Concrete BUildings Scheme Design Manual PDF

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Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual (Eurocode 2 edition)

Corrections due to Amendment 1 of the UK National Annex
The following are the technical updates applicable to the Nov 2009 revision of Concrete Buildings Scheme
Design Manual.
Location
Original
Amendment
Page 46,
section
3.6
3. As,prov/As,reqd 1.5 (UK National Annex)
Page 47,
Figure
3.3
This is figure is no longer required (but it may be

useful)
Page 60,
top of
page
Insert new text
At the basic control perimeter check vEd

2vRd,c
Page 29,
Figure 6,
box 5.
Determine Factor 3 (F3)

F3 = 310/s
Where s = Stress in reinforcement at serviceability
limit state (see Figure 4)
s may be assumed to be 310 MPa (i.e. F3 = 1.0)
Note: As,prov 1.5 As,reqd (UK National Annex)
Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2 x 500 = 4542 mm
Radial spacing sr = 0.75 x 250 = 188 mm
Asw = (vEd 0.75 vRd,c)sr u1/(1.5 fywd,ef)
= (1.15 x 1238 x 103/(4542 x 250)) 0.75 0.75) x 188 x 4542 /(1.5
x 313)
= 1257 mm2/perimeter
Determine Factor 3 (F3)

F3 = As,prov/As,reqd 1.5 (UK National Annex)
Page 62,
WE 4,
punchin
g shear
Page 63,
WE 4,
deflecti
on
Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress, assume H20 @ 225

ctrs (1400 mm2)
Approximate steel stress at SLS = 236 MPa
Therefore approximate steel stress, s, when As,prov = 1400 mm2
s = 236 x 1243/1400 = 210 MPa
Increased basic l/d = 24.4 x 310/210 = 36 > 34.6 OK
Use H20 @ 225 ctrs As,prov = 1400 mm2
Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2 x 500 = 4542 mm

VEd = 1.15 x 1238 x 103/(4542 x 250) = 1.25 2 x
0.75 OK
= (1.25 0.75 0.75) x 188 x 4542 /(1.5 x 313)
= 1257 mm2/perimeter
Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress:
As,prov = As,req x (actual l/d)/(basic l/d)
= 1243 x 34.6/24.4 = 1763 mm2
Use H20 @ 175 ctrs As,prov = 1800 mm2
\\tccdata\tcc\users\obrooker\Small tasks\Changes due to Amd 1 of UK NA\CBSDM corrections due to Amd 1 of UK NA.doc
Page 1 of 1
Revision
1/5
March
2010
All advice or information from The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its
contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such
advise or information is accepted by The Concrete Centre or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors.
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Since its publication in 2006, the Concrete building scheme design manual has proved a popular
publication and this update is intended to assist the transition to Eurocode 2 for the design of
concrete structures by showing how to carry out initial design to the Code. As before it will greatly
assist candidates for the Institution of Structural Engineers chartered membership examination
by drawing together in one place useful information including design aids that are specically
prepared for Eurocodes.
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Andrew Minson was the originator of the concept for this book, but the nal format and content
have evolved over time with input gratefully received by the author, Owen Brooker, from a
number of people. The book contains some new material but many of the ideas and much of the
data have been developed from many sources over several years. It is not possible to credit every
source; indeed many are unknown, but wherever possible, references have been made to relevant
documents.
Particular thanks are due to Jenny Burridge and Bob Wilson who have spent considerable time
reviewing and commenting on drafts and providing useful guidance on what the examiners are
expecting. Thanks are also due John Brazier, Andrew Cotter, Bryan Magee and Matt Obst, who
have commented or made useful contributions in more specialised areas.
Gillian Bond, Issy Harvey, Sally Huish and Michael Burbridge Ltd have also made essential
contributions to the production of this handbook.
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All advice or information from MPA The Concrete Centre is intended only for use in the UK by those who will evaluate
the signicance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including
that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by MPA The Concrete Centre or its
subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that MPA The Concrete Centre publications are subject to revision
from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
Printed by Michael Burbridge Ltd, Maidenhead, UK.
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maZg[kb]`^lhkh__lahk^lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hkjn^lmbhg1%lmkn\mnkZe]rgZfb\l%Zk^
ghmli^\b\Zeer\ho^k^]'
Text on a pale blue background provides information to help candidates prepare for
the examination and is not intended for use in the examination itself.
*'+ Assumptions
Bm bl Zllnf^] maZm ma^ k^Z]^kl Zg] nl^kl h_ mabl in[eb\Zmbhg Zk^ ikZ\mblbg` ^g`bg^^kl Zg] Zk^
Zek^Z]r_ZfbebZkpbmamaîkbg\bie^lh_]^lb`gmh>nkh\h]^+%IZkml**T*VZg]*+T+V'K^Z]^klpah
Zk^fhk^_ZfbebZkpbma;L1**)T,V\Zgk^_^kmhppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf(\[l]fmh]hpgehZ]
ma^ZiikhikbZm^l^\mbhglh_<aZim^k,Zg]:ii^g]bq;h_maîkôbhnl^]bmbhgh_mablL\a^f^
]^lb`gfZgnZeT-V'
Ma^phkd^]^qZfie^l`bo^gZk^bgm^g]^]mhZ\mZlZgZb]^f^fhbk%kZma^kmaZgZlZmhhe_hk
e^Zkgbg` mh ]^lb`g bg \hg\k^m^'Ma^r ikhob]^ ln_\b^gm cnlmb\Zmbhg mh ]^fhglmkZm^ maZm ma^
ê^f^gmlZk^lnbmZ[e^_hkmaîkhihl^]lbmnZmbhg'Hma^kin[eb\ZmbhglZg]]^lb`gZb]llahne][^
k^_^kk^]mh_hk^qZfie^lh__neer]^lb`g^]k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^ê^f^gml'Ma^^qZfie^l`bo^g
fZr[^fhk^]^mZbe^]maZgma^^qZfbg^klphne]^qi^\mmhl^^bgZl\kbim%[nmZk^bg\en]^]
mhZb]e^Zkgbg`Zg]ZlikîZkZmbhg_hkma^^qZfbgZmbhg'Ma^^ll^gmbZe\Ze\neZmbhglmaZmfbàm
[îkhob]^]bgma^^qZfbgZmbhgZkâbàebàm^][r[en^m^qm'<Zg]b]Zm^lpbeeg^^]mhnl^ma^bk
cn]`^f^gmbgZiierbg`ma^phkd^]^qZfie^lmhma^bklhenmbhglbgma^^qZfbgZmbhg%^li^\bZeerZl
maîkbg\biZeê^f^gmlpbeeh_m^g[^fhk^\hfie^qmaZgma^^qZfie^l`bo^gbgmablaZg][hhd'
Bmbllmkhgèrk^\hff^g]^]maZmZ\hirh_>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^ê^f^gmlT.Vblh[mZbg^]mh
Zllblmbgma^bgbmbZelbsbg`h_ê^f^gmlZlk^jnbk^]mhZglp^kl^\mbhg*h_^Z\ajn^lmbhg'Ahpô^k%
_hk\hfie^m^g^ll%lhf^`nb]Zg\^hgbgbmbZelbsbgàZl[^^gikhob]^]bgmablaZg][hhd'
1
*', The examination

