Termor

phrase

Literal
translation

Definitionanduse
Anafortioriargumentisan"argument
fromastrongerreason",meaningthat
becauseonefactistrue,thatasecond
relatedandincludedfactmustalsobe
true.
Divorceamensaetthoroindicates
legalseparationwithoutlegaldivorce.
Anargumentderivedfromsubsequent
event

Englishpronunciation

afortiori

fromstronger

amensaetthoro

fromtableand
bed

aposteriori

fromlater

apriori

fromearlier

Anargumentderivedfromprevious
event

/epra.ra/

fromwhich

Regardingacourtbelowinanappeal,
eitheracourtoffirstinstanceoran
appellatecourt,knownasthecourta
quo.

/ekwo/

aquo

abextra

abinitio

absquehoc
Actoriincumbit
probatio
actusreus

adcoelum

adcolligenda
bona
adhoc

adhominem
adidem
adinfinitum
adlitem

adquod
damnum
advalorem
adjournment
sinedie
affidavit
alterego

Concerningacase,apersonmayhave
receivedsomefundingfroma3rd
fromoutside
party.Thisfundingmayhavebeen
consideredabextra.
"Commonlyusedreferringtothetime
acontract,statute,marriage,ordeed
fromthe
becomelegal.e.gThecouplewas
beginning
coveredabinitiobyherhealth
policy."[1]
"Presentingthenegativeportionofa
pleawhenpleadingatcommonbyway
withoutthis
aspecialtraverse."[1]
Theburdenofprooffallstothe
Ontheplaintiff
plaintiff,claimant,orpetitioner
reststheproving
accordingtoRomanlaw.
Partofwhatprovescriminalliability
guiltyact
(withmensrea)
AbbreviatedfromCuiusestsolumeius
estusqueadcoelumetad
infernoswhichtranslatesto"[for]
whoeverowns[the]soil,[it]ishisall
tothesky
theway[up]toHeavenand[down]to
Hell."Theprinciplethattheownerof
aparceloflandalsoownstheair
aboveandthegroundbelowthe
parcel.
tocollectthe
goods
Generallysignifiesasolutiondesigned
foraspecificproblemortask,non
forthis
generalizable,andnotintendedtobe
abletobeadaptedtootherpurposes.
Attackinganopponent'scharacter
attheperson
ratherthanansweringhisargument.
tothesame
Inagreement.
thing
toinfinity
Tocontinueforever.
Describesthosedesignatedtorepresent
partiesdeemedincapableof
forthecase
representingthemselves,suchasa
childorincapacitatedadult.
Usedintortlaw.Impliesthatthe
accordingtothe
rewardorpenaltyoughttocorrespond
harm
tothedamagesufferedorinflicted.
accordingto
value
adjournment
Whenanassemblyadjournswithout
withoutaday
settingadateforitsnextmeeting.
hehassworn
Aformalstatementoffact.
Asecondidentitylivingwithina
anotherI
person.
friendofthe
Apersonwhooffersinformationtoa

/efrtira/,/efrira/

/emnstro/
/epstri.ra/

/bkstr/

/bni.o/

/ktsri.s/

/dsilm/

/dhk/

/dhmnm/
/dadm/
/dnfnatm/
/dlatm/

/dvlrm/
/sanida.i/
/fdevt/

amicuscuriae

court

courtregardingacasebeforeit.

animus
contrahendi

contractual
intent

Intentiontocontract

animusnocendi

intentionto
harm

animus
possidendi

intentionto
possess

animus
revertendi

intentionto
return

ante

before

(in)arguendo

forthesakeof
argument

Audialteram
partem

heartheother
side

bonafide

ingoodfaith.

bonavacantia

ownerlessgoods

Caditquaestio

Thequestion
falls

Casusbelli

Caseofwar

casusfortuitus

fortuitousevent

Caveat

Mayhebeware

Caveatemptor

Letthebuyer
beware

Certiorari

cogitationis
poenamnemo
patitur

Tobeapprised
Withother
thingsthesame
Nobodysuffers
punishmentfor
mereintent

communio
bonorum

Communityof
property

Ceterisparibus

compensatio
morae
composmentis
Condiciosine
quanon

consensusad
idem

/makskjri.i/

Thesubjectivestateofmindofthe
authorofacrime,withreferenceto
theexactknowledgeofillegalcontent
ofhisbehaviour,andofitspossible
consequences.
"Inordertoclaimpossessoryrights,
anindividualmustestablishphysical
controloftheresandtheintentionto
possess(i.e.animuspossidendi)"[2]
"Wildanimals,suchasbeesand
homingpigeons,thatbyhabitgo
'home'totheirpossessor.Usedwhen
discussingferaenaturae."[2]

Referstotheideathatonecannotbe
fairlyjudgedunlessthecasesforand
againstthemhavebeenheard.
Impliessinceregoodintention
regardlessofoutcome.
Indicatesthatasettlementtoadispute
orissuehasbeenreached,andthe
issueisnowresolved.
Thejustificationforactsofwar.
Forcemajeure,specificallyaman
madeinevitableaccident(e.g.riots,
strikes,civilwar)ex:WhenH.M.S.
BountywasdestroyedbyHurricane
Sandy,October29,2012,casus
fortuituswoulddescribetheH.M.S.
Bountybeingatthewrongplacewhen
HurricaneSandycameupthe
coast.HMSBounty
Sinks Comparevismajor(see
below).
Whenusedbyitself,referstoa
qualification,orwarning.
Inadditiontothegeneralwarning,
alsoreferstoalegaldoctrinewherein
abuyercouldnotgetrelieffroma
sellerfordefectspresentonproperty
whichrendereditunfitforuse.
Atypeofwritseekingjudicialreview.
MorecommonlyrenderedinEnglish
as"Allotherthingsbeingequal."

Theaggregateofmaritalproperty
underacommunity
propertymatrimonialregime.
Delayinpaymentorperformanceon
Balanceofdelay thepartofboththedebtorandthe
creditor
Having
Ofsoundmind.Alsousedinthe
commandof
negative"Noncomposmentis",
mind
meaning"Notofsoundmind".
Acondition
Anindispensableandessentialaction,
withoutwhichit
condition,oringredient.
couldnotbe
Meetingoftheminds,mutualassent,
orconcurrenceofwills.Partiesmust
Agreementto
beofonemindandtheirpromises
thesame
mustrelatetothesamesubjector
object[3]Alsoconsensusinidem.
Stipulatesthatwhentwoormore

/bonfadi/

/kessbla/

/kvi.tmptr/

/sri.rra/,/sri.rri/
/strsprbs/

/kmpsmnts/

consensusfacit
legem

Consensus
makesthelaw

consuetudopro
legeservatur

Customisheld
aslaw

Wherenolawsapplytoagiven
situation,thecustomsoftheplaceand
timewillhavetheforceoflaw.

contra

Against

Usedincasecitationstoindicatethat
thecitedsourcedirectlycontradictsthe
pointbeingmade.

contrabonos
mores

Againstgood
morals

contralegem

Againstthelaw

Contradictioin
adjecto

Contradictionin
itself

contra
proferentem

Againsttheone
bringingforth

coramnon
judice

Beforeonewho
isnotajudge

corpusdelicti

Bodyofthe
crime

corpusjuris

Bodyoflaw

corpusjuris
civilis

Bodyofcivil
law

corpusjuris
gentium

Bodyofthelaw
ofnations

cuibono

Contractssomadearegenerallyillegal
andunenforceable.
Usedwhenacourtortribunalhands
downadecisionthatiscontrarytothe
lawsofthegoverningstate.
Acontradictioninterms.
Usedincontractlawtostipulatethatan
ambiguousterminacontractshallbe
interpretedagainsttheinterestsofthe
partythatinsistedupontheterm's
inclusion.Preventstheintentional
additionsofambiguousterminology
frombeingexploitedbythepartywho
insistedonitsinclusion.
Referstoalegalproceedingwithouta
judge,orwithajudgewhodoesnot
haveproperjurisdiction.
Apersoncannotbeconvictedofa
crime,unlessitcanbeproventhatthe
crimewasevencommitted.
Thecompletecollectionoflawsofa
particularjurisdictionorcourt.
Thecompletecollectionofcivillaws
ofaparticularjurisdictionorcourt.
Alsosometimesusedtorefertothe
CodeofJustinian.
Thecompletecollectionof
internationallaw.
AnencyclopediaofUSlawdrawn
fromUSFederalandStatecourt
decisions.

corpusjuris
secundum
crimenfalsi

personsarriveatagoodfaith
agreement,thelawwillinsistonthat
agreementbeingcarriedout.

