I1154-S2-GEN-INT-PLE-RPT-4001-1 Design Brief For Subsea Pipeline Riser PDF

Leighton Welspun Contractors Pvt Ltd
PROJECT NO : I1154
PIPELINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT 3 (PRP3)
CRS NO :I1154-S2-LWIN-ENG-CRS-0040
ES/OW/PRP-3/Ph-2/13-14/86
DATE : 07/10/2013
Comment Response Sheet
Document title :
Company file
Ref.
Sr. No.
1
June 2013
Design Brief for Subsea Pipeline Riser, I-Tube and Clamps
ES/OW/PRP-3/Ph-2/13-14/86
Referred documents /
subject
Design Brief of Subsea
Pipeline, Riser, I-Tubes and
Clamps. I1154-S2-GENINT-PLE-RPT-4001 Rev 0
Document
no.
Date
I1154-S2-GEN-INT-PLE-RPT-4001
07/10/2013
Company clarification / comments

1) Table 3.1/ Table 3.2: It is observed that in Row no. 16 of
Table 3.1 the insulation coating are put on HOLD
whereas in the approved pipeline expansion design
report (Doc no. I1154-S2-GEN-INT-PLE-RPT-4007, Rev
0) these details are mentioned in section 3.5.
Further, Note no.4 to Table 3.1 is included in the table
for insulated pipeline segments, indicating insulation
coating details are under HOLD
2) Section 13.6: Technical note for insulation coating is
indicated as HOLD
3) Section 16.0: Following document and drawing is
removed from the list of reference which were appearing
in the earlier revision.
i.) Technical note for Insulation Coating, Doc no.
I1154-S2-GEN-INT-PLE-TN-4098.
ii.) Insulation pipeline field joint coating
arrangement for 12 SM to ICP and EC to SHP,
Dwg no. I1154-S2-GEN-LWIN-OPR-DWG-7018.
M/s LWIN is advised to submit the document after
incorporating necessary details related to insulation coating
as per the bid requirement.
Page 1 of 1
Document
Rev.
Reviewed
By
0
VV
Response to comment
Details are retained as per the earlier revision. However,

HOLD on insulation details are retained.
The Contractor has already requested the Company to
de-scope the insulated lines. In the meantime, kindly
approve the Design Basis with insulated lines on HOLD.
I1154-LWIN-ENG-FM-0020(00)
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DESIGN BRIEF FOR SUBSEA
PIPELINES, RISERS, I-TUBES
AND CLAMPS
Document No.
INDEX
1.0
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 5
1.1
Project Description .............................................................................................. 5
1.2
Scope of Document ............................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Rigid Pipeline ....................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Flexible Pipeline and Umbilical............................................................................. 6
1.2.3 Subsea Isolation Valve (SSIV) Manifold Structure and Umbilical ......................... 6
1.2.4 Subsea Connector ............................................................................................... 6
2.0
DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................. 7
3.0
DESIGN PARAMETERS .............................................................................................. 11

3.1
Pipeline Operational Parameters ....................................................................... 11
3.2
Pipeline Material Physical Properties ................................................................. 18
3.2.1 Densities ............................................................................................................ 18
3.2.2 Pipeline Steel Properties .................................................................................... 18
3.2.3 Umbilical Properties ........................................................................................... 19
3.3
Offshore Route Survey ...................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Geotechnical Properties ..................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Seabed Features ............................................................................................... 22
3.3.3 Water Depth along Pipeline Routes ................................................................... 22
3.3.4 Water Depth at Platforms ................................................................................... 23
3.4
Environmental Parameters ................................................................................ 24
3.4.1 Mumbai High North ............................................................................................ 24
3.4.2 Mumbai High South ........................................................................................... 27
3.4.3 Neelam .............................................................................................................. 29
3.5
I/J-Tube Hydrodynamics Coefficients ................................................................ 32
3.6
Wave Exceedance............................................................................................. 32
3.7
Ambient Temperature ........................................................................................ 32
3.8
Jacket Deflections ............................................................................................. 33
3.9
Allowable Stress Criteria.................................................................................... 33
4.0
PIPELINE ROUTING .................................................................................................... 34
5.0
WALL THICKNESS ...................................................................................................... 35

5.1
General ............................................................................................................. 35
5.2
Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 35
5.2.1 Design for Internal Pressure .............................................................................. 35
5.2.2 Design for External Pressure ............................................................................. 35
5.3
Method of Analysis ............................................................................................ 35
5.3.1 Pressure Containment ....................................................................................... 35
5.3.2 Buckle Initiation and Propagation ....................................................................... 36
5.3.3 Buckle Resistance ............................................................................................. 37
5.3.4 Hydrostatic Collapse .......................................................................................... 38
6.0
PIPELINE ON-BOTTOM STABILITY............................................................................ 41

6.1
General ............................................................................................................. 41
6.2
Method of Analysis ............................................................................................ 41
6.2.1 Lateral Stability .................................................................................................. 41
6.2.2 Vertical Stability ................................................................................................. 42
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7.0
PIPELINE EXPANSION AND IN-SITU STRESS .......................................................... 44

7.1
General .............................................................................................................. 44
7.2
Pipeline Expansion Analysis .............................................................................. 44
7.2.1 Strain Due To Thermal Expansion ..................................................................... 44
7.2.2 Strain Due To Pressure Effect............................................................................ 45
7.2.3 Strain Due To Seabed Friction ........................................................................... 45
7.2.4 Total Strain and Displacement ........................................................................... 46
7.3
Pipeline In-situ Stress Analysis .......................................................................... 46
7.3.1 Longitudinal Stress in Partially Restrained Pipeline............................................ 46
7.3.2 Longitudinal Stress in Fully Restrained Pipeline ................................................. 47
7.4
Pipeline Expansion Analysis Methodology ......................................................... 48
8.0
CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN ............................................................................ 49

8.1
General ............................................................................................................. 49
8.2
Pipeline/Riser Corrosion Protection ................................................................... 49
8.2.1 Anti-Corrosion Coatings ..................................................................................... 49
8.2.2 Cathodic Protection............................................................................................ 50
8.3
Cathodic Protection Design Analysis Methodology ............................................ 51
8.4
Calculation Procedure........................................................................................ 52
8.4.1 Maintenance Current ......................................................................................... 53
8.4.2 Final Polarization ............................................................................................... 53
8.4.3 Maximum Spacing ............................................................................................. 54
8.4.4 Additional Anode Requirements ......................................................................... 54
9.0
ALLOWABLE FREE SPANS ....................................................................................... 55

9.1
General .............................................................................................................. 55
9.2
Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 55
9.3
Method of Analysis............................................................................................. 56
9.3.1 Static Allowable Span Lengths ........................................................................... 56
9.3.2 Vortex Shedding Allowable Span Length ........................................................... 58
9.3.3 Bar Buckling....................................................................................................... 61
9.3.4 Analysis Methodology ........................................................................................ 62
10.0
PIPELINE CROSSING DESIGN ................................................................................... 63

10.1 General .............................................................................................................. 63
10.2 Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 63
10.2.1 Configuration ..................................................................................................... 63
10.2.2 Design Cases .................................................................................................... 63
10.2.3 Stress Calculation .............................................................................................. 64
10.3 Analysis Methodology ........................................................................................ 65
10.3.1 Pipeline Stresses ............................................................................................... 65
10.3.2 Structural Analysis ............................................................................................. 66
10.3.3 Stability of Supports ........................................................................................... 66
11.0
RISER DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 72

11.1 Riser Configuration ............................................................................................ 72
11.2 Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 72
11.2.1 Design Cases .................................................................................................... 73
11.2.2 Allowable Riser Spans ....................................................................................... 73
11.2.3 Vortex Shedding ................................................................................................ 73
11.3 Riser Stress Analysis ......................................................................................... 76
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11.4
Document No.
Analysis Methodology ........................................................................................ 77
12.0
I / J-TUBE DESIGN ...................................................................................................... 78

12.1 I / J-Tube Configuration ..................................................................................... 78
12.2 Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 78
12.3 Stress Analysis .................................................................................................. 78
12.4 Vortex Shedding ................................................................................................ 79
12.5 Cathodic Protection ........................................................................................... 79
13.0
PROCESS FLOW SIMULATION AND INSULATION SELECTION .............................. 80

13.1 General ............................................................................................................. 80
13.2 PIPESIM Simulation .......................................................................................... 80
13.3 Design Cases .................................................................................................... 80
13.4 Configuration ..................................................................................................... 80
13.5 Insulation Selection ........................................................................................... 81
13.6 Insulation Material Requirement and Thicknesses ............................................. 82
14.0
CLAMP DESIGN .......................................................................................................... 83

14.1 General .............................................................................................................. 83
14.2 Tubular Stub Design .......................................................................................... 83
14.2.1 Material Properties ............................................................................................. 83
14.2.2 Check Axial and Bending Stress ........................................................................ 84
14.2.3 Unity Check ....................................................................................................... 85
14.2.4 Shear Stress Check ........................................................................................... 86
14.3 Bolt Design Load................................................................................................ 87
14.3.1 Bolt Tension Calculations................................................................................... 87
14.3.2 Bolt Shear Calculations ...................................................................................... 89
14.4 Clamp Tubular, Flange and Stiffener Plate Check.............................................. 90
14.4.1 Tubular Plate ..................................................................................................... 90
14.4.2 Flange Plate....................................................................................................... 91
14.4.3 Stiffener Plate .................................................................................................... 92
15.0
SSIV MANIFOLD STRUCTURE ................................................................................... 93

15.1 General ............................................................................................................. 93
15.2 Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 93
15.3 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 94
15.0
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 95
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Project Description
Document No.
Oil and Natural gas Corporation Limited, here in after called as Company is engaged in
exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon in Western Offshore field in the Arabian Sea
on the continental shelf of Western India. The field is well developed with an extensive
infrastructure of well head platforms, process platforms and pipelines. With the ageing of
field, Condition of some of its existing pipelines has deteriorated. Company is planning for
replacement of these pipelines in phased manner. In addition, it is planning to lay some
new lines for better management of the field.
The scope of this CONTRACT is to lay submarine pipe lines under rate contract from pig
barrel to pig barrel in its Mumbai High / Neelam fields along with top side modifications
including hooking up in the manifold on Originating & terminating platform for these
pipelines.
The Leighton Welspun Contractor Pvt. Ltd. has been awarded the EPC Contract for
Pipeline Replacement Project-3.
1.2
Scope of Document
1.2.1
Rigid Pipeline
This document covers the engineering requirements and data for the following rigid
pipelines under the work scope of Season 2 (Year 2013 2014) of PRP-3:
1. 20-inch HP Gas line from ICP to MSP
2. 12-inch Well Fluid line from NS to MNP
3. 12-inch Well Fluid line from SU to SHD
4. 12-inch Well Fluid line from SM to ICP (Thermally insulated pipeline) (HOLD)
5. 12-inch Well Fluid line from IF to SC1
6. 12-inch Well Fluid line from SQ to BHS
7. 8-inch Gas Lift line from S14 to S15
8. 12-inch Well Fluid line from EC to SHP (Thermally insulated pipeline) (HOLD)
9. 12-inch Well Fluid line from S16 to SHG
10. 12-inch Well Fluid line from SJ to SA
11. 12-inch Well Fluid line from SS to SHP
12. 16-inch Well Fluid line from II to SHG
13. 12-inch Well Fluid line from IB to ICP (Riser and subsea spool connector only)
14. 6-inch Gas Lift line from NLM10 to NLM8.
The 12 SM-ICP and 12 EC-SHP lines will be thermally insulated as per ONGC
requirement. (HOLD)
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1.2.2
Document No.
Flexible Pipeline and Umbilical

The following flexible pipelines / umbilical are also covered under the work scope of
Season 2 (Year 2013 2014) of PRP-3: The preliminary umbilical sizes are listed below;
1. 203 mm ID Water Injection line from LC to N20
2. 113 mm OD Umbilical from ICP to SSIV Manifold-1
3. 113 mm OD Umbilical from MSP to SSIV Manifold-2
INTECSEA scope of work for these flexible pipelines and umbilical are limited to routing,
alignment drawing and I / J-Tubes design. Details data and engineering requirements of
the flexible pipelines / umbilical will be prepared in separate design premise by others.
1.2.3
Subsea Isolation Valve (SSIV) Manifold Structure and Umbilical

SSIV manifolds are required to be installed at minimum 400m distance away from the
risers at both ends from the ICP and MSP Platforms respectively. However, the final
location of the SSIV shall be based on the Safety Studies. The SSIV shall be mounted on
a skid of a gravity based structure.
INTECSEA scope of work for SSIV manifold comprises design of the skid along with the
protection cage for drop object protection. In addition, there will be control umbilicals from
HPU located at topside of ICP and MSP platforms respectively. These control umbilicals
are routed from the topside through the J-tube and terminated at Subsea Umbilical
Termination Unit (SUTU). From SUTU, electric and hydraulic flying leads will be routed to
the respective ports on the SSIV manifold.
INTECSEA scope of work also includes procurement assistance of SSIVs and
associated actuators. Procurement assistance will include preparation of Technical Query
(TQ), Technical Bid Evaluation (TBE), Data Sheets, Purchase Specifications and review
of Vendor documents.
INTECSEA scope of work for the umbilicals is limited to procurement assistance and
preparation of TQ, TBE and Purchase Specification. The scope of work for umbilicals also
includes routing the umbilicals to SSIV location. Detail design of the umbilicals including
on-bottom stability design shall be carried out by the selected Vendor. However, the
umbilical design shall be reviewed by INTECSEA.
1.2.4
Subsea Connector
Subsea Connector is required to be installed at IB platform to mechanically connect the
new post installed riser at IB Platform to the existing pipeline.
INTECSEA scope of work involves the preparation of Data Sheet/Purchase Specification
of the subsea connector and to provide procurement assistance. Detail design and
analyses of the subsea connector shall be undertaken by the selected Vendor.
INTECSEA scope of work also includes review of the detail design of the subsea
connector.
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2.0
Document No.
DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS

The design, fabrication and installation of all pipelines and risers shall meet the
requirements of DNV Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems, 1981 [Ref. 6]. Additionally,
the latest editions (unless otherwise noted) of the following pipeline design codes and
standards also be followed. Where conflicting statement exists between the different
codes and standards the most stringent regulations shall apply unless direction or agreed
otherwise by the ONGC.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)
API RP 2A
Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing

Fixed Offshore Platforms - Working Stress Design
API RP 5LW
Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges

and Marine Vessels
API RP 5L1
Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe
API RP 5L5
Recommended Practice for Marine Transportation of Line Pipe
API RP 1110
Pressure Testing of Steel Pipelines for the Transportation of Gas,

Petroleum Gas, Hazardous Liquids, Highly Volatile Liquids or
Carbon Dioxide
API RP 1104
Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities
API RP 1111
Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Offshore

Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design)
API SPEC 5L
Specification for Line Pipe (44th Edition, 1 October 2007)
API Specification 2B
Specification for the Fabrication of Structural Steel Pipe
API Specification 2H
Specification for Carbon Manganese Steel Plate for Offshore

Structures.
API Specification 2W Specification for Steel Plates for Offshore Structures, Produced by
Thermo-Mechanical Control Processing (TMCP).
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AISC)
AISC 335
Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, Allowable Stress

Design and Plastic Design, 1989
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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (ASME)

