GeoSS Event Seminar 13 May 2011 - Bergado Slides (NTU)

6/4/2011
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF SOIL

IMPROVEMENT USING PVDs WITH
VACUUM & HEAT PRELOADING
NanyangTechnicalUniversity
Nanyang Technical University
13May2011,Singapore
Prof. D.T. Bergado, J. Saowapakpiboon, P. Voottipruex,

and S. Artidteang
Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
website: www.ait.ac.th
SoftGroundImprovementwithPreloadingandPrefabricated
VerticalDrain(PVD)
Prof.DENNEST.BERGADO
GeotechnicalandGeoenvironmental
Program
SchoolofCivilEngineering
AsianInstituteofTechnology
i
i
f
h l
Bangkok,Thailand
6/4/2011
Selection Flow of Shallow Ground Improvement Technique
6/4/2011
Selection Flow of Deep Ground Improvement Technique
LocationMapoftheSecondBangkokInternationalAirport
6/4/2011
SoftClayDepositalongBangkokChonburi
SOFT CLAY
MEDIUM CLAY
STIFF CLAY
REDUCTIONOFVOIDS=DEWATERING
Porewater
Solid particle
Entrapped air
Saturated Soft
Clay
Figure 1. Natural
softDeposit
clay deposit
Man-made overburden
Consolidation of Soft Clay

Deposit
by Preloading
with PVD
Figure
2. Altered
clay deposit (consolidated)
6/4/2011
ConsolidationofSoftClayDepositwithoutPVD
Surcharge
Embankment
Drainage
g Drainage
blanket
a age b
blanket
a
et (sa
(sand)
d)
PVD
Clay layer
Sand layer, if any
ConsolidationofSoftClayDepositbyPreloadingwithPVD
1 . O rig in a l G ro u n d
5 . S e rv ic e L o a d
2 . P re lo a d in g w ith P V D
Preloading
g
Principle
1
lo g (S tr e s s )
3 . S e ttle m e n t
4 . R e m o v a l o f S u rc h a r g e
V e rtic a l S tr a in
6/4/2011
PVDs are artificially-created drainage path consisting of a central

core wrapped around by a filter jacket.
a) PVD core:
b) Filter Jacket:
* Channels of flow
* Prevents buckling
* Supports the filter jacket
* Allow porewater to pass but minimize fine

clay particles
* Reacts against lateral pressures
Relationshipofdrainspacing(S)to
draininfluencezone(D)
PVDInstallation
6/4/2011
PVD Installation at Second Bangkok International Airport
6/4/2011
PVDInstallationProcedure
SchematicofPVDwithWellResistanceandSoilDisturbance
6/4/2011
Soft Ground Improvement by PVD
Test Embankment TS3 (4.2 m height)
Total Pore Pressures in TS3 (Pneumatic Piezometers) with

Loading Schedule
6/4/2011
Comparison of FEM computed settlements

and measured settlements (TS1, TS2 and TS3)
Comparison of water contents before and

after preloading with PVD (1994 and 1996)
Settlement of layers increasing thickness

from the ground surface (TS3)
Field vane shear strength

measured in embankment TS3
10
6/4/2011
Horizontal Consolidation, Hansbo (1979) :

8Th
U h = 1 exp
F
Th =
D
F (n ) = ln e
dw
3

4
Ch t
2
De
k
F r = z (L z ) h
qw
k
d
F s = h 1 ln s
dw
ks
F = F(n)+ Fr + Fs
11
6/4/2011
Basedontheequalaveragedegreeof
consolidationunder1Dcondition
Uvr = 1 (1 UV )(1 Ur )
where:
8
Ur = 1 exp Th

n kh
3
2l2k h
= ln + ln( s) +
s ks
4
3qw
Average degree of vertical consolidation
Uv = 1 exp( Cd TV )
Equivalent Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity
k ev
2 .5l 2 k h
= 1 +
.
2
De kv
k v
12
6/4/2011
Model for Vacuum consolidation