Crimeof
falsifying

Forgery.

Asabenefitto
whom?

Suggeststhattheperpetrator(s)ofa
crimecanoftenbefoundby
investigatingthosewhowouldhave
benefitedfinanciallyfromthecrime,
evenifitisnotimmediatelyobvious.

Forwhoever
cuiusestsolum
ownsthesoil,it
eiusestusquead
istheirsupto
coelumetad
Heavenand
inferos
downtoHell

Usedinreferencetotherightsof
propertyownerstotheairabove,and
landbelow,theirproperty.

debonis
asportatis

Carryinggoods
away

Specifiesthatlarcenywastakingplace
inadditiontoanyothercrimenamed.
E.g."trespassdebonisasportatis".

debellatio

Warringdown

debonisnon
administratis

dedieindiem

defacto

Completeannihilationofawarring
party,bringingabouttheendofthe
conflict.
Assetsofanestateremainingafterthe
death(orremoval)ofthedesignated
Ofgoodsnot
estateadministrator.An"administrator
administered
debonisnonadministratis"willthen
beappointedtodisposeofthesegoods.
Generallyreferstoatypeoflaborin
Fromdaytoday whichtheworkerispaidfullyatthe
completionofeachday'swork.

Infact

Literally"fromfact"oftenusedto
meansomethingthatistruein
practice,buthasnotbeenofficially
institutedorendorsed."Forallintents
andpurposes".Cf.dejure.

/krpsdlkta/
/krpsdrs/

/krpsdrssvals/

defuturo

Concerningthe
future

Atafuturedate.

deintegro

Concerningthe
whole

dejure

Accordingto
law

Oftenusedtomean"startitallover",
inthecontextof"repeatdeintegro".
Literally"fromlaw"somethingthatis
establishedinlaw,whetherornotitis
trueingeneralpractice.Cf.defacto.

delegeferenda

Ofthelawasit
shouldbe

delegelata

Ofthelawasit
is

delegatusnon
potestdelegare
deminimis
deminimisnon
curatlex

Thatwhichhas
beendelegated,
cannotdelegate
[further]
Aboutthe
smallestthings
Thelawdoes
notconcern
itselfwiththe
smallest[things]

demortuisnil
nisibonum

Ofthedead,
[speak]nothing
unlessgood

denovo

Anew

deoruminjuriae
diiscurae

Thegodstake
careofinjuries
tothegods

dictum

(thing)said

doliincapax

Incapableof
guilt

dolusspecialis

Specificdeceit

domitaenaturae Tamebynature

Usedinthecontextof"howthelaw
shouldbe",suchasforproposed
legislation.
Concerningthelawasitexists,
withoutconsiderationofhowthings
shouldbe.

Variouslegalareasconcerningsmall
amountsorsmalldegrees.
Theremustbeaminimallevelof
substanceorimpactinordertobringa
legalaction.
Socialconventionthatitis
inappropriatetospeakillofthe
recentlydeceased,eveniftheywerean
enemy.
Oftenusedinthecontextof"trialde
novo"anewtrialorderedwhenthe
previousonefailedtoreacha
conclusion.
BlasphemyisacrimeagainsttheState,
ratherthanagainstGod.
Astatementgivensomeweightor
considerationduetotherespectgiven
thepersonmakingit.
Presumptionthatyoungchildrenor
personswithdiminishedmental
capacitycannotformtheintentto
commitacrime.
Heavilyusedinthecontext
ofgenocideininternationallaw.
Tameordomesticatedanimal.Also
calledmansuetaenaturae.Opposite
offeraenaturae(below)
Giftcausamortis"Thedonor,
contemplatingimminentdeath,
declareswordsofpresentgiftingand
deliversthegifttothedoneeor
someonewhoclearlytakespossession
onbehalfofthedonee.Thegift
becomeseffectiveatdeathbutremains
revocableuntilthattime."[2]

donatiomortis
causa

Deathbedgift

dramatis
personae

Personsofthe
drama

dubiain
meliorempartem
interpretari
debent

Doubtfulthings
shouldbe
interpretedin
thebestway

Oftenspokenas"togivethebenefitof
thedoubt."

ducestecum

Bringwithyou

A"subpoenaducestecum"isa
summonstoproducephysicalevidence
foratrial.

eiincumbit
probatioqui
dicit

Prooflieson
Theconceptthatoneisinnocentuntil
himwhoasserts. provenguilty.

ejusdemgeneris

Ofthesame
class.

Knownasa"canonofconstruction",it
statesthatwhenalimitedlistof
specificthingsalsoincludesamore
generalclass,thatthescopeofthat
moregeneralclassshallbelimitedto
otheritemsmorelikethespecific

itemsinthelist.
eonomine

Bythatname.

ergaomnes

Towardsall.

ergo

Therefore
Havingbeen
madeinerror.

erratum
etal.

Andothers

etcetera

Andother
things.

etseq.

etuxor
etvir

exaequoet
bono

Referstorightsorobligationsthatare
owedtowardsall.

Abbreviationofetalii,meaning"and
others".
Generallyusedinthesenseof"andso
forth".

Abbreviationofetsequens,meaning
"andthefollowingones".Usedin
Andthe
citationstoindicatethatthecited
followingthings
portionextendstothepagesfollowing
thecitedpage.
Usuallyusedinsteadofnaminga
Andwife.
/tksr/
man'swifeasapartyinacase.
Usuallyusedinsteadofnaminga
Andhusband.
/tvr/
woman'shusbandasapartyinacase.
Usuallydefinedas"whatisrightand
good."Usedtodescribethepowerofa
judgeorarbitertoconsideronlywhat
Ofequityand
isfairandgoodforthespecificcase,
[the]good.
andnotnecessarilywhatthelawmay
require.Incourts,usuallyonlydoneif
allpartiesagree.
Essentiallymeaning"beforethe
event",usuallyusedwhenforecasting /ksnti/
futureevents.
Wherechairreferstoauthorityor
position.Authorityderivedfromone's
position.

exante

Ofbefore.

excathedra

Fromthechair

exconcessis

Fromwhathas
beenconceded
already

Oftenusedina"guiltbyassociation"
context.

exdelicto

Froma
transgression

Theconsequenceofacrimeortort.

exfacie

Ontheface

Ifacontractisblatantlyandobviously
incorrectorillegal,itcanbe
consideredvoidexfaciewithoutany
furtheranalysisorarguments.

exfidabona

Goodbusiness
norms

exgratia

Byfavor

Somethingdonevoluntarilyandwith
noexpectationalegalliabilityarising
therefrom.

exinjuriajus
nonoritur

Lawdoesnot
arisefrom
injustice

Aprincipleininternationallawthat
unjustactscannotcreatelaws.

exofficio

Fromtheoffice

exparte

From[for]one
party

expost
expostfacto

Fromafter
Fromathing
doneafterward

Somethingdoneorrealizedbythefact
ofholdinganofficeorposition.
Adecisionreached,orcasebrought,
byorforonepartywithouttheother
partybeingpresent.
Basedonknowledgeofthepast.
Commonlysaidas"afterthefact."
Aretroactivelaw.E.g.alawthat
makesapastactillegalthatwasnot
illegalwhenitwasdone.

expostfactolaw
expressiounius
estexclusio
alterius

Theexpress
mentionofone
thingexcludes
allothers

Whenitemsarelisted,anythingnot
explicitlystatedisassumedtonotbe
included.

expropriomotu

By[one's]own
motion

Commonlyspokenas"byone'sown
accord."

exrel

[arising]outof
thenarration[of
therelator]

Abbreviationofexrelatione.Used
whenthegovernmentbringsacase
thatarisesfromtheinformation
conveyedtoitbyathirdparty

("relator").
exturpicausa
nonorituractio

Froma
dishonorable
causeanaction
doesnotarise

Apartycannotbringalegalactionfor
consequencesofhisownillegalact.

exempligratia

Forthesakeof
example

Usuallyabbreviated"e.g.".
Termusedincontractlawtospecify
termsthatarevoidedorconfirmedin
effectfromtheexecutionofthe
contract.Cf.exnunc.
Termusedincontractlawtospecify
termsthatarevoidedorconfirmedin
effectonlyinthefutureandnotprior
tothecontract,oritsadjudication.
Cf.extunc.

extunc

Fromthen

exnunc

Fromnowon

extant

Existing

Referstothingsthatarecurrently
existingatagivenpoint,ratherthan
thingsthatarenolongerso.