Ma^ ^qZfbgZmbhg bl bgm^g]^] mh [^ Z m^lm h_ ma^ \Zg]b]Zm^l Z[bebmr mh ]ôêhi ]^mZbe^]
lhenmbhgl _hk \aZee^g`bg` lmkn\mnkZe ikh[e^fl' <Zg]b]Zm^l pbee g^^] mh ]^fhglmkZm^ ma^bk
ng]^klmZg]bg` h_ lmkn\mnkZe ^g`bg^^kbg` Zg] [^ Z[e^ mh ikh]n\^ mph Zem^kgZmbo^ lhenmbhgl
maZmZk^kh[nlm%lmZ[e^Zg][nbe]Z[e^'Ma^rpbeeZelhaZo^mh]^fhglmkZm^ma^bkdghpe^]`^Zg]
^qi^kb^g\^makhnàld^m\a^l%]bZ`kZfl%\Ze\neZmbhglZg]]^l\kbimbhglh_ma^bklhenmbhgl'
Ma^^qZfbgZmbhgblabàerk^`Zk]^]makhnàhnmma^phke]Zg]ikhob]^lZ\aZee^g`bg`m^lm_hkma^
\Zg]b]Zm^'Ahpô^k%mahl^pahaZo^Z`hh]Zee&khng]^qi^kb^g\^bglmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^kbg`Zg]
pahaZo^mahkhnàerikîZk^]lahne][^Z[e^mhiZllma^^qZfbgZmbhgZmma^klmZmm^fim'
:mma^mbf^h_pkbmbg`!+))2"ma^\Zg]b]Zm^bl^qi^\m^]mhZglp^khg^jn^lmbhghnmh_^bàm'
Ma^mri^h_fZm^kbZe^qi^\m^]mh[^nl^]bgma^lhenmbhghkma^mri^h_lmkn\mnk^bgma^^bàm
jn^lmbhgl_heehplZk^`neZkiZmm^kg3
*' Lm^ê[nbe]bg`
+' Lm^ê[nbe]bg`
,' ;kb]`^
-' <hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`
.' <hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`
/' @^g^kZelmkn\mnk^
0' H__lahk^lmkn\mnk^
1' Lmkn\mnkZe]rgZfb\l
Dghpbg`maZmZlhenmbhgmhZiZkmb\neZkjn^lmbhgbl^qi^\m^]mhnl^Z\^kmZbgfZm^kbZefZre^Z]
ma^\Zg]b]Zm^mh\hglb]^klhenmbhglbgmaZmfZm^kbZehger'Ahpô^k%ZlhenmbhgbgZghma^kfZm^kbZe
fZr[^^jnZeerZiieb\Z[e^Zg]bg]^^]ma^kâZo^[^^gh\\ZlbhglbgmaîZlmpa^k^ZgZem^kgZmbo^
fZm^kbZeaZl[^^gfhk^ZiikhikbZm^'Ma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne]ma^k^_hkâZo^Zghi^gfbg]4ma^k^bl
ghlbgè^lhenmbhgmhZgrh_ma^jn^lmbhgl'
*'- Timing
Ma^^qZfbgZmbhgeZlml_hklô^gahnkl%ienlaZe_Zgahnk_hkeng\a'Ma^k^Zk^*))fZkdlZoZbeZ[e^
Zg]ma^\Zg]b]Zm^llahne]ieZgma^bkmbf^lhmaZmZeel^\mbhglZk^\hfie^m^]'Ma^k^blghln[lmbmnm^
_hk^qi^kb^g\^%Zg]lbmmbg`Zfh\d^qZfbgZmbhgpbee^gZ[e^ma^\Zg]b]Zm^mhZiik^\bZm^paZm\Zg
[^Z\abô^]bgma^lô^gahnklZoZbeZ[e^'B_ma^mbf^ZoZbeZ[e^_hk^Z\al^\mbhgblZeeh\Zm^]bg
ikhihkmbhgmhma^fZkdlZoZbeZ[e^%ma^_heehpbg`mbf^mZ[e^\Zg[^_heehp^]3
)23,)
*+3+)
*,3))
*,3,)
*-3..
*/3+)
*03))
l^\mbhg*Z!-)fZkdl"
l^\mbhg*[!*)fZkdl"
Eng\a
l^\mbhg+\!+)fZkdl"
l^\mbhg+]!+)fZkdl"
l^\mbhg+^!*)fZkdl"
?bgbla
MaêZk`^lmikhihkmbhgh_ma^fZkdlbl_hkl^\mbhg*ZZg]ma^\Zg]b]Zm^fZrpZgmmhikh]n\^Zg
bg]bob]nZembf^mZ[e^_hkmabll^\mbhg'
*'. Further information

Ma^k^ bl ie^gmr h_ nl^_ne bg_hkfZmbhg Z[hnm ma^ ^qZfbgZmbhg maZm bl _k^êr ZoZbeZ[e^ _khf
ma^Bglmbmnmbhgh_Lmkn\mnkZe>g`bg^^klp^[lbm^T/V'<Zg]b]Zm^lZk^Z]obl^]mh]hpgehZ]mabl
bg_hkfZmbhgZg]lmn]rbm'
+ Development of solutions (section 1)

+'* Viable structural solutions
<Zg]b]Zm^lZk^k^jnbk^]mhikîZk^Z]^lb`gZiikZblZeh_two]blmbg\mZg]obZ[e^lhenmbhgl_hk
ma^[kb^_'BmblbfihkmZgmmaZmmphlhenmbhglZkîk^l^gm^]4h__^kbg`hgerhg^lhenmbhgblebdêr
mhk^lnembgZ_Zbenk^';hmalhenmbhgllahne][îkîZk^]mhma^lZfêôêh_]^mZbe'<Zg]b]Zm^l
lahne]]^fhglmkZm^mhma^^qZfbg^kma^Z[bebmrmh\hg\^bo^Zg]ik^l^gm]blmbg\mhimbhgl_hk
maîkhihl^]lmkn\mnk^l'
Ma^rlahne]bg]b\Zm^ma^_ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg`%ehZ]mkZgl_^kZg]lmZ[bebmrh_ma^l\a^f^l'Ma^
jn^lmbhgZldl_hkma^_ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg`[^_hk^maêhZ]mkZgl_^k]bZ`kZf[^\Znl^mablblma^
g^\^llZkrZg]eh`b\Zel^jn^g\^'MaêhZ]iZmafnlm_heehpmakhnàma^_kZfbg`'LbfbeZker%
ma^f^Zglh_lmZ[beblbg`ma^_kZf^\Zg[^Z]]k^ll^]hgerZ_m^kmaêhZ]iZmalaZo^[^^g
b]^gmb^]'
Bg]ôêhibg`lhenmbhglma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne]\hglb]^kma^_heehpbg`blln^l4fhk^]^mZbebl`bo^g
makhnàhnmmabll^\mbhg'
?ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg`
EhZ]mkZgl_^k
LmZ[bebmr
LZ_^mr
>\hghfr
;nbe]Z[bebmr
Kh[nlmg^ll
=nkZ[bebmr
Lbm^\hglmkZbgml
Li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
:^lma^mb\l
:\hnlmb\l
?hhm_Zee&bg]n\^]ob[kZmbhg
Ma^kfZefZll
LnlmZbgZ[bebmr
;nbe]bg`fho^f^gml
?bk^k^lblmZg\^
+'+ Functional framing

Ma^lmkn\mnk^lahne][^b]^Zebl^]mhlahpahpbm_ng\mbhgl4mabllahne][îk^l^gm^]ZlZld^m\a
maZm lahpl ma^ mri^ h_ \hgg^\mbhgl% ma^ lmb__g^ll h_ ma^ ê^f^gml Zg](hk lmkn\mnk^ Zg] ma^
gZmnk^ h_ ma^ _hng]Zmbhgl Zg] Zgr k^mZbgbg` lmkn\mnk^l' >qZfie^l h_ ZiikhikbZm^ _ng\mbhgZe
_kZfbg`]bZ`kZflZk^lahpgbg?b`nk^+'*'
+', Load transfer

Ma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne]lahpahpma^Z\mbhglhgZlmkn\mnk^Zk^mkZgl_^kk^]_khfmaîhbgmh_
Ziieb\Zmbhg mh ma^ lniihkmbg` `khng]4 Z`Zbg mabl bl fhlm \e^Zker \hgo^r^] makhnà Z ld^m\a'
>qZfie^l Zk^ `bo^g bg ?b`nk^ +'+'Ma^ ehZ] mkZgl_^k ]bZ`kZf beenlmkZm^l ma^ pZr ma^ ]^lb`g^k
^qi^\mlma^lmkn\mnk^mh[âZo^'
@^g^kZeerma^k^Zk^mak^^mri^lh_ehZ]mh\hglb]^k3
O^kmb\ZeerZ\mbg`hk`kZobmrehZ]lln\aZllê_&p^bàmZg]bfihl^]hhkehZ]bg`'
EZm^kZeehZ]lln\aZlpbg]Zg]maâhkbshgmZeehZ]l]n^mh`^hf^mkb\bfi^k_^\mbhgl'
LhbeehZ]l%pab\a\ZgaZo^^bma^ko^kmb\ZehkahkbshgmZe\hfihg^gml'
Ma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne][^Z[e^mhjnb\der]^m^kfbg^ma^\kbmb\Ze\hf[bgZmbhgh_ma^lêhZ]l%[Zl^]
hgmaîZkmbZe_Z\mhkl`bo^gbg:gg^q:*h_;L>G*22)T0V'
Long-span roof
Stiff floor
Load-bearing
concrete
block wall
Upstand
beam
Column
Transfer beam
Column
Shear
wall
GL
GL
Raft
b) Gable shear wall
a) Building section
Flat slab (min. 3 bays)
Slender
columns
Retaining
wall
Floor slab on grade

c) Reservoir
Tie/strut
Pilecap
Pile
d) Precast concrete terracing
?b`nk^+'*
>qZfie^_ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg`]bZ`kZfl
=bZ`kZfl3;h[Pbelhg
Partition load
Uniform load
Deflection, bending
and shear in beam
leads to reactions
at the end of the
beam
Wall reaction
Load from beam
= load on wall
Reinforced
concrete column
Brickwork wall
Foundation reaction
Foundation reaction
Load on pilecap
Foundation load
Pile cap
Pile reaction
Ground reaction
Pile load
Load onto ground

s = bearing
pressure
B
Pile
Friction reaction
1.5B
End reaction
Bulb of pressure
for s /5
Load on rock
Stress =
Load
Area
a) Vertical loads
?b`nk^+'+!\hgmbgn^]ho^ke^Z_"
>qZfieêhZ]mkZgl_^k]bZ`kZfl
=bZ`kZfl3;h[Pbelhg
Tension
Wind
b) Plan view of diaphragm action
tio
e
Ti
Walls
displaced
ac
Hogging
Floor sag
Support
removed
Extra compression
with bending
Tension
c) Effect of accidental impact
Surcharge
Soil at rest
GWL
GL
W1
W2
Water load
GL
Passive
resistance
Bearing pressures
d) Retaining wall
?b`nk^+'+\hgmbgn^]
>qZfieêhZ]mkZgl_^k]bZ`kZfl
=bZ`kZfl3;h[Pbelhg
+'- Stability
Bmbl^ll^gmbZemaZmma^[nbe]bg`Zg]bmloZkbhnl\hfihg^gmê^f^gmlZk^lmZ[e^Zg]ma^\Zg]b]Zm^
blebdêrmh_Zbeb_ma^lmZ[bebmrh_ma^lmkn\mnk^blghmZ]^jnZmêr]^fhglmkZm^]'Ma^k^Zk^mph
lmZ[bebmr\kbm^kbZmh\hglb]^k4eZm^kZelmZ[bebmrZg]nieb_m]n^mhpZm^kik^llnk^'
+'-'* Lateral stability