ASME B31.8
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
ASME B31.4
Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems
ASME B36.10M
Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASTM INTERNATIONAL (formerly known as AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING

AND MATERIALS, ASTM)
ASTM A6,
Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled

Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling
ASTM A36,
Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A193
Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting

for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special
Purpose Applications
ASTM A194
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for
High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both
ASTM A325
Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated 830

MPa Minimum Tensile Strength.
ASTM A563
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
ASTM A572
Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy ColumbiumVanadium Structural Steel
ASTM D2000
Standard Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive

Applications
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY (AWS)

AWS D1.1
Structural Welding Code Steel
DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV)

DNV OS F101
Submarine Pipeline Systems
RP B401 (2010)
Recommended Practice, Cathodic Protection Design
RP F103
Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes
INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM (IP)

IP Part 6
Institute of Petroleum, Model Code of Safe Practice
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NACE
NACE Std. RP-06-75 Recommended Practice: Control of External Corrosion on Offshore
Steel Pipelines
NACE RP 01-76
Corrosion Control of Submerged Areas of Permanently Installed
Steel Offshore Structures Associated With Petroleum Production.
SWEDISH INSTITUTE OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS (SIS)
SIS 05 5900
Pictorial Surface Preparation Standard for Painting Steel Surfaces
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (IS)

IS 2062
Hot Rolled Low, Medium and High Tensile Structural Steel.
ONGC DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS

Section 4A
Submarine Pipelines and Risers (Rigid Pipeline)
Section 4B
Submarine Pipelines and Risers (Flexible Pipeline)
Section 3.2
Design Criteria Process and Utilities
2011 Rev.2
Functional Specification for Submarine Pipeline Route Surveys
2013 Rev. 1
Functional Specification for Concrete Weight Coating of Submarine

Pipelines
2013 (Addendum)
Addendum to Functional Specification for Concrete Weight Coating

of Submarine Pipelines
2014 Rev. 0
Functional Specification for Field Joint Coating of Submarine

Pipelines
2014 (Addendum)
Addendum to Functional Specification for Field Joint Coating of

Submarine Pipelines
2015 Rev. 1
Functional Specification for Installation of Submarine Pipeline &

Related Facilities
4002 Rev. 7
Functional Specification for Cathodic Protection System for

Submarine Pipelines
2018 Rev. 0
Functional Specification for Long Radius Bends for Submarine

Pipelines
2009F Rev. 7
Specification for Welding and NDT
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2020A Rev. 3
Functional Specification for Carbon Steel Seamless Linepipe for

Submarine Pipelines
2020A (Addendum)
Addendum to Functional Specification for Carbon Steel Seamless

Linepipe for Submarine Pipelines
2005 Rev 3
Specifications for Protective Coating
2020B Rev. 3
Specification for Carbon Steel Seamless Linepipe for Submarine

Pipelines (Sour Service)
2020B (Addendum)
Addendum to Specification for Carbon Steel Seamless Linepipe for

Submarine Pipelines (Sour Service)
2020D Rev. 0
Specification for Longitudinal Seam Submerged Arc Welded

Linepipe for Submarine Pipelines (Sour Services)
2020D (Addendum)
Addendum to Specification for Longitudinal Seam Submerged Arc

Welded Linepipe for Submarine Pipelines (Sour Services)
2022 Rev. 0
Functional Specification for Hydrostatic Testing of Submarine

Pipelines
2024A Rev. 0
Functional Specification for Fittings and Flanges for Submarine

Pipelines
2024B Rev. 0
Functional Specification for Fittings and Flanges for Submarine

Pipelines (Sour Service)
2025B Rev. 2
Functional Specification for Subsea Ball Valve
3509 Rev. 2
Functional Specification for Valve Actuator
3510 Rev. 2
Functional Specification for SSIV Umbilical
Section 3.4
Design Criteria for Structure for Modification Works, Rev 2.
6001F Rev 4,
General Specifications for Material, Fabrication & Installation of

Structure
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3.0
DESIGN PARAMETERS
3.1
Pipeline Operational Parameters
Document No.
Table 3-1 presents the pipeline data for the rigid pipeline for year 2013 2014.
REPORT
DESIGN BRIEF FOR SUBSEA PIPELINES,
RISERS, I-TUBES AND CLAMPS
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Table 31 Submarine Rigid Pipeline Designation

Sl. No.
2013 2014
Year
Segment No.
1
2
3
Originating platform
Terminating Platform
Pipeline length (km) (Note 1)
Pipeline OD (mm)
5
6
7
Pipeline OD (inch)
Material Specification
Pipeline / Riser Grade
Corrosion Allowance (mm)

a)Pipeline internal
b)Riser internal
1 (Note 4)
4 (Note 5)
ICP
MSP
11.26
NS
MNP
10.37
SU
SHD
5.22
SM
ICP
8.10
IF
SC1
4.07
SQ
BHS
7.62
S14
S15
7.23
508
323.9
323.9
323.9
323.9
323.9
219.1
20
C.S NACE
X-60
12 3/4
C.S NACE
X-60
12 3/4
C.S NACE
X-60
12 3/4
C.S NACE
X-60
12 3/4
C.S NACE
X-60
12 3/4
C.S NACE
X-60
8 5/8
C.S NACE
X-60
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
3
c)Riser splash zone (external)
9
10
11
Service
Design Pressure (kg/cm2)
Design Temperature (Deg. C)
HP Gas
105
75
WF
93.7
93
WF
93.7
93
WF
93.7
93
WF
93.7
93
WF
93.7
93
GL
105
75
12
13
14
15
Offshore hydrotest pressure (kg/cm2)

Design Life
Product density (kg/m3)
Corrosion Coating
a) Material / Density
b) Cutback (mm)
1.25 times the Design Pressure

25 years
Note 1
As per Spec No.2012A for all pipelines / 900 kg/m3
120+10 mm (for Manual welding) Note 6:SM to ICP
150+10 mm (for Auto Welding) Note 6:SM to ICP
REPORT
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16
17
Project No.
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2013 2014
Year
Segment No.
1 (Note 4)
4 (Note 5)
Insulation Coating
a) Material
NA
PUF
NA
b) Thickness (mm)
NA
34
NA
Concrete Coating
a) Material
As per Specification No. 2013 Rev 1
b) Cutback (mm)
195+10 mm (for Manual Welding) Note 7:SM to ICP

18
Number of risers to be installed
19
No. of existing Risers to be removed
2(NS &
NQD)
2(SU & SHD)
2 (SM& ICP)
2(IF-SC1)
2(SQ &
BHS)
2(S1-4 &
S1-5)
20
Burial of Pipeline
Approximate water depth w.r.t Chart
Datum C.D (m)
Platform Co-ordinates (Note 2)
a) Originating Platform
WAC
2138223.7
1
751141.18
358.67
TN
21
22
i. Type of Centre
Not Required
Refer to Table 3-4 & 3-5
COJ
WAC
COJ
WAC
WAC
ii. Northing
2140890.32
2161916.81
2137119.00
2145688.82
2148689.41
iii. Easting
iv Orientation
742018.77
751951.26
753998.000
739437.96
746937.62
WAC
2144808.5
7
752045.18
359.13 TN
357.80 TN
3.00 TN
5.83 TN
358.00 TN
6.70 TN
REPORT
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2013 2014
Year
Segment No.
1 (Note 4)
4 (Note 5)
b) Terminating Platform
i. Type of Centre
COJ
COJ
COJ
COJ
WAC
ii. Northing
2143674.86
2160873.89
2133217.27
2140890.32
2148657.51
iii. Easting
748068.84
741624.60
755081.94
742018.77
751045.68
COJ
2143696.0
0
747958.00
COJ
2143156.8
0
755685.37
0.00 TN
28.50 TN
1.37 TN
359.13 TN
0.29 TN
2.75 TN
0.52 TN
iv Orientation
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Pipeline lengths are based on marine survey corridor drawings.

Platform co-ordinates and orientation are extracted from respective Platform Keyplans and Layouts.
Product densities are provided in the process flow compilation report [Ref. 25 & 26].
SSIV manifolds are required to be installed at minimum 400m distance away from the risers at both ends of the ICP and MSP Platforms and shall be finalized based on the Safety
Studies.
Pipeline from SM to ICP and EC to SHP shall be designed with insulation coatings. Insulation coating type is Polyurethane Foam (PUF) and insulation requirement are as per Process
Flow Compilation Report. [Ref 26] (HOLD)
Corrosion coating cutback length for SM to ICP and EC to SHP Insulated Lines shall be 170mm for automatic welding. [Ref.34] (HOLD)
Concrete coating cutback length for SM to ICP and EC to SHP Insulated Lines shall be 690mm for automatic welding. [Ref.34] (HOLD)
Pipeline from SM to ICP shall be designed with insulation coatings. Insulation coating details are under HOLD subject to confirmation on the coating materials.
REPORT
Project No.
I1154
Document No.
Rev.
Page No.
Page 15 of 96
2013
Year
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
8 (Note 4)
10
11
12
13 (Notes 5)
14
Originating platform
Terminating Platform
Pipeline length (km) (Note 1)
EC
SHP
7.27
S1-6
SHG
7.53
SJ
SA
9.22
SS
SHP
10.89
II
SHG
7.60
IB
ICP
-
NLM10
NLM8
4.11
Pipeline OD (mm)
323.9
323.9
323.9
323.9
406.4
323.9
168.3
Pipeline OD (inch)
12 3/4
12 3/4
12 3/4
12 3/4
16
12 3/4
6 5/8
6
7
Material Specification
Pipeline / Riser Grade
C.S.NACE
X-60
C.S.NACE
X-60
C.S.NACE
X-60
C.S.NACE
X-60
C.S.NACE
X-60
C.S.NACE
X-60
C.S.NACE
X-60
Corrosion Allowance (mm)

a)Pipeline internal
b)Riser internal
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
NA
6
3
3
c)Riser splash zone (external)
Service
Design Pressure (kg/cm2)
Design Temperature (Deg. C)
WF
93.7
WF
93.7
93
WF
93.7
93
WF
93.7
93
WF
93.7
93
WF
93.7
93
GL
105
75
9
10
11
Segment No.
93
2
12
Offshore hydrotest pressure (kg/cm )
13
Design Life
14
15
Product Density
Corrosion Coating
a) Material/ Density
b) Cutback (mm)
1.25 times the Design Pressure

25 years
Note 1
As per Spec No.2012A for all pipelines / 900 kg/m3
120+10 mm (for Manual welding) Note 6:SM to ICP
REPORT
Project No.
I1154
Document No.
Rev.
Page No.
Page 16 of 96
2013
Year
Sl.
No.
16
Segment No.
10
b) Thickness (mm)
NA
32
NA
13 (Notes 5)
14
Concrete Coating
As per Specification No. 2013 Rev 1
b) Cutback (mm)
18
Number of risers to be installed
19
No. of existing Risers to be removed
20
Burial of Pipeline
22
12
PUF
a) Material
21
11
Insulation Coating
a) Material
17
8 (Note 4)
195+10 mm (for Manual Welding) Note 7:SM to ICP

2
2 ( EC &
SHP)
2 ( S1-6 &
SHG)
1 (IB)
WAC
Not Required
Approximate water depth w.r.t Chart Datum

C.D (m)
Platform Co-ordinates (Note 2)
a) Originating Platform
i. Type of Centre
Refer to Table 3-4 & 3-5
WAC
WAC
COH
WAC
WAC
ii. Northing
2140497.41
2132523.84
2150494.20
2139939.94
2137600.62
iii. Easting
755262.78
761093.13
742541.30
749186.91
751913.56
1.50 TN
359.82 TN
0.17 TN
6.10 TN
19.00 TN
iv Orientation
WAC
2080274.1
2144963.27
4
740681.87 850605.89
359.85
0.00 TN
TN
REPORT
Project No.
I1154
Document No.
Rev.
Page No.
Page 17 of 96
2013
Year
Sl.
No.
8 (Note 4)
10
11
12
13 (Notes 5)
14
COJ
COJ
COH
COJ
COJ
ii. Northing
2133180.50
2133264.60
2143719.80
2133180.50
2133264.60
iii. Easting
755156.30
755256.50
748026.80
755156.30
755256.50
WAC
2077461.9
6
850056.49
iv Orientation
17.12 TN
27.87 TN
9.28 TN
17.11 TN
27.87 TN
3.5 TN
Segment No.
b) Terminating Platform
i. Type of Centre
Notes:
1. Pipeline lengths are based on marine survey corridor drawings.
2. Platform co-ordinates and orientation are extracted from respective Platform Keyplans and Layouts.
3. Product densities are provided in the process flow compilation report [Ref. 25 & 26].
4. Pipeline from SM to ICP and EC to SHP shall be designed with insulation coatings. Insulation coating type is Polyurethane Foam (PUF) and insulation requirement are as per
Process Flow Compilation Report. [Ref 26] (HOLD)
5. Subsea Connector is required to be installed at IB platform to mechanically connect the new post installed riser at IB Platform to the existing pipeline.
The pipeline end expansion value to be considered at 12-inch IB riser shall be referred to expansion value extracted from Season 1 data of similar pipe diameter as per Client
response to TQ-010. [Ref. 32]
6. Corrosion coating cutback length for SM to ICP and EC to SHP Insulated Lines shall be 170mm for automatic welding. [Ref.34] (HOLD)
7. Concrete coating cutback length for SM to ICP and EC to SHP Insulated Lines shall be 690mm for automatic welding. [Ref.34] (HOLD)
8. Pipeline from SM to ICP shall be designed with insulation coatings. Insulation coating details are under HOLD subject to confirmation on the coating materials.
Rev.
I1154
I1154-S2-R1-GEN-INT-PLERPT-4001
1
Page No.
Page 18 of 96
Project No.
REPORT
Document No.

AND CLAMPS
3.2
Pipeline Material Physical Properties
3.2.1
Densities
The material densities to be used in the detailed design analysis are summarized in Table
3-2. The exact densities of the coatings and anodes will be provided later by the selected
supplier, and these may differ slightly from the specified values.
Table 32 Material Density
Density (kg/m3)
Material
Carbon Steel
7850
3 Layer Polypropylene
900
Concrete Weight Coating (dry)
(Note 2)
3044
Monel
8830
Insulation Coating (dry)
200 (HOLD)
Aluminium Alloy (for anodes)

Polyurethane (PU) Foam
- Dry
- Saturated
2730
(Note 1)
160
1025
Notes:
1.
2.
3.2.2
Minimum densities from Specification No. 2014 Functional Specification for Field Joint Coating [Ref. 4].
4% of water absorption as per Specification 2013 [Ref. 3] will be considered.
Pipeline Steel Properties

The following steel material properties will be assumed for design purposes:
Youngs Modulus (E)
2.07 x 105 MPa
Poissons Ratio ()
0.3
Coefficient of Linear Expansion ()
1.16 x 10-5 / C
Structural modal damping ratio for

concrete coated pipe (cc)
0.02 [Ref. 20]
Maximum pipe ovality [Ref. 1]
2.0%
Rev.
I1154
1
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Page 19 of 96
Project No.
REPORT
Document No.