Deed

1.anassuredstatementmade2.
completionofawillandallitspartsto
makeitvalidandlegal3).bookof
factsandlawpresentedinaCanadian
court

facioutfacias

Ido,thatyou
maydo

Atypeofcontractwhereinoneparty
agreestodoworkfortheother,in
orderthatthesecondpartycanthen
performsomeworkforthefirstin
exchange.

favorcontractus

Favorofthe
contract

Aconceptintreatylawthatprefersthe
maintainingofacontractoverletting
itexpireforpurelyproceduralreasons.

felodese

Asuicide.Thisarchaictermstems
fromEnglishcommonlaw,where
suicidewaslegallyafelony,thusa
Felonofhimself
personwhocommittedsuicidewas
treatedasafelonforpurposesofestate
disposal.

feraenaturae

Wildanimalsby
nature

Wildanimalsresidingonunowned
propertydonotbelongtoanypartyin
adisputeontheland.Opposite
ofdomitaenaturae(above)

fiat

Letitbedone

Awarrantissuedbyajudgeforsome
legalproceedings.

factum

Fiatjustitiaet
pereatmundus
fiatjustitiaruat
caelum

Lettherebe
justice,though
theworldperish.
Letjusticebe
donethoughthe
heavensfall.

fierifacias

Mayyoucause
tobedone

fortis
attachiamentum,
validior
praesumptionem

strong
attachment,the
stronger
presumption

forumnon
conveniens

Disagreeable
forum

fructus
industriales

Industrialfruits

fructusnaturales Naturalfruits
Smokeofa

Oftenusedasamotto,notably
byFerdinandI,HolyRomanEmperor.
Alsosometimesamotto,alegal
maximthatjusticemustbedone
regardlessoftheresultotherwise.
Awritorderingthelocallaw
enforcementtoensurethatdamages
awardedbythecourtareproperly
recovered.Awritofexecution.
Whendeterminingwhetherachattelis
afixture:"sizedoesn'tmatter,how
muchordegreechattelisattachedto
'land'andto'what'"
Aconceptwhereinacourtrefusesto
hearaparticularmatter,citingamore
/frmnnknvini.nz/
appropriateforumfortheissuetobe
decided.
Emblementsinpropertylaw,aco
ownerprofitngfromherorhisfructus
industrialesissolelyresponsiblefor
anylossesthatmy
occur. [2](vs.fructusnaturales,see
below)
Vegetationnaturallygrowingfromold
roots(aspasturage)orfromtrees(as
timberorfruit)(vs.fructus
industriales,seeabove)
Referstohavingasufficientlegal

fumusboniiuris

goodright

functusofficio

Having
performedhis
office

generalia
specialibusnon
derogant
gravamen

guardianad
litem

basistobringlegalaction.

Aperson,court,statute,orlegal
documentthathasnolegalauthority,
becauseitsoriginallegalpurposehas
beenfulfilled.
Specifiesthatacertainmatteroflaw
Thegeneraldoes becoveredbythemostspecificlaws
notdetractfrom pertaining,intheeventthatbroader
thespecific.
lawsconflictwiththespecificone.
Thingsweighing Thebasicelementorcomplaintofa
down
lawsuit.
Anindependentpartyappointed
infamilylawdisputestorepresent
Guardianforthe
partiesthatcannotrepresent
case.
themselves,suchasminors,
developmentallydisabled,orelderly.

/rvemn/

habeascorpus

Mayyouhave
thebody

Awritusedtochallengethelegalityof
detention.Ordersthedetainingparty
to"havethe(living)body"ofthe
/hebi.skrps/
detainedbroughtbeforethecourt
wherethedetentionwillbe
investigated.

hostishumani
generis

Enemyofthe
humanrace

Apartyconsideredtobetheenemyof
allnations,suchasmaritimepirates.

i.e.

Thatis

Abbreviationofidest,meaning"that
is",inthesenseofrestatingsomething
thatmaynothavebeenclear.

Inthesame
place

Abbreviationofibidem,meaning"in
thesameplace.Usedwhenciting
sources,toindicatethecitedsource
camefromtheidenticallocationasthe
precedingone.

idem

Thesame

Usedincitationstoindicatethecited
sourcecamefromthesamesourceas
theprecedingone,thoughnot
necessarilythesamepageorlocation.
Cf.ibid.

ignorantiajuris
nonexcusat

Ignoranceofthe Aprinciplethatstatesthatnothaving
lawdoesnot
knowledgeofalawisnotanexcuse
excuse
forbreakingit.

imprimatur

Anauthorizationforadocumenttobe
printed.Usedinthecontextof
Letitbeprinted.
approvalbyareligiousbodyorother
censoringauthority.

inabsentia

Inabsence

Alegalproceedingconductedwithout
thepresenceofonepartyissaidtobe
conductedinabsentia,e.g.,trialin
absentiaorbeingsentencedin
absentia.

Inarticulo
mortis

atthemoment
ofdeath

Oftenusedinprobatelaw,aswellas
fortestimonyinthesenseofadying
declaration.

incamera

Inthechamber

Conductedinprivate,orinsecret.The
oppositeofinopencourt.

incuria

Incourt

Conductedinopencourt.Theopposite
ofincamera.

inesse

Inexistence

Actuallyexistinginreality.Opposite
ofinposse.

ibid.

inextenso

Intheextended

inextremis

Intheextreme

inflagrante
delicto

Inblazing
offense

Inextendedform,oratfulllength.
Oftenusedtorefertopublicationof
documents,whereitmeansthefull
unabridgeddocumentispublished.
Inextremecircumstances.Oftenused
toreferto"atthepointofdeath."
Caughtintheactualactofcommitting
acrime.Oftenusedas
aeuphemismforacouplecaughtin
theactofsexualintercourse,thoughit
technicallyreferstobeing"caughtin
theact"ofanymisdeed.
Someoneunabletoaffordthecosts

informa
pauperis

associatedwithalegalproceeding.As
Inthemannerof thiswillnotbeabarriertoseeking
apauper
justice,suchpersonsaregivenin
formapauperisstatus(usually
abbreviatedIFP),whereinmostcosts
arewaivedorsubstantiallyreduced.