Ma^_heehpbg`Zk^^qZfie^lh_ehZ]lmaZmfZrbfihlêZm^kZe_hk\^lhgma^lmkn\mnk^3
Pbg]ehZ]l'
>ZkmajnZd^l'
EZm^kZeehZ]l]n^mh`^hf^mkb\bfi^k_^\mbhgl'
AhkbshgmZe\hfihg^gmh_lhbeehZ]l'!Hnm&h_&[ZeZg\^lhbeehZ]llahne][^\hglb]^k^]hg
lehibg`lbm^l'"
:\\b]^gmZeehZ]l'
Ma^lmkn\mnk^lahne][^]^lb`g^]mhk^lblmma^lêhZ]lbgmphhkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhgl'?hkZfnemb&
lmhk^r[nbe]bg`mabl\Zg[^Z\abô^][rnlbg`3
La^ZkpZeel!b'^'Z[kZ\^][nbe]bg`"hk4
Fhf^gm&k^lblmbg`_kZf^l!b'^'lpZr_kZf^"'
La^ZkpZeellahne][^ZkkZg`^]bgieZglhmaZmma^bkla^Zk\^gmk^\hbg\b]^lpbmama^k^lnemZgmh_
ma^ho^kmnkgbg`_hk\^l!l^^?b`nk^+',"'B_mablblghmihllb[e^%mpblmbg`fhf^gmlpbeeZelhh\\nkZg]
ma^Z]]bmbhgZe_hk\^lmaZmk^lnemlahne][^Z]]^]mhma^hma^k_hk\^lbg^Z\ala^ZkpZee'?nkma^k
`nb]Zg\^hg\Ze\neZmbg`ma^la^Zk\^gmk^Zg]mpblmbg`fhf^gmlbl`bo^gbgL^\mbhg,'*1'
a) Walls resist bending in one plane,

frame action in other plane.
Good tortional stiffness.
b) Walls resist bending in both planes.

c) Core resists bending in both

planes. Poor tortional behaviour
due to eccentricity.
d) Cores resist bending in both planes.

Movement
joint
e) Cores resist bending on each section of the

building independently. Relative shear
displacement at movement joint.
?b`nk^+',
Mrib\Zela^ZkpZeeeZrhnml
=bZ`kZf3<bkbZKîhkm*)+ 1
T V
Ma^nl^h_la^ZkpZeelZllnf^lmaZmma^hhkpbeeZ\mZlZahkbshgmZe]bZiakZ`fmhmkZgl_^kehZ]l
mhma^la^ZkpZeel'?hkbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmabl\ZgghkfZeer[^Zllnf^]Zg]ghhma^k
\a^\dlZk^g^\^llZkr'Ahpô^k%_nkma^k\hglb]^kZmbhgh_ahpmaêZm^kZeehZ]lZk^mkZgl_^kk^]mh
ma^la^ZkpZeelfZr[^k^jnbk^]Zllahpgbgma^_heehpbg`^qZfie^l3
Pa^kîk^\Zlm\hg\k^m^hhkngbmlZk^nl^]%^li^\bZeerpa^k^ma^k^blghlmkn\mnkZemhiibg`%
^'`'\ZkiZkd]^\dhkng]^kZkZbl^]hhk'
Pa^k^maêhZ]lZk^mkZgl_^kk^]Z\khllZkêZmboêrgZkkhplmkbi%^'`'pZedpZrebgdbg`mph
iZkmlh_ma^[nbe]bg`'
Pa^k^maê^g`mah_hhkieZm^\hgg^\m^]]bk^\mermhma^la^ZkpZeelbllahkm'Mabl\Zgh\\nk
b_ma^k^ZkêZk`^l^kob\^lkbl^klZ]cZ\^gmmhma^la^ZkpZeel'
+'-'+ Uplift
Pa^k^ma^lmkn\mnk^k^jnbk^l^q\ZoZmbhgbg`khng]maZmaZlZabàpZm^kmZ[e^%ma^pZm^kik^llnk^
fZr \Znl^ nieb_m ![nhrZg\r" h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^'Ma^ \Zg]b]Zm^ lahne] ^glnk^ ma^k^ bl lnbmZ[e^
k^lblmZg\^ mh ma^ nieb_m _hk\^l bg ma^ gZe \hg]bmbhg% Zg] Zelh ]^m^kfbg^ paZm f^Zlnk^l Zk^
k^jnbk^]]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhgmhZohb]nieb_m'
+'. Concrete frame options

K^bg_hk\^] \hg\k^m^ bl Z o^klZmbe^ fZm^kbZe maZm \Zg [^ _hkf^] bg fZgr ]b__^k^gm laZi^l Zg]
_hkfl'?b`nk^+'-`bo^llbsbg`bg_hkfZmbhg_hkma^fhk^\hffhglhenmbhgl_hkhhkl'MZ[e^+'*
`bo^lZlnffZkrh_ma^\hffhg_hkflh_\hg\k^m^\hglmkn\mbhgmaZmZk^nl^]%Zg]ik^l^gml
ma^bkZ]oZgmZ`^lZg]]blZ]oZgmZ`^l'
+'/ Foundations and retaining structures

+'/'* Ground-bearing slabs
@khng]&[^Zkbg`leZ[lZk^ZihineZkZg]^\hghfb\pZrmhlniihkmmaêhZ]lZmmaêhp^lmeôê
bgma^[nbe]bg`'Ahpô^k%bgma^_heehpbg`lbmnZmbhgl%lnli^g]^]leZ[lhk`khng]bfikho^f^gm
m^\agbjn^lfZr[^k^jnbk^]mhk^]n\^l^mme^f^gm3
LeZ[llniihkmbgàbàehZ]l%^'`'bg]nlmkbZehhkl'
BgZk^Zlpa^k^ma^`khng]\hg]bmbhglbg\en]êe'
BgZk^Zlpbmalh_m\eZr'
Hglehibg`lbm^l%^li^\bZeerpa^k^ma^leZ[phne][^lniihkm^]hgoZkrbg``khng]
\hg]bmbhgl'
Pa^k^mk^^l\hne]\Zg\Znl^l^mme^f^gmhka^Zo^'
+'/'+ Foundation solutions

Lê^\mbg` ma^ \hkk^\m _hng]Zmbhg lhenmbhg bl Zg bfihkmZgm iZkm h_ ma^ ^qZfbgZmbhg4MZ[e^ +'+
`bo^lZiikhikbZm^_hng]Zmbhgl_hkZoZkb^mrh_lhbe\hg]bmbhgl'Ma^l^Zk^`^g^kZeblZmbhgl_hkmrib\Ze
[nbe]bg`lZg]Zk^ghmbgm^g]^]mh[^Zln[lmbmnm^_hk^qi^kb^g\^'D^r\hglb]^kZmbhglZm\hg\îm
lmZ`^Zk^3
@khng]pZm^kZabà`khng]pZm^keôêpbeek^jnbk^li^\bZef^Zlnk^l]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhg
Zg]fZr\Znl^[nhrZg\rh_ma^gbla^]lmkn\mnk^'
LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgllahne][^cnlmmaZmlaZeehp'>q\ZoZmbg`]^î^kmaZg,fblnlnZeerghm
^\hghfb\'
500
Depth in mm
400
300
200
100
9
10
Span in m
11
12
13
14
15
9
10
Span in m
11
12
13
14
15
9
10
Span in m
11
12
13
14
15
a) Imposed load Qk = 2.5 kN/m
600
500
Depth in mm
400
300
200
100
b) Imposed load Qk = 5.0 kN/m2

600
500
400
Depth in mm
600
300
200
100
c) Imposed load Qk = 7.5 kN/m2

Key
Troughed slab
Flat slab
P/T flat slab
Hybrid hollowcore and topping
One-way slab
?b`nk^+'LiZg&mh&]îma\aZkml_hkbfihl^]ehZ]lh_+'.%.')Zg]0'.dG(f+
H__&lbm^\hglmkn\mbhg
Bga^k^gmkh[nlmg^llh__kZf^
=bZiakZ`fZ\mbhgh_hhk
LnbmZ[e^_hkhi^gieZgliZ\^
Lh_m\Zg[^^qihl^]
Fbgbfbl^llê_&p^bàm
=^^\mbhg\hgmkhe
Ing\abg`la^Zk\ZiZ\bmr
LnbmZ[bebmr_hkahe^l
?e^qb[bebmr_hkiZkmbmbhgl
Fbgbfbl^llmhk^ra^bàm
>\hghfr
Li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
Ihlm&m^glbhg^]
\hg\k^m^
Fbg
FZq
Fbg
K^bg_hk\^]hk
ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\'
LiZgkZg`^
FZq
<hg\k^m^himbhg
>Zl^h_l^kob\^]blmkb[nmbhg
MZ[e^+'*
<hg\k^m^lhenmbhgl_hkhhkl
?eZmleZ[l
Solid at slab (Continuity improves economy)
*)
*, H
Solid at slab with drops
*+
*-
Solid at slab with column heads (Forming column head

disrupts cycle times and interferes with holes adjacent to
columns)
*)
*,
Wafe slab
*+
*- H
Biaxial voided slab (Can be used with in-situ or with

precast soft slab, which would act as permanent
formwork)
*-
*/ H
Hg^&pZrleZ[l
Solid one-way slab with beams
*+
*-
H H
Solid slab with band beams
*+
*,
Ribbed slab with beams
**
*+ H
Ribbed slab with integral band beams
**
*+ H
Tunnel form (One-way slab on walls) a
*)
Composite lattice girder soft slab b
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15
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18
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ma^lbm^'
K^fhm^g^llh_ma^lbm^%pab\afZrieZ\êbfbmZmbhglhgma^ZoZbeZ[e^fZm^kbZel%eZ[hnk%ieZgm
Zg]ma^lbs^h_oâb\e^maZm\Zgk^Z\ama^lbm^'
K^lmkb\mbhglhgphkdbgàhnkl'
>__^\mh_lbmîkh\^ll^lhgg^bà[hnklZg]`^g^kZein[eb\^'`'ma^^__^\mlh_ghbl^Zg]
iheenmbhg'Lê_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^fZrZllblm[rêbfbgZmbg`ma^g^^]_hkob[kZmbhg'
:oZbeZ[bebmrh_fZm^kbZel'<hg\k^m^blma^fhlmpb]êrnl^]\hglmkn\mbhgfZm^kbZebgma^phke]
Zg]ma^^ll^gmbZebg`k^]b^gmlZk^Zelh_hng]makhnàhnmma^phke]'
19
+'0'0 Speed of construction