AND CLAMPS
3.2.3
Umbilical Properties
The following umbilical properties are extracted from [Ref. 36] and shall be in accordance
to the ONGC Functional Specification 3510 Rev 1:
Outer Diameter = 113 mm
Weight in Air (Delivery Fluids) = 32.74 kg/m
Submerged Weight in Seawater (Delivery Fluids) = 22.82 kg/m
Minimum Bending Radius (Service) = 1695 mm
3.3
Offshore Route Survey

A pre-engineering survey of the pipeline routes and platform locations is performed by
Fugro [Ref. 11] The objective of the survey work was to collect the following data in the
survey area.
3.3.1
To obtain accurate bathymetry, seabed morphology, sub-seabed geology, identify

magnetic anomalies and shallow soil samples by gravity coring/grab sampling along
the proposed pipeline route corridor;
To delineate the existing pipelines falling within the survey corridor, and to obtain their
current status;
To examine the points where the existing pipelines are crossing the proposed route
centreline, and delineate the existing pipelines and their current status, especially at
the crossing points.
To locate potential hazards and debris within the survey area, that could interfere with
the safe installation of the proposed pipelines.
Geotechnical Properties
The geotechnical data have been summarized and presented in Table 3-3.
Table 33 Soil Data
DC
No.
Approx
KP
Top Layer
Soil Type
(Note 2)
Undrained
Shear
Strength
(kPa)
Internal
Friction
Angle
Submerged
Soil
Density
(kg/m3)
Lateral
Friction
NORTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from NS to MNP
DC06
DC07
DC08
DC09
DC10
DC11
0.98
2.09
4.03
6.00
8.02
9.45
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
3.20
3.20
2.80
2.10
0.90
2.60
410
310
400
380
380
570
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
Rev.
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1
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Project No.
REPORT
Document No.

AND CLAMPS
DC
No.
Approx
KP
Top Layer
Soil Type
(Note 2)
Undrained
Shear
Strength
(kPa)
Internal
Friction
Angle
Submerged
Soil
Density
(kg/m3)
Lateral
Friction
NEELAM FIELD - 6-inch Gas Lift line from NLM10 to NLM8

CH
0.46
5.80
540
CI
2.50
4.00
530
DC01
DC02
DC03
0.30
0.30
3.81
CH
5.10
470
0.30
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 20-inch HP Gas Lift line from ICP to MSP
SM
DC27
2.55
28.00
800
0.53
SM
DC26
4.44
27.10
840
0.51
(Note 1)
(Note 1)
GP
DC25
6.31
0.40
(Note 1)
SM
DC24
8.50
760
0.40
SM
DC19A
10.2
29.80
940
0.55
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from SU to SHD
DC41A
DC46
0.50
SM
26.90
900
0.50
4.58
SM
25.00
920
0.47
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from SM to ICP
DC30
DC29
DC28
3.01
SM
27.00
750
0.51
4.87
SM
27.80
830
0.52
(Note 1)
(Note 1)
6.43
SC
0.40
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from IF to SC1
DC12
DC13
0.44
SC
26.50
780
0.50
2.50
SC
25.10
900
0.47
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from SQ to BHS
DC23
DC22
DC21
DC20
DC19
0.51
GM
0.40
2.67
SM
24.40
850
0.46
4.63
SM
26.50
720
0.50
5.66
SM
28.10
720
0.52
6.57
SM
29.80
940
0.46
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 8-inch Gas Lift line from S1-4 to S1-5
DC33
DC34
DC35
DC36
0.51
2.49
4.66
6.51
SM
SC
SM
SC
(Note 1)
(Note 1)
27.30
920
730
780
680
(Note 1)
26.50
23.60
0.51
0.40
0.50
0.45
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from EC to SHP
DC42B
DC39
DC38
4.31
2.26
0.50
SM
GM
SC
30.60
880
(Note 1)
(Note 1)
25.30
780
0.56
0.40
0.48
Rev.
I1154
1
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Project No.
REPORT
Document No.

AND CLAMPS
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from S1-6 to SHG
DC50
DC48
DC47
DC-14
DC-15
DC-16
DC-17
DC-18
0.63
SM
25.60
930
0.48
4.25
SM
30.30
930
0.56
6.11
SM
25.90
900
0.49
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from SJ to SA
SC
0.50
24.40
640
0.46
SC
2.01
27.20
930
0.51
SM
4.46
28.70
800
0.53
SM
6.44
29.00
810
0.55
SC
8.03
25.40
760
0.48
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from SS to SHP
SM
DC31
1.28
27.60
780
0.52
SM
DC32
2.52
27.90
840
0.52
SM
DC37
4.49
26.00
790
0.49
(Note 1)
(Note 1)
GM
DC39A
6.39
0.40
SM
DC42A
7.94
30.60
880
0.56
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 16-inch Well Fluid line from II to SHG
DC40
DC41
DC42
DC43
DC44
0.53
SM
28.20
790
0.53
SM
2.05
26.90
900
0.50
SM
3.32
30.60
880
0.56
SM
4.38
27.10
940
0.51
SM
6.29
25.30
950
0.48
SOUTH MUMBAI HIGH FIELD - 12-inch Well Fluid line from LC to N20
DC04
0.5
CH
2.80
450
0.30
DC05
2.48
CH
2.80
340
0.30
Note:
1.
Soil sample were insufficient for test.
2.
CH : Clay of High Plasticity
GP : Gravel Sand Mixtures with Little Fines
CI : Clay of Medium Plasticity
SC : Clayed Sand
SM : Silty Sand
GM : Gravel with Sand Silt Mixture
Rev.
I1154
1
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Page 22 of 96
Project No.
REPORT
AND CLAMPS
3.3.2
Document No.
Seabed Features
Seabed features for each pipeline routes can be referred to the [Ref. 11].
3.3.3
Water Depth along Pipeline Routes

The maximum and minimum water depths along each pipeline route were extracted from
[Ref.11] and summarized accordingly in Table 3-4.
Table 34 Water Depth along Pipeline Route
Pipeline
Water Depth at CD (m)

Minimum
Maximum
20-inch HP Gas Lift line from ICP to MSP
74.6
84.3
12-inch Well Fluid line from NS to MNP
66.3
72.7
12-inch Well Fluid line from SU to SHD
68.9
73.4
12-inch Well Fluid line from SM to ICP
73.9
81.0
12-inch Well Fluid line from IF to SC1
74.6
81.6
12-inch Well Fluid line from SQ to BHS
71.9
81.3
8-inch Gas Lift line from S1-4 to S1-5
70.7
76.1
12-inch Well Fluid line from EC to SHP
69.2
76.2
12-inch Well Fluid line from S1-6 to SHG
68.7
74.3
12-inch Well Fluid line from SJ to SA
74.9
79.6
12-inch Well Fluid line from SS to SHP
70.4
79.0
16-inch Well Fluid line from II to SHG
69.9
78.9
6-inch Gas Lift line from NLM10 to NLM8
55.3
56.7
Rev.
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Project No.
REPORT
Document No.

AND CLAMPS
3.3.4
Water Depth at Platforms

The water depths at the platform locations are referred from latest approved Key Plans by
ONGC and summarized in Table 3-5.
Table 35 Water Depth at Platforms
Platform
Water Depth at CD (m)

MUMBAI HIGH NORTH
NS
MNP
65.4
72.0
MUMBAI HIGH SOUTH
ICP
MSP
SU
SHD
SM
ICP
IF
SC1
SQ
BHS
S1-4
S1-5
EC
SHP
S1-6
SHG
SJ
SA
SS
SHP
II
SHG
IB
ICP
74.6
76.3
71.9
71.0
78.7
74.6
74.6
81.5
72.2
76.8
74.7
71.8
73.4
71.1
69.4
71.6
79.5
77.9
74.0
71.1
74.9
71.6
81.8
74.6
NEELAM
NLM10
NLM8
56.4
56.8
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1
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Project No.
REPORT
Document No.

AND CLAMPS
3.4
Environmental Parameters
Unless otherwise stated, the data presented in this section have been extracted from
Annexure to Section 4A, Submarine Pipelines and Risers (Rigid Pipeline) [Ref. 1].
3.4.1
Mumbai High North
3.4.1.1 Submarine Pipeline

During
Installation
During
Operation
a) Pipeline Condition
Empty
Full of product
b) Significant Wave Height
6.30 m
9.8 m
c) Significant Wave Period
10.0 sec.
12.0 sec
d) Wave direction
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
e) Current Velocity at Mud line

(Tidal + Wind drift)
0.40 m/s
0.62 m/s
f)
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
0.75
0.75
ii) Lift coefficient
0.75
0.75
iii) Inertia co-efficient
3.29
3.29
0.5
0.5
ii) For lateral stability

(on bottom stability)
Calculated by
AGA Software
Calculated by
AGA Software
iii) For lateral stability

(crossing support stability)
Pre-Engineering
Survey Report
Pre-Engineering
Survey Report
Current Direction
g) Force Coefficients:
i)
Drag Coefficient
h) Bottom Friction coefficient

i)
For thermal analysis
Rev.
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1
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Page 25 of 96
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AND CLAMPS
i)
Astronomical Tide
2.6 m
3.8 m
j)
Storm Surge
0.3 m
1.3 m
Min. along route
k) Water depth (chart datum)

i)
l)
For stress calculation & stability
ii) For checking of pipe buckling
Max. along route

+ max. tide
+ storm surge
+ crest
Min. along route

+ storm surge
Max. along route
+ max tide
+ storm surge
+ crest
Sea water density (kg/m3)
1030
1030
a) Max. wave height *
11.58 m
18.0 m
b) Max. wave period *
11.0 sec.
14.4 sec.
c) Astronomical tide
2.6 m
3.8 m
d) Storm tide/total tide
0.3 m / 2.9 m
1.3 m / 5.1 m
3.4.1.2 Riser
A). Environmental Parameters:
e) Current velocity
i)
Bottom (mudline)
0.4 m/sec.
0.62 m/sec.
ii)
1/4 depth
0.7 m/sec.
1.1 m/sec.
iii)
1/2 depth
0.85 m/sec.
1.3 m/sec.
iv)
3/4 depth
1.0 m/sec.
1.5 m/sec.
v)
Surface
1.2 m/sec.
1.8 m/sec.
Wave height and period during installation is referred to Design Criteria for
Structure [Ref. 12].
Rev.
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1
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AND CLAMPS
B). Marine growth
The risers shall be designed for operational condition considering the following marine
growth:
-
From mudline to 30 m below chart datum
- From 30 m below chart datum to EL.(+) 3.0 m CD

The marine growth density shall be taken as 1030 kg/m.
50 mm (on radius)
100 mm (on radius)
C). Hydrodynamic Coefficient

-
Drag Coefficient, CD :
0.6
0.6
Inertia Coefficient, CM :
2.0
2.0
Rev.
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AND CLAMPS
3.4.2
Mumbai High South

During
Installation
During
Operation
Empty
Full of product
6.40 m
10.20 m
11.0 sec.
14.4 sec
d) Wave direction
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
Perpendicular
to Pipeline

0.40 m/s
0.51 m/s
f)
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
iii) Inertia coefficient
3.29
3.29
0.5
0.5

Calculated by
AGA Software
Calculated by
AGA Software

Pre-Engineering
Survey Report
Pre-Engineering
Survey Report
i)
Astronomical Tide
2.6 m
3.7 m
j)
Storm Surge
0.3 m
1.2 m
Current Direction
i)
Drag Coefficient

i)
Rev.
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AND CLAMPS
i)
l)
Min. along route
Max. along route

+ max. tide
+ storm surge
+ crest
Min. along route

+ storm surge
Max. along route
+ max tide
+ storm surge
+ crest
1030
1030
11.58 m
18.3 m
11.0 sec.
14.4 sec.
2.6 m
3.7 m
0.3 m / 2.9 m
1.2 m / 4.9 m
3.4.2.2 Riser
e) Current velocity
i)
Bottom (mudline)
0.4 m/sec.
0.51 m/sec.
ii)
1/4 depth
0.7 m/sec.
1.0 m/sec.
iii)
1/2 depth
0.85 m/sec.
1.2 m/sec.
iv)
3/4 depth
1.0 m/sec.
1.4 m/sec.
v)
Surface
1.2 m/sec.
1.65 m/sec.
B). Marine growth

growth:
-
50 mm (on radius)
From 30 m below chart datum to EL.(+) 3.0 m CD
100 mm (on radius)
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AND CLAMPS
3.4.3
0.6
0.6
2.0
2.0
During
Installation
During
Operation
Empty
Full of product
7.20 m
9.48 m
10.16 sec.
12.00 sec.
d) Wave direction
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
Perpendicular
to Pipeline

0.40 m/s
0.44 m/s
f)
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
Perpendicular
to Pipeline
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
iii) Inertia co-efficient
3.29
3.29
0.5
0.5

Calculated by
AGA Software
Calculated by
AGA Software

Pre-Engineering
Survey Report
Pre-Engineering
Survey Report
Neelam
Current Direction
i)
Drag Coefficient

i)
Rev.
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AND CLAMPS
i)
Astronomical Tide
4.57 m
j)
Storm Surge
1.23 m
Min. along route
Min. along route

+ storm surge
Max. along route

+ max. tide
+ storm surge
+ crest
Max. along route

+ max tide
+ storm surge
+ crest
1030
1030
18.01m
18.01 m
14.4 sec.
14.40 sec.
3.66m-
4.57 m
0.61 m
1.23 m / 5.80 m

i)
l)
3.4.3.2 Riser
e) Current velocity *
i)
Bottom (mudline)
0.45 m/sec.
0.44 m/sec.
ii)
1/4 depth
0.77 m/sec.
0.90 m/sec.
iii)
1/2 depth
0.92 m/sec.
1.11 m/sec.
iv)
3/4 depth
1.1 m/sec.
1.31 m/sec.
v)
Surface
1.25 m/sec.
1.55 m/sec.
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Document No.