/nfrmpprs/

Inthefuture

Referstothingstocome,orthingsthat
mayoccurlaterbutarenotsonow.As
/nfjutjro/
ininfuturodebts,i.e.debtswhich
becomedueandpayableinthefuture.

inhaecverba

Inthesewords

Usedwhenincludingtextina
complaintverbatim,whereits
appearanceinthatformisgermaneto
thecase,orisrequiredtobeincluded.

inlimine

Atthethreshold

inlocoparentis

Intheplaceofa
parent

infuturo

Amotiontoajudgeinacasethatis
heardandconsideredoutsidethe
presenceofthejury.
Usedtorefertoapersonorentity
assumingthenormalparental
responsibilitiesforaminor.Thiscan
beusedintransfersoflegal
guardianship,orinthecaseofschools
orotherinstitutionsthatactinthe
placeoftheparentsonadaytoday
basis.

inmitius

Inthemilder

Atypeofretroactivelawthat
decriminalizesoffensescommittedin
thepast.Alsoknownasanamnesty
law.

inomnibus

Inall

Usedtomean"ineveryrespect."
Somethingapplyingtoeveryaspectof
asituation.

inparidelicto

Inequaloffense

Usedwhenbothpartiestoacaseare
equallyatfault.

inparimateria

Inthesame
matter

inpersonam

Inperson

inpleno

Infull

inpropepersona

Onone'sown
person

Onewhorepresentsthemselvesin
courtwithoutthe[official]assistance
ofanattorney.

inpropria
persona

Inone'sown
properperson

Alternateformofinpropepersona.
Onewhorepresentsthemselvesin
courtwithoutthe[official]assistance
ofanattorney.

inre

Inthematter
[of]

inrem

Aboutathing

insitu

insolidum

Inposition

Forthewhole

/nlokoprnts/

Referstoasituationwherealawor
statutemaybeambiguous,andsimilar
lawsapplyingtothematterareusedto
interpretthevagueone.
Usedinthecontextof"directedatthis
particularperson",referstoa
judgementorsubpoenadirectedata
specificnamedindividual.Cf.inrem.

Usedinthetitleofadecisionor
commenttoidentifythematterthey
arerelatedtousuallyusedforacase
wheretheproceedingisinremorquasi
inremandnotinpersonam(e.g.
probateorbankruptestate,
/nri/
guardianship,applicationforlaying
outapublichighway)andoccasionally
foranexparteproceeding(e.g.
applicationforawritofhabeas
corpus).
Usedinthecontextofacaseagainst
property,asopposedtoaparticular
/nrm/
person.Seealsoinremjurisdiction.
Cf.inpersonam.
Oftenusedinthecontextofdecisions
orrulingsaboutapropertyorthing
"leftinplace"afterthecaseasitwas
before.
Jointlyandseverallywhereagroupof
personsshareliabilityforadebt,such
ascosignerstoaloan,thedebtorcan
sueasinglepartyinsolidum,thatis,

/nsatju/,/nstju/

torecovertheentireamountowed.
interrorem

Inorderto
frighten

interrorem
clause

Clause"inorder
tofrighten"

intoto

Intotal

indicia

Indications

infra

Beloworunder

Awarningorthreattosue,madein
thehopesofconvincingtheother
partytotakeactiontoavoidalawsuit.
Aclauseinawillthatthreatensany
partywhoconteststhewillwithbeing
disinherited.Alsocalledanocontest
clause.
/ntoto/
Oftenusedincopyrightnotices.Refers
todistinctivemarkingsthatidentifya
pieceofintellectualproperty.
Anintimationaboutsomeoneor
something,madeindirectlyorvaguely
suggestingthethingbeingimplied.
Oftenusedwhentheimpliedthingis
negativeorderogatory.

innuendo

Bynodding

interalia

Amongothers

interarmaenim
silentleges

Foramong
arms,thelaws
fallsilent

interrusticos

Amongrustics

Referstocontract,debts,orother
agreementsmadebetweenpartieswho
arenotlegalprofessionals.

interse

Amongst
themselves

Referstoobligationsbetween
membersofthesamegrouporparty,
differentiatedfromthewholeparty's
obligationstoanotherparty.

intervivos

Betweenthe
living

Referstoagiftorothernonsale
transferbetweenlivingparties.Thisis
/ntrvavs/
incontrasttoawill,wherethetransfer
takeseffectupononeparty'sdeath.

intra

Within

intrafauces
terrae

Withinthejaws
oftheland

Thistermreferstoanation'sterritorial
waters.

intralegem

Withinthelaw

Usedinvariouscontextstorefertothe
legalfoundationforathing.

intravires

Withinthe
powers

ipsedixit

Hehimselfsaid
it

ipsissimaverba

Theverywords

ipsofacto
ipsojure

iudexnon
calculat

juranovitcuria

jurat

Usedtoindicateanitemcitedhasbeen
pulledfromalargerormorecomplete /ntreli./
list.
Aconceptthatduringwar,many
illegalactivitiesoccur.Alsotakento
meanthatintimesofwar,lawsare
suppressed,ostensiblyforthegoodof
thecountry.

Somethingdonewhichrequireslegal
authority,andtheactisperformed
accordingly.Cf.ultravires.
Anassertiongivenundueweight
solelybyvirtueofthepersonmaking
theassertion.

/psidkst/

Referringtoadocumentorrulingthat
isbeingquotedbyanother.
Usedinthecontextthatoneeventisa
Bythefactitself directandimmediateconsequenceof
/psofkto/
another."Inandofitself."
thelawitself
Byoperationoflaw
Aprinciplethatcalculationerrors
madebythecourtdonotinvalidate
thejudgementonatechnicality.Also
takentomeanthatthejudgedoesnot
Thejudgedoes
tallyuptheargumentsofbothsides
notcalculate
anddecideinfavorofthemore
numerous,butratherweighsallofthe
evidencewithoutregardtothenumber
ofargumentsmade.
Conceptthatpartiestoacasedonot
needtodefinehowthelawappliesto
Thecourtknows
theircase.Thecourtissolely
thelaw
responsiblefordeterminingwhatlaws
apply.

(He)swears

Appearsattheendofanaffidavit,
wherethepartymakingthe
affirmationsignstheoath,andthe

jurisetdejure

Oflaw,and
fromlaw

jus

Law,right

jusaccrescendi

Rightof
survivorship
rightofaccrual

jusadbellum

Lawstowar

juscivile

Civillaw

juscogens

Compellinglaw

juscommune

Commonlaw

jusgentium

Lawofnations

jusinbello

Lawinwar

jusintergentes
jusnaturale
jusprimae
noctis
jusquaesitum
tertio

jussanguinis

informationonwhomtheoathwas
swornbeforeisplaced.
Irrebuttableorconclusive
presumptionsoflaw.Onecannotargue
against,ortrytootherwiserefute
these.
Essentially:law.
(1)Rightofsurvivorship:Inproperty
law,onthedeathofonejointtenant,
thattenant'sinterestpasses
automaticallytothesurviving
tenant(s)toholdjointlyuntiltheestate
isheldbyasoletenant.Theonlyway
todefeattherightofsurvivorshipisto
severthejointtenancyduringthe
lifetimeoftheparties,therightof
survivorshoptakespriorityoverawill
orinterstateaccessionrules. [2](2)
(Civillaw)rightofaccrual:Rightof
thebeneficiarytosucceed
proportionatelytoabenefitthat
anotherbeneficiaryinthesamewill
cannotordoesnotwanttotake.
Referstolegalitiesconsideredbefore
enteringintoawar,toensureitis
legaltogotowarinitially.Nottobe
confusedwithiusinbello(q.v.),the
"lawsofwar"concerninghowwaris
carriedout.
Acodifiedsetoflawsconcerning
citizenry,andhowthelawsapplyto
them.
Internationallyagreedlawsthatbear
nodeviation,anddonotrequire
treatiestobeineffect.Anexampleis
lawprohibitinggenocide.
Notactuallyreferringtocommonlaw,
thistermreferstocommondoctrine
andprinciplesofcivillawthat
underlieallaspectsofthelegalsystem.
Customarylawfollowedbyallnations.
Nationsbeingatpeacewithone
another,withouthavingtohavean
actualpeacetreatyinforce,wouldbe
anexampleofthisconcept.
Lawsgoverningtheconductofparties
inwar.