Bmblh_m^gZllnf^]maZmZlm^ê_kZf^pbeeh__^kZ_Zlm^k_hkfh_\hglmkn\mbhgmaZgZ\hg\k^m^
_kZf^'Mablpbeeghmg^\^llZkber[^ma^\Zl^'Bg&lbmn\hg\k^mâZlZfn\ak^]n\^]e^Z]&bgmbf^%
h_m^ghgero^p^^dl%lhphkd\Zgh_m^glmZkmhglbm^fhk^jnb\der%pa^k^ZlZlm^ê_kZf^fZr
aZo^Ze^Z]&bgmbf^h_*+p^^dl'Pa^k^ma^k^blmbf^_hkik^&ieZggbg`%]^lb`gZg]ik^\Zlmbg`%Z
ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^^k^\m^]jnb\der';nbe]bg`T*2VfZ`Zsbg^k^`neZkerni]Zm^lbg_hkfZmbhg
hge^Z]&bgmbf^l'
: d^r ]Zm^ hg Zgr ikh`kZff^ _hk Z [nbe]bg` bl ma^ ]Zm^ maZm bm bl p^Zma^kikhh_':emahnà Z
ik^_Z[kb\Zm^] _kZf^ !^bma^k lm^ê hk ik^\Zlm \hg\k^m^" \Zg [^ ^k^\m^] jnb\der% bm ]h^l ghm
g^\^llZkber_heehpmaZmma^]Zm^ma^[nbe]bg`bll^Ze^]pbee[^^Zkeb^k'Mablkêb^lhg_heehp&hgmkZ]^l%
iZkmb\neZkerma^\eZ]]bg`%pab\afZr[^Z[e^mhikh`k^llbgiZkZeeêpbmaZgbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^_kZf^%
[nmpab\afZr[^]êZr^]ngmbema^hhklZk^\hfie^m^]_hkhma^kmri^lh__kZf^'
PbmaZgbg&lbmn_kZf^%bglmZeeZmbhgh_l^kob\^lfZr[^\hff^g\^]^Zkeb^kbgmaîkh`kZff^Zl
ma^hhklZk^nlnZeer\Zlmpbmama^_kZf^%`bobg`Zgbff^]bZm^ln[lmkZm^mhpab\ama^l^kob\^l
\Zg[^q^]'B_Zmlh_mlZk^nl^]%maîkh`kZff^\Zg[^k^]n\^][^\Znl^ma^bglmZeeZmbhgbl
lbfie^k'
<Zg]b]Zm^lpbeeg^^]mhfZd^ma^bkhpgZll^llf^gmh_ma^kêZmbo^li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg_hkma^bk
lhenmbhgl%Zg]pa^ma^kbmblZgbfihkmZgm\kbm^kbhg_hkma^\eb^gm'?nkma^k`nb]Zg\^hg\hglmkn\mbhg
i^kbh]lbl`bo^gbgL^\mbhg.'
+'0'1 Aesthetics
<hg\k^m^\Zgh__^kZie^Zlbg`Z^lma^mb\lhenmbhg%Zg]mabl\Zg[^Z\abô^]pbma^bma^kik^\Zlmhkbg&
lbmn\hg\k^m^'<hg\k^mîkhob]^lma^hiihkmngbmrmh\k^Zm^ngnlnZelaZi^lZmZlfZee\hlmik^fbnf'
Mabl\Zg[îZkmb\neZker[^g^\bZeb_\bk\neZk\henfglZk^k^jnbk^]_hkZ^lma^mb\k^Zlhglhkpa^k^
\henfglg^^]mh[^\hgmZbg^]bgpZeel%^'`'_hkZiZkmf^gml'<hg\k^m^\ZgZelh[^nl^]_hk\nko^]
[^Zfl%ngnlnZeieZglaZi^lZg]laêelmkn\mnk^l'MaêZrhnmh_maô^kmb\Zelmkn\mnk^\Zg[^ZkkZg`^]
mhlnbmma^nl^h_ma^[nbe]bg`kZma^kmaZgaZobg`mhkb`b]er_heehpZlmkn\mnkZe`kb]'
+'0'2 Acoustics
<hg\k^m^ bl Z o^kr `hh] lhng] bglneZmhk% ô^g pa^g ma^ lhnk\^ h_ ghbl^ bl Zg bfiZ\m hg ma^
_Z\^ h_ ma^ \hg\k^m^' ?hk mabl k^Zlhg \hg\k^m^ hhkl Zg] pZeel Zk^ h_m^g nl^] bg k^lb]^gmbZe
Z\\hffh]Zmbhg%bg\en]bg`Zml%ahmêlZg]lmn]^gmk^lb]^g\^l%mhikô^gmmaîZllZ`^h_lhng]
[^mp^^gngbml'
<hg\k^m^\ZgZelh[^nl^]mhikô^gmmaîZllZ`^h_lhng]bgmhhkhnmh_Z[nbe]bg`':`hh]
^qZfie^phne][^ma^nl^h_\hg\k^m^hhkl[^g^ZmaieZgmhgma^khh_h_Z[nbe]bg`mhikô^gm
ma^ghblî^g^mkZmbg`maâZ[bmZ[e^Zk^Zl'
+'0'*) Footfall-induced vibration

?hklhf^mri^lh_[nbe]bg`lma^\hgmkheh_ob[kZmbhglbg]n\^][ri^hie^pZedbg`Z\khllma^hhk
ieZm^Zk^bfihkmZgm'MablbliZkmb\neZkerma^\Zl^_hkahlibmZelZg]eZ[hkZmhkb^l\hgmZbgbg`l^glbmbo^
^jnbif^gm%[nmô^gbgh_\^lehg`le^g]^kliZgl\Zg\Znl^^q\^llboôb[kZmbhg'
Ma^bga^k^gmfZllh_\hg\k^m^f^ZglmaZm\hg\k^m^hhkl`^g^kZeerf^^mob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZZm
gh^qmkZ\hlmZlma^r]hghmk^jnbk^Z]]bmbhgZelmb__^gbg`'?hkfhk^lmkbg`^gm\kbm^kbZ%ln\aZl_hk
eZ[hkZmhkb^lhkahlibmZehi^kZmbg`ma^Zmk^l%ma^Z]]bmbhgZe\hlmmhf^^mob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZbllfZee
\hfiZk^]pbmahma^klmkn\mnkZefZm^kbZel'
:gbg]î^g]^gmlmn]rT+)Vbgmhmaôb[kZmbhgi^k_hkfZg\^h_]b__^k^gmlmkn\mnkZe_hkflbgahlibmZel
aZl \hgkf^] maZm \hg\k^m^ \Zg ghkfZeer [^ ^Zlber ]^lb`g^] _hk ma^ fhlm \hfie^m^ \hgmkhe
h_ob[kZmbhgho^kpahe^Zk^Zl%pbmahnmma^g^^]_hklb`gb\Zgmermab\d^khhkleZ[lmaZgmahl^
20
nl^] _hk Z [Zlb\h_\^ lmkn\mnk^'Mabl `bo^l `k^Zm ^qb[bebmr _hk \aZg`^ bg nl^ Zg] Zohb]l ma^
\hlm i^gZemb^l h_ ikhob]bg` mabl ^qmkZ fZll Zg] lmb__g^ll' Ma^ g]bg`l Zk^ lnffZkbl^] bg
MZ[e^+'1%pab\a\hne][^nl^]ZlZgbgbmbZe`nb]^Zlmhahpfn\ama^]îmah_Zhhkphne]
aZo^ mh [^ bg\k^Zl^] mh \hgmkhe ob[kZmbhg bg Z ahlibmZe' EZ[hkZmhkb^l Zk^ ebdêr mh aZo^ fhk^
lmkbg`^gm\kbm^kbZ'
MZ[e^+'1
Bg]b\Zmbhgh_mrib\Zelmkn\mnkZe]îmalmh\hgmkheob[kZmbhgT+)V
<hg\k^m^
Lm^ê
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Ihlm&m^glbhg^]
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kg/m2
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kg/m2
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Ghm^
K^lneml[Zl^]hgZgZgZerlblh_[Zrl0'.fq0'.fbg*.q+[ZreZrhnm'
+'0'** Thermal mass