vacuum
atmospheric pressure
surcharge
surcharge
Atmosferic pressure
Dep
pt (m)
0
2
4
Increase
effective pressure
Total
pressure
8
10
12
14
Water
pressure
16
-100
Effective
pressure
100
200
300
Pressure (kPa)
13
6/4/2011
TEMPERATURE ON HYDRAULIC
CONDUCTIVITY
Constant head method was employed using modified flexible wall

permeameter setup
k=
q
i
where q is the flow flux at the steady state

condition and i is the applied hydraulic
gradient to create flow through the soil.
Thermo-couple
Transparent
windows
Porous stone
Heater
Specimen
0.016
Back pressure
lines
0.012
q (m/sec)
Effect of tem
mperature on hydraulic coonductivity
Test apparatus
Metallic cell
Cell pressure
0.008
Thermal cutoff
25oC
0.004
Pore water
pressure
transducer
0
0
500
1000
1500
Time (min)
14
6/4/2011
Effect of tem
mperature on hydraulic coonductivity
Predicting the temperature effect on hydraulic permeability

The effect of temperature on the hydraulic permeability can be predicted as
follows:
k (T) (To ) w (T)
=
k (To ) (T ) w (To )
Perm
meability k/k at 25 C
4.0
3.0
2.0
Calculat ed
10
1.0
Measured
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temperature ( C)
Raising the soil temp. from 22 to 90oC increases its permeability

about 3 to 4 times
No.
Sampletype
InstallationofPVD
Surcharge
Load
(kPa)
Vacuum
Pressure
(kPa)
Temperature
(C)
Reconstituted
NormalPVD
Withclosedendedmandrel
100
25
Reconstituted
VacuumPVD
withclosedendedmandrel
50
50
25
Reconstituted
ThermoPVDwithclosedended
mandrel
100
2590
Reconstituted
ThermoVacuumPVD
withclosedendedmandrel
50
50
2590
Measurement
Settlementandexcess
porepressurewith
time,
SEManalysis
Settlementandexcess
porepressurewith
time,
SEM analysis
SEManalysis
Settlementandexcess
porepressurewith
time,
heattransfer
SEManalysis
Settlementandexcess
porepressurewith
time,
heattransfer
SEManalysis
15
6/4/2011
Schematicdiagramoflargescaleconsolidometer
Vacuum--PVD
Vacuum
Normal PVD
100kPa
50 kPa
Vacuum
Air
pressure
pressure -50 kPa

ring
0.95
5m
0.78 m
Vacuum PV
VD
Reconstitute
ed clay
Fixing
ring
0.45m
Schematicdiagramoflargescaleconsolidometer
Thermo--PVD
Thermo
Thermo--Vacuum
Thermo
Vacuum--PVD
100 kPa
50 kPa
90 C
-50 kPa
90 C
16
6/4/2011
Fourlocationsformeasurement:
Heat transfer
Water content
Shear strength
before
b
f
and
d after
ft test
t t
at depth 10 and 40 cm.
in each locations
ComparisonofHeattransferinThermoPVDandThermoVacuumPVD
17
6/4/2011
Newlargescaleconsolidometers
Displacement
transducer
Appliedvacuum
andheat
Pistonsystemwith
thehollowshaft
Appliedair
pressure
Topplate
Porepressure
transducer
Bottom
plate
Datalogger
INSTRUMENTS FOR HEATING

THE SYSTEM
18
6/4/2011
INSTALLATION OF THERMO-PVD
INSTALLATION OF THERMO-VACUUM-PVD
19
6/4/2011
INSTALLATION OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR BOXES
INSTALLATION OF PORE PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
Measured Heat transfer and

Pore Pressure by data logger
20
6/4/2011
Vacuum Generator
Comparisonofallsettlementbehavior
21
6/4/2011
Excessporepressureduringconsolidation
Comparison of
excess pore pressure
Comparisonofwater
contentdecreaseafter
consolidationtest
Temperatureinsmearzoneisabout90 70 C
22
6/4/2011
Comparisonofwatercontentdecreaseafterconsolidationtest
ComparisonofShearstrengthincreaseafterconsolidationtest
23
6/4/2011
Micrograph of before treated clay samples showing preferred orientation

(a) undisturbed sample (b) reconstituted sample
(a)
(b)
Micrograph of samples improved with PVD only at 15