AND CLAMPS
B). Marine growth
growth:
-
50 mm (on radius)
From 30 m below chart datum to EL.(+) 3.0 m CD
100 mm (on radius)

-
0.6
0.6
2.0
2.0
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3.5
I/J-Tube Hydrodynamics Coefficients

The hydrodynamics coefficients for the I/J -Tube design [Ref. 20] are;
3.6
Drag Coefficient, CD = 1.05
Inertia Coefficient, CM = 1.20
Wave Exceedance
Table 3-6 presents number of waves exceeding specified height in 1-year at Offshore
Bombay Area [Ref. 1].
Table 36 Wave Exceedance Table
3.7
Number of Wave Exceedance
Wave
Height, Ft. (m)
S DIR
SW DIR
W DIR
NW DIR
ALL DIR
0 (0)
1276045
770535
1015713
1220511
4282804
5 (1.52)
61704
219347
220985
69788
571824
10 (3.05)
3132
37929
31902
3764
76727
15 (4.57)
167
5878
4073
177
10295
20 (6.10)
11
869
493
1381
25 (7.62)
126
59
185
30 (9.14)
18
25
35 (10.67)
40 (12.19)
Ambient Temperature
Minimum Surface Temperature =
16 C [Ref. 1]
Maximum Surface Temperature =
40 C [Ref. 1]
Minimum Seabed Temperature =
22.8 C [Ref. 1]
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3.8
Jacket Deflections
Displacements for well and process platforms for the riser stress analysis from mudline to
hanger clamps are indicated in the Table 3-7.
Table 37 Jacket Deflection
Jacket Deflection (mm)
Field
3.9
1-Year Storm
100-Year Storm
Mumbai High North
100
200
Mumbai High South
100
150
Neelam (Spider Deck)
North / South: 217

East / West:125
Neelam (Mudline)
North / South: 125

East / West: 61
Allowable Stress Criteria

The pipeline stress limits shall meet the requirements of Reference 1 as summarized in
Table 3-8 below.
Table 38 Pipeline Stress Design Criteria
Load Condition a
(% SMYS) (1)
Load Condition b
(% SMYS) (1)
Installation
72
85
Hydrotest
90
90
Operation (2)
- Zone 1
- Zone 2
72
50
85
67
Notes:
1.
Load Condition a = Functional Loads;

Load Condition b = Functional Loads + Environmental Loads.
2.
Zone 2 includes the riser and the pipeline within a distance of 12.2 m from the lower riser bend.
Zone 1 refers to the pipeline beyond that point.
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4.0
Document No.
PIPELINE ROUTING
The following key routing criteria will be adopted:
1. Minimum possible pipeline length;
2. Avoid altogether or minimize the number of pipeline crossings and free spans;
3. The route to be contained wherever possible within existing pipeline corridors;
4. Avoid anchorage areas and areas used by Jack-Up rigs adjacent to the platforms;
5. Follow a smooth seabed profile and avoid seabed obstructions and facilities;
6. Provision of 500m straight section for platform approach to facilitate riser stalk on
installation;
7. Distance between existing and new pipelines to be minimum 20m except near
platforms/structures, crossing locations or in confined areas;
8. Maintain the pipeline curvatures at values more than the required minimum radius of
curvature. The minimum radius of curvature of submarine pipelines route is governed
by two factors; i.e the curve radius that can be maintained in equilibrium during
installation and the equivalent stress in the pipe wall during operation.
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5.0
WALL THICKNESS
5.1
General
Document No.
The nominal wall thickness of the pipeline and riser shall be verified for adequacy in
accordance with the requirement of the applied design codes, standards and
specifications.
5.2
Design Criteria
The wall thickness selection shall be performed based on DNV 1981 [Ref. 6]. The
pipeline and riser shall be checked against the following possible modes of failure:
5.2.1
Design for Internal Pressure

The pipelines and risers are subjected to circumferential hoop stress due to internal
pressure. The required minimum wall thickness will be based on the guidelines provided
in DNV 1981 [Ref. 6] and in Section 4 of Reference 1.
The wall thickness for the pipelines and risers will be selected using INTECSEAs
developed MathCAD calculation.
5.2.2
Design for External Pressure

Calculations will be performed using INTECSEAs developed MathCAD calculation for
both, the installation and operational conditions, in accordance with DNV 1981 [Ref. 6].
The maximum water depth inclusive of tide and storm surge and half of the significant
wave height will be used to calculate the hydrostatic pressure.
Modes of failures to be considered are:
1. Collapse due to combined bending, external pressure and axial force;
2. Initiation and Propagation buckling;
3. Hydrostatic collapse.
The allowable out-of-roundness of the pipe will be assumed to be 2 percent in
accordance with the requirement of DNV 1981.
5.3
Method of Analysis
5.3.1
Pressure Containment
Hoop stress from internal pressure must be limited in the pipeline and risers in
accordance with the requirement of Section 4.2.2 of DNV 1981. The required pipeline wall
thickness shall be calculated using the following formulae.
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t nom =
(p i p e )D
2( k t SMYS)
Document No.
+ t corr
Where;
pi
internal pressure
pe
external hydrostatic pressure
Pipe outside diameter
SMYS =
Specified Minimum Yield Stress
usage factor
kt
1.0, temperature derating factor for material temperature below 120 C.
tcorr
internal corrosion allowance
All pressure containment calculations are performed with the consideration of the
minimum water depth which equal to chart datum (CD) in order to minimize the external
hydrostatic pressure. The internal pressure (pi) is determined using the design pressure
and the internal head of the fluid. The platform elevation is used as the reference
elevation for the design pressure.
5.3.2
Buckle Initiation and Propagation

The external overpressure required to initiate a propagating buckle, Pbi, could be
determined from the following equation:
Pbi
0.02 E (t/D) 2.064
Where:;
E
Young's modulus of elasticity for steel
minimum wall thickness (tnom - tcorr)
nominal outer diameter of pipe
So long as the external pressure is less than the propagation pressure threshold, a
buckle cannot propagate. The buckle propagation threshold is defined as follows, per
DNV 1981:
t
p pr = 1.15 SMYS
Dt
Where t = minimum wall thickness (tnom - tcorr)
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The external hydrostatic pressure that is compared with ppr is determined using the
maximum water depth along each pipeline plus astronomical tide, plus the storm surge
and plus half of the significant wave height (i.e. crest height). The significant wave is
selected rather than the maximum since propagation is a continuous process driven by
constant external pressure, as opposed to an instantaneous event which could be
triggered by a single wave. For operation condition, internal corrosion allowance shall be
added to the calculated wall thickness based on the above two equations.
5.3.3
Buckle Resistance
Pipelines can buckle under the combined action of external pressure, tension and
bending loads. Since the bending load is the primary instigator for buckling, it is useful to
calculate the maximum allowable bending for a given wall thickness under the worst
conditions of external pressure and tension.
The allowable bending moment is determined as the maximum value which satisfies the
requirement of DNV 1981 Appendix B as follows:

xp xcr
y
+
1
yp
ycr
Where;
x = xN + M
x
xN =
M
x =
xcr =
N
(D t )t
N=
axial force, compression positive
M=
bending moment
for
D 20
t
for
20 < D < 100

t
(D t )2 t
xN N M
xcr + x M
xcr
x
x
N
xcr
= SMYS
N = SMYS 1 - 0.001 D - 20
xcr
t
D
M
xcr = SMYS 1.35 0.0045
)]
)
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300 y
D ycr
t
D
y = (p e p i )
2t
= 1+
ycr = yE
ycr
t
= E
Dt
1 2SMYS 2

= SMYS1
3 3 yE
E = Youngs Modulus
for
yE
2
SMYS
3
for
yE >
2
SMYS
3
207000 MPa
Table 5-1 gives the values for xp and yp for various loading conditions:
Table 51 Usage Factors for Buckling (DNV 1981, Appendix B, Table B.2)
Installation
Operation
Load
Condition
xp
yp
xp
yp
0.86
0.75
0.72
0.62
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.82
For the operation condition, internal corrosion allowance will be added to the calculated
wall thickness.
The water depth for all buckling calculations is taken at the deepest point along the
pipeline route plus astronomical tide, plus the storm surge and plus half of the significant
wave height (i.e. crest height).
5.3.4
Hydrostatic Collapse
Hydrostatic collapse analysis is performed to ensure the selected wall thickness of a
pipeline which is subjected to external hydrostatic during construction and operation will
not fail. The following two calculation methods will be applied to address the hydrostatic
collapse requirements. For both methods, for the operation condition, internal corrosion
allowance will be added to the calculated wall thickness.
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Document No.
Timoshenko and Gere Method

The acceptance criteria for pipe collapse due to external pressure based on Timoshenko
and Gere formula shall be such that Pext Pc, whereby,
Pc =
g(r, d) Py Pe
Py2 + Pe2
Critical Collapse Pressure
t
Py = 2 SMYS nom
Do
Pure Plastic Collapse Pressure
t
2E nom
Do
Pe =
2
t
1.4 (1 - 2 )1 nom
Do
( 1 + d d)( 1 + r )
1 + r ( 1 + d d )
g (r, d) =
Pure Elastic Collapse Pressure
0.5
Out-of-roundness Function
With;
r=
Py
and d =
Pe
D D min
= max
D max + D min
Do
t nom
Pipe Ovality
Where;
= Poissons Ratio
D0
= Pipe Outside Diameter
tnom
= nominal wall thickness including the internal corrosion allowance
Dmax
= Maximum Pipe Outside Diameter
Dmin
= Minimum Pipe Outside Diameter
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Document No.
Murphey and Langner Method

The Hydrostatic Collapse based on Murphey-Langner Method is obtained from C.E.
Murphey and C.G. Langners paper entitled Ultimate Pipe Strength Under Bending,
Collapse and Fatigue. It estimates the critical collapse pressure of a round pipe due to
external hydrostatic pressure acting alone.
Py Pe
= f c Pc
Py2 + Pe2
with,
2E t nom
Pe =
2
1 - D o
; for OD/t < 30 Elastic Collapse Pressure (based on thin
tube)
Pe = 2E x (t nom /D o )
; for OD/t > 30
t
Py = 2 SMYS nom
Do
Yield Collapse Pressure
Where;
fc
= 1.33, Safety Factor for Murphey-Langner Method
tnom
= nominal wall thickness including the internal corrosion allowance
D0
= Pipe Outside Diameter
= Young Modulus
SMYS = Specific Minimum Yield Strength
= Poissons Ratio
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6.0
PIPELINE ON-BOTTOM STABILITY
6.1
General
Document No.
The on-bottom stability analyses will be performed for the installation / hydrotest and
operating conditions using AGA Level 2 [Ref. 27]. PRCI AGA Level 2 software uses a
quasi-static analysis method to determine the on-bottom stability requirements.
The program models the complex behavior of subsea pipelines subject to both wave and
current loads. These include:
Hydrodynamic forces which account for the effect of the wake (generated by flow over
the pipe) washing back and forth over the pipe oscillatory flow.
The embedment which occurs as a pipe resting on the seabed is exposed to

oscillatory loading and small oscillatory displacements.
6.2
Method of Analysis
6.2.1
Lateral Stability
The key steps in the Level 2 analysis are as follows:
a) Calculate the flowline forces associated with the highest 200 waves in a 4-hour storm
build-up;
b) Calculate the flowline forces associated with the 50 largest waves during a
subsequent 3-hour long sea state;
c) Based on the forces calculated in Step a, calculate the flowline embedment and
associated soil resistance after the 4-hour storm build-up period;
d) Based on Step c, calculate the additional flowline embedment and associated soil
resistance after the passage of the 3-hour design storm event;
e) Calculate the safety factor against lateral sliding based on the predicted forces and
resistance due to embedment for various statistical near seabed velocity measures;
f)
The flowline stability assessment is carried out for four statistical wave measures. The
four hydrodynamic loadings are those associated with U1/3 = Us (significant wave
height), U1/10, U1/100 and U1/1000 bottom velocities. The relationship between these
velocities and significant wave velocity is expressed as follows:
U1/3 = 1.0 Us (significant wave height)
U1/10 = 1.27 Us
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U1/100 = 1.66 Us
U1/1000 = 1.86 Us = maximum expected wave height within a 3-hour storm
g) Using the soil resistance values obtained in Steps 3 and 4 and the hydrodynamic
forces calculated in Step 6 the minimum factor of safety is calculated.
A resultant horizontal and vertical safety factor greater than 1.0 indicates that the pipeline
is stable.
Within the AGA output, the first set of results is for pipeline stability at the end of a 4-hour
storm build-up. If the pipeline is stable under the U1/1000 condition then the pipeline may be
considered as absolutely stable as it does not move under the maximum wave expected
during the storm, without the benefit of embedment due to the passage of an earlier storm
event.
The second set of results pertains to the pipeline stability after the passage of an
additional 3-hour storm which causes additional embedment and thus greater stability of
the pipeline.
If at the end of the 4-hour storm build-up phase, the safety factor is less than 1.0 for
U1/1000, but is greater than 1.0 for U1/100 the pipeline has a high probability of becoming
stable for U1/1000 during early stages of the additional 3-hour storm due to additional
embedment caused by the storm.
Therefore, the acceptance criteria used for the AGA Level 2 assessment are as follows:
6.2.2
At the end of a 4-hour storm build-up, the pipeline should be stable in the U1/100
condition
At the end of a 3-hour storm period, the pipeline should be stable in the U1/1000
condition
Vertical Stability
Vertical stability of a pipeline shall be checked by determining the pipeline sinkage and
ensuring that the pipe is not buoyant in all conditions. The vertical stability is calculated
based on the settlement of each pipeline with respect to the soil conditions using the
Terzaghi Equations [Ref. 16].
The pipeline settlement will be calculated by assuming that the pipeline will sink into the
soil until the contact pressure exerted by the pipeline on the soil is equal to the bearing
capacity of the soil. The pressure exerted by the pipeline on the soil is given by the
following equation:
pipe =
Ws
B
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Where;
Ws
Submerged Weight of the Pipeline (N/m)
Contact Area Width between Pipeline and Soil (m)

2 (D0.z z2)1/2 for z < D0 / 2
D0
for z > D0 /2
D0
Pipeline Diameter (including coatings) (m)
Settlement Depth (m)
The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil is given by the Terzaghi Equation as follows
[Ref. 17]:
q f = 0.5.. B.N + S u .N c + .z.N q

Where;
Su
Undrained Shear Strength of the Soil (N/m2)
Submerged Density of Soil (N/m3)
N, Nc, Nq
Bearing Capacity Factors
Nq
tan2 (45 + /2) e.tan
Nc
(Nq 1) cot
1.5 (Nq - 1) tan
Contact Area Width between Pipeline and Soil (m)
By equating pipe and qf, the settlement depth (z) can be calculated.
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7.0
PIPELINE EXPANSION AND IN-SITU STRESS
7.1
General
Document No.
The pipeline expansion due to internal fluid pressure and the difference between internal
fluid and external seawater temperature shall be computed for each pipeline during the
hydrotest and the operation phases. This shall also take into account the frictional forces
developed between the pipeline and seabed soil.
The expansion of the pipeline is estimated through analysis of the strain due to the
pressure, thermal and friction effects. The transition length till virtual anchor point, at
which the above effects neutralize each other and have zero displacement of the pipeline
(at each end of the pipeline) is determined. The temperature decay along the pipeline
length can be considered for heat loss through the pipe wall. The pipeline expansion is
calculated by integration of the strain distribution between the virtual anchor point and the
free end. The maximum in-situ stresses in the pipeline shall be calculated from the
pipeline design temperature, design pressures, bending stresses due to self-weight of
pipe, environmental loads and horizontal curvature of the pipeline on the seabed.
Pipeline shall not buckle laterally. The pipeline is connected to less stiffer riser at one end
and to another riser at the other end. Therefore, it is conservatively considered to be free
(unrestrained) at both ends.
7.2
Pipeline Expansion Analysis

The computer program PLUS ONE / XPAN [Ref. 15] will be used to calculate the virtual
anchor point and pipeline end expansion. The approach and criteria of the PLUS ONE /
XPAN program are described in sub-section below.
For the total expansion, strains due to temperature, pressure and seabed friction are to
be calculated as follows:
7.2.1
Strain Due To Thermal Expansion

The longitudinal strain ( T ) due to thermal expansion of the pipe is defined as:
T = (T s T w
Where;
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion of steel
Ts
temperature of steel pipe
Tw
ambient sea water temperature
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When the temperature of the pipe varies with distance, the above equation is expressed
as a function of distance along the pipe, dependent upon the temperature profile which is
developed in the pipeline flow simulation [Ref. 26].
7.2.2
Strain Due To Pressure Effect