<hg\k^mâZlZabàma^kfZefZll%pab\afZd^lbmb]^Zemhnl^ZliZkmh_Z_Z[kb\^g^k`rlmhkZ`^
!?>L"lrlm^f'?>Lnmbebl^lma^ma^kfZefZllh_\hg\k^m^mhZ[lhk[bgm^kgZea^Zm`Zbgl]nkbg`Z
lnff^kl]Zrmhaêiikô^gmho^ka^Zmbg`Zg]ikhob]bg`Zfhk^lmZ[e^bgm^kgZem^fi^kZmnk^'
Gbàm \hhebg` ink`^l ma^ Z\\nfneZm^] a^Zm _khf ma^ leZ[% ikîZkbg` bm _hk ma^ g^qm ]Zr' ?>L
\Zg[^nl^]hgbmlhpghkZliZkmh_Zfbq^]fh]^lrlm^fmhk^]n\^ma^^g^k`rk^jnbk^f^gml'
Ma^bfihkmZgmk^jnbk^f^gmblmh^qihl^ma^lh_mh_ma^leZ[%hkZme^ZlmZeehpma^Zbk_khfma^
khhfmhhpbg\hgmZ\mpbmama^\hg\k^m^'MablbfiZ\mlhgma^lmkn\mnkZelhenmbhgZg]lahne][^
\hglb]^k^]Zmma^^ZkerlmZ`^lh_Zikhc^\m'Ma^kfZefZll\ZgZelh[^nl^]mhfZbgmZbgpZkfma
bgZ[nbe]bg`]nkbg`ma^pbgm^k'
=^lb`glhenmbhglmaZmZeehpma^lh_mmh[^^qihl^]bgZgZ^lma^mb\Zeerie^Zlbg`pZrZg]ikhob]^
_hk\hhebg`Zk^lahpgbg?b`nk^+'/'
+'0'*+ Sustainability
LnlmZbgZ[bebmrblghmcnlmZ[hnmk^]n\bg`^gobkhgf^gmZebfiZ\m4bmblg]bg`Z[ZeZg\^[^mp^^g
lh\bZe%^\hghfb\Zg]^gobkhgf^gmZe\hlmlZg][^g^ml%[hmaghpZg]bgmaêhg`m^kf'
:\hkk^\mer]^mZbe^]Zg]\hglmkn\m^]\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`pbeeeZlmZme^Zlm*))r^Zkl%Zg]
lahne] eZlm \hglb]^kZ[er ehg`^k' Ahpô^k% ma^ lmkn\mnkZe _kZf^ pbee aZo^ mh ikhob]^ Z ^qb[e^
eZrhnm_hkma^[nbe]bg`b_bmblmh[înmmhZoZkb^mrh_nl^lho^kbmleb_^mbf^':lfZeebg\k^Zl^bg
^qi^g]bmnk^mhikhob]^\e^ZkliZglghpfZraZo^Zlb`gb\Zgm[^g^mbg^gobkhgf^gmZeZg]\hlm
m^kflbgma^_nmnk^'PbmabmlkêZmboêrabàlê_&p^bàm%Z\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg^Zlber[^Z]Zim^]
mhhma^knl^lmaZmfZrk^jnbk^Za^Zob^kbfihl^]ehZ]'Ahe^l\Zg[^\nmmakhnàleZ[lZg]pZeel
kêZmboêrlbfier%Zg]ma^k^Zk^f^mah]lmhlmk^g`ma^gma^_kZf^b_k^jnbk^]'
Pbmak^`Zk]mhma^^f[h]b^]\Zk[hg]bhqb]^\hgm^gm!b'^'ma^\Zk[hg]bhqb]îkh]n\^]bgma^
fZgn_Z\mnk^Zg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^"%mablbl`^g^kZeero^krlfZee\hfiZk^]pbmama^
\Zk[hg]bhqb]îkh]n\^]bga^Zmbg`Zg]ebàmbg`ma^[nbe]bg`]nkbg`bmleb_^mbf^'Maêhg`^kma^
[nbe]bgèZlmlmaê^lllb`gb\Zgmma^^f[h]b^]\Zk[hg]bhqb]^[^\hf^l'
21
GZmnkZeo^gmbeZmbhgpbma^qihl^]lh_ml
Ng]^k&hhko^gmbeZmbhgpbma^qihl^]lh_ml
>qihl^]aheehp\hk^leZ[lpbmaf^\aZgb\Zeo^gmbeZmbhg
I^kf^Z[e^\^bebg`l
<abee^][^Zflpbma^qihl^]hkiZkmbZeer^qihl^]lh_ml
PZm^k&\hhe^]leZ[l
?b`nk^+'/
Mrib\Ze\hg\k^m^hhkllnbmZ[e^_hknl^pbma_Z[kb\^g^k`rlmhkZ`^
22
Ma^ ^g^k`r nl^] bg a^Zmbg` Zg] \hhebg` ma^ [nbe]bg` \Zg [^ ln[lmZgmbZeer k^]n\^] [r nlbg`
_Z[kb\ ^g^k`r lmhkZ`^ !l^^ L^\mbhg +'0'**"'Ma^ fZll h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^ h_ Z ikboZm^ ahnl^ \Zg
aZo^Z\hglb]^kZ[e^bfiZ\mhgma^^g^k`rk^jnbk^f^gmlh_d^îbg`maâhnl^ZmZ\hf_hkmZ[e^
m^fi^kZmnkêôê!l^^?b`nk^+'0"'
Cumulative CO2 emissions
200
180
160
140
CO2 in use
CO2 produced (tonnes)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2000
Embodied CO2
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Year
Key
Heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, dense block partitions)

Medium-heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, block partitions)
Medium (cavity walls, timber floors, lightweight partitions)
Light (timber frame & floors, lightweight partitions)
Note
This graph assumes solar shading used and air-conditioning will be installed in homes when
temperatures become uncomfortable, but will be used with natural ventilation whenever possible.
?b`nk^+'0
Ik^]b\m^]\nfneZmbo^<H+^fbllbhgl_hk]b__^k^gmahnlbg`mri^lT+*V
Ma^^f[h]b^]^g^k`rh_bg&lbmn\hg\k^m^blfbgbfbl^][^\Znl^ma^Zo^kZ`^]êbo^kr]blmZg\^bl
0fbe^lZg].)h_k^Z]r&fbq^]\hg\k^mîeZgmlZkêh\Zm^]Zmma^Z``k^`Zm^]^qmkZ\mbhglbm^'
Ma^\^f^gmbgmabl\hg\k^m^pbeeZelhaZo^[^^gikh]n\^]_khfeh\Zeerlhnk\^]fZm^kbZel'Ik^\Zlm
\hg\k^m^pbeeg^\^llZkbermkZoê`k^Zm^k]blmZg\^Zg]ma^Zo^kZ`^]blmZg\^blcnlmho^k*))fbe^l'
Fn\ah_ma^\hg\k^m^lniieb^]bgma^NDpbee\hglblmh_^bma^k`khng]`kZgneZm^][eZlm_nkgZ\^
leZ`hkrZlaZlZkîeZ\^f^gm_hk<>FB!IhkmeZg]<^f^gm"'Ma^l^Zk^[r&ikh]n\ml_khfhma^k
bg]nlmkb^l Zg] aZo^ ma^ [^g^m h_ k^]n\bg` ma^ ^f[h]b^] <H+ h_ ma^ \hg\k^m^ Zg] nlnZeer
bfikhobg`ma^]nkZ[bebmr'Ma^jnZgmbmb^lh_ma^lîkh]n\ml\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^]makhnàma^\hg\k^m^
li^\b\Zmbhg%Zemahnàma^lb]^^__^\mblmaZmma^\nkbg`mbf^lfZr[^bg\k^Zl^]'
Bg k^bg_hk\^f^gm ikh]n\mbhg% *)) h_ ND&ikh]n\^] k^bg_hk\^f^gm _hk \hg\k^m^ bl ikh]n\^]
_khfNDl\kZilm^ê4mablZ\\hngml_hkmph&mabk]lh_Zeema^k^bg_hk\^f^gmnl^]bgma^ND'
:mma^^g]h_Z[nbe]bg`leb_^Zeema^fZm^kbZelnl^]bgZ\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^k^\r\e^]'
Ma^ln[c^\mh_lnlmZbgZ[bebmrblZ\hfie^qhg^Zg]ma^]^[Zm^bl]ôêhibg`ho^kmbf^'MaêZm^lm
bg_hkfZmbhgZg]]ZmZ\Zg[^_hng]obZMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^p^[lbm^'
+'0'*, Building movements