15,,000 times
magnification (a) undisturbed sample and (b) reconstituted sample
(a)
(b)
24
6/4/2011
Micrograph of PVD improved with vacuum preloading samples at 15

15,,000
times magnification (a) undisturbed sample and (b) reconstituted sample
(a)
(b)
Micrograph of thermal PVD improved samples at 15

15,,000 times
magnification (a) undisturbed sample and (b) reconstituted sample
(a)
(b)
25
6/4/2011
MODEL OF PVD PRELOADING IN THE LABORATORY
DESCRIPTION
Height
Width
Equivalent Diameter
Smeared Zone Diameter
=
=
=
=
0.70 m
0.45 m
0.0268 m
0.0871 m

PVD only Case
Load
Uniform Load
= 100 kPa
Temperature
= 25 C
Reconstituted soil parameters

H
(m)
e0
k
(m/day)
0.7
2.29
6.3E-05
0.055
0.3
0.569
0.8
26
6/4/2011
FEMSimulationsintheLaboratory
PVDonly
100kPa
Drain
2.5l 2 k h
k v
Kev = 1 +
De2 k v
Kv
Kev
Smeared zone
Kh
0.7m
Undisturbed
zone
0.45m
SimulationmodelwithKev
Simulationmodelin3D
axisymmetry
PVDonly
Excessporepressurecontours
withmodelusingKev
Withaxisymmetric model
27
6/4/2011
FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

PVD only Case
Time (days)
y
0
10
20
30
Settllement (mm)
40
50
60
Measured Data (kh/ks=3)

Simulated Data (kh/ks=3)
20
40
60
80
100
120
Settlement-time relationship

PVD only Case
Measured data (Undisturbed zone)
Exces s pore pressure (kPa)
100
Simulation (Undisturbed zone)

80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
Time (days)
40
50
60
Excess pore pressure- time relationship
28
6/4/2011

PVD only Case (Kev)
Time ((days)
y )
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Setttlement (mm)
Measured Data (kh/ks=3)

20
Simulated Data (kh/ks=3)
40
60
80
100
120

Back-Calculation
Time t (day)
Time,
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
Measured curve
Settlem
ment, S (mm)
20
Hansbo (Predicted)
40
60
80
Hansbo:
kh/ks = 3.0
Ch = 1.93 m2/yr
Asaoka:
kh/ks = 3.0
100
Ch = 1.76 m2/yr
Sult = 124.88 mm
120
29
6/4/2011

Vacuum-PVD Case
Load
Uniform Load
= 50 kPa
Vacuum Pressure
= -50 kPa
Temperature
= 25 C
R
Reconstituted
i
d soil
il parameters
H
(m)
e0
k
(m/day)
ecs
0.7
2.29
6.3E-05
0.055
0.3
0.569
0.8
4.51
VacuumPVD
50kPa
-50kPa
Kv
Kh
GeometryandFEMmeshwith3Daxisymmetricmodel
30
6/4/2011
VacuumPVD
With3Daxisymmetricmodel

Excess pore pressure at undisturbed zone
0.7
0.6
H e ig h t (m )
0.5
0.4
0.3
40 days
0.2
30 days
20 days
0.1
10 days
0
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Vacuum pres s ure (kPa)
31
6/4/2011

Excess pore pressure at smeared zone
0.7
0.6
H e ig h t (m )
0.5
0.4
0.3
10 days
0.2
30 days
0.1
20 days
10 days
0
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
Exs es s pore pres s ure (kPa)
-50
-60

Vacuum-PVD Case
Time (days)
0
0
Seettlement (mm)
20
10
20
30
40
50
Measured Data (kh/ks=2.7)

Simulated Data (kh/ks=2.7)
40
60
80
100
120
140
32
6/4/2011

Vacuum-PVD Case
60

Exces
ss pore pressure (kPa)
40
Measured data (Smeared zone)

Simulation (Smeared zone)
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Tim e (days)
-20
20
-40
-60