The longitudinal strain due to internal pressure ( p ) is composed of an expansion
component due to the end cap pressure effect and contraction due to the Poisson effect
contribution from the tensile hoop stress. This is calculated as:
2
p =
Pi D i Pe D o
[4.E(D o t )t ] h /E
Where
7.2.3
Pi
internal pressure in pipe
Pe
external hydrostatic pressure
Di
internal diameter of steel pipe
D0
external diameter of steel pipe
Young's modulus for steel
wall thickness of steel pipe
poisson's ratio for steel
hoop stress
Strain Due To Seabed Friction

When a pipeline undergoes movement due to pressure and thermal effects, a frictional
resistance is developed between the pipeline and the seabed. The magnitude of this
force is proportional to the length of pipe moving across the seabed. The compressive
strain due to seabed friction ( f ) is calculated as:
f =
.Ws .L x
[.E(D o t )t ]
Where;
= Seabed friction factor for longitudinal pipe movement
Ws
= submerged weight of pipe per unit length
LX
= distance from free end of pipeline
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7.2.4
Document No.
Total Strain and Displacement

The total strain ( T ) is calculated as the sum of the thermal, pressure and friction strains:
T = t + p + f
Upon commencement of pipeline operation, the increased pressure and temperature
causes the pipe to expand at its free ends. The associated total strain at the end of the
pipe is positive. The compressive (negative) seabed friction strain increases in magnitude
with increasing distance from the free end, due to the increased length of mobilized pipe.
The total strain eventually reduces to zero:
T = t + p + f = 0
This point of zero displacement is referred to as the Virtual Anchor point. Beyond this
point, the resistive seabed friction force exceeds the pressure and thermal forces,
resulting in no movement of the pipeline. The section of pipeline in between anchor points
is termed as restrained section.
The total displacement of the free end of the pipe is calculated by integration of the total
strain between the Virtual Anchor point and the free end:
x
Total displacement =
(x )dx
T
A "short" pipeline is one whose length is less than the sum of the calculated transition
lengths from each end. The virtual anchor point for "short" pipeline with uniform properties
is located at the mid-point.
7.3
Pipeline In-situ Stress Analysis

Along with the strain, the pipeline is subjected to hoop stress and the longitudinal stress
in restrained and unrestrained sections of the pipeline, developed due to the effect of
pressure, temperature and soil friction on the pipeline. The bending stress due to
horizontal laying radius is a calculated and combined to obtain the equivalent stress.
7.3.1
Longitudinal Stress in Partially Restrained Pipeline

At the free end of a pipeline, the longitudinal stress ( L ) the pipe wall is defined as:
2
x =
Pi D i Po D o
[4(D o t )t ] b
Where; b is the bending stress due to horizontal curvature.
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Document No.
In the transition zone between the free end and the Virtual Anchor point, the longitudinal
stress is dependent on the seabed friction force, and is calculated as:
2
x =
7.3.2
Pi D i Po D o .Wsub .L x
[4(D o t )t ]
Longitudinal Stress in Fully Restrained Pipeline

The pipeline is assumed fully restrained in the region between the two Virtual Anchor
points. The longitudinal stress in this region is defined as:
x = . h E.(Ts Tw ) b
7.3.2.1 Bending Stress Due to Lay Radius
The Bending Stress ( b ) due to horizontal laying curvature is calculated as;
b =
EDo
2R
Where;
R
horizontal laying radius
7.3.2.2 Hoop Stress

The hoop stress ( h ) is calculated as per DNV 1981 [Ref. 6] and given as:
y = (p i p e )
Do
2t nom
7.3.2.3 Von Mises Equivalent Stress

The Von Mises equivalent stress ( e ) is calculated as a function of the hoop and
longitudinal stress components:
e =
2
x
+ y x y
The Von Mises equivalent stress varies over the length of the pipe, due to variations in
the longitudinal stress.
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7.4
Document No.
Pipeline Expansion Analysis Methodology

Temperature decay profile along the pipeline length will be obtained from the pipeline flow
simulation [Ref. 25].
Calculate the pipe displacement and the pipe stress distribution over the length of the
pipeline, in accordance with the equations specified in Sections 7.2 and 7.3. The
horizontal bending stress due to laying curvature and equivalent stress are calculated.
The analysis is done for both the installation phase (hydrotest phase) and the
operation phase.
The uncorroded pipe dimensions are used for the hydrotest analysis, whereas the
operational analysis is performed considering both the corroded and uncorroded pipe
dimensions.
The PLUS ONE/XPAN program [Ref. 15] assumes that the pipe is straight and
uniformly supported by the seabed over its entire length, resulting in no bending
stresses.
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8.0
CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN
8.1
General
Document No.
The pipeline system shall be protected against corrosion by means of an external

corrosion coating and supplemented by aluminum alloy half-shell bracelet anodes.
There will be no electrical isolation between the risers and the platform piping. To
compensate for this, the anode spacing within 200 m of each platform will be reduced to
one half of the value calculated from the design requirements [Ref. 5].
8.2
Pipeline/Riser Corrosion Protection
8.2.1
Anti-Corrosion Coatings
The following anti-corrosion coatings will be used for the pipelines and risers [Ref. 1]:
Pipelines
2.5 mm 3 Layer Polypropylene for 6.625 inch pipe

3.0 mm 3 Layer Polypropylene for > 6.625 inch pipe
and 12.75 inch pipe
Field Joint Coatings:
Heat Shrink Sleeves (Raychem) or equivalent.
Riser Submerged Zone
2.5 mm 3 Layer Polypropylene for < 6.625 inch pipe

and 12.75 inch pipe
Riser Splash Zone Jacket El.

(-) 2 m up to hanger flange or
El. (+) 5 m, whichever is
higher
5 mm thick Monel
Above Splash Zone
450 micron (min.) Inorganic zinc silicate (Primer

coating) + High Buid Epoxy (Intermediate) + Gloss
Aliphatic Polyurethane (Top Coat) [Ref. 18]
Riser bend
2.5 mm 3 Layer Polypropylene for 6.625 inch pipe

and 12.75 inch pipe
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8.2.2
Cathodic Protection
The basic design parameters to be used for the analysis include the following:
Anode Material
Galvanum III (Al-Zn-In) Alloy or

equivalent
Anode Material Density
2700 kg/m3
Anode Type
Bracelet
Anode Design Life
25 years
Mean Current Density (Exposed)
100 mA/m2 (Note 1)
Mean Current Density (Buried)
50 mA/m2
Anode Electrochemical Efficiency
As per Table 8-1
Driving Potential (initial and near end

life)
250 mV
Driving Potential (midlife)
150 mV
Seawater Salinity
3.5%
Anode Utilization factor
0.8
Mean Coating Breakdown Factor
2%
Final Coating Breakdown Factor
4%
Resistivity in Seawater
0.2 ohm.m
Resistivity (buried)
0.8 ohm.m
Thermal Insulation - Neoprene
6mm (Note 2)
Note :
1.
Adjustment of 1mA/C for every 1C increase of pipeline temperature above 25C in accordance with
Functional Specification for Cathodic Protection System for Submarine Pipeline, FS 4002 [Ref. 5].
2.
For the pipeline with fluid temperature more than 80C, the anodes shall be thermally insulated to
ensure the outer surface temperature of anode does not exceed 80C.
Table 8-1 Electrochemical Efficiency

Operating Fluid
Temperature
Non-Buried Pipeline
(Ah/kg)
Buried Pipeline
(Ah/kg)
30 oC
2000
2000
2000
850
900
400
60 C
80 C
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8.3
Document No.
Cathodic Protection Design Analysis Methodology

The cathodic protection design will be based largely on the methods specified in
References 5, 9 and 10. The cathodic protection design will account for the operating
temperature profile of each pipeline by adjusting the current densities and anode
performance characteristics in accordance with the recommendations of Reference 5.
The following Design Formulae shall be used for Anode sizing calculations based on DNV
RP F103]:
1. Coating Breakdown Factors As per ONGC FS 4002 Rev. 7 [Ref. 5]
fc (average)
2%
fc (final)
4%
Design Life in years.
Where
tf
The submerged area of the monel sheathing shall be treated as bare steel surface
with 100% coating breakdown [Ref. 5].
2. Current Demand
Ic = Ac.fc. ic
Where Ac is Area to be protected, ic and fc are associated Current Density and
Coating Breakdown Factor respectively. For example, the mean current demand (Im)
shall be calculated based on mean current density and mean coating breakdown
factor.
3. Anode Mass Calculations
M=
I m .t f .8760
u.
Where
Im
Mean Current Demand,
tf.
Design life in years,
Utilisation Factor,
Electrochemical Efficiency of anode material and
8760
number of hours per year
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4. Anode Current Output
Ec Ea
Ra
o
Ia =
Where
Eco
Design Protective Potential (V),
Eao
Design Closed Circuit Potential (V) of Anode and
Ra
Anode Resistance (ohms).
The anode current output is to be calculated for the final life of the cathodic protection
system.
Anode resistance for Bracelet Anodes shall be:
Ra =
0.315.
Aa
Where,
environmental resistivity (-m)
Aa
exposed cross sectional area (m2)
The initial and final volume can be calculated from the anode mass and density.
Based on the anode current output for the final stage of the CP system, number of
anodes can be determined. Highest number of anodes calculated based on mean, final
current demand and mass basis shall be the number of anodes required for the cathodic
protection.
8.4
Calculation Procedure
A spreadsheet has been developed using the recommendations of DNVs Recommended
Practice RP F103 [Ref. 10] in order to determine the number of anodes required to satisfy
the following criteria:
To provide the maintenance current throughout the design life of the pipeline.
To provide adequate protection on the final stage of the design life.
The maximum allowable anode spacing.
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8.4.1
Document No.
Maintenance Current
The number of anodes required to provide maintenance current, Nam is determined using
the following equation;
N am =
i m x A c x f m x t f x 8760
xuxM
Where;
M
im
fm
u
tf
Ac
8.4.2
Total volume of anode material (m3) x Anode material density (kg/m3);

mean current density (A/m2);
mean coating breakdown factor.
electrochemical efficiency (Ah/kg)
anode utilisation factor
Design life in years
Total pipe surface area (m2)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Final Polarization
The number of anodes required to protect the pipeline at the final stage of design life, Naf
is determined using the following equations;
Naf =
if x A c x ff
If
Where;
E
If =
0.315
A af
A af
exposed area of anode at initial/final stage (m2);
If
final anode current demand;
if
final current density (A/m2);
Ac
=
=
total pipe surface area (m2);

DoL
length of pipeline (m);
Do
pipe outside diameter (m); and
fm/f
mean / final coating breakdown factor.
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8.4.3
Document No.
Maximum Spacing
The number of anodes based on maximum spacing requirement, Nas is determined using
the following equations;
N as =
L
N joint 12.2m
Where;
Njoint is the maximum allowable anode spacing in terms of linepipe joint.
8.4.4
Additional Anode Requirements

For the following cases, anode spacing shall be half of that calculated using design
parameters and additional anodes shall be provided accordingly [Ref. 5]:
At the locations of pipeline crossings, up to a distance of 50m on either side of the

crossing.
At the platform ends, for the first 200metres length of the pipeline measured from the
bottom of the monel sheathing in the riser pipe.
The linepipe with insulation coatings is assumed water tight and does not require any
anodes.
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9.0
ALLOWABLE FREE SPANS
9.1
General
Document No.
Submarine pipelines laid on the seabed may have unsupported free spans due to the
uneven topography of the seabed. For such spans under installation, hydrotest and
operational conditions, the length of the free span is to be limited to a maximum value
such that it satisfies various criteria related to yielding, bar-buckling in the pipeline and the
possible occurrence of resonant vortex-induced pipe oscillations and fatigue.
The pipe spans shall be checked for resonant frequency under current and wave induced
vortex shedding as per the method given in Reference 7. The pipe span shall be such
that in-line and cross-flow oscillations of the pipe-span are avoided. The pipe spans are
also checked for Bar Buckling phenomenon.
9.2
Design Criteria
For designing of the free spanning of pipelines the following to be considered:
The maximum permissible span length for a pipeline is determined as the maximum
length that satisfies the pipe stress, vortex shedding and bar buckling criteria.
Steady current with 2/3 wave of 1-year and 100-year maximum wave induced particle
velocity will be used for installation/hydrotest and operational cases respectively.
Pipeline condition to be considered ;

Pipe empty after installation;
Pipe flooded during hydrotest ;
Pipe filled with product during operation.
For vortex shedding, the criterion to be used in the analysis is that vortex induced
resonant oscillation of the pipe span shall not occur either in-line or cross-flow
directions under the design conditions.
Corroded wall thickness shall be considered in operational condition.
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9.3
Document No.
Method of Analysis
The applicable cases are installation, hydrostatic testing and operational cases. Allowable
pipeline span lengths shall be calculated for pipeline stresses induced due to
simultaneous functional and environmental loads.
The functional loads include those due to the weight of pipeline, thermal expansion and
internal and external pressures. The environmental loads are those due to design wave
and current loading.
9.3.1
Static Allowable Span Lengths

The maximum span length under static conditions is determined by limiting the Von Mises
combined stress in the pipeline as follows from DNV 1981 [Ref. 6].
The Von Mises Stress in the pipeline is calculated as follows;
e =
2
x
+ y xy
2
The longitudinal stress for the restrained sections of the pipeline is calculated as follows:
x = v h E(T2 T1 )
MD
2I
where:
Poissons ratio (= 0.3 for steel)
modulus of elasticity of steel pipe (N/mm2)
coefficient of thermal expansion (mm/mmoC)
T1
minimum seawater temperature (oC)
T2
pipeline temperature under considered conditions (oC)
bending moment (Nmm)
moment of inertia of steel pipe (mm4)
pipe diameter (mm)
Hoop stress (N/mm2)
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For unrestrained section of the pipeline, the longitudinal stress is calculated as:
x = 0.5 h
MD
2I
All parameters have been defined previously

The bending moment (M) in the longitudinal stress equation is calculated to include the
spanning loads. The bending moment is the vectorial sum of the loads due to submerged
weight of the pipeline section in the free span, pipeline route curvature plus the current
and wave forces. The equation for the bending moment is as follows:
WL2
M =
10
EI FL2
+ +
10
R
0.5
Where:
W
Ws FL
span length (mm)
pipe moment of inertia (mm4)
pipeline route radius (mm)
combined lateral environmental force on the pipeline, Fd +Fi
Fd
drag force (N/mm)
Fi
inertia force (N/mm)
FL
Lift Force (conservatively assumed to be zero) (N/mm)
Ws
pipe submerged weight (N/mm)
Youngs Modulus (N/mm2)
An in-house spreadsheet will be used to calculate the Equivalent stress. The maximum
allowable span length is determined by trial and error until the maximum allowable
Equivalent stress is reached.
The environmental load (F) is the hydrodynamic force caused by wave and current action
on the pipe span. For a suspended pipeline, Morisons equation is used to determine the
drag and inertia forces as follows:
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Fd = 1 C d DoU 2
2
Fi = C m
Do 2
A
4
Where:
Fd
drag force per unit length
Fi
inertia force per unit length
Cd
drag coefficient
Cm
inertia coefficient
water particle velocity
water particle acceleration
density of the fluid
D0
pipe outer diameter
The installation environmental condition is used for both the installation and hydrotest
load cases. The 100-year return period condition is used for the operation load case.
The total force on the pipeline is Fd + Fi, taken at the phase angle of the wave that
produces the highest combined force.
9.3.2
Vortex Shedding Allowable Span Length