Lawbetweenthe Lawsgoverningtreatiesand
peoples
internationalagreements.
Lawscommontoallpeople,thatthe
Naturallaw
averagepersonwouldfindreasonable,
regardlessoftheirnationality.
Supposedrightofthelordofanestate
Rightofthefirst
totakethevirginityofwomeninhis
night
estateontheirweddingnight.
Rightofathirdpartybeneficiaryto
Righttothird
sueinordertoenforceathirdparty
partyrelief
contract(i.e.,theoppositeofprivityof
contract).
Sociallawconceptwhereincitizenship
Rightofblood
ofanationisdeterminedbyhaving
/dsswns/
oneorbothparentsbeingcitizens.

jussoli

Rightofsoil

justertii

Lawofthethird

Sociallawconceptwhereincitizenship
ofanationisdeterminedbyplaceof
/dssola/
birth.
Argumentsmadebyathirdpartyin
disputesoverpossession,theintentof
whichistoquestiononeofthe
principalparties'claimsofownership
orrightstoownership.
Asituationarisingthatisnotcovered
byanylaw.Generallyusedin

lacunae

Void,gap

legeshumanae
nascuntur,
vivunt,
moriuntur

Thelawsofman Illustratesthatlawsaremade,arein
areborn,live,
forceforaperiod,andthenbecome
anddie
obsolete.

lexcommissoria

lexcommunis

Commonlaw.

lexlata

Thelawborne

lexloci

Thelawofthe
place

lexposterior
derogatpriori
lexretronon
agit

Laterlaw
removesthe
earlier
Thelawdoes
notoperate
retroactively

lexscripta

Writtenlaw

lexspecialis
derogatlegi
generali

Specificlaw
takesawayfrom
thegenerallaw

liberumveto

Freeveto

linguafranca

TheFrankish
language

Lawsuit
lisalibipendens elsewhere
pending

lispendens

Suitpending

locus

Place
Placeofthe
crime
Theplacein
which
Placeof
repentance
Placeof
standing

locusdelicti
locusinquo
locus
poenitentiae
locusstandi
malafide

maleficia
propositis
distinguuntur

(In)badfaith

InternationalLaw,asallcountries
codifyaccordingtotheirownsystems
oflaw.

Forfeitureclausefornonperformance
ofacontract,especially(1)a
provisionthatapledgeshallbe
forfeitedifaloanisdefaulted,or(2)a
conditionthatmoneypaidona
contractofsaleshallbeforfeitedand
thesalerescindedifoutstanding
paymentsaredefaulted.Alsoknownas
apactumcommissorium.
Alternateformofjuscommune.
Referstocommonfacetsofcivillaw
thatunderlieallaspectsofthelaw.
Thelawasithasbeenenacted
Thelawofthecountry,state,or
localitywherethematterunder
litigationtookplace.Usuallyusedin
contractlaw,todeterminewhichlaws
governthecontract.

/lksloka/

Morerecentlawoverrulesolderones
onthesamematter.
Alawcannotmakesomethingillegal
thatwaslegalatthetimeitwas
performed.Seeexpostfactolaw.
Lawthatspecificallycodifies
something,asopposedtocommon
laworcustomarylaw.
Whereseverallawsapplytothesame
situation,themorespecificone(s)take
precedenceovermoregeneralones.
Anaspectofaunanimous
votingsystem,wherebyanymember
canenddiscussiononaproposedlaw.
Alanguagecommontoanareathatis
spokenbyall,evenifnottheirmother
tongue.Termderivesfromthename
giventoacommonlanguageusedby
tradersintheMediterraneanbasin
datingfromtheMiddleAges.
Referstorequestingalegaldisputebe
heardthatisalsobeingheardby
anothercourt.Toavoidpossibly
contradictoryjudgements,thisrequest
willnotbegranted.
Oftenusedinthecontextofpublic
announcementsoflegalproceedingsto
come.Comparependentelite(below).
ShorthandversionofLexlocusdelcti
commissi.The"sceneofthecrime".
Thelocationwhereacauseofaction
arose.
Whenonepartywithdrawsfroma
contractbeforeallpartiesarebound.
Therightofapartytoappearandbe
heardbeforeacourt.
Aconditionofbeingfraudulentor
deceptiveinactorbelief.

evilactsare
distinguished
evilactsaredistinguishedfromevil
from(evil)
purposes[4]crimesaredistinguishedby
purposes/crimes
[5]
aredistinguished theintention
byevilintent
Somethingconsideredauniversal

/loksstnda/

maluminse

Wronginitself

malum
prohibitum

Prohibited
wrong

mandamus

Wecommand

mareclausum

Closedsea

mareliberum

Opensea

mensrea

Guiltymind

modusoperandi

Mannerof
operation

moraaccipiendi

Delayof
creditor

morasolvendi

delayofdebtor

mortiscausa
mosprolege

wrongorevil,regardlessofthesystem
oflawsineffect.
Somethingwrongorillegalbyvirtue
ofitbeingexpresslyprohibited,that
mightnototherwisebeso.
Awritissuebyahighercourttoa
lowerone,orderingthatcourtor
relatedofficialstoperformsome
administrativeduty.Oftenusedinthe
contextoflegaloversightof
governmentagencies.
Abodyofwaterunderthejurisdiction
ofastateornation,towhichaccessis
notpermitted,oristightlyregulated.

Motionatthe
start

mutatis
mutandis

Havingchanged
[thethingsthat]
neededtobe
changed

neexeat

Lethimnotexit
[therepublic]

nebisinidem

Nottwiceinthe
same

Abodyofwateropentoall.Typically
asynonymforInternationalWaters,or
inotherlegalparlance,the"High
Seas".
Oneoftherequirementsforacrimeto
becommitted,theotherbeingactus
reus,theguiltact.Thisessentiallyis
/mnsri./
thebasisforthenotionthatthose
withoutsufficientmentalcapability
cannotbejudgedguiltyofacrime.
Aperson'sparticularwayofdoing
things.Usedwhenusingbehavioral
/modsprnda/,/modsprndi/
analysiswhileinvestigatingacrime.
Oftenabbreviated"M.O."
Delayinpaymentorperformancein
thepartofthecreditororobligor
Delayinpaymentorperformancein
thepartofthedebtorortheobligee

Motionsofferedatthestartofatrial,
oftentosuppressorpreallowcertain
evidenceortestimony.
Acautiontoareaderwhenusingone
exampletoillustratearelatedbut
slightlydifferentsituation.The
cautionisthatthereadermustadapt
theexampletochangewhatisneeded
forittoapplytothenewsituation.
Shortenedversionofneexeat
repiblica:"lethimnotexitthe
republic".Awrittopreventoneparty
toadisputefromleaving(orbeing
taken)fromthecourt'sjurisdiction.
Prohibitionagainstdoublejeopardy.A
legalactioncannotbebroughttwice
forthesameactoroffense.

negotiorum
gestio

Managementof
estate

Quasicontractualobligationarising
fromgoodworksaffectingother
people,obligingthebenefitedparty
(dominusnegotii)toreimburse
thegestorforthecostthatwasusedin
doinggoodworks

nemoauditur
propriam
turpitudinem
allegans

noonecanbe
heard,who
invokeshisown
guilt

Nobodycanbringacasethatstems
fromtheirownillegalact

nemodebetesse
iudexinpropria

/mrriklzm/

Incontemplation Giftortrustthatismadein
ofdeath
contemplationofdeath
Thatwhichistheusualcustomhasthe
Customforlaw
forceoflaw.

motioninlimine

nemodatquod
nonhabet

/mndems/

Ifsomeonepurchasessomethingthat
noonegives
thesellerhasnorightto(suchas
whathedoesnot stolenproperty),thepurchaserwill
have
likewisehavenolegalclaimtothe
thingbought.
Inthepastitwasthoughtthatit
nooneshallbea includedjusttworulesnamely(1)
judgeinhisown nemodebetessejudexinpropriacausa
(nooneshallbeajudgeinhisown
case
case) [clarificationneeded]

/niksi.t/

nemojudexin
suacausa

case) [clarificationneeded]
Preventsconflictofinterestincourts.
nooneshallbea
Ofteninvokedwhenthereisreallyno
judgeinhisown
conflict,butwhenthereiseventhe
case
appearanceofone.

nemoplusiuris
adalium
transferrepotest
quamipsehabet

noonecan
transferagreater
rightthanhe
himselfhas

nihildicit

hesaysnothing

nisi

unless

nisiprius

unlessfirst

nolleprosequi

nolocontendere

nonadimpleti
contractus

noncompos
mentis

nonconstat

nonestfactum

Apurchaserofstolengoodswillnot
becometherightfulownerthereof,
sincethesellerhimselfwasnotthe
ownertobeginwith.
Ajudgementrenderedintheabsence
ofaplea,orintheeventoneparty
refusestocooperateinthe
proceedings.
Adecreethatdoesnotenterintoforce
unlesssomeotherspecifiedcondition
ismet.