Thermal-PVD Case
Load
Uniform Load
= 100 kPa
Temperature
25-90 C

T (C)
H
(m)
e0
k
(m/day)
ecs
25
07
0.7
2 29
2.29
6 3E-05
6.3E-05
0 055
0.055
03
0.3
0 569
0.569
08
0.8
4 51
4.51
70
0.7
2.29
1.3E-04
0.058
0.3
0.569
0.8
4.51
90
0.7
2.29
1.9E-04
0.070
0.3
0.569
0.8
4.51
33
6/4/2011

Thermal-PVD Case
Time (days)
0
10
15
20
30
35
20
Setttlement (mm)
25
40
60
80
100
120
140
160

Thermal-PVD Case
Measured
easu ed data (U
(Undisturbed
d stu bed zone)
o e)
100
Exc
cess pore pressure (kPa)

80
60
40
20
0
0
10
15
20
Tim e (days)
25
30
35
34
6/4/2011

Thermal-Vacuum-PVD Case
Load
Uniform Load
= 50 kPa
Vacuum Pressure
= -50 kPa
Temperature
= 90 C

T (C)
H
(m)
e0
k
(m/day)
ecs
25
0.7
2.29
6.3E-05
0.055
0.3
0.569
0.8
4.51
70
0.7
2.29
1.3E-04
0.058
0.3
0.569
0.8
4.51
90
0.7
2.29
1.9E-04
0.070
0.3
0.569
0.8
4.51

Time (days)
0
Settlement (mm)
S
0
20
10
15
20
25
30
35

40
60
80
100
120
140
160
35
6/4/2011
E xceess p o re p ressu re (kP a)
60
40
20
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (days)
-20
-40
-60

Thermal-Vacuum-PVD Case (Kev)
Time (days)
0
10
15
kev
Seettlement (mm)
20
20
25
30
35

40
60
80
100
120
140
160
36
6/4/2011

Back-Calculation
Time, t (day)
0
10
1
15
20
2
25
30
3
35
40
4
45
50
0
0
Measured curve
20
Hensbo (Predicted)
Settlement, S (mm)
40
60
80
Hansbo:
kh/ks = 1.1
Ch = 4.38 m 2 /yr
100
120
Asaoka:
kh/ks = 1.1
Ch = 3.01 m 2 /yr
Sult = 149.08 mm
140
160
25C
Normal-PVD
25C
90C
Vacuum-PVD
Thermal-PVD
90C
Thermal-Vacuum-PVD
37
6/4/2011

Summary
Time (days)
0
10
20
30
0
20
Settlem
ment (mm)
40
Measured Data
Measured Data
Measured Data
Measured Data
40
50
60
(Normal-PVD)
(Vacuum-PVD)
(Thermal-PVD)
(Thermal-Vacuum-PVD)
Simulated Data (Normal-PVD)

Simulated Data (Vacuum-PVD)
Simulated Data (Thermal-PVD)
Simulated Data (Thermal-Vacuum-PVD)
60
80
100
120
140
160
Summaryofchangesinflowparameters
Flow
parameters
NormalPVD
VacuumPVD
ThermoPVD
ThermoVacuum
PVD
Ch (m2/yr)
1 93
1.93
2 23
2.23
4 17
4.17
4 38
4.38
kh/ks
3.00
2.70
1.40
1.10
ComparisonofCh and
andkkh/ks valuesinpercentforalltestssample
comparedwithnormalPVD
PercentComparedwithnormal
PVD
VacuumPVD
ThermoPVD
ThermoVacuumPVD
%increasedCh
%decreasedkh/ks
15.54
116.06
126.94
10.00
53.33
63.33
38
6/4/2011
TheSecondBangkokInternationalAirport
MODEL OF PVD PRELOADING IN THE FIELD CONDITION

3rd Runway/Taxiway
Vacuum Consolidation
Conventional PVD (Berm)
39
6/4/2011
SoilProfile
Beaudrain-S PVD
MonitoringInstrumentsofconventionalPVDmethod
40
6/4/2011
Vacuum-PVD system
Surcharge Fill
Surcharge fill height = 2.8 m
Apply full pressure (60 kPa) of vacuum pump
Surcharge Fill
Platform Level
2.8 m
41
6/4/2011
Variationoftotalheightwithtime
Beaudrain-S PVD Installation
42
6/4/2011
Hole Sealing
43
6/4/2011
Hole Sealing
Pipe Connection
44
6/4/2011
Variationofvacuumgaugepressure
withtimewithnopiezometer
Comparison of settlement of PVD improvement with and without vacuum

