When the Romans conquered the known world, they also ruled a territory where pre

sent day Britain is found. Their rule officially began in AD 43 and ended in 410
. Some historians have estimated the population of Britain at this time to have
been between one million and one hundred thousand; although others have challeng
ed these numbers and raise the estimates to be three to four million. This area
was apparently advantageous to the Romans, for about one hundred walled palaces
have been found in the area. In fact, it has been said of Britain: "It was high
ly valued, badly threatened, and strongly defended." (Campbell p.98). Roman forc
es in the area of Britain were numbered at fifty thousand during the fourth cent
ury. Later medieval kings in England could only maintain an army of one tenth th
e size of the Roman Army. Unfortunately, in the end, Rome was in no shape to kee
p defending this portion of the empire.
Back to "Germanic Migrations" Chronology
During the third and fourth centuries, Germanic tribes, pushed westward by the H
uns in the east, began settling on the boundaries of the Roman empire. Due to th
e fact that the tribes were led by superior warrior kings, and the fact that the
Roman Army was too busy to ward off these trespassers, the tribes managed to pe
rmeate the borders. This infringement on the land of the Roman Empire brought ab
out an even bigger problem. Saxons began attacking the coast off of Sussex, unde
r the leasership of Aella. According to Sidonius Apollinaris, the fifth century
landowner, poet and bishop, the raids on the coast of Aquitoine were particularl
y brutal. The Saxons were at home on the sea and led unexpected attacks.
The Saxons were not without problems, however, for the Caledonians began to atta
ck them. Britons requested that the roman government provide military aid, but i
t never arrived. Faced with no other options, the Britons turned to the Anglos a
nd Saxons of Germany and the Jutes of Denmark for assistance. After the defeat o
f the Caledonians, the Jutes were given the Isle of Thanet. Jutes began spreadin
g into Kent, and as a result, were defeated by the Britons who lost Kent once ag
ain to the Jutes around AD 488.
The Germanic peoples of the fifth century were very destructive and barbaric in
nature. They preferred to kill their enemies although they did keep some as slav
es. Land was cut into farms of fifty to two hundred acres, and peasants had no m
aster or landlord. Class structure did not exist in these societies. The king wa
s put into power and held that power by the family right. All peoples were expec
ted to pay taxes to the king, and support the maintenance of his court and land
holdings. These societies avoided civil war and anarchy by encouraging all to pa
rticipate in open forum discussions of problems facing the society.
Awards and Recognitions[edit]
2010 So Paulo Prize for Literature
Shortlisted in the Best Book of the Year categ
ory for Leite Derramado[13]
2013 Casa de las Amricas prize for Spilt Milk (Leche derramada, Leita derramada),
winner of narrative fiction.
Discography[edit]
1966: Chico Buarque de Hollanda (Vol. 1)
1966: Morte e Vida Severina
1967: Chico Buarque de Hollanda (Vol. 2)
1968: Chico Buarque de Hollanda (Vol. 3)
1969: Umas e outras compacto
1969: Chico Buarque na Itlia
1970: Apesar de voc
1970: Per un pugno di samba
1970: Chico Buarque de Hollanda (Vol. 4)
1971: Construo
1972: Quando o carnaval chegar
1972: Caetano e Chico - juntos e ao vivo
1973: Chico canta, mildly edited by the censors of the Brazilian military govern

ment both in lyrics and title, it was originally called "Chico Canta Calabar".
1974: Sinal fechado
1975: Chico Buarque & Maria Bethnia ao vivo
1976: Meus caros amigos
1977: Cio da Terra compacto
1977: Os saltimbancos
1977: Gota d'gua
1978: Chico Buarque
1979: pera do Malandro
1980: Vida
1980: Show 1 de Maio compacto
1981: Almanaque
1981: Saltimbancos trapalhes
1982: Chico Buarque en espanhol
1983: Para viver um grande amor
1983: O grande circo mstico
1984: Chico Buarque (Vermelho)
1985: O Corsrio do rei
1985: pera do Malandro
1985: Malandro
1986: Melhores momentos de Chico & Caetano
1987: Francisco
1988: Dana da meia-lua
1989: Chico Buarque
1990: Chico Buarque ao vivo Paris le Zenith
1993: Para Todos
1995: Uma palavra
1997: Terra
1998: As cidades
1998: Chico Buarque da Mangueira
1999: Chico ao vivo
2001: Chico e as cidades (DVD)
2001: Cambaio
Duetos
2002: Chico Buarque
2003: Chico ou o pas da delicadeza perdida (DVD)
2005: Meu Caro Amigo (DVD)
2005: A Flor da Pele (DVD)
2005: Vai passar (DVD)
2005: Anos Dourados (DVD)
2005: Estao Derradeira (DVD)
2005: Bastidores (DVD)
2006: O Futebol (DVD)
2006: Romance (DVD)
2006: Uma Palavra (DVD)
2006: Carioca (CD + DVD with the documentary Desconstruo)
2007: Carioca Ao Vivo
2011: Chico
2012: Na Carreira (DVD)