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Primary distribution
Primary distribution voltages are 22kV or 11 kV.[10] Only large consumers
are fed directly from distribution voltages; most utility customers are
connected to a transformer, which reduces the distribution voltage to the
low voltage used by lighting and interior wiring systems.
Voltage varies according to its role in the supply and distribution system.
According to international standards, there are initially two voltage
groups: low voltage (LV): up to and including 1,000 V AC (or 1,500 V DC)
and high voltage (HV): above 1 kV AC (or 1.5 kV DC).[11]
Network configurations
Rural services
Rural electrification systems tend to use higher distribution voltages
because of the longer distances covered by distribution lines (see Rural
Electrification Administration). 7.2, 12.47, 25, and 34.5 kV distribution
is common in the United States; 11 kV and 33 kV are common in the UK,
Australia and New Zealand; 11 kV and 22 kV are common in South Africa.
Other voltages are occasionally used. Distribution in rural areas may be
only single-phase if it is not economical to install three-phase power for
relatively few and small customers.
Rural services normally try to minimize the number of poles and wires.
Single-wire earth return (SWER) is the least expensive, with one wire. It
uses higher voltages (than urban distribution), which in turn permits use
of galvanized steel wire. The strong steel wire allows for less expensive
wide pole spacing. In rural areas a pole-mount transformer may serve only
one customer.
Higher voltage split-phase or three phase service, at a higher
infrastructure and a higher cost, provide increased equipment efficiency
and lower energy cost for large agricultural facilities, petroleum pumping
facilities, or water plants.
In New Zealand, Australia, Saskatchewan, Canada, and South Africa, single
wire earth return systems (SWER) are used to electrify remote rural areas.