pressure (Sta. X=
X=13560
13560,, Y=
Y=12567
12567--12600 for PVD without vacuum and Sta.
X=12566
X=
12566..4, Y=
Y=12583
12583..500 for PVD with vacuum pressure)
Tim e (days )
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
Norm al PVD
200
PVD+Vacuum
Settlement (mm.)
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
TestMethod
Kh/Ks
Ch(m2/yr)
Specimen
PVDonly
5.95
FieldTest
VacuumPVD
6.31
FieldTest
45
6/4/2011
Parameter
Layer
H
m
e0
kN/m3
kv
m/day
Cv
m2/day
1.35
18.5
7.02E-05
0.003
0.036
0.2
0.357
1.2
2.52
13.8
5.05E-05
0.0022
0.076
0.2
0.764
0.9
2.44
14.0
5.05E-05
0.0022
0.063
0.2
0.627
1.0
11.8
15.0
8.42E-05
0.0036
0.049
0.2
0.486
1.2
1.46
15.7
8.42E-05
0.0036
0.032
0.2
0.0321
1.2

68.4kPa
Improved zone,
10m
2.5l 2 k h
k
k ve = 1 +
De2 k v v
46
6/4/2011
FEM SIMULATION
THE FIELD
CONDITION
FEM SIMULATION
ININTHE
FIELD
CONDITION
At SP-W5-001T PVD Only
Total Fill Height
4.0
(m)
3.0
2.0
1.0
Time (day)
0.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350
400
350.0
400.0
450
450.0
Measured data kh/ks=9.2
200
Simulated data kh/ks=9 2
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
FEM SIMULATION IN THE FIELD CONDITION

Back-calculation - PVD Only
Time, t (day)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
200
Measured data
Predicted data
Settleement, S (mm)
400
600
SP-W5-001T
kh /ks = 9.2
2
800
ch = 2.62 m /yr
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
47
6/4/2011

At SP-W5-031T - PVD Only
Total Fill Height
(m)
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Time (day)
0.0
0
200
50
0.0
50.0
100
150
100.0
150.0
200
200.0
250
250.0
300
300.0
350
350.0
400
450
400.0
450.0
Measured data kh/ks=10

Simulated data kh/ks=10
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
48
6/4/2011

50.4kPa
-60kPa
Improved zone,
10m
2.5l k h
k
k ve = 1 +
De2 k v v

At EW-03-ZB-36 Vacuum PVD
Total F ill
Height (m)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Time (day)
0.5
0.0
0
200
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0

400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
49
6/4/2011

At EW-03-ZB-36 Vacuum PVD
time (days )
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
Measure data
M
d t kh/ks=7.3
kh/k 7 3
Simulation kh/ks=5
Simulation kh/ks=6
200
Simulation kh/ks=7
Simulation kh/ks=7.3
se
ettlement (mm)
400
Simulation kh/ks=8
Simulation kh/ks=9
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Effect of smeared zone

Back-calculation - Vacuum PVD
Time, t (day)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
200
Measured data
Predicted data
Setttlement, S (mm)
400
MSA-ZB36
600
800
Ch = 3.56 m /yr
kh/ks = 7.3
1000
1200
1400
1600
50
6/4/2011