Vortex shedding can generate two different modes of resonant vibration of the pipeline
span, namely in-line vibration and cross-flow vibration.
In-line vibration occurs at lower energy input (i.e. lower current velocity for a given
span), however the amplitude of the vibration is typically small and possible failure
may occur only when sufficient fatigue damage has accumulated. In-line motion may
be acceptable for spans so long as the duration of the load condition is short, or a
detailed fatigue assessment is performed over the full design life as described in
Section 11.2.4.
Cross-flow vibrations occur at a higher velocity for a given span, but result in much
greater vibration amplitudes. Due to the large amplitudes, cross-flow vibration is
seldom acceptable even for short durations.
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The allowable span length is determined for both the in-line and cross-flow conditions
using the following relationship between the Reduced Velocity, the current speed and the
natural frequency of the pipeline span.
Vr =
V
f i * Do
Where;
V
1-year steady current velocity + 2/3 of 1-year wave induced velocity

(installation / hydrotest)
(operational)
Do
overall pipeline outside diameter
fi
pipe span natural frequency
The reduced velocity Vr is assigned a value which has been determined empirically as
the threshold of vibrations. Results presented in DNV 1981 are used to determine Vr for
in-line and cross-flow motion, as a function of the Stability Parameter (Ks) and the
Reynolds Number (Re).
Ks =
Re =
2M e
Do 2
UDo
Where:
Me =
Effective mass / unit length (pipe mass in air + the mass of displaced water)
logarithmic decrement of structural damping for concrete coated pipe
seawater density
U =
flow velocity
kinematic viscosity of seawater = 9.6 x 10-7 m2/sec
D0 =
outer diameter
The pipeline natural frequency is calculated with the following equation that includes the
effect of axial loads in the span.
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fi =
C1
2 L2
EI
Me
T
1 +
C 2 Tcr
Where;
L
span length
Youngs Modulus
bending moment of inertia
effective axial tension (tension positive)
Tcr
Euler buckling load (2EI/L2)
C1
End condition coefficient
C2
Euler buckling coefficient
Me
Effective mass
End Condition
C1
C2
Pinned Pinned
9.869
1.0
Pinned Fixed
15.421
2.046
Fixed Fixed
22.206
4.0
For this calculation, the pinned - fixed end conditions will be used.
Maximum allowable span lengths will be calculated for axial tension of zero values for
more conservative approach. For temporary conditions, such as during installation and
hydrotesting, it is not required to limit the span length to avoid in-line vibration due to the
short duration. The cross-flow threshold will be used to determine the span length under
these temporary conditions.
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9.3.3
Document No.
Bar Buckling
In the restrained section of the pipeline, any free span may be subjected to an axial
compressive force due to the combined effects of design temperature and pressure. The
pipeline free span must therefore be analyzed for buckling as a bar subjected to an axial
compressive force. For the restrained pipeline section, the allowable bar buckling length
will be determined from the following buckling formula by considering fixed-pinned end
connections:
1
2 2 EI 2
L=
N
Where;
N
Effective axial force (including residual lay tension)
Length
Young Modulus
Moment of Inertia
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9.3.4
Document No.
Analysis Methodology
The calculation procedure for the allowable span length performed for the pipe stresses,
bar buckling and vortex shedding is summarized below.
a) Calculate the weight of steel, contents and coatings.
b) Calculate the effective outside diameter.
c) Flow velocity is determined by the summation of the current velocity and wave
induced velocity.
d) Calculate the Reynolds Number, the effective pipe mass and the stability parameter.
e) Calculate the bending moments, hoop stress, longitudinal stresses and Von Mises
equivalent stresses.
f)
Calculate the axial force.
g) Calculate static span, dynamic span and bar buckling span.
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10.0
PIPELINE CROSSING DESIGN
10.1
General
Document No.
The pipeline span shall be supported by supports at selected elevation and position near
the crossing location. The spacing between supports shall be selected such that pipeline
free spans are within the allowable span and pipeline shall have adequate safety against
yielding.
The pipeline crossing analysis is to be performed for a sufficient length of pipeline on
either side of the crossing centerline. Pipeline configuration shall satisfy the design
criteria detailed below.
10.2
Design Criteria
Pipeline crossing shall be designed such that the existing or proposed pipeline shall not
be over-stresses, either during hydrotest or operation, according to criteria mentioned in
Section 3.9. The stability of the supports at the crossing shall be based on significant
wave heights. The grout bags shall be used as crossing supports.
10.2.1 Configuration
The vertical clearance between the existing and the new pipeline shall be 350mm or more
for life span of the proposed pipeline.
The proposed pipeline shall generally cross the existing pipelines at 90 angle and
wherever possible the crossing angle should be maintained equal or near 30.
10.2.2 Design Cases
The finite element program AutoPIPE [Ref. 8] will be used to calculate the pipeline
stresses for the design cases defined as per below:
a) Hydrotest condition: Analysis shall be performed for the hydrotest condition
considering the uncorroded pipeline filled with seawater using the maximum wave and
current for 1-year return period. Pipeline expansion to be considered at crossing
location whenever it falls within the unrestrained section.
b) Operational condition: the pipe stresses are calculated for the corroded pipeline under
the design operational condition with maximum wave and current for 100-year return
period. Pipeline expansion to be considered at crossing location whenever it falls
within unrestrained section.
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10.2.3 Stress Calculation

a) Hoop Stress
The hoop stress ( y ) in the pipeline is calculated by:
y = (Pi Pe )
Do
2t nom
Where;
Pi =
internal pressure
Pe =
external pressure
tnom = pipe wall thickness

D0 =
outside diameter
b) Longitudinal Stress
The longitudinal stress ( L ) calculated by the AutoPIPE program as:
x =
(M
2
i
+ Mo
Z
2 0.5
FA P i Do
+
AS
4t
Where
Mi =
In-plane bending moment
Mo =
Out-of-plane bending moment
Section modulus =
(Do 4 (Do 2t) 4 )

32.Do
FA =
Axial force in pipe
AS =
Cross-sectional area of steel pipe
pipe wall thickness
D0 =
outside diameter
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c) Tangential Shear Stress
The tangential shear stress ( s ) is calculated by the AutoPlPE program as:
s =
Ma
2Z
Where
Ma =
torsional moment about axis of pipe.
d) Von Mises Combined Stress

The Von Mises combined stress (
shear stresses as:
vm = L + h L . h + 3. s
vm
) is calculated from the longitudinal, hoop and
2 1/ 2
vm .f y
Where,
=
fy
=
10.3
design factor
Specified Minimum Yield Strength
10.3.1 Pipeline Stresses

The pipeline crossing configurations will be checked against stress criteria described in
Section 10.2.3 above. The order of analysis is broadly outlined below.
a) Check the pipeline spans for allowable spans at the crossing location. If necessary,
relocate and add / remove the pipeline supports so as to achieve a pipeline crossing
configuration that satisfies the allowable span criteria.
b) Perform a structural analysis of pipeline crossing for the operational and hydrotest
conditions. If necessary, relocate the supports and the height in order to reduce the
stresses to permissible levels and to maintain the required vertical clearance between
the existing and new pipelines.
The pipeline crossing stress analysis will be performed for a sufficient length of pipeline
on either side of the crossing centerline.
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10.3.2 Structural Analysis

10.3.2.1 Description of Model
a) Pipeline
The pipeline will be modeled as a system of finite elements (nodes) supported by a
system of anchor, restraints and seabed supports. The design pressures and
temperatures will be specified as input data, and the program calculates the resultant
stresses and expansion of the pipeline. The program internally generates the
hydrodynamic loads.
The program calculates the resulting load distribution over the length of the pipeline. The
expansion of the pipelines on the seabed due to pressure and thermal effects is applied
as a fixed displacement at the end of the pipeline, if the crossing location is within the
unrestrained section.
b) Supports
The support is modeled as a pipe guide to provide vertical and lateral restraints to the
pipeline but allowing longitudinal movement and rotation in all directions.
c) Modeling of Seabed
The soil stiffness is modeled using elastic lateral and vertical springs for the pipeline
section on the seabed. Nodes are spaced at regular intervals.
10.3.2.2 Stress Analysis
The AutoPlPE program computes the crossing configuration and calculates the stresses
in the pipeline, based on the specified pipe operating conditions. The calculated Von
Mises stresses will be checked against the maximum permissible limits.
10.3.3 Stability of Supports
The subsea supports shall be designed to support the pipeline at elevations (not resting
on seabed) while limiting the spans within allowable limits. Accordingly, the subsea
supports shall be checked for bearing on the seabed soil, overturning, sliding and
settlement into soil considering respective environmental data and worst combination of
loads.
The loads acting on the subsea support are the vertical and horizontal reactions from the
supported pipeline. The maximum reaction forces, vertical and horizontal reactions, at the
crossing supports of the pipeline location during operation and hydrotest conditions are
taken from the AutoPIPE which is using significant wave height (Hs).
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The factors of safety to be considered in the design are in indicated in Table 10-1.
Table 101 Factor of Safety
Design Case
Factor of Safety
Bearing
2.0
Overturning
1.5
Sliding
1.5
10.3.3.1 Seabed Soil Bearing Capacity

The bearing capacity of the seabed has been calculated for square footings as per Ref.
21:
q u = 1.3cN c + q.N q + 0.4..B.N

Where:
c
= Undrained Shear Strength of the Soil
= Submerged Density of Soil
= Support width
N, Nc and Nq
= Bearing Capacity Factors
Nq
= tan2 (45 + /2) e. tan
Nc
= (Nq 1) cot
= 1.5 (Nq - 1) tan
= soil friction angle
= . Df
Df
= Support Settlement
Where;
Safe bearing capacity, qall is calculated as qall = qu / FOS
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10.3.3.2 Check for Bearing Pressure of Soil

The soil bearing pressure is checked for the vertical and horizontal loads on the support
for the hydrotest and operational conditions. The subsea support is selected so that the
bearing pressure is maintained to be less than the SBC. The maximum and minimum soil
pressure is calculated as follows:
PR1,2 =
P
M
B1 B 2 Z
< SBC (Safe Bearing Capacity)
Where:
P
Submerged weight of support plus the vertical reaction from pipe resting
on the support (P1 + P2)
The sum of overturning moments of pipe resting on support (H1L1 + H2L2)
B1
Base support length
B2
Base support width
Section modulus of support base = B2 B12 / 6
Refer figure 10-1 for details.

10.3.3.3 Stability against Sliding
A stability analysis is performed to ensure that the subsea supports do not slide laterally
under the design environmental conditions. The design conditions used in this analysis
are given below:
Hydrodynamic forces on pipeline and grout bags calculated for hydrotest and
operational conditions taking account of the prevailing waves and current.
Pipeline reaction forces on supports calculated under the two conditions.
Seabed friction.
The factor of safety (FOS) against sliding under each condition has been calculated as:
FOS
f.P
H1 + H 2
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Where:
f
Seabed lateral friction coefficient
H1
Horizontal reactions from all pipes resting on the support
H2
Wave load on the support

10.3.3.4 Stability against Overturning
The stability of the pipe supports against overturning has been investigated for the
hydrotest and operational conditions. The factor of safety (FOS) against overturning has
been calculated as:
FOS
P.B(2.PR1 + PR 2 ) / [3.(PR1 + PR 2 )]
Where:
P
The sum of overturning moments of pipe resting on support (H1L1 + H2L2)
H1
Horizontal reactions from all pipes resting on the support
L1
Vertical distance between seabed and centerline of pipe.
H2
L2
Vertical distance between seabed and center of support
B1
Base support length
B2
Base support width
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Figure 10-1: Grout bag Support Schematic Diagram
10.3.3.5 Initial Elastic Settlement of Seabed

The initial elastic settlement of the seabed under the combined effect of the grout bag
weight and the pipeline reaction force on the support has been calculated as:
=
PR1,2 . B. (1 - 2). Iw / Es
Maximum contact pressure between support and seabed (As described in

Section 10.3.3.2)
Poisson's ratio of soil = 0.3
Es
Modulus of elasticity of soil
lw
Shape factor = 0.95
Base support length
Where:
PR1,2
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10.3.3.6 Wave Load on Support

The horizontal wave loads on the grout bag support is calculated using Morrison
Equations. The equation for wave loads calculations is:
0.5 CD AE v2 + CM VR c
H2
Seawater density
CD
Drag coefficient of support
AE
Exposed area of the grout bag
Flow velocity
CM
Added mass coefficient of support (0.68 as per DNV CN 30.5)
VR
Volume of the support (B2 x L as per DNV CN 30.5)
Flow acceleration
H2
Where:
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11.0
RISER DESIGN
11.1
Riser Configuration
Document No.
The following criteria will be applied in defining the riser configuration:

1. Riser location will meet the requirements of the pipeline routes and topsides
equipment layout;
2. Riser configuration will be suitable for conventional installation by a construction
barge;
3. Riser weight will be supported by a dead weight clamp;
4. Riser deflections will be controlled through clamps spaced along the riser;
5. Where necessary, in order to increase the flexibility of the riser, the pipeline approach
to the riser will be designed with 300mm (minimum) gap between the riser bottom
bend and the seabed.
11.2
Design Criteria
The structural integrity of each riser shall be verified for the critical combination of
functional and environmental load for operational, hydrotest and installation conditions.
These loads include pressure, hydrodynamic loads due to wave and current, expansion
of pipeline and riser, stresses due to internal pressures, jacket deflection, submerged
weight of riser, spool piece and its contents, etc. The riser stress analysis calculates the
stresses and checks against the permissible limits.
The riser, supported by clamps along the jacket face, shall also be analyzed for vortex
induced oscillation due to current. The spacing between clamps shall be selected such
that riser is not subjected to any oscillation due to vortex shedding.
The design of the riser guide / dead weight clamps shall be based upon the governing
horizontal reaction forces. Details of riser guide / dead weight clamps design is presented
in Section 13.0. The riser stress analysis is performed for elevations up to the hanger
clamp level. The interface between the pipeline and riser is defined as 12.2 m from the
bottom end of the lower riser bend.
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11.2.1 Design Cases

Risers shall be analysed for the design cases defined below:
a) Operational Conditions
The pipe stresses shall be checked for the corroded pipe under the design operational
conditions for 100-year return period, wave and current approaching the riser from 0, 90
and 180 directions. The marine growth and platform deflections corresponding to 100year return period shall be considered in the analysis.
b) Hydrotest Condition
The stress analysis shall be performed for the hydrotest condition with the uncorroded
pipe with no marine growth, using the 1-year return period wave and current conditions
approaching the riser from 0, 90 and 180 directions. Platform deflections
corresponding to 1-year return period shall also be considered.
c) Installation Condition
The stress analysis shall be performed for the installation condition with the uncorroded
pipe with no marine growth, using the 1-year return period wave and current conditions
approaching the riser from 0, 90 and 180 directions. Platform deflections
corresponding to 1-year return period shall also be considered.
11.2.2 Allowable Riser Spans
The riser free spans shall be analysed for two design conditions:
Yielding due to combination of functional and environmental loads (static span)
Vortex induced vibration (VIV) due to fluid flow (Dynamic Span)
The riser clamp location shall be chosen such that the allowable free span is not
exceeded.
11.2.3 Vortex Shedding
Vortex shedding is investigated for each riser span based on;
The pipe stress due to the amplitude of motion will be combined with the extreme
environmental stress to obtain the total environmental stress. Fatigue analysis will be
performed if the dynamic span is exceeded. The allowable stress limit will be 67% of
SMYS as per DNV 1981. In-line motion is acceptable for riser spans subject to fatigue
failure assessment performed over the full design life of the riser. Failure caused by
cross-flow vibrations which occurs at high current and wave induced velocity is not
acceptable.
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The riser allowable span length is determined for both the in-line and cross-flow
conditions in the following sequence;
The pipeline natural frequency, f is calculated for a partially restrained (fixed-pinned)
riser span;
15.4
2L2
f =
Where,
E = Youngs Modulus
I = Moment of Inertia
m = Effective mass of the pipe per unit length inclusive of riser content and added mass
of displaced water.
The reduced velocity, Vr is then determined from;
Vr =
V
f *D
Where;
V
= 100-year steady current velocity + 2/3 of 100-year wave induced velocity
= Overall pipeline outside diameter
For dynamic span calculation, the maximum amplitude of in-line motion is governed by
the values of Vr and Ks from DNV 1981, Figure A3;
Ks =
2M e
D 2
Where:
Me =
Effective mass / unit length (pipe mass in air + the mass of displaced water)
Logarithmic decrement of structural damping for concrete coated pipe = 2*
= 0.02 for concrete coated pipes
Seawater density
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11.2.4 Fatigue Assessment