Fho^f^gmlbg\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`l\Zg[^\Znl^][r3
:nmh`^ghnllakbgdZ`^
Ehg`&m^kf]krbg`lakbgdZ`^
>Zkerma^kfZe\hgmkZ\mbhg
M^fi^kZmnkôZkbZmbhgl]Zberhkl^ZlhgZe^qiZglbhgZg]\hgmkZ\mbhg
<k^îmbf^&]î^g]^gmbg\k^Zl^bg\hfik^llbo^lmkZbg_hkZ\hglmZgm\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll
lb`gb\Zgmerbg\k^Zl^l]^^\mbhglbgmaêhg`m^kf
23
L^mme^f^gm
=^^\mbhg
LheZkkZ]bZmbhg
Ik^&lmk^llbg`!bff^]bZm^Zg]ehg`&m^kf"
?hkZmrib\Zebgm^kgZek^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^bgma^ND%+.ffpb]^fho^f^gmchbgmleh\Zm^]
Zm.)f\^gmk^lpbeeghkfZeer[^Z]^jnZm^mh]^Zepbmama^^__^\mlh_lakbgdZ`^Zg]m^fi^kZmnk^
oZkbZmbhgl'Ahpô^k%ma^^__^\mlh_ihlm&m^glbhgbg`Zg](hkma^^qihlnk^h_ma^mhi]^\dh_Z\Zk
iZkd\Zglb`gb\Zgmerbg\k^Zl^fho^f^gmlZg]_hkma^l^lmkn\mnk^lma^fho^f^gmchbgmliZ\bg`
lahne][^k^]n\^]hkma^lmkn\mnk^]^lb`g^]mhZ\\hffh]Zm^ma^fho^f^gml'MZ[e^+'2`bo^lZg
bg]b\Zmbhgh_ma^mri^h_fho^f^gmmaZm\hne][^^qi^\m^]Zg]Fho^f^gm%k^lmkZbgmZg]\kZ\dbg`bg
\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lT++V`bo^lfhk^]^mZbe^]`nb]Zg\^hg]^lb`gbg`_hkfho^f^gm'
MZ[e^+'2
Bg]b\Zmbo^lmkZbglZg]fho^f^gml_hkmrib\Ze]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl
Ia^ghf^ghg
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Ma^k^lmkZbgmbfihl^]hgma^leZ[pbee]î^g]hgmaêZrhnmh_ma^lmZ[bebmrpZeel!l^^?b`nk^+'1"'
Fho^f^gmchbgmlfZrZelh[^k^jnbk^]Zm\aZg`^lbglaZi^h_ma^[nbe]bg`bgieZghkêôZmbhg'
K^f^f[^k maZm b_ Z fho^f^gm chbgm bl bgmkh]n\^] bm lahne] [^ ieZ\^] lh maZm bm bl o^kmb\Ze
makhnàhnmmaâ^bàmh_ma^lmkn\mnk^Zg]^Z\aiZkmh_ma^[nbe]bg`lahne][^lmZ[e^'
Fho^f^gml]n^mh]b__^k^gmbZel^mme^f^gmZk^h_m^gfhk^\kbmb\ZemaZgho^kZeel^mme^f^gm'Pa^k^
[nbe]bg`lZk^_hng]^]hgoZkrbg``khng]\hg]bmbhglma^^__^\mh_l^mme^f^gmlahne][^\hglb]^k^]
Zg]fho^f^gmchbgmlikhob]^]pa^k^g^\^llZkr'
Ma^ ^__^\m h_ \k^î \Zg [^ bfihkmZgm bg ma^ ]^lb`g h_ ihlm&m^glbhg^] lmkn\mnk^l Zg] bg mZee
lmkn\mnk^lpa^k^ma^lahkm^gbg`h_\hg\k^m^\henfgllahne][^\hglb]^k^]bgma^]^lb`gh_ma^
\eZ]]bg`lrlm^f'
+'0'*- Fire resistance

<hg\k^m^blbga^k^gmerk^k^lblmZgm'Bmblghg&\hf[nlmb[e^Zg]aZlZlehpkZm^h_a^ZmmkZgl_^k%
pab\afZd^lbmZabàer^__^\mbo^[Zkkb^kmhma^lik^Z]h_k^'Ma^k^\hff^g]Zmbhgl_hk\ho^k
mh k^bg_hk\^f^gm bg ;L >G *22+*+T+V lahne] [^ _heehp^] mh ^glnk^ k^ ikhm^\mbhg _hk ma^
li^\b^]i^kbh]l!?b`nk^,'*hgiZ`^-0"%l^^L^\mbhgl,'2mh,'*-'
24
a) Favourable layout of restraining walls (low restraint)
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A: 0.46 m minimum
0.8 m to 1.0 m
preferred range
3 bins
recommended minimum
+'2 Typical spatial requirements
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3.6 m desirable
3 x 2.4 m
bays *
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support positions
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4.8 m
6.0 m
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Services
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consider universal
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VAV terminal box
A
B
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500
400
F
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below normal
maximum beam size
G
FFL
H
b) Downstand beams
Key
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Structural zone
50 mm deflection and tolerance
Approx. 500 mm HVAC duct or terminal device
50 mm support and tolerance
5 150 mm sprinkler zone (if required)
150 mm lighting and ceiling zone
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37
Engineering Consultants
99 High Street
Newtown
NW9 9AA
Your ref:
Our ref: 1099/OB/1.01/21-11-06
21 November 2006
FAO Mr J Client
Dear Mr Client
Call Centre Implications of Recent Minor Seismic Activity

As we are sure you are aware there has recently been a minor earthquake in the region of the recently completed Call Centre.
We would like to address the concerns you may have regarding the strength of your building if faced with a similar event.
Initially we would like to conrm that the structure has been designed to the latest Building Regulations and Codes of
Practice. There is no requirement to explicitly consider the effects of seismic activity because historically the most signicant
horizontal forces on structures in this region are wind forces, rather than forces arising from seismic activity.
We would suggest that, before making any decisions about strengthening the structure, we wait for a consensus amongst the
experts as to whether this type of event is likely to occur more frequently in the area and what they recommend as the design
requirements. We would expect that, if changes are necessary, the Building Regulations will be revised and that clear guidance
will emerge on whether existing buildings should be strengthened. The Call Centre is just one of many buildings that could be
affected by a similar earthquake in this region.
In the meantime, we would like to reassure you that the building as it stands will have reasonable strength to resist to a
minor seismic event. It has been designed with ties to ensure that progressive collapse does not occur and these will act to
strengthen the building in the event of an earthquake. There are, however, a number of specic areas where localised damage
could occur as a result of a small earthquake; these are detailed below.
s !NEARTHQUAKE RESISTANTBUILDINGSHOULDBEABLETOCARRYTHELATERALLOADSIMPOSEDTOASTABILITYCORE)NTHISCASETHE
precast units and topping screed are designed to act as a stiff diaphragm. However, depending on the intensity of the
earthquake, this system may have insufcient strength to carry the forces. A design check can be carried out when
there is agreement on the design forces that should be used for an earthquake in this region.
s 4HECURRENTBUILDINGISDIVIDEDINTOTWODISCRETESTRUCTURESWITHASMALLMOVEMENTJOINTBETWEENTHEM$URINGAN
earthquake the structures will move laterally and the width of the joint is unlikely to be sufcient to prevent the two
structures from making contact. We think there are two options for overcoming this; either the joint could be made
wider by making alterations to the existing structure, or the lateral stiffness of the building could be increased by
incorporating more stability walls. The latter would reduce the sideways sway during a seismic event. It may also be
the preferred solution if the oor diaphragm requires strengthening. We will need to have a discussion so we can nd an
acceptable solution that provides minimal disruption to your business and the minimum effect on the architecture.
s 4HEBUILDINGISFOUNDEDONWEATHEREDROCKWHICHSHOULDBESUFlCIENTLYROBUSTINTHEEVENTOFANEARTHQUAKE(OWEVER
we will need to review the strength of the foundations to resist lateral forces, for which they were not designed. The
building has a suspended ground oor, which means that there are beams tying the foundations together. This is
benecial in the event of an earthquake, because it prevents the foundations moving apart possibly causing major
damage to the frame.
s 4HE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS ARE A CAUSE FOR CONCERN 4HERE ARE MANY WAYS TO FORM A CONNECTION AND THIS IS
generally left to the precast manufacturer to design. This is usually benecial because he can carry out the work more
efciently and to suit his working methods. On this project the manufacturer has used a billet type connection, which
is perfectly adequate for the job it was designed to do. However, it offers less spare capacity to resist the forces from
an earthquake and strengthening may be required.
s 4HETWO STOREYGLAZEDENTRANCEAREAWILLREQUIRESOMESTRENGTHENINGMEASURES4HELATERALMOVEMENTTHATWILLOCCUR
during an earthquake is almost certain to damage the glazing. The current glazing is laminated glass, which means
that it will not break into small pieces. However, there is a risk that whole panes will come away from their xings with
the potential to cause loss of life. To overcome this, strengthening of the columnto-roof beam connections will be
necessary to reduce lateral sway.
We cannot be certain about how design guidance will change as a result of the earthquake, but the above comments should
give you an appreciation of the preventive measures that are likely to be necessary. If you would like to discuss the situation
further then please contact us.
Yours sincerely
?b`nk^+'*/
>qZfieê^mm^k
38
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phkdbg`lahne][^lahpgbgma^\Ze\neZmbhgl'Lhfêbd^mhl^^]^lb`g^jnZmbhglbg\en]^]
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,'*'* Principal elements

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39
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40
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GhfbgZe\ho^kmhk^bg_hk\^f^gm]
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41
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START
Determine vEd where:

vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bw z) = VEd/(0.9 bwd)]
Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd,max cot y = 2.5

from Table 3. 7
Is
vEd < vRd,max cot y = 2.5?
Yes
No
Is
vEd < vRd,max cot y = 1.0?
(see Table 3.7)
(cot y = 2.5)
No
Redesign
section
Yes
Determine y from:
vEd
y = 0.5 sin-1
0.20 fck (1 fck/250)
Calculate area of shear reinforcement:
Asw
=
s
vEd bw
fywd cot y
Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement: sl,max = 0.75 d

?b`nk^,'*
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
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45
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34
fck = 50
fck = 45
fck = 40
fck = 35
fck = 32
fck = 30
fck = 28
fck = 25
fck = 20
32
30
Span to depth ratio (l/d)
,'/ Deection
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
1.00%
1.20%
1.40%
1.60%
1.30%
2.00%
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,req /bd)