Type
Ch (m2/yr)
kh/ks
PVD (SP
PVDs
(SP-W5-001T)
W5 001T)
2 62
2.62
92
9.2
PVDs (SP-W5-031T)
2.37
10
Vacuum-PVDs (MSAZB36)
3.56
7.3
Vacuum-PVDs (MSAZB42)
4.83
10
Item
Vacuum-PVD improvement
Increase in Ch (%)
Decrease in kh/ks (%)
Average
MSA-ZB36
MSA-ZB42
42.4
93.2
67.8
27
13.5
ThermoPVD
51
6/4/2011
PEXPolyethylene
Cross Linked
(PEX)
Application
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURETEMPERATURE-AND
PRESSURE
RESISTANT:
PEX, CPVC, AND PEX-AL-PEX
Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX),
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
(CPVC), and cross-linked
polyethylene-aluminum-cross-linked
polyethylene (PEX-AL-PEX) are used
to produce pipe and tubing
for domestic hot and cold water
applications. All offer the advantages of
plastics, including overall durability,
light weight, corrosion resistance, and
flexibility. In addition, they are capable
of resisting the temperatures and
pressures encountered in domestic hot
water systems. PEX, CPVC and P
:Heat Exchangers:
antifreeze
SchematicDiagramofFieldScaleTests
(HeatedTestSite)
Hot water
Solar cell
Cold water
Water
storage
tank
Hot water
Cold water
Embankment
Water in
Water out
Heater drain
Water tube
52
6/4/2011
CrossSectionof TestEmbankment(HeatedTestSite)
3.0m
3.0m
3.0m
6.0m
SS
TC7 TC5TC3TC1
8.0m
DS2
DS3
TC8 TC6TC4TC2
DS1
DS4
Heater Drains
Legend:
DS1 Deep settlement gauges at depth 3.0 m, 0.15m from drain.
TC1,2 Thermo-couples at depths of 3.0m, and 6.0m, inner tube.
TC 3,4 Thermo-couples at depths of 3.0m, and 6.0m, outer tube.
TC5,6 Thermo-couples at depths of 3.0m, and 6.0m, 0.10m from drain.
TC7,8Thermo-couples at depths of 3.0m, and 6.0m, 0.30m from drain
SS Surface settlement gauge
Layout of drains and location of instruments. (Heated test site)

0.5m
AIT2
DS2
TC7,8 TC5,6
AIT1
TC 3 4 TC1,2
TC.3,4
m
3.0m
DS1
2x1.0 =2.0m
AIT3
H1,2
DS3
SS
H3,4
H5,6
DS4
SS1
0.5m
Legend
SS
Thermo-PVDs
DS2 Deep
D
settlement
ttl
t gauges att depth
d th 6.0
6 0 m, 0.30m
0 30 from
f
ddrain.
i
AIT1Standpipe piezometers at depth 3.0 m , 0.0m from drain.
AIT2 Standpipe piezometers at depth 6.0 m , 0.15m from drain.
AIT3 Standpipe piezometers at depth 3.0 m , 0.30m from drain.
H1,2 Electronics piezometers at depths 3.0m, and 6.0 m , 0.0m from drain.
H 3,4 Electronics piezometers at depths 3.0m, and 6.0 m , 0.15m from drain.
H5,6 Electronics piezometers at depths 3.0m, and 6.0 m , 0.30m from drain.
TC1,2 Thermo-couples at depths of 3.0m, and 6.0m, inner tube.
TC 3,4 Thermo-couples at depths of 3.0m, and 6.0m, outer tube.
TC5,6 Thermo-couples at depths of 3.0m, and 6.0m, 0.15m from drain.
TC7,8Thermo-couples at depths of 3.0m, 6.0m, 0.30m from drain.
SS Surface settlement plate at midway of 4 drains.
53
6/4/2011
Installation in Field
1st Mandrel
installation.
2nd InstallationThermo
PVDinmandrel
PipeandPumpSystem
54
6/4/2011
HeatedTestEmbankment
Totalheight:5.60m.
Unitweightof
thefirstembankment:18.6kN/m3
Non-Heated Test Embankment Total

height 5.50 m.
Unit weight of
second embankment : 19 kN/m3
ConsolidationSettlement
1-0.30-3m
time, days
0
0
settlement, mm
50
100
50
100
150
1-0.15-3m
200
1-0.30-6m
1-0.15-6m
Observed surface settlement

plate (Heated test site)
150
2-0.30-6m
200
2-0.15-6m
250
2-0.30-3m
300
2-0.15-3m
350
Observed surface settlement

plate (Non-heated test site)
55
6/4/2011
MeasuredTemperaturesandExcessPorePressure
Heattransferin
heatedtestsite.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Excess pore pressure in test

