries (land areas) with a minimum number of
measured vertices.

IMAGINE
Easytrace
Features

Fast response - extraction results can be displayed in real time

Capable of processing any raster image displayed in the viewer

In most cases, it is not necessary to do data pre-processing

Integrated with manual digitizing minimizes learning curve and

makes it easy-to use

Different tracing modes deliver high flexibility to different data type

and image scene complexities

Hot keys enable you to quickly switch between various digitizing

modes

Hot Key Shortcuts

Shift

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

Manual mode (switch back to manual mode)

Rubber band mode

Streaming mode (only effective for boundary extraction)

Discrete mode

9
9

Z or Backspace
C

Undo current segment of extraction

Hold this key to close a polygon (feature between the
current cursor and start point will be traced)

Hot Keys, except Undo (Z or Backspace) are not available when

Easy Tracing is unchecked.

Tracing Mode Types

Tracing Mode

Feature Type
Boundary

Centerline

Ribbon

Rubber Band
Streaming
Discrete
Manual

Checking the Reuse Template box saves you time, you won't have
to specify the template each time when digitizing centerline or
ribbon on multiple features with similar width and texture.

Starting IMAGINE
Easytrace

In this section, you will open a raster image,

waldkirch_ads40_sub.img in the View, then open the IMAGINE
Easytrace tool.

Open the IMAGINE Easytrace tool from the Drawing tab or Format
tab.
1. In the IMAGINE Workspace, select File button > Open > Raster
Layer.. to open the Select Layer to Add dialog. Navigate to your copy
of example data and select waldkirch_ads40_sub.img.

10

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

2. In the Workspace, select File button > New > 2D View.. > Vector
Layer.., to open a Create a New Vector Layer dialog. Navigate to the
desired directory to store the vector layer. Select Arc Coverage as the
Files of type:. Type tour_trace in the file name box.

3. Click OK to create the new vector layer.

The New Arc Coverage Layer Option dialog is opened.

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

11

4. Click OK to create a single precision layer.

The new layer tour_trace is created and shown in the Contents panel.

5. Click Drawing tab and click the Easytrace Tool icon

EasyTrace
to open the dialog and its feature extracting options for digitizing.
6. Check the Easy Tracing box to enable Feature Type and Tracing
Mode options.

Digitizing using
IMAGINE
Easytrace

In this section, we will use the IMAGINE Easytrace tool to digitize

different feature types using different tracing modes.

Centerline with Rubber

Band Mode
1. Click the Centerline radio button to select it as the feature type.
2. Click the Rubber Band radio button to select it as the tracing mode.

12

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

3. Click the Advan. Settings, the Advanced Easytrace Settings dialog is

opened. Change the Smoothness to 86, Straightness to 66 and the
Image Feature to 30.
The default is 50, but we are adding more smoothness and
straightness, and decreasing the Image Feature. Since the curve of the
road is fairly smooth, this will produce a smoother result.
4. Make sure the Color Band for Easy Tracing is set for All.
5. Click OK to apply the weighting factors changes and close the
Advanced Easytrace Settings dialog.

6. Zoom in

to an area in the image with a winding road.

7. In the Drawing tab, click the polyline icon

The pointer becomes a cross in the image.

to trace a line feature.

8. Using the left mouse button, make two clicks (using the center of the
cross as guide), one on each side of the road to get a measurement for
the template of the road cross-section.
To specify the width, construct a line across the width of the feature by
clicking once on one edge of the feature, and clicking again on the
opposite edge of the feature. Make these clicks as close to the
boundary of the feature as possible. The line segment constructed by
the two points should be perpendicular to the ribbon. There is no visible
mark drawn on the layer after the second click. The purpose of
specifying the template is to specify width of the linear feature and get
the texture of the linear feature.
NOTE: When using the centerline or ribbon modes on narrow linear
features and having difficulty in specifying the template at the zoom
level you want to digitize; zoom in to your desired zoom level, specify
the template, using the context menu (click the right mouse button),
then zoom out and start digitizing.

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

13

You can zoom in or out by scrolling the mouse wheel.

9. Click once on the feature where you want to begin digitizing. Move your
mouse along the feature, noting that the tracing line displays and
attaches itself along the feature. Move your mouse as needed for the
tracing line to follow the feature.
10. Click again to place the next seed point.
11. Repeat moving your mouse along the feature to attach the tracing line
to the feature.

You can switch tracing modes while digitizing by using the Hot
Keys. Switching modes may be helpful when moving through a
particular area, for example switching to manual to continue to
digitize the feature when IMAGINE Easytrace does not work well.
12. When finished digitizing, double-click to finish the section of tracing.