Referstothecourtoforiginal
jurisdictioninagivenmatter.
Astatementfromtheprosecutionthat
theyarevoluntarilydiscontinuing(or
Nottoprosecute
willnotinitiate)prosecutionofa
matter.
Atypeofpleawherebythedefendant
Idonotwishto neitheradmitsnordeniesthecharge.
dispute
Commonlyinterpretedas"No
contest."
Ofanon
completed
contract

Inthecasewhereacontractimposes
specificobligationsonbothparties,
onesidecannotsuetheotherfor
failuretomeettheirobligations,ifthe
plaintiffhasnotthemselvesmettheir
own.

notinpossession nothavingmentalcapacitytoperform
of[one's]mind somelegalact
Referstoinformationgivenbyone
whoisnotsupposedtogivetestimony,
suchasanattorneybringingupnew
itisnotcertain
informationthatdidnotcomefroma
witness.Suchinformationistypically
nullified.
Amethodwherebyasignatorytoa
contractcaninvalidateitbyshowing
Itisnot[my]
thathissignaturetothecontractwas
deed
madeunintentionallyorwithoutfull
understandingoftheimplications.

nonestinventus

Heisnotfound

nonfaciat
malum,utinde
veniatbonum

nottodoevil
thatgoodmay
come

nonliquet

itisnotclear

nonobstante
verdicto

notwithstanding
theverdict

novusactus
interveniens

anewaction
comingbetween

nosciturasociis

itisknownby
friends

Reportedbyasheriffonwritwhenthe
defendantcannotbefoundinhis
countyorjurisdiction.
Performingsomeillegalactionisnot
excusedbythefactthatapositive
resultcametherefrom.Oftenusedto
arguethatsomeformsofexpression,
suchasgraffitiorpornographicfilms,
cannotbegiventheprotectionoflaw
(e.g.copyright)astheyareormaybe
consideredillegalormorally
reprehensible.
Atypeofverdictwherepositiveguilt
orinnocencecannotbedetermined.
Alsocalled"notproven"inlegal
systemswithsuchverdicts.
Acircumstancewherethejudgemay
overridethejuryverdictandreverse
ormodifythedecision.
abreakincausation(andtherefore
probablyliability)becausesomething
elsehashappenedtoremovethecausal
link
Anambiguouswordortermcanbe
clarifiedbyconsideringthewhole
contextinwhichitisused,without
havingtodefinethetermitself.
Atermusedtodirectthereaderto

/nasa/
/nasapra.s/

/nliprskwa/

/nolokntndri/

notabene

notewell

nudumpactum

nakedpromise

nullabona

nogoods

nullapoenasine nopenalty
lege
withoutalaw
nocrime,no
nullumcrimen,
punishment
nullapoenasine
withouta
praevialege
previouspenal
poenali
law
nuncprotunc

nowforthen

obiterdictum

athingsaidin
passing

onusprobandi
pactasunt
servanda
pardelictum
parenspatriae
paripassu

paterfamilias

pendentelite

percapita
percontra

percuriam

cautionaryorqualifyingstatementsfor
themaintext.
Anunenforceablepromise,duetothe
absenceofconsiderationorvalue
exchangedforthepromise.
Notationmadewhenadefendanthas
notangiblepropertyavailabletobe
seizedinordertocomplywitha
judgement.
Onecannotbeprosecutedfordoing
somethingthatisnotprohibitedby
law.
Onecannotbeprosecutedfordoing
somethingthatwasnotprohibitedby
lawatthetimeandplaceitwas
committed,notwithstandinglawsmade
sincethattime.Aformofprohibition
onretroactivelaws.
Anactionbyacourttocorrecta
previousproceduralorclericalerror.
inlaw,anobservationbyajudgeon
somepointoflawnotdirectlyrelevant
tothecasebeforehim,andthus
neitherrequiringhisdecisionnor
servingasaprecedent,but
neverthelessofpersuasiveauthority.In
general,anycomment,remarkor
observationmadeinpassing
Burdenofproof

agreementsmust
Afundamentalprincipleoflaw
bekept
Usedwhenbothpartiestoadispute
equalfault
areatfault
ReferstothepoweroftheStatetoact
parentofthe
asparenttoachildwhenthelegal
nation
parentsareunableorunwilling.
Equalranking,equalpriority(usually
onequalfooting
referringtocreditors)
Theheadofhousehold,forpurposes
ofconsideringtherightsand
fatherofthe
responsibilitiesthereof.(Civil
family
law)bonuspaterfamilias:astandardof
careequivalenttothecommonlaw
ordinaryreasonableman.
Courtordersusedtoproviderelief
whilethe
untilthefinaljudgementisrendered.
litigationis
Commonlyused
pending
indivorceproceedings.Theadverbial
formoflispendens(above).
dividingmoneyupstrictlyandequally
byhead
accordingtothenumberof
beneficiaries
bythatagainst
Legalshorthandfor"incontrastto"
Adecisiondeliveredbyamultijudge
panel,suchasanappellatecourt,in
whichthedecisionissaidtobe
throughthe
authoredbythecourtitself,insteadof /prrkjri.m/
court
situationswherethoseindividual
judgessupportingthedecisionare
named.

perincuriam

bytheirneglect

perminas

throughthreats

perproxima
amici

byorthrough
thenextfriend

perquod

bywhich

Ajudgementgivenwithoutreference
toprecedent.
Usedasadefense,whenillegalacts
wereperformedunderduress
Employedwhenanadultbringssuit
onbehalfofaminor,whowasunable
tomaintainanactiononhisown
behalfatcommonlaw.
Usedinlegaldocumentsinthesame
senseas"whereby".Aper
quodstatementistypicallyusedto
showthatspecificactshad

perse
perstirpes

periculumin
mora

personanon
grata

possecomitatus

postmortem
postmortem
auctoris

byitself

Anestateofadecedentisdistributed
perstirpes,ifeachbranchofthe
bybranch
familyistoreceiveanequalshareof
anestate.
Aconditiongiventosupportrequests
dangerindelay forurgentaction,suchasaprotective
orderorrestrainingorder.
Apersonwhoisofficiallyconsidered
unwelcomebyahostcountryinwhich
unwelcome
theyareresidinginadiplomatic
/prsonnnrt/,/prsonnnret/
person
capacity.Thepersonistypically
expelledtotheirhomecountry.
Abodyofarmedcitizenspressedinto
powerofthe
servicebylegalauthority,tokeepthe /psikmtets/
county
peaceorpursueafugitive.
Referstoanautopsy,orasa
afterdeath
qualificationastowhensomeevent
occurred.
Usedinreferencetointellectual
aftertheauthor's
propertyrights,whichusuallyare
death
basedaroundtheauthor'slifetime.

praetor
peregrinus

magistrateof
foreigners

primafacie

atfirstface

priortempore
potioriure

priusquam
exaudiasne
iudices
probatiovincit
praesumptionem

consequenceswhichformthebasisfor
thelegalaction.
Somethingthatis,asamatteroflaw.

earlierintime,
strongerinlaw

TheRomanpraetor(magistrate)
responsibleformattersinvolvingnon
Romans.
Amatterthatappearstobesufficiently
basedintheevidenceastobe
/pramfei.i/
consideredtrue.
(1)Alegalprinciplethatolderlaws
takeprecedentovernewerones.
Anothernameforthisprincipleislex
posterior.(2)(Scotslaw,civillaw),
usuallytranslatedas"priorintime,
superiorinright",theprinciplethat
someonewhoregisters(asecurity
interest)earlierthereforerankshigher
thanothercreditors.

beforeyouhear,
donotjudge
proofovercomes
presumption

probono
probono
publico

Forgood
Forthepublic
good

proforma

asamatterof
form

Thingsdoneasformalities.

prohacvice

Forthisturn

Referstoalawyerwhoisallowedto
participate(only)inaspecificcase,
despitebeinginajurisdictioninwhich
hehasnotbeengenerallyadmitted

proper

Abbreviation
ofpropria
persona,
meaning"one's
ownperson"

Representingoneself,withoutcounsel.
Alsoknownasproserepresentation.

prorata

fromtherate

Acalculationadjustedbasedona
proportionalvaluerelevanttothe
calculation.Anexamplewouldbea
tenantbeingchargedaportionofa
month'srentbasedonhavinglived
therelessthanafullmonth.The
amountchargedwouldbeproportional
tothetimeoccupied.

prose

forhimself

protanto

forsomuch
Abbreviation

Professionalworkdoneforfree.

