EE 233.

LIGHTWAVE
SYSTEMS
Chapter 9. Soliton Systems

Instructor:
Ivan P. Kaminow
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SOLITON HISTORY [1/3]

Water wave - 1834
John Scott Russell Union
Canal, Edinburgh, Scotland
Wave of translation
Fluid dynamics: Russell solitary wave

Optical fiber - 1973

Akira Hasegawa
Bell Labs, Holmdel, NJ
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JOHN SCOTT RUSSELL

The wave of translation: In 1834, while conducting experiments
to determine the most efficient design for canal boats, he
discovered a phenomenon that he described as the wave of
translation. In fluid dynamics the wave is now called a Russell
solitary wave or soliton. The discovery is described here in his
own words:"I was observing the motion of a boat which was
rapidly drawn along a narrow channel by a pair of horses,
when the boat suddenly stopped - not so the mass of water in
the channel which it had put in motion; it accumulated round the
prow of the vessel in a state of violent agitation, then suddenly
leaving it behind, rolled forward with great velocity, assuming
the form of a large solitary elevation, a rounded, smooth and
well-defined heap of water, which continued its course along
the channel apparently without change of form or diminution of
speed. I followed it on horseback, and overtook it still rolling on
at a rate of some eight or nine miles an hour, preserving its
original figure some thirty feet long and a foot to a foot and a
half in height. Its height gradually diminished, and after a chase
of one or two miles I lost it in the windings of the channel. Such,
in the month of August 1834, was my first chance interview with
that singular and beautiful phenomenon which I have called the
Wave of Translation".J. Scott Russell. Report on waves,
Fourteenth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science, 1844. <www.answers.com>
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SOLITON HISTORY [2/3]

Hasegawa & Tappert, APL 23
(1973)- prediction and
theory
1. Non-linear Schroedinger (NLS) equation
including dispersion and Kerr nonlinearity
2. Soliton pulse is a solution for 2 or -D < 0;
balances anomalous group velocity
dispersion and self-phase modulation
3. Analytical solution (split-Fourier
transform method)
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SOLITON HISTORY [3/3]

Mollenauer, Stolen & Gordon,
PRL 45 (1980)- Bell labs
experimental observation of fiber
soliton transmission

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Origin of Dispersion and

Nonlinearities

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Dispersion Engineering
For single mode fiber, chromatic dispersion
is the dominant dispersion factor

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FIBER DISPERSION
Profile control allows crafting of fiber dispersion
L-Band

C-Band

Nominal Disp. (ps/nm/km)

20

USF

15
Large Area

10

TrueWave+

Reduced Slope
DSF

SMF-LS

0
-5
1530

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1550

1570

1590

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Wavelength
(nm)

1610
12

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Nonlinear Index
Impairments

n = n0 + n2(P/Aeff)
SPM = self-phase modulation
XPM = cross-phase modulation
FWM = four-wave mixing

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Chirped Return-to-Zero (CRZ)

Amplitude

Amplitude

Amplitude

Phase

LASER

DATA
MODULATOR

DATA
SOURCE

AMPLITUDE
MODULATOR

PHASE
MODULATOR

PHASE
SHIFTER

PHASE
SHIFTER

OPTICAL
OUTPUT

CLOCK

BERGANO

CRZ/RZ/NRZ Performance
CRZ
RZ
NRZ

18
14

13.5
Q2 (dB)

Q2 (dB)

22

13
RZ

12.5
12

10 (a)

(b)

11.5
1000

3000

5000

7000

9000

Distance (km)

0.5

1.5

Phase Modulation Index (RAD)

BERGANO
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Tyco Global Network

Region

TM

, Pacific

South
Cable

The 8991-km segment, connecting Hillsboro, Oregon (USA),

to Toyohashi, Japan, is built with BERGANO
Dispersion-Flattened Fiber (DFF).
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Tyco Telecom Cable Ship

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BERGANO

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Tyco Undersea Cable

OPTICAL
FIBER

BERGANO
UNIT
FIBER
STRUCTURE
STRENGTH
WIRES

COPPER
SHEATH
INSULATION
JACKET

ARMORED PROTECTION
LAYER

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Managing bandwidth
Chromatic dispersion management and compensation
High local dispersion: reduce (or suppress) non-linear effects
Weak path-average dispersion : reduce dispersion/distortion
effects
D-

D+

D-

D+

D-

dispersion

D+

DESURVIRE
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D+

D-

distance
period

path-average dispersion

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the end

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