sites
35
30
E x cess p o re w a te r p ressu re, k P a
T e m p e r a tu r e (C e lc iu s )
0day
11days
20days
40days
60days
80days
90days
H-x0.30-z3
25
H-x0-z3
20
H-x0.10-z6
NH-x0.3-z3
15
NH-x0.10-z6
NH-x0-z3
10
100
200
300
Distance from heater drain (mm)
400
0
0
20
40
60
80
100 time, days
ObservedandPredictedSettlements
Time (day)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Observed
(Heated test
site)
Observed (Nonheated test site)
50
100
Settlement (mm)
700
150
200
Predicted PVD
with smear
250
300
Predicted
thermal PVD
350
400
Predicted PVD
without smear
450
500
Site
Ch(Thermo-PVD)= 1.52 Ch
Ch
m2/year
kh/ks
Nonheatedtestsite
2.3
10
Heatedtestsite
3.5
Therefore, the thermo-PVD system can significantly accelerate the

ground improvement process.
56
6/4/2011
Soil Properties at the site location (AIT, Bangkok)
Parameter
kh
kv
(m/day) (m/day)
E
(kPa)
1E-03
5000
0.25
2E-03
1E-03
0.088
0.248
0.25
0.9
2.36
8E-04
4E-04
0.129
0.462
0.33
0.9
MCC
1.28
1E-04
5E-05
0.078
0.285
0.33
0.95
MCC
1.28
4E-04
2E-04
0.040
0.180
0.25
1.1
Layer
Model
e0
0-0.5
EP(MC)
1.25
2E-03
0.5-1.5
MCC
1.25
1.5-4
MCC
4-8
8-11
EP(MC) = Elastic Perfectly Plastic Mohr-Coulomb Model

MCC
= Modified Cam-Clay Model
57
6/4/2011
MODEL
PVD PRELOADING IN THE FIELD CONDITION
MODEL
OF PVDOFPRELOADING
IN THE FIELD CONDITION
2.5l 2 kh
kev = 1+ 2 kv
De kv
FEM SIMULATION IN FIELD CONDITION

Conventional-PVD
0.0
0
50
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
Measured
M
d data
d t kh/ks=6.2
kh/k 6 2
100
150
200
250
300
58
6/4/2011

Back-calculation
Time, t (day)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
Measured data
Seettlement, S (mm)
100
Predicted data (Hansbo method)
150
200
250
300
Hansbo:
kh/ks = 6.2
62
Ch = 6.69 m2/yr
350
400
Asaoka:
kh/ks = 6.2
450
Ch = 5.57 m2/yr
Sult = 262.20 mm
500
Parameter
Layer
Model
0-0 5
0-0.5
EP(MC)
0.5-1.5
MCC
1.5-4
MCC
4-8
MCC
8-11
MCC
T (C)
e0
kh
(m/day)
kv
(m/day)
E
(kPa)
1 25
1.25
4E-03
1E-03
5000
4E-03
8E-03
1.2E-02
1.6E-03
3.2E-03
4.8E-03
2E-04
4E-04
6E-04
8E-04
1.6E-03
2.4E-03
1E-03
2E-03
3E-03
4E-04
8E-04
1.2E-03
5E-05
1E-04
1.5E-04
2E-04
4E-04
6E-04
25
70
90
25
70
90
25
70
90
25
70
90
1.25
2.36
1.28
1.28
0 25
0.25
0.248
0.25
0.9
0.462
0.33
0.9
0.285
0.33
0.95
0.180
0.25
1.1
0.088
0.093
0.112
0.129
0.137
0.165
0.078
0.084
0.102
0.040
0.042
0.051
EP(MC) = Elastic Perfectly Plastic Mohr-Coulomb Model

MCC
= Modified Cam-Clay Model
59
6/4/2011
2.5l 2 kh
kev = 1+ 2 kv
De kv

Thermo-PVD
0.0
0
50
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0

100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
60
6/4/2011

Back-calculation
T ime,, t ((day)
y)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
Measured data
50
Predicted data (Hansbo method)
100
Hansbo:
kh/ks = 4.1
Ch = 8.51 m2/yr
Settlem
ment, S (mm)
150
200
Asaoka:
kh/ks = 4.1
41
Ch = 6.44 m2/yr
Sult = 407.62 mm
250
300
350
400
450
500