The fatigue assessment is then carried out using the following equation;
Ks =
2 m
D 2
The stability parameter Ks includes the effect of hydrodynamic damping. The pipe stress
due to amplitude of motion is then calculated using the beam formula.
The fatigue analyses of the risers is based on the method which assumes that the stress
cycles in the riser due to waves are related to wave heights by the following equation;
S = CH1.8 (Equation 1)
Where;
S = Maximum environment stress, N/mm2
C = Constant relating design wave height to design stress range
H = Wave height, m
The stress range produced by the wave load is taken as 2 times maximum stress. The
number of cycles is given in Table 3-6 of this document.
Fatigues damage will be calculated using the linear damage hypothesis (miners rule).
Then S-N curve used to determine the allowable number of stress cycles to failure is the
class C curve, given in DNV 1977 Rules or following Design, Construction and Inspection
of Offshore Sructures, Appendix-C, Steel Structures.
The equation for the S-N curve for class C stress range is given in the following equation;
Log10N = log10a K log10S (Equation 2)
Where;
Log10a = 13.63
K
= 3.5
= 33N/mm2, for N = 2 x 108 cycles
The pipe stresses corresponding to the wave heights will be calculated using equation 1
while the corresponding number of cycles to failure can be determined using equation 2.
The pipe stresses also include the effect of pipe motion. The cumulative damage ratio
and fatigue life is calculated using the following equation;
Fatigue life = 0.3 / (n/N)
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Where;
n = Number of stress cycles
N = Number of cycles to failure
11.3
Riser Stress Analysis

The finite element program AutoPIPE [Ref. 8] shall be used to analyse the riser
configuration for stresses. The AutoPIPE program calculates the stresses in the riser
system at each node, based on the specified pipe operating conditions and loads and
shall satisfy the stress limit
a) Defining Coordinates and Geometry in AutoPIPE
AutoPIPE works on the basis of a global (right-hand) coordinate system which can be
located at any point along the model. Nodes are established at important locations
such as fittings, mean sea level, and riser clamps. In addition, nodes are used to
define the length of riser elements. Where large changes in stress can occur over a
very short distance, nodes are necessarily placed closer together to improve the
resolution of the calculated stress profile.
The X-direction is always toward the pipeline route exit from the platform. The model
origin is at chart datum elevation, with Y being measured positive upwards.
Accordingly, Z is positive perpendicular to pipeline route.
b) Defining Riser Components
AutoPIPE has a series of elements that can be used to model the various
components of the riser. Most of these elements are lower order beam theory and
incorporate stress intensification factors, as appropriate at pipe and bends. The basic
pipe element itself does not include deformations of the pipe cross section. It will,
however, account for linear changes of shear and moment along the element length.
c) Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions can be specified in AutoPIPE at any of the nodes to restrain
either translation or rotation of a particular node in any of the three global (or local)
coordinate directions. This feature is used to simulate riser clamps and supports.
The boundary conditions for the hanger clamp restrain the riser against lateral and
downward translation only. The riser is free to rotate in all directions. The boundary
conditions used shall be in accordance with proposed or existing (if any) clamp design
drawings. Consequently, the weight of the riser is transferred to the jacket at this
clamp. Underwater riser guide clamps and topsides piping supports are assumed to
allow movement along the axis of the pipe but restrain the pipe against translation in
the other directions.
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Boundary conditions that specify a fixed displacement or rotation can also be applied.
This feature is used to apply displacements arising from thermal expansion of the
pipeline as well as jacket displacements at the riser clamps and topside supports
during the design storm event. For platform displacement modeling, only translational
displacement at the riser clamps is applied since support rotation is usually negligibly
small.
d) Material Properties
While non-linearity is not an option with AutoPIPE, it is acceptable to assume that the
material is linearly elastic since the risers and pipelines are designed to operate well
below the elastic limit of the pipe.
e) Pipe-Soil Interaction
In the vertical plane, the seabed soils are assumed to support the pipe with an elastic
foundation support and the elastic subgrade modulus is specified as an input
parameter. In the plane of the seabed, the soil is assumed to provide a bilinear
approximation to Coulomb friction. This approximation is necessary to get numerical
convergence of the solution.
The seabed friction factor and soil resistance is modeled through the use of horizontal
non-linear springs.
11.4
The riser configuration is checked against the vortex shedding and stresses criteria. The
order of analysis is broadly outlined below.
Check the riser spans for vortex shedding. If necessary, relocate and add or remove
riser clamps so as to achieve a riser configuration that satisfies the vortex shedding
criteria.
Perform a riser stress analysis for the design conditions described in sections above.
If necessary, relocate the riser clamps in order to reduce the stresses to permissible
levels.
Check that the modified riser spans satisfy the vortex shedding criteria. Relocate the
riser clamps if necessary, in order to achieve an arrangement that satisfies both the
vortex shedding and the riser stress criteria.
To summarize the reaction support forces to be used in the riser guide / dead weight
clamps design.
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12.0
I / J-TUBE DESIGN
12.1
I / J-Tube Configuration
Document No.
The following criteria will be applied in defining the I / J-Tube configuration:

1. I / J-Tube location will meet the requirements of the flexible pipeline routes and
topsides equipment layout;
2. I / J-Tube configuration will be suitable for conventional installation by a construction
barge;
3. I / J-Tube and flexible pipe weight will be supported by a dead weight clamp;
4. I / J-Tube deflections will be controlled through non-frictional clamps spaced along the
I / J-Tube;
In general, the I / J-Tube will be designed in accordance with the requirements given by
the Design Criteria for Structure (For Modification Works), Rev 1[Ref. 12].
The I / J-Tube, supported by clamps along the jacket face, will be analyzed for stresses
due to static loads and for vortex induced oscillation due to current.
12.2
Design Criteria
The structural integrity of each I / J-Tube shall be verified for the critical combination of
operation functional and environmental load only. These loads include hydrodynamic
loads due to wave and current, jacket deflection, submerged weight of I / J-Tube and its
contents, etc.
The spacing between clamps shall be selected such that riser is not subjected to any
oscillation due to vortex shedding and static stresses are within permissible limits.
The design of the I / J-Tube guide/dead weight clamps shall be based upon the governing
horizontal reaction forces. Details of riser guide/dead weight clamps design is presented
in Section 13.0.
12.3
Stress Analysis
The finite element program AutoPIPE [Ref. 8] shall be used to analyse the I / J-Tube
configuration for stresses. The design procedure shall be in accordance with the steps
outlined in Section 11.4.
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12.4
Document No.
Vortex Shedding
On firming up of the internal diameter of the I / J-Tube, the requirement of the I / J-Tube
wall thickness shall be selected to meet the Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) requirements.
Vortex shedding is investigated for each I / J-Tube span similar to the design
methodology given for riser vortex shedding check as presented in Section 9.3.2. The
calculation procedure shall be in accordance with the steps outlined in Section 11.2.3.
The hydrodynamic coefficients however, shall be based on the requirements stipulated by
API RP 2A [Ref. 20].
12.5
Cathodic Protection
I / J-Tube shall be protected against corrosion by providing the long flush mounted type
anode. The design of the cathodic protection for I / J-Tube shall be in accordance with the
methodology outlined in Section 8.0 and as per DNV RP B401 [Ref. 9]. The I / J-Tube will
be uncoated and therefore will be considered as bare steel with 100% coating breakdown
in the cathodic protection calculation.
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13.0
PROCESS FLOW SIMULATION AND INSULATION SELECTION
13.1
General
The steady state hydraulic analysis will be performed using the PIPESIM 2011 software
to obtain the key process data for all PRP-3 Season 2 pipelines.
13.2
PIPESIM Simulation
The steady-state hydraulic analysis will be performed using PIPESIM 2011.1 - Version
11.01 for the rigid and flexible pipeline segments to generate:
Pressure profiles
Temperature profiles
Product densities
Mean ambient conditions will be used for normal operation simulation and max ambient
conditions will be used for design simulation at the respective fields as per Section 3.7.
Similar methodology will be adopted to determine the insulation requirements for two of
the pipelines (SM-ICP and EC-SHP) except minimum ambient temperature will be
assumed.
13.3
Design Cases
Flowrates, operating temperatures and pressures for all of the subsea pipeline will be
extracted from Valentine TQ [Ref. 29]. Selected cases for well fluid lines and flowrate
design margins will be as per TQ Response 017 [Ref. 30]. Design temperatures and
pressures will be extracted from Bid Package Vol. II, Section III, Section 3.2 Design
Criteria Process and Utilities [Ref. 28].
13.4
Configuration
Models will be built according to the pipeline physical properties (i.e. wall thickness,
coatings, WD, length) and given process conditions. The simulation cases for the rigid
and flexible pipelines will be run based on Figure 13-1.
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Figure 13-1 PIPESIM Simulation Model for Rigid Pipeline

13.5
Insulation Selection
The following two subsea pipelines will be considered for insulation simulation:
12" SM to ICP
12" EC to SHP
From PIPESIM steady state simulator, the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U-values
based on Pipe OD) will be determined based on the given inlet temperature 60C and the
desired arrival temperature of 40C together with the specified pipeline physical
properties combined with conservative process conditions.
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13.6
Document No.
Insulation Material Requirement and Thicknesses

Third party vendor shall propose suitable material for pipeline insulation and field joint
coatings with its thicknesses to achieve the specified U-value for the two pipelines as
presented in Technical Note for Insulation Coating [Ref. 31]. (HOLD)
The following general design requirement is as follows:
Minimum design life: 25 years
Min Water Depth: 70.5 meters
Max Water Depth: 78 meters
Min. seawater temperature: 22.8C
Design Temperature: 93C
Desired Arrival Temperature: 40C
Operating inlet temperature: 60C
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14.0
CLAMP DESIGN
14.1
General
This section describes the methodology of CLAMP spreadsheet program, to ensure that
the maximum stresses developed in the riser hanger clamp and guides are within the
limits specified by API RP 2A [Ref. 20] and AISC [Ref. 22].
The riser dead weight clamp supports the riser at its required elevation. The clamp is
designed to accommodate the weight of the riser, in addition to the horizontal loads
exerted on the riser by the design waves, currents and platform deflections. These loads
are transmitted to the platforms via the tubular member stubs.
The clamp is typically constructed of steel tubular and plates with the stiffeners, and bolts
are used to lock the riser within the clamp as shown in Figure 2. The bolts are tensioned
to a calculated minimum pre-tensile load in order to remain secure for the specified
design life. The minimum required bolt pre-tension is calculated based on the designed
clamp and bolt dimensions.
The design loads for the dead weight clamps and guides are obtained from Riser Stress
Analysis report performed for each individual riser.
A local structural integrity check has been performed for all the jacket brace members
using INTECSEA in-house calculation sheets. All the local integrity checks were carried
out to meet the requirement as specified in API RP 2A-WSD [Ref. 20].
The supporting member was checked to ensure it can accommodate the maximum loads
exerted on the I / J-Tube and riser clamp by all functional and environmental loadings.
These loads are transmitted to the jacket brace member via the clamp assembly.
14.2
Tubular Stub Design

The tubular stub design will be carried out in accordance with Ref. 24.
14.2.1 Material Properties

Diameter to thickness ratio
D
t
Stub cross section area, A (mm2)
2
(
D D 2i )
4
Stub Moment of Inertia, I (mm4)
2
R R 2i
4
Stub Radius of Gyration, r (mm)
1
2
(R
+ R i2
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Stub Section Modulus, S (mm3)
I
R
Where ;
D
Stub Outside Diameter (mm)
Di
Stub Inside Diameter (mm)
Stub Wall Thickness (mm)
Stub Outside Radius (mm)
Ri
Stub Inside Radius (mm)
14.2.2 Check Axial and Bending Stress

Axial;
The allowable axial compressive stress, fa is checked for member with D/t ratio equal to
or less than 60 as follow;
fa =
f ZS
A
Allowable Axial Stress, Fa
D
60
t
2 2 E
Fy
If
Cc =
(kl r) 2
. Fy
1
2Cc 2
Fa =
5 3(kl/r) (kl/r) 3
+
3
8Cc
8Cc 3
for
kl
< Cc
r
for
kl
Cc
r
Fa =
12 2 E
23(kl/r) 2
Where ;
fa
Axial Compressive Stress (MPa)
Fa
Allowable Axial Compressive Stress (MPa)
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E
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)
Fy
Material Yield Strength (MPa)
fZS
Axial Force in the Stub (from Stress Analysis) (kN)
Effective Length Factor = 2
Stub Length (m)
Area (m2)
Radius of gyration
Bending ;
Bending Stress in X-axis,
f bx =
Bending Stress in Y-axis,
f by =
MX
(MPa)
S
My
S
(MPa)
Allowable Bending Stress, Fb
Fb = 0.75Fy
for
D 10340

Fy
t
Fy D
Fb = (0.84 - 1.74
) Fy
Et
for
10340 D 20680
<
Fy
Fy
t
FyD
Fb = (0.72 - 0.58
) Fy
Et
for
20680 D
< 300
Fy
t
Where;
Fb
S
=
=
Allowable bending stress (MPa)

Section modulus (m3)
14.2.3 Unity Check

Tubular member subjected to combined compression and bending should satisfy both the
following unity check.
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f
U.C = a
Fa
U.C =
(f bx + f by )
+
1.0
Fb
for
f a C m f bx + f by
1.0
+
fa
Fa
Fb
1 Fe'
for
fa
< 0.15
Fa
fa
> 0.15
Fa
and;
2
f bx + f by
f
U.C = a +
1. 0
0.6Fy
Fb
Where;
Reduction Factor, Cm = 0.85
Fe' =
12 2 E
23(kl/r) 2
14.2.4 Shear Stress Check

The maximum shear stress for tubular member will be checked as follow ;
Shear stress in X-axis,
Shear stress in Y-axis,
Combined Shear stress,