/probono/
/probonopblko/

Representingoneself,withoutcounsel.
Alsoknownasproperrepresentation.
Apartialpaymentofanawardor
claim,basedonthedefendant'sability
topay.

/prosi/,/prose/

protem

protempore
propriapersona

proutpatetper
recordum

ofprotempore,
meaning"forthe
timebeing"
forthetime
being

Referstoonereperesentingthemselves
withouttheservicesofalawyer.Also
knownasproperrepresentation.
Usedtocitesomethingthathasalready
beenadmittedintotherecord.Itwas
frequentlyusedinpleadings,generally
asappearsinthe abbreviated"prout&c.",toindicate
thatafactwassupportedby
record
documentaryevidence.Failuretouse
thisphrasecorrectlycouldbeafatal
defectandsocauseacasetofail. [6]
whichas

quareitur

itissought

quaere

query

quantum

howmuch

asmuchasit
deservesas
muchassheor
hehasearned[3]

quantum
valebant

asmuchasthey
wereworth

quasi

asif

quifacitper
aliumfacitper
se

whoacts
throughanother,
actshimself

quitam

Something,suchasanofficeheld,that
istemporary.

properperson

qua

quantummeruit

Something,suchasanofficeheld,that
istemporary.

Abbreviation
ofquitampro
dominorege
quamproseipso
inhacparte
sequitur,
meaning"who
pursuesinthis
actionasmuch

Inthecapacityof
Thequestionisraised.Usedtodeclare
thataquestionisbeingaskedinthe
followingverbiage.
Usedinlegaldraftstocallattentionto
someuncertaintyorinconsistencyin
thematerialbeingcited.
Incontractlaw,aquasicontractual
remedythatpermitspartialreasonable
paymentforanincompletepieceof
work(servicesand/ormaterials),
assessedproportionately,whereno
priceisestablishedwhentherequestis
made. [3]
Incontractlaw,andinparticularthe
requirementforconsideration,ifno
fixedpriceisagreeduponforthe
serviceand/ormaterials,thenone
partywouldrequestareasonableprice
forthesaidservicesand/ormaterialsat
theendofthejob.Acommon
examplewouldbeaplumberrequested
tofixaleakinthemiddleofthe
night. [3]
UnderCommonLaw,aremedyto
computereasonabledamageswhena
contracthasbeenbreachedthe
impliedpromiseofpaymentofa
reasonablepriceforgoods.
Incontractlaw,forrequirementsof
consideration,reasonableworthfor
goodsdelivered.
Usage:quantummeruithasreplaced
quantumvalebantin
consideration[3]inthecaseofcontract
remedy,quantumvalebantisbeing
usedless,andcouldbeconsidered
obsolete.
Resemblingorbeingsimilarto
something,withoutactuallybeingthat
thing.
Onewhodelegatesatasktoanother,
takesfullresponsibilityforthe
performanceofthatactasifhe
himselfhaddoneit.Basisforthelaw
ofagency

Inaquitamaction,onewhoassists
theprosecutionofacaseisentitledto
aproportionofanyfinesorpenalties
assessed.

forthekingas
himself".
Anequalexchangeofgoodsor
services,orofmoney(orother
considerationofequalvalue)forsome
goodsorservices.
Returningtoaspecificstateofaffairs
whichprecededsomedefinedaction.

quidproquo

thisforthat

quoante

asbefore

quowarranto

bywhat
warrant?

Arequestmadetosomeoneexercising
somepower,toshowbywhatlegal
righttheyareexercisingthatpower.A
typeofwrit.

quoadhoc

astothis

Usedtomean"withrespectto"some
namedthing,suchaswhenstating
whatthelawisinregardstothat
namedthing.

quodest
necessariumest
licitum

Whatis
necessaryis
lawful

RexorRegina

ratiodecidendi

Reasonforthe
decision

ratioscripta

writtenreason

rationaesoli

byreasonofthe
soil

rebussic
stantibus

thingsthus
standing

reddendo
singulasingulis

referringsolely
tothelast

res

thing,matter,
issue,affair

KingorQueen.InBritishcases,will
seeRvFreemanmeaningRegina
againstFreeman.ChangeswithKing
orQueenonthroneattime.
Thepointinalegalproceeding,orthe
legalprecedentsoinvolved,whichled
tothefinaldecisionbeingwhatitwas.
ThepopularopinionofRomanlaw,
heldbythoseintheMedievalperiod.
"Certainrightsmayarisebyvirtueof
ownershipofthesoiluponwhichwild
animalsarefound."[2]
Aqualificationinatreatyorcontract,
thatallowsfornullificationinthe
eventfundamentalcircumstances
change.
Thecanonofconstructionthatinalist
ofitemscontainingaqualifyingphrase
attheend,thequalifierrefersonlyto
thelastiteminthelist.

commontoall

Propertyconstructslikeairspaceand
waterrightsaresaidtoberes
communisthatis,athingcommonto
all,andthatcouldnotbethesubjectof
ownership.Withairspace,the
difficultyhasbeentoidentifywhere
thefeesimpleholder'srightstothe
heavensend.Waterisabitmore
defineditiscommonuntil
captured. [2]

resgestae

thingsdone

Differingmeaningdependingonwhat
typeoflawisinvolved.Mayreferto
thecompleteactofafelony,from
starttofinish,ormayreferto
statementsgiventhatmaybeexempt
fromhearsayrules.

resipsaloquitur

thethingspeaks
foritself

resjudicata

amatterjudged

resnullius

nobody'sthing

respublica

publicaffair

respublica

Christianpublic

rescommunis

usedintortlawwhenthereisnoproof
ofwhatcausedtheharm,butitismost
likelyonlythethingthatcouldhave
causedtheharm
Amatterthathasbeenfinally
adjudicated,meaningnofurther
/rizdudket/,/rez/,/dudkt/
appealsorlegalactionsbythe
involvedpartiesisnowpossible.
Ownerlesspropertyorgoods.Such
propertyorgoodsareableandsubject
tobeingownedbyanybody.
Allthingssubjecttoconcernbythe
citizenry.Therootofthe
wordrepublic.
Allthingsofconcerntotheworldwide

christiana

affair

respondeat
superior

letthemaster
answer

restitutioin
integrum

total
reinstatement

rexnonpotest
peccare

bodyofChristianity
Aconceptthatthemaster(e.g.
employer)isresponsibleforthe
actionsofhissubordinates(e.g.
employees).
(1)Restorationofsomething,suchasa
buildingordamagedproperty,toits
originalcondition.
(2)Incontractlaw,whenconsidering
breachofcontractandremedies,to
restoreapartytoanoriginal
position. [3]

Thekingcando
nowrong
Thegoodofthe
saluspopuli
peopleshallbe
supremalexesto
thesupremelaw

Usedtodescribethebasis
forsovereignimmunity
Usedvariouslyasamotto,areminder,
oranotionofhowthelawand
governmentsingeneralshouldbe.

scandalum
magnatum

scandalofthe
magnates

DefamationagainstapeerinBritish
law.Nowrepealedasaspecific
offense.

scienter

knowingly

Usedwhenoffensesortortswere
committedwiththefullawarenessof
theonesocommitting.

scirefacias

letthemknow

scirefeci

Ihavemade
known

sedefendendo

selfdefense

seriatim

inseries

sicuteretuout
alienumnon
laedas

useyour
propertysoas
nottoinjurethat
ofyour
neighbours

sinedie

withoutday

sinequanon

withoutwhich,
nothing

Referstosomeessentialeventor
action,withoutwhichtherecanbeno
specifiedconsequence.

