Module 2 ECE 532

Introduction
Principles and Theories

Balance Characteristic Impedance
Unbalance Characteristic Impedance
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
..
ENGR. VICE N. MENDOZA, NCII
ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Introduction
What is characteristic impedance?

The characteristic impedance Zo or surge impedance is
The impedance that, when connected to the output terminals of
a transmission line of any length, makes the line appear to be
infinitely long. There are then no standing waves on the line, and
the ratio of the voltage to current is the same for each point on
the line.
The impedance seen looking into a finite length of line that is

terminated in a purely resistive load equal to the characteristic
impedance of the line.
Zo will be measured at the input of a transmission line if the output

is terminated in Zo, and this condition connotes that Zo is
..
considered purely resistive.
Introduction
Importance of characteristic impedance.

For maximum power transfer, Zo must be equal to ZL, hence Zin
must be equal to Zout
Introduction
General Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Lines

L
R
C
L
G
R
C
Z
Zo
, Z R j L , Y G j C
Y
Z = series impedance per section (Ohm/meter)
Y = series admittance per section (Siemens/meter)
Introduction
Characteristic Impedance (Zo)
Impedance measured at the input when its length is infinite.

Also known as the surge impedance
R jL
Zo
G j C
Where:
Z - series impedance per section

= R + jL (/m)
Y - shunt admittance per section

= R+jC (S/m)
Introduction
At high (radio) frequency (RF):

L
L
C
RF Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Lines
Zo
jL
L
jC
C
That is, Zo is reactive at RF.

Introduction
At Low (audio) frequency (RF):

R
R
G
R
G
LF Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Lines
R
Zo
G
That is, Zo is resistive at LF.
Inductive reactance = capacitive reactance
Introduction
Problem no. 2
For a given length of a coaxial cable with
distributed capacitance of 49.2 pF/meter and
distributed inductance of 243.15 nH/meter.
Determine the characteristic impedance.
Solution:
Introduction
Factors that determine the

Characteristic Impedance of a transmission line.
The geometry, size and spacing of the conductors, and by the

dielectric constant of the insulator separating them.
For parallel-wire (balanced) lines,
2s
Zo 276 log ohms
d
Usual range of Zo for balanced lines: 150 to 600 Ohms

Introduction
Problem no. 3
Calculate the characteristic impedance of an openwire transmission line consisting of two wires with a
diameter 0.5 mm and a separation of 2 cm.
S
2s
Zo 276 log ohms
d
Assume the dielectric is air and is equal to one.

Introduction
Problem no. 4
A parallel-wire line spaced at 1.27 cm has a diameter
of 0.21 cm. what is the characteristic impedance?
Introduction
Coaxial (Unbalanced) lines

d
D
138
D
Zo
log ohms
d
r
D inside diameter of outer conductor (inches)

r - relative dielectric constant of insulating material
**Usual range of Zo for unbalanced line:

40 to 150 Ohms
Introduction
Problem no. 5
In a coaxial line if the inner diameter is 0.51 cm and
the center conductor has a diameter of 0.22 cm.
what is the characteristic impedance?
Introduction
Transmission Line Lumped Element

Equivalent Circuit
L
R
C
L
G
R
C
Introduction

Equivalent Circuit
CONSTANTS OF PARALLEL-WIRE LINE
= 8.34
108
=
;
2
ln
2
ln
;
;
2
ln
m
r = conductor radius(m)
f = frequency(Hz)
= conductivity (S/m)
D = Distance between conductors
d = conductor diameter
= 0 (Permittivity of a substance)
= 0 (Permeability of a substance)
0 = Permittivity of free space (8.8542 x 10^-12 F/m)
0 = Permeability of free space (4x10^-7 H/m)
Introduction
Sample Problem
Two-wire copper transmission line are separated by
3 cm and their radii are 1 mm each. If the relative
permittivity and conductivity of the copper is 2.6 and 2 x
10^-6 S/m respectively. Calculate the line parameters at
2GHz:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Zo
R
G
L
C
Introduction

Equivalent Circuit
CONSTANTS OF COAXIAL CABLES
= 8.34 10
2
=
;
ln

=
ln ;
2
2
;
ln
1
1
+

r = conductor radius(m)
f = frequency(Hz)
= conductivity (S/m)
Dm = Diameter of outside conductor
dm = diameter of inner conductor
= 0 (Permittivity of a substance)
= 0 (Permeability of a substance)
0 = Permittivity of free space (8.8542 x 10^-12 F/m)
0 = Permeability of free space (4x10^-7 H/m)
Introduction
Sample Problem
Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line with an outside
and inner diameter measured 1 cm and 1.2 mm
respectively. If polyethylene is used as an insulating
material with permittivity of 2.25 and conductivity of the
copper 2 x 10^-6 S/m. Calculate the line parameters at
1GHz:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Zo
R
G
L
C
Introduction
SINGLE WIRE LINE

d
138
4
=
log
Zo Characteristic Impedance
H Height from the ground,
d conductor diameter
Introduction
BALANCE FOUR-WIRE LINE

d
S1
138
=
log
21
1+ 1
2
S2
S1 center to center distance of the upper conductor
S2 center to center distance of the lower conductor
Introduction
WIRES IN PARALLEL NEAR GROUND

d
69
=
log
2
1+
Introduction
UNBALANCE FOUR-WIRE LINE
d
D2
1
D1
138
=
log
22
2
1+
1
D1 Horizontal conductor spacing
D2 Vertical conductor spacing
Introduction
FIVE- WIRE LINE
d
D
138
=
log
0.933
D
D Outer conductor spacing
Introduction
SINGLE WIRE BETWEEN GROUNDED PARALLEL PLANE

H/2
d
H
H/2
4
= 138 log
H Distance from the ground,

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Introduction

Principles and Theories

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

What is characteristic impedance?

The impedance seen looking into a finite length of line that is

Zo will be measured at the input of a transmission line if the output

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Importance of characteristic impedance.

ENGR. VICE N. MENDOZA, NCII

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

General Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Lines

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Characteristic Impedance (Zo)

Impedance measured at the input when its length is infinite.

Z - series impedance per section

Y - shunt admittance per section

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

At high (radio) frequency (RF):

RF Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Lines

That is, Zo is reactive at RF.

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

At Low (audio) frequency (RF):

LF Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Lines

Inductive reactance = capacitive reactance

ENGR. VICE N. MENDOZA, NCII

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

ENGR. VICE N. MENDOZA, NCII

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Factors that determine the

The geometry, size and spacing of the conductors, and by the

For parallel-wire (balanced) lines,

Usual range of Zo for balanced lines: 150 to 600 Ohms

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Assume the dielectric is air and is equal to one.

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

ENGR. VICE N. MENDOZA, NCII

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Coaxial (Unbalanced) lines

D inside diameter of outer conductor (inches)

**Usual range of Zo for unbalanced line:

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ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Transmission Line Lumped Element

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Transmission Line Lumped Element

ENGR. VICE N. MENDOZA, NCII

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

ENGR. VICE N. MENDOZA, NCII

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Transmission Line Lumped Element

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ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

ECE532 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

SINGLE WIRE LINE

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BALANCE FOUR-WIRE LINE

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WIRES IN PARALLEL NEAR GROUND

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UNBALANCE FOUR-WIRE LINE