Ch (m2/yr)
kh/ks
PVDs
6.69
6.20
Thermo-PVDs
8.51
4.10
Type
Item
Thermo-PVD improvement
Increase in Ch (%)
27.20
Decrease in kh/ks
(%)
33.87
61
6/4/2011
CONCLUSIONS
o
The consolidation of ThermoVacuumPVD resulted in fastest rate

of settlement and highest magnitude of the final settlement due to
applied temperature and vacuum to the specimen.
The ThermoVacuumPVD
Th
Th
V
PVD had
h d the
h highest
hi h
reduction
d i
i water
in
contents. Highest reduction of water content occurred around the
heat source within the radius of the smear zone and slightly
reduced at far distances from the smear zone.
Highest increase in shear strength was achieved in the smear zone

and decreased with increasing radial distances. ThermoVacuum
PVD yielded the highest shear strengths.
strengths
The excess pore pressures reduced the fastest due to the applied
temperature and vacuum pressure in specimen. The excess pore
pressures reduced faster in the smear zone than the undisturbed
zone as expected and it decreased with the time.
CONCLUSIONS
o
The permeability of the smear zone increased due to heat and

vacuum pressure effects. For comparison with normal PVD, the
value of Ch of the VacuumPVD, ThermoPVD and ThermoVacuum
PVD increased while the corresponding kh/ks values decreased.
The drainage retardation effects in the smear zone around the PVD
had been reduced when using vacuum and heat preloading
combined with PVD.
The numerical results yielded predicted results that agreed well

with the observed values.
The sensitivity analyses yielded useful results for backanalyses of

parameters.
62
6/4/2011
Thankyouforyourattention!
63

GeoSS Event Seminar 13 May 2011 - Bergado Slides (NTU)

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6/4/2011

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF SOIL

Prof. D.T. Bergado, J. Saowapakpiboon, P. Voottipruex,

Selection Flow of Shallow Ground Improvement Technique

Selection Flow of Deep Ground Improvement Technique

Consolidation of Soft Clay

Sand layer, if any

PVDs are artificially-created drainage path consisting of a central

* Allow porewater to pass but minimize fine

PVD Installation at Second Bangkok International Airport

Soft Ground Improvement by PVD

Test Embankment TS3 (4.2 m height)

Total Pore Pressures in TS3 (Pneumatic Piezometers) with

Comparison of FEM computed settlements

Comparison of water contents before and

Settlement of layers increasing thickness

Field vane shear strength

Horizontal Consolidation, Hansbo (1979) :

Average degree of vertical consolidation

Model for Vacuum consolidation

Constant head method was employed using modified flexible wall

where q is the flow flux at the steady state

Predicting the temperature effect on hydraulic permeability

Raising the soil temp. from 22 to 90oC increases its permeability

pressure -50 kPa

INSTRUMENTS FOR HEATING

INSTALLATION OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR BOXES

INSTALLATION OF PORE PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS

Measured Heat transfer and

Micrograph of before treated clay samples showing preferred orientation

Micrograph of samples improved with PVD only at 15

Micrograph of PVD improved with vacuum preloading samples at 15

Micrograph of thermal PVD improved samples at 15

MODEL OF PVD PRELOADING IN THE LABORATORY

MODEL OF PVD PRELOADING IN THE LABORATORY

Reconstituted soil parameters

FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

Measured Data (kh/ks=3)

FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

Exces s pore pressure (kPa)

Simulation (Undisturbed zone)

Excess pore pressure- time relationship

FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

Measured Data (kh/ks=3)

Simulated Data (kh/ks=3)

FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

MODEL OF PVD PRELOADING IN THE LABORATORY

MODEL OF PVD PRELOADING IN THE LABORATORY

Vacuum pres s ure (kPa)

MODEL OF PVD PRELOADING IN THE LABORATORY

FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

Measured Data (kh/ks=2.7)

FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

Measured data (Undisturbed zone)

Measured data (Smeared zone)

Excess pore pressure- time relationship

MODEL OF PVD PRELOADING IN THE LABORATORY

Reconstituted soil parameters

FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

Measured Data (kh/ks=1.4)

Simulated Data (kh/ks=1.4)

FEM SIMULATION IN THE LABORATORY

Simulation (Undisturbed zone)