situs

theplace

Usedtorefertolawsspecifictothe
locationwherespecificpropertyexists,
orwhereanoffenseortortwas
committed.

solutioindebiti

performanceof
somethingnot
due

Undueperformanceorpayment,
obligingtheenrichee(accipiens)to
returntheunduepaymentor
compensatetheimpoverishee(solvens)
fortheundueperformance

staredecisis

Tostandby
Theobligationofajudgetostandbya
[things]decided. priorprecedent.

statusquo
statusquoante
statuquo

thestatein
which

Awrit,directinglocalofficialsto
officiallyinformapartyofofficial
proceedingsconcerningthem.
Theofficialresponseoftheofficial
servingawritofscirefacias,
informingthecourtthatthewrithas
beenproperlydelivered.
Theactofdefendingone'sownperson
orproperty,orthewellbeingor
propertyofanother.
Describestheprocessinwhichthe
courthearsassortedmattersina
specificorder.Alsoreferstoan
occasionwhereamultiplejudgepanel
willissueindividualopinionsfromthe
members,ratherthanasingleruling
fromtheentirepanel.
Whileanindividualisentitledtothe
useandenjoymentofone'sestate,the
rightisnotwithoutlimits.Restrictions
cangiverisetotortactionsinclude
trespass,negligence,strictliability,
andnuisance. [2]
Usedwhenthecourtisadjourning
withoutspecifyingadatetore
convene.Seealsoadjournmentsine
die.

Incontractlaw,inacaseofinnocent
representation,theinjuredpartyis
entitledtobereplacedinstatuquo.
Notethecommonusageisstatus
quofromtheLatinstatusquoante,the
"stateinwhichbefore"or"thestateof
affairsthatexistedpreviously."[3]
1)Inpropertylaw,condominiumshas

saidtooccupystratummanystories
abouttheground. [2]

/stridsass/

stratum

abouttheground. [2]
acovering,from 2)Stratumcanalsobeasocietiallevel
neuterpast
madeupofindividualswithsimilar
participleof
statusofsocial,culturaloreconomic
sternere,to
nature.
spread
3)Stratumcanrefertoclassificationin
anorganizedsystemalongthelinesof
layers,levels,divisions,orsimilar
grouping.
Someactiontakenbythepublic
prosecutororanotherofficialbody,
withoutthepromptingofaplaintiffor
anotherparty.(compareexproprio
motu,exmeromotuwhichareusedfor
courts)
Referstoamattercurrentlybeing
consideredbythecourt.

suasponte

ofitsown
accord

subjudice

underthejudge

submodo

subjectto
modification

Termincontractlawthatallows
limitedmodificationstoacontract
aftertheoriginalformhasbeenagreed
tobyallparties.

underthename

Abbreviatedsubnom.usedincase
citationstoindicatethattheofficial
nameofacasechangedduringthe
proceedings,usuallyafterappeal
(e.g.,rev'dsubnom.andaff'dsubnom.)

subnomine

Aruling,order,orothercourtaction
madewithoutspecificallystatingthe
ruling,order,oraction.Theeffectof
therulingoractionisimpliedby
relatedandsubsequentactions,butnot
specificallystated.
Awritcompellingtestimony,the
productionofevidence,orsomeother
action,underpenaltyforfailuretodo
so.

subsilentio

undersilence

subpoena

underpenalty

subpoenaad
testificandum

Underpenaltyto Anordercompellinganentitytogive
bewitnessed
oraltestimonyinalegalmatter.

subpoenaduces
tecum

bringwithyou
underpenalty

Anordercompellinganentityto
producephysicalevidenceorwitness
inalegalmatter.

suggestiofalsi

falsesuggestion

Afalsestatementmadeinthe
negotiationofacontract.

suigeneris

ofitsown
kind/genus

Somethingthatisuniqueamongsta
group.

suijuris

ofhisownright

Referstoonelegallycompetentto
managehisownaffairs.Also
spelledsuiiuris.

suomotu

ofitsown
motion

supersedeas

refrainfrom

suppressioveri

suppressionof
thetruth

supra

above

tantumettale

thusandsuch

terranullius

noone'sland

Referstoacourtorotherofficial
agencytakingsomeactiononitsown
accord(synonyms:expropriomotu,ex
meromotu).Similartosuasponte.
Abondtenderedbyanappellant
assuretytothecourt,requestinga
delayofpaymentforawardsor
damagesgranted,pendingtheoutcome
oftheappeal.
Willfulconcealmentofthetruthwhen
boundtorevealit,suchaswithholding
detailsofdamagefromanauto
accidentfromaprospectivebuyerof
thecarinthataccident.
Usedincitationstorefertoa
previouslycitedsource.
(Scotslaw)"asis",todisclaimimplied
warranties,asintopurchaseorconvey
somethingtantumettale
Landthathasneverbeenpartofa
sovereignstate,orlandwhicha
sovereignstatehasrelinquishedclaim
to.
Acompletelynewtrialofamatter
previouslyjudged.Itspecifically

trialdenovo

trialanew

referstoareplacementtrialforthe
previousone,andnotanappealofthe
previousdecision.

trinoda
necessitas

threeknotted
need

Referstoathreefoldtaxleviedon
AngloSaxoncitizenstocoverroads,
buildings,andthemilitary.

Conceptincontractlawspecifyingthat
allpartiesmustactwiththeutmost
goodfaith.
Specifiesthatoneshoulddowhathe
nooneis
cantosupportthecommunity,but
ultrapossenemo obligated(todo)
sinceeveryonehasdifferentlevelsof
obligatur
morethanhe
ability,itcannotbeexpectedthatall
can
willperformthesame.
Anactthatrequireslegalauthorityto
beyondthe
ultravires
perform,butwhichisdonewithout
powers
obtainingthatauthority.
uberrimafides

mostabundant
faith

universitas
personarum
universitas
rerum

Totalityof
people
Totalityof
things

unoflatu

inonebreath

Aggregateofpeople,bodycorporate,
asinacollege,corporation,orstate
Aggregateofthings
Usedtocriticizeinconsistenciesin
speechortestimony,asin:onesays
onething,andinthesamebreath,says
anothercontradictorything.
Ancientconceptregardingconflicts,
whereinallpropertypossessedbythe
partiesattheconclusionoftheconflict
shallremainownedbythoseparties
unlesstreatiestothecontraryare
enacted.
Usedindocumentsinplaceofthe
wife'sname.Usuallyabbreviatedet
ux.
Usedwhenconsideringwhethersome
eventorsituationiseitherpresentorit
isnot.

utipossidetis

asyoupossess

uxor

wife

velnon

ornot

veto

Iforbid.

Thepowerofanexecutivetoprevent
anaction,especiallytheenactment
oflegislation.

viceversa

theotherway
around

Somethingthatisthesameeitherway.

vide

see

Usedincitationstoreferthereaderto
anotherlocation.

videlicet

Contraction
ofviderelicet,
Usedindocumentstomean"namely"
meaning"itis
or"thatis".Usuallyabbreviatedviz.
permittedtosee"

vinculumjuris

thechainsofthe
Somethingwhichislegallybinding.
law

vismajor

greateror
superiorforce

Forcemajeure,specificallyevents
overwhichnohumanshavecontrol,
andsocannotbeheldresponsible.
Equivalenttoan"ActofGod".
Comparecasusfortuitus(seeabove).

viz.

Abbreviation
ofvidelicet

Namely

volentinonfit
injuria

injuryisnot
donetothe
willing

Notionthatapersoncannotbringa
claimagainstanotherforinjury,if
saidpersonwillinglyplaced
themselvesinasituationwherethey
knewinjurycouldresult.
Conceptthatifanopposingparty

vigilantibus

unreasonablydelaysbringingan

non

Equityaidsthe

dormientibus

vigilant,notthe consideredjusttoheartheirclaim,

aequitas

sleeping

subvenit

action,thatitisnolonger
duetofundamentalchangesin
circumstancebroughtuponby
theirdelay.