Notes
1 For two-way spanning slabs, the check
should be carried out on the basis of the
shorter span.
2 This graph assumes simply supported span
condition (K = 1.0).
K = 1.5 for interior span condition
K = 1.3 for end span condition
K = 1.2 for flat slabs
K = 0.4 for cantilevers
3 Compression reinforcement, r',
has been taken as 0.
4 Curves based on the following expressions:

l
1.5 fck r 0
+ 3.2
= K 11 +
r
d
fck
1.5
r0
1
r
( )]
where r r0
and
l
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+
= K 11 +
d
( r r ')
fck
12
r'
r0
where r > r0
?b`nk^,'+
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46
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Flat slabs
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300
280
260
240
220
200
180
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Ratio Gk/Qk
c2 = 0.8, gG = 1.35
c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.25
c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.35
c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25
c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.35
c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.25
c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.35
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss ), calculate the ratio Gk/Qk,
read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu.
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu f
As,req
As,prov
1
d
pf p
?b`nk^,',
Determination of steel stress
47
,'0 Estimating reinforcement quantities

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49
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Worked example 1
Transfer beam
<a^\d^][r
CCIP - 018
La^^mgh'
MS
<eb^gm
TB1
=Zm^
TCC
Aug 09
Gk = 1500 kN, Qk = 1000 kN
9.0 m
1.5 m
Initial sizing
Shear stress not to exceed 4 N/mm2

(to avoid reinforcement congestion).
Ultimate load = 1.35 x 1500 + 1.5 x 1000 = 3525 kN
(ignoring self-weight)
Take b = 600
3
V
=d = Ed = 3525 x 10 = 1469 mm
vEdb
4 x 600
Section 2.10.2
Take overall depth as 1650 mm (d = 1550)

Bending
Mmax = 3525 x 1.5 = 5288 kNm

For Mmax = 5288, b = 600, d = 1550, fck = 32 N/mm2
K
= 0.115, As = 8858 mm2 (z = 1297 mm)
Use 8 H40 (10100 mm2) in 2 layers.
Shear
vEd = 3525 x 103/(0.9 x 600 x 1550) = 4.21 MPa
Figure 3.1
Assuming the strut is at 45

Asw
s
4.21 x 600
435 x cot 45
5.81 mm
8H40bars
Slab
reinforcement
Table 3.7
1650
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel
Figure 3.1
Try H12 links

s = 452/5.81 = 78 mm
Say 4 H12 links @ 75 mm ctrs
4 H12 links
@ 75 ctrs
600
Comments
Remember to check headroom beneath the beam

H40 bars will be heavy; if there is no reasonable alternative, ensure
that the contractor is aware so he may take steps to safeguard
the health and safety of the steel xers.
51
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Worked example 2
One-way slab
<a^\d^][r
CCIP - 018
La^^mgh'
MS
<eb^gm
OW1
=Zm^
TCC
6000
6000
6000
6000
Aug 09
Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m2

Superimposed dead load
= 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class C28/35
cnom = 25 mm
Initial sizing
From Economic concrete frame elements 167

or 6000/32 = 187.5, say 200 mm
Loading
ULS = 1.35 (0.2 x 25 + 1.5) + 1.5 x 2.5 = 12.5 kN/m2
Bending
Check rst support from end

M = 0.086Fl
= 0.086 x 12.5 x 62
= 38.7 kNm
Section 2.10
Table 3.14
For b = 1000, d = 200 25 10 = 165, fck = 28

Then K = 0.051, As, req = 567 mm2 (z = 157 mm)
Use
Shear
H12 @ 175 ctrs (As,prov = 646 mm2)
VEd = 0.6F = 0.6 x 12.5 x 6 = 45.0 kN

V
45.0 x 103
vEd = Ed =
= 0.27 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 165
Table 3.14
100 As = 100 x 646 = 0.39

bd
1000 x 165
Deection
= vRd,c = 0.57
vEd < vRd,c = no shear links required
Table 3.6
Maximum sagging moment = 0.075 Fl

= 0.075 x 12.5 x 62 = 33.75 kNm
Table 3.14
For fck = 28, d = 165, b = 1000

Then K = 0.044, As,req = 494 mm2 (z = 157 mm)
r = As,req/bd = 494 x 100/(1000 x 165) = 0.30%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition)
actual l/d = 6000/165 = 36.4 =OK
Figure 3.2
=Use H16 @ 200 ctrs As,prov = 566 mm2
,'** Two-way spanning slabs

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Worked example 3
Two-way slab
<a^\d^][r
CCIP - 018
La^^mgh'
MS
<eb^gm
TW1
=Zm^
9000
TCC
Aug 09
Superimposed dead load = 1.5 kN/m2

Imposed load = 5 kN/m2
cnom = 25 mm
l y = 9000
OB
l x =7200
7200
7200
7200
Initial sizing
From Economic concrete frame elements: 213 mm

or 9000/36 = 250 mm say 250 mm
Loads
n = 1.35 (1.5 + 6.25) + 1.5 x 5 = 18.0 kN/m2 (ULS)
Check short span
d = 250 25 8 = 217 mm
Section 2.10
ly 9.0
=
= 1.3
lx 7.2
bsx = 0.069 and bsx = 0.051
Support moment
critical in bending
Table 3.17
= 64.4 kNm/m
msx = bsx n lx = 0.069 x 18.0 x
For msx = 64.4, b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
2
7.22
Then As = 718 mm2/m (K = 0.049 & z = 206 mm)

Use H12s @ 150 ctrs (As,prov = 754 mm2/m)
Shear
bvx = 0.50
Table 3.18
Vsx = bvx n lx
= 0.5 x 18.0 x 7.2
= 64.8 kN/m width
3
V
vEd = Ed = 64.8 x 10 = 0.30 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 217
100 As = 100 x 754 = 0.35
bd
1000 x 217
= vRd.c = 0.57 N/mm2 > 0.30 = no shear links required
Deection
Table 3.6
Maximum sagging moment = 0.051 x 18.0 x 7.22 = 47.6 kN/m

For b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then K = 0.036, As req = 531 mm2 (z = 206 mm)
r = As,req/bd = 531 x 100/(1000 x 217) = 0.24%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition)
actual l/d = 7200/217 = 33.2
=OK
Figure 3.2
57
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CCIP - 018
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Aug 09
7000

= 1.5 kN/m2
7000
OB
cnom = 30 mm
9000
9000
9000
9000
Supported by 350 mm
square columns
Initial sizing
Using Economic concrete frame elements: 284 mm
Loading
ULS = 1.35 (1.5 + 0.3 x 25) + 1.5 x 5 = 19.65 kN/m2
Bending
Check long span end bay condition
Or 8000/26 = 307 mm, say 300 mm
M = 0.086Fl
Centre strip
critical
= 0.086 x 19.65 x 7 x 92 = 958 kNm
Design moment = 0.75 x 958 = 718 kNm
Section 2.1
Table 3.20
Table 3.21
For b = 3500, d = 300 30 10 = 260 mm, fck = 28

Then K = 0.108, As = 7110 mm2
Centre column strip = 4740 mm2 (2708 mm2/m)
Use T20 @ 100 ctrs (As,prov = 3140 mm2/m)
Outer column strip = 2370 mm2 (1354 mm2/m)
Use T20 @ 200 ctrs (As,prov = 1570 mm2/m)
Punching shear
VEd = 19.65 x 7.0 x 9.0 = 1238 kN

bV
1.15 x 1238 x 103
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= 4.07 < 4.98
4 x 350 x 250
i eff
Shear resistance without links:
100 As 100 x 3140

=
= 1.26%
bd
1000 x 250
=vRd,c = 0.75 MPa

Area of steel at rst control perimeter, 2d = 2 x 250 = 500 mm from column
face.
Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2Q x 500 = 4542 mm
3
= d1.15 x 1238 x 10 0.75 0.75m x 188 x 4542 /(1.5 x 313)

4542 x 250
=1257 mm2/perimeter
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spacing = 4542/16 = 284 < 1.5d
Deection
62
Maximum sagging moment = 0.075 Fl

= 0.075 x 19.65 x 7 x 92
= 836 kNm
Table 3.22
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critical
Design moment = 0.55 x 836 = 460 kNm

For b = 3500, d = 260 and fck = 28
K = 0.069, As = 4351 mm2 Or As = 1243 mm2/m
r = As,req/bd = 1243 x 100/(1000 x 260) = 0.48%
Basic l/d = 20.3 x 1.2 = 24.4 (K = 1.2 for at slab condition)
Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 9000 / 260 = 34.6
Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress, assume H20 @ 225 ctrs (1400 mm2)
Approximate steel stress at SLS = 236 MPa
Figure 3.3
Therefore approximate steel stress, ss, when As,prov = 1400 mm2
ss = 236 x 1243/1400 = 210 MPa
Increased basic l/d = 24.4 x 310/210 = 36 > 34.6
=OK
Comments
1. The design in the orthogonal direction has not been included.