Allowable Shear stress,
f svx =
f svy =
Fxs
0.5 A
(MPa)
Fys
0.5 A
2
2
f svc = Fsvx
+ Fsvy
Fv = 0.4 Fy
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
Where ;
Fxs
Axial Force in the Stub in X-axis (from Stress Analysis)
(kN)
Fys
Axial Force in the Stub in Y-axis (from Stress Analysis)
(kN)
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14.3
Document No.
Bolt Design Load
14.3.1 Bolt Tension Calculations

Typical bolt tension calculations for the riser and the jacket leg clamps are based on the
resolved forces calculations as shown in Figure 14-1 below.
Figure 14-1 Clamp Resolved Forces

The bolt tension calculations as the following:
a) Bolt tension to resist force FZR in Z-axis is distributed evenly in all bolts ;
TFZ =
FZR
n
where n = total number of bolts
b) Bolt tension to resist moment MYR in Y-axis is distributed evenly in all bolts;
TMY =
M YR 2
Dr n
where ; Dr = D + b
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c) Bolt tension to resist moment MXR in X-axis is distributed evenly in all bolts;
T
(n-2)/2
Ti
db
A
Moment @ A;
n -2
2
MA
n -2
2id b
= Ti
=
(n - 2)
i =1
i =1
4Ti 2 d b
(n - 2) 2
n -2
( )
4Td b
2
i2
MA =
(n - 2) 2 i =1
When MA = MXR
TMX =
M XR
4d b
(n - 2) 2
n -2
)
i2
2
i =1
d) Total Calculated Bolt Tension, Tb
Tb =
FZR 2 M YR
+
+
n
n Dr
M XR
4d b
( n 2) 2
n2
)
(
2
i2
i =1
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e) Design Bolt Tension, Tbd

Maximum tension in one bolt with the provision of 8% for lost in material creep is
designed as Tbd = Tb x 1.08
f)
Maximum Allowable Tension of Bolt

Tensile area of bolt with 0.25% reduction of nominal area,
At
2
x B dia
x 0.75
4
Thus, the allowable bolt tension;

Tall = Tbs x At
Where;
Tall
Allowable Bolt Tension (kN)
Tbd
Design Bolt Tension (kN)
Tbs
Tensile Strength of Bolt (MPa)
Bdia
Bolt Diameter (mm)
14.3.2 Bolt Shear Calculations

The bolt shears force calculations as follows;
a. Bolt shear to resist horizontal force, FX in X-axis is distributed evenly in all bolts;
Vh =
FXR
n
b. Bolt shear to resist vertical forces due to axial force in Y-axis, FY and moment in Zaxis, MZ ;
Vv =
FYR
n
2M ZR
nD r
c. Total bolt force, Vb =
Vh2 + Vv2
d. Shear stress, Sh = Vb / A
e. Allowable bolt shear stress, Sa = 0.45 x Tensile strength of bolts, Tbs
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14.4
Clamp Tubular, Flange and Stiffener Plate Check

Typical sketch of the clamp details is shown in Figure 14-2 below. The forces used to
design the clamp tubular, flange and stiffener plate are derived from the riser stress
analysis as specified in Section 11.4.
Figure 14-2 Clamp Details Sketch
14.4.1 Tubular Plate

It is assumed that the plate thickness required for the clamp tubular is limited by the bolt
capacity.
Total force from one bolt group,
H = n Tbd
Thickness of clamp tubular,
tp =
Tbd x n
2 x L x Fy
Where;
L
= Clamp Tubular Length (mm)
Fy
= Tubular Plate Yield Strength (MPa)
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14.4.2 Flange Plate

Typical sketch for the flange plate is shown in Figure 14-3 below. It is conservatively
assumed that the plate is supported on three edges, hence it can be designed as uniform
over entire plate as given by Case 10a per Table 26 in Roarks Formulas for Stress and
Strain reference [Ref. 17]. The bolt distance is assumed as half to free edge of the plate
height.
a = sf ;
b = hf
X = 0, Z = 0
Figure 14-3 Flange Plate Sketch

From Table 26 [Ref.17], case 10a, Uniform over entire plate;
a)
At x = 0 ; z = 0 ;
a1 =
Thus ;
t a1 =
b) At x = 0 ; z = b ;
Thus ;
c) At x = a/2 ; z = b ;
Thus ;
a1 =
t a1 =
a1 =
t a1 =
1 x q x b 2
2
t a1
1 x q x b 2
a1
2 x q x b2
2
t a2
2 x q x b2
a2
3 x q x b2
2
t a3
3 x q x b2
a3
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Where ;
q=
Tbd
2xaxb
1, 2 and 3 are obtained from Table 26, case 10a [Ref. 17].
a = a1 = a2 = a3 = allowable bending stress
a = 0.6 x Fy
Therefore, the flange plate thickness, ta = max (ta1, ta2, ta3)

14.4.3 Stiffener Plate
Typical sketch for the stiffener plate is shown in Figure 14-4 below. When the bolt is in
tension, the tensile force on the stiffener plate is assumed as the reaction for a simply
supported beam.
Figure 14-4 Stiffener Plate Sketch
Maximum tensile load, Fv

Shear stress on stiffener plate, fr
Where;
l
Stiffeners width
ts
Stiffeners thickness
Tbd
2
=
=
Fv
A
Fv
l x ts
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15.0
SSIV MANIFOLD STRUCTURE
15.1
General
Document No.
Subsea isolation valve (SSIV) manifolds are required at both ends of the 20inch HP Gas
pipeline from ICP to MSP. Each manifold is to accommodate one unit of SSIV with
controls from the respective platforms via a subsea umbilical. The subsea umbilical
termination (SUTU) at the manifold shall be clamped and supported on the manifold
structure. The SUTU clamp is designed by the umbilical vendor.
The SSIV shall be provided with a manual override. The manifold shall be provided with
a cage for dropped object protection. Protection against trawl gear is not required as the
manifold is located close to the platform. The manifold shall be designed for installation
by lifting, and tie-in to the pipeline via diver installed flanges. The manifolds foundation
where feasible, shall be designed for mudmat bearing on seabed. For increased lateral
restraint, the mudmat may be provided with skirts. Pipeline expansion at the hot end
shall be absorbed by an expansion loop, thus eliminating the requirement for the manifold
to slide on the seabed. However, if the manifold is required to slide on the seabed, this
condition should be allowed for in the manifold foundation design.
15.2
Design Criteria
The manifold structure shall be designed in accordance to API RP 2A-WSD and AISC
allowable stress method. Structural steel sections shall be based on AISC wide flange Isections. Tubulars shall be API 5L seamless pipes. Minimum thickness shall be 6mm for
plates, I-section flanges and web, and 8mm for tubulars. Structural steel grade shall be
250 and 350MPa. Maximum member slenderness ratio (Kl/r) shall be limited to less than
or equal to 100. Tubular diameter to thickness ratio (D/T) shall be within 20 to 60.
Nuts and bolts shall be ASTM A193 B7 and ASTM A194 2H, Xylan coated red color. All
bolting shall be provided with double nut and a washer.
The design life of the structure is 25 years. The structure is to be provided with cathodic
protection for the design life. No corrosion allowance is required. Painting shall be in
accordance to ONGCs Specification 2005, Specification for Protective Coating.
3% weight allowance shall be included for mill tolerance and weld metal. An additional
5% of the self-weight shall be included for contingency.
Environmental data shall be as provided in Section 3.4 of this report, with the following
specific input:
Chart datum for Indian waters shall be 2.51m below MSL.
Still water depth for storm condition = CD+LAT+50% Astronomical tide+Storm surge.
Wave kinematics factor = 0.88
Drag and inertia coefficients (Cd, Cm) shall be as per API RP 2A recommendation.
Wave theory to be Stokes 5th order.
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Marine growth 50mm thick.
Neoprene shall conform to line call out M 3 BC717 C12 G21 K11 requirements in ASTM
D2000.
The manifold structure shall be designed for lifting and in-place conditions. Earthquake
loading case is not applicable due to its base isolation from seabed. Transportation load
case is not required as this is not a governing case due to the low centre of gravity on a
transportation barge.
15.3
Methodology
The manifold structure will be modeled in 3D using SACS finite element software. The
software will compute the model self-weight and environmental loads. Other loads shall
be manually computed and entered as joint or member loads.
For the lift analysis, hydrodynamic forces shall be computed for lowering the structure in
the water column. This will be applied to the model using area or member loads. Slings
will be modeled using tension only members. Dummy spring elements will be applied to
stabilize the structure for stiffness analysis. Appropriate dynamic load factors per API RP
2A will be applied. Member and tubular joint code checks will be performed using API RP
2A/AISC.
For in-place condition, the model will be supported on the seabed via horizontal and
vertical springs. The horizontal spring constant will be selected based on the estimated
horizontal friction value. The vertical spring constant will be based on the estimated soil
settlement. Environmental load due to 100 year return period will be computed by the
software. Combined loadings are analyzed and code checks performed based on API
RP 2A/AISC.
Foundation analysis will be performed manually based on API RP 2A shallow foundation
principles.
Cathodic protection requirements will be computed manually based on DnV RP B401.
Miscellaneous connection details will be designed manually in accordance to AISC
allowable stress requirements. Wherever possible, welded connections will be used.
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16.0
Document No.
REFERENCES
1. Part IV, Section 4A, Submarine Pipeline and Risers (Rigid Pipeline).
2. Specification for 3LPP Corrosion Coating for Linepipes, Spec. No. 2012 A Rev. 0.
3. Specification for Concrete Weight Coating of Submarine Pipelines, Spec. No. 2013
Rev. 1.
4. Specification for Field Joint Coating, Spec. No. 2014 Rev. 0.
5. Specification for Cathodic Protection for Submarine Pipelines, Spec. No. FS 4002 Rev.
4.
6. Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems; Det Norske Veritas, 1981.
7. On-Bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines; DNV RP E305.
8. AutoPIPE User Reference, Version 6.1, Rebis.
9. Recommended Practice, Cathodic Protection Design.; RP B401 (2005).
10. Recommended Practice, Cathodic Protection Design; RP F103.
11. Pre-Engineering Survey Report for Marine Corridor Survey (Volume 1 & Volume 2),
Doc. No. l1154-S2-GEN-FUG-SUR-RPT-4122.
12. Volume II, Section 3.4 Design Criteria for Structure for Modification Work.
13. PRP-3, Specification for Internal Coating and Internal Girth Weld Coating for WI Line,
Doc. No. I1154-S1-GEN-INT-PLE-SPC-3111.
14. Plus One STAB, On Bottom Stability, STAB Theoretical.
15. Plus One XPAN 5.2 Expansion Analysis, XPAN Theoretical.
16. Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das.
17. Roarks Formulas for Stress and Strain, 6th Edition by Warren C. Young.
18. Specification for Protective Coating, Spec. No. 2005 Rev. 2.
19. DNV RP F105 Recommended Practice Free Spanning Pipelines.
20. API RP 2A WSD Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing
Fixed Offshore Platforms.
21. J.E. Bowles, Foundations Analysis and Design, 3rd and 4th Edition, McGraw Hill.
22. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): Manual of Steel Construction:
Allowable Stress Design; 9th. Ed., 1989.
23. Soil Mechanics; 4th Edition by R.F Craig.
24. Volume II, Section 3.1, Design Criteria, General, Rev.0.
Rev.
I1154
1
Page No.
Page 96 of 96
Project No.
REPORT
AND CLAMPS
Document No.
25. PRP-3, Process Flow Compilation Report, Doc. No. I1154-S2-GEN-INT-PLE-RPT4002.

26. PRP-3, Process Flow Compilation Report Insulation Pipeline, Doc. No. I1154-S2GEN-INT-PLE-RPT-4003.
27. AGA Project PR-178-516 & PR-178-717, Submarine Pipeline On-Bottom Stability.
28. Bid Package Vol. II, Section III, Section 3.2 Design Criteria Process and Utilities
29. Pre Bid replies-120117; 19-Annexure to Valentine TQ5
30. TQ Response 017-120801-Process Queries, 1-Aug-2012
31. PRP3, Technical Note for Insulation Coating, Doc. No. I1154-S2-GEN-INT-PLE-TN4098. (HOLD)
32. TQ Response-L0022 for TQ: I1154-S2-LWIN-ENG-TQ-010, dated 01.04.2013.
33. Water Depths Data extracted from Client Supplied Drawings, Dwgs. Nos. I1154-S2R1-INT-PLE-DWG-4251 to DWG-4263.
34. Insulation Pipeline Field Joint Coating Arrangement for 12 SM to ICP and EC to SHP,
Dwg. No. I1154-S2-GEN-LWIN-OPR-DWG-7018. (HOLD)
35. Pre-Engineering Survey Report for Marine Corridor Survey (Volume 1 & Volume 2),
Doc. No. l1154-S2-GEN-FUG-SUR-RPT-4122.
36. JDR Cable Systems, SSIV Umbilical; Dwg. No. 100899H.

I1154-S2-GEN-INT-PLE-RPT-4001-1 Design Brief For Subsea Pipeline Riser PDF

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I1154-S2-GEN-INT-PLE-RPT-4001-1 Design Brief For Subsea Pipeline Riser PDF

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Leighton Welspun Contractors Pvt Ltd

PIPELINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT 3 (PRP3)

Comment Response Sheet

Design Brief for Subsea Pipeline Riser, I-Tube and Clamps

Company clarification / comments

Details are retained as per the earlier revision. However,

DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................. 7

DESIGN PARAMETERS .............................................................................................. 11

PIPELINE ROUTING .................................................................................................... 34

WALL THICKNESS ...................................................................................................... 35

PIPELINE ON-BOTTOM STABILITY............................................................................ 41

PIPELINE EXPANSION AND IN-SITU STRESS .......................................................... 44

CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN ............................................................................ 49

ALLOWABLE FREE SPANS ....................................................................................... 55

PIPELINE CROSSING DESIGN ................................................................................... 63

RISER DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 72

Analysis Methodology ........................................................................................ 77

I / J-TUBE DESIGN ...................................................................................................... 78

PROCESS FLOW SIMULATION AND INSULATION SELECTION .............................. 80

CLAMP DESIGN .......................................................................................................... 83

SSIV MANIFOLD STRUCTURE ................................................................................... 93

Flexible Pipeline and Umbilical

Subsea Isolation Valve (SSIV) Manifold Structure and Umbilical

DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS

Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing

Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges

Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe

Recommended Practice for Marine Transportation of Line Pipe

Pressure Testing of Steel Pipelines for the Transportation of Gas,

Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities

Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Offshore

Specification for Line Pipe (44th Edition, 1 October 2007)

Specification for the Fabrication of Structural Steel Pipe

Specification for Carbon Manganese Steel Plate for Offshore

Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, Allowable Stress

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (ASME)

Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems

Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

ASTM INTERNATIONAL (formerly known as AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING

Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled

Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting

Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated 830

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts

Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy ColumbiumVanadium Structural Steel

Standard Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY (AWS)

Structural Welding Code Steel

DET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV)

Submarine Pipeline Systems

Recommended Practice, Cathodic Protection Design

Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes

INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM (IP)

Institute of Petroleum, Model Code of Safe Practice

Pictorial Surface Preparation Standard for Painting Steel Surfaces

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (IS)

Hot Rolled Low, Medium and High Tensile Structural Steel.

ONGC DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATIONS

Submarine Pipelines and Risers (Rigid Pipeline)

Submarine Pipelines and Risers (Flexible Pipeline)

Design Criteria Process and Utilities

Functional Specification for Submarine Pipeline Route Surveys