If you make a mistake or see undesired vertices while digitizing,

press Z to erase the last set of vertices.

14

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

Centerline

To correct specific vertices, select that line, click

Line >
Reshape on the Drawing tab and adjust the vertices. Click outside the
selected line when done.

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

15

Changing the
Appearance of the
Tracing Results

You may want to change the color and or width of the tracing results. If
this is necessary, use the following steps.

1. With a segment selected, click Home tab >

Properties.

The Properties for tour_trace dialog opens.

2. Click the button to the right of Arcs.

3. Select Other, the Line Style Chooser dialog is displayed.
4. Type 2 in the width window.
5. Change the Outer Color to red.
6. Click Apply and Close in the Line Style Chooser dialog.
7. Click Close in the Properties dialog.
NOTE: An Attention dialog will display and ask if you want to save
changes to a symbology file.
8. Click No in the Attention dialog.

16

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

Boundary with Rubber

Band Mode
1. Click the Boundary radio button to select it as the feature type.
2. Click the Rubber Band radio button to select it as the tracing mode.
3. Click the Advan. Settings buttton, the Advanced Easytrace Settings
dialog is opened. Click the Reset button to return to the default settings.
4. Change the Image Feature to 90.
5. Click OK to apply the weighting factors changes and close the
Advanced Easytrace Settings dialog.
6. Select the polygon icon
stream of water.

to digitize the cluster of trees surronding a

7. Double-click to end the digitization of the line.

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

17

8. Save the single precision coverage file and clear the View.

18

IMAGINE Easytrace Tour Guide

IMAGINE Easytrace Tips

Introduction

This section provides some tips to assist you with using the IMAGINE
Easytrace tool.

Tips

When digitizing a polygon, make sure that the last segment is not
intersecting with the first segment.

Increasing the weighting factor of smoothness and straightness can

produce more smoothed curve. This may be good when tracing
road features.

Increasing the weighting factor of the image while decreasing the

weighting factor of smoothness and straightness leads to more
curved results. This is better when tracing sharply curved features,
for example, features with high frequency changes in direction.

Hot Keys, except Undo (Z or Backspace) are not available when

Easy Tracing is unchecked.

Use the Reuse Template option when digitizing centerline or ribbon

on multiple features with similar width and texture.

Roaming - Press the R key to start roaming in the View, then press
R again to stop roaming. Once you press the R key, the tracing
mode changes to manual. Use a Hot Key to return the second time
by moving the mouse cursor in the desired roam direction to your
tracing mode.

Before using the R shortcut key, turn on Virtual Roaming in the

View menu if you are using a Classic View.

IMAGINE Easytrace Tips

IMAGINE Easytrace Tips

When you finish digitizing the Ribbon feature type (by doubleclicking left mouse button), if it displays incorrectly, try refreshing the
View.

If you feel the image is not clear or in good contrast to extract the
features, you may need to do some pre-processing. The image
processing can be simply adjusting the contrast, sharpening the
image, filtering, or even classification that classifies the image
pixels into different classes so that the boundaries of different
features will be sharper.

19
19

Specifying the
Template

If it is a color image, and the tracing results are not satisfactory,

consider using only one of the color bands to maximize your results.

Place the seed points as close as possible to the feature (for

ribbons, place them at the center of the ribbon). This will help
reduce unwanted zig-zag among different pieces which are
separated by the clicks.

If you are dragging a long line and the output looks wrong, re-input
the seed point closer to the previous one, usually the output will be
better when the search range reduced.

If you move the previous seed point out of the View window (so that
it is unseen on the screen), IMAGINE Easytrace will most likely fail
to extract the feature correctly. This happens most often when
roaming the image.

For long and straight linear features (for example, street grids in
urban areas), there is no advantage in using IMAGINE Easytrace
since only two clicks can well define the feature. IMAGINE
Easytrace may give a slightly curved result due to snapping to some
local features.

Input seed points at sharp corners of the curved feature so that

IMAGINE Easytrace can construct the correct search range in
which to capture the feature.

The template is specified by two mouse clicks on the boundary of the

ribbon (for example, roads) you are going to digitize. These clicks
should be as close to the edge as possible and the line segment of the
two points should be perpendicular to the ribbon. The purpose of
specifying the template is to specify the width of the linear feature and
establish the texture of the linear feature.

When using the centerline or ribbon modes on narrow linear

features, you may have difficulty specifying the template at the
zoom level you want to digitize. To remedy this, zoom in to your
desired zoom level, then specify the template using the context
menu (click the right mouse button). Then zoom out to the desired
level and start digitizing.

20

IMAGINE Easytrace Tips