2. For the design of the strips across two panels only, coefcients from
Table 3.20 are not appropriate.
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TCC
Aug 09

Superimposed load
= 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class: C28/35
750
cnom = 26 mm
Topping thickness = 100 mm
1000
7200
Initial sizing
Using Economic concrete frame elements: 255 mm

or 7200/29 = 248 mm, say 250 mm
Assume self-weight = 4.0 kN/m2
Table 2.9c
Loading
ULS = 1.35 (4.0 + 1.5) + 1.5 (2.5) = 11.2 kN/m2
Bending
Check sagging moment in end bay

d = 250 26 6 8 = 210 mm
Effective length = 6.2 + 2 x 1/2 x 0.210 = 6.41 m
BS EN 1992-1-1:
Fig 5.4
M = 0.075Fl = 0.075 x 11.2 x 6.412 x 0.75 = 25.9 kN/m per rib
Table 3.20
For b = 750, d = 210, fck = 28

K = 0.030, As,req = 291 mm2 (z = 200 mm)
x = 2.5 (210 200) = 25 mm
= N.A. in ange design as rectangular section
Deection
r = As,req/Ac = 291 x 100/(125 x 110 + 750 x 100) = 0.33%

Reduction factor for anged section = 1 0.1 x ((750/125) 1) = 0.5 = use 0.8.
Basic l/d = 0.8 x 33 x 1.3 = 34.3 (K = 1.3 for end span condition)
actual l/d = 7200 / 210 = 34.3 =OK
Table 3.25
100
A142 mesh
150
OB
H6
H16
10
125
10
65
,'*- Wafe slabs

,'*-'* Governing criteria
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Wafe slab
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CCIP - 018
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Aug 09

7200
OB
Superimposed load
= 1.5 kN/m2
cnom = 26 mm
9000
Initial sizing
Using Economic concrete frame elements: 425 mm thick

(i.e. 325 moulds + 100 topping)
or 9000/20 = 450, say 425 thick
Section 2.9
Assume self-weight = 7.3 kN/m2

Ultimate load
n = 1.35 (7.3 + 1.5) + 1.5 (2.5) = 15.6 kN/
Table 2.9c
m2
There is a substantial beam along the column strips, which can therefore
resist torsion at the corners. Design as a two-way spanning slab.
ly 9.0
=
= 1.25
lx 7.2
Interpolating for a corner panel
Hogging moments bsx = 0.066, Sagging moments bsx = 0.049
Table 3.17
Bending at support Msx = bsx nlx2 = 0.066 x 15.6 x 7.22 = 53.4 kN/m width
For ribs @ 900 ctrs
M = 53.4 x 0.9 = 48.0 kNm/rib
For d = 425 26 6 8 = 385 mm, b = 900, fck = 28
Then As,req = 299 mm2 (Taking z = 0.95d and therefore N.A. is in ange)
Deection
r = As,req/Ac = 299 x 100/(180 x 285 + 900 x 100) = 0.21%

Deection not critical by inspection
Figure 3.2
Use 2 x H16 per rib (As,prov = 402)
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Aug 09
7000

= 1.25 kN/m2
7000
OB

9000
9000
9000
9000
Initial sizing
9000/36 = 250 mm thick (Economic concrete frame elements: 249 mm)
Geometry
Area of concrete, Ac = 7000 x 250 = 1750 x 103 mm2

Second moment of area, Ic = 7000 x 2503/12 = 9.11 x 109 mm4
Distance to extreme bres from neutral axis, yb = yt = 125 mm
Section modulus, Zb = Zt = 9.11 x 109/125 = 72.9 x 106
Strand diameter = 12.9 mm
125
Minimum cover = 20 mm
125
Distance to centre of strand = 60 mm
Tendon profile for end span (most critical):
Table 2.22
60
a
60
Idealised tendon
a = 250 60 60 65 = 98
shape for initial
2
design only
Number of
Characteristic value of maximum force, 186 kN
strands required
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Table 3.29
Prestress in service condition = 0.7 x 149 = 104 kN (allow for 10% loss
at transfer and 20% loss at service, check in detailed design)
Balance dead loads with prestressing
P = ws2/(8a) = 7 x 6 x 92/(8 x 0.098) = 4339 kN
Section 3.16.2
=No. of tendons required = 4339/104 = 41.7, try 9 x 5 strands per duct

Total force = 4680 kN
Moments (SLS)
Applied loads wa = 7 x (6.25 + 1.25 + 5) = 87.5 kN/m

Balancing load wb = 8aP/s2 = 8 x 0.098 x 4160 / 92 = 40.2 kN/m
Balanced moment M (wa wb) l2/10 = (87.5 40.2) x 92/10 = 383.1 kNm
Mid-span stresses
Comments
st =
P + M = 4680 x 103 + 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 + 5.3 = 8.0 N/mm2

Act Zt 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable compressive stress is 12.8 N/mm2 = OK
Table 3.30
P M = 4680 x 103 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 5.3 = 2.6 N/mm2

sb =
Act Zb 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
Section 3.16.3
For class C32/40 allowable tensile stress is 2.7 N/mm2 = OK
Table 3.30
Stresses at the support and punching shear should also be checked

at this stage for a at slab (see 3.12.3)
It is assumed that deection, the ULS requirements and transfer
requirements can be met with passive reinforcement in detailed design,
as is usually the case.
72
Section 3.16.3
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Worked example 8
Column
<a^\d^][r
CCIP - 018
La^^mgh'
MS
<eb^gm
C1
=Zm^
TCC
Aug 09
7500

300
Superimposed load
= 1.5 kN/m2
cnom = 35 mm
7500
Column
9000
Loads
9000
Column supports 4 storeys

Ultimate load per oor
= 1.35 (0.3 x 25 + 1.5) + 1.5 x 5 = 19.7 kN/m2
Total ultimate axial load = 4 x 19.7 x 7 x 9

N = 4952 kN
Initial sizing
Using Economic concrete frame elements 450 mm square
Column design
NEd/bhfck = 4952 x 103/(4502 x 32) = 0.76

Take minimum moment as 4952 x 0.02 = 99 kNm (assume column is
not slender)
MEd/bh2fck = 99 x 106/(4503 x 32) = 0.03
d2
= 35 + 8 +16 = 59 mm
d2/h
= 59/450 = 0.13
Use column graph for d2/h = 0.15
Asfyk/bhfck = 0.35
As = 0.35 x 4502 x 32/500 = 4536 mm2
Use 6 H32 (As,prov = 4830 mm2)
H8 links
@ 300 ctrs
450
OB
H25
450
75
,'*0', Fire resistance

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,'*1'* Design issues
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77
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OB
Worked example 9
Shear walls
<a^\d^][r
CCIP - 018
La^^mgh'
MS
<eb^gm
SW1
=Zm^
TCC
Q k,w
gk = 35 kN/m
40 kN
Aug 09
Assume critical combination is 1.0 Gk + 1.5 Qk,w where Qk,w is

wind load.
Assuming the oor load is 4000 kN supported on
8 columns, the horizontal action due to imperfections
= 0.25% x 4000 = 10 kN
3.0 m
gk = 35 kN/m
75 kN
3.0 m
gk = 35 kN/m
75 kN
ft
=N M
Lt (tL2/6)
= 1.0 x 35 x 4 x 2.5 + 0.200 x 12 x 2.5 x 25 = 500 kN
MEd = 1.5((40 + 10) x 12 + (75 + 10)(9 + 6 + 3)) = 3195 kNm

ft
3.0 m
gk = 35 kN/m
75 kN
500 x 103
3195 x 106
2500 x 200 (200 x 25002/6) ?b`nk^,'**
= 1.0 15.3
La^Zk\^gmk^_hk
lmZ[bebmrpZeel
= 14.3 N/mm2
3.0 m
200 mm
thick wall
2.5 m
Assume that the tension is resisted by 1 m at the end of the wall.

As =
0.5 ft Lt t
fyd
= 0.5 x 14.3 x 1000 x 200 = 3287 mm2 or 1644 mm2/face

435
Use T20s @ 175 ctrs
Comment
(1800 mm2/face)
This design assumes that the base is sufcient to resist overturning. When designing the base
for overturning the EQU category should be used rather than STR as used here.
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OB
Worked example 10
Shear walls with varying stiffness
<a^\d^][r
CCIP - 018
La^^mgh'
JB
<eb^gm
SW2
=Zm^
TCC
Dec 06
60.0
y
Floor-to-oor height = 3.6 m
5.0
W4
W2
Shear
centre
8.0
25.0
W1
10.0
W3
5.0
e
Wind force, take as 1.0 kN/m2
The relative stiffness of the walls can be calculated as follows (note as the
walls are rectangular and the same thickness we can use the depth only)
W1
W2
= 103
= 83
Total
= 1000 m3
= 512 m3
= 1512 m3
y = 0.1 x 1000 + 59.9 x 512 = 20.3 m

1512
Eccentricity, e = 30 20.3 = 9.7 m
Twisting moment, Mt = 9.7 x 1.0 x 60 x 3.6 = 2095 kNm per oor
In the worst case this moment can be resisted by the walls W3 and W4 only,
the force (F) in each wall is:
F = 2095/24.8 = 84.5 kN per oor
To check for the critical case the direct design force on the walls W3 and W4
from the wind parallel to these walls = 1.0 x 3.6 x 25/2 = 45 kN, and
therefore the forces imposed by the twisting action are more onerous and
should be used for design.
Comments
This layout is not particularly eccentric and yet still imposes

large torsional forces.
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to limit settlement to 25 mm
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500
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400
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300
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200
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3
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,'+*'* Pilecap design
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82
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The force in pil e a is given by :

a

where
N = number of pi le s in g roup
P = t otal lo ad appli ed
M = bendi ng moment a ppli ed
y = local di stan ce of the pi l e
fr om the n eutral axis of the group
ya = loc al di stan ce of pi l e a
from the n eutral axis of the g roup
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1.00
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Bored pile in clay
<a^\d^][r
CCIP - 018
La^^mgh'
JB
BP1
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=Zm^
TCC
0m
c u = 70 kN/m
Dec 06
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in clay

Qf = ac As + cu Nc Ab
gs
gb
Qf = 0.45 (70 + 170)/2 p x 0.45 x 10 + 170 x 9 x p x 0.2252
3.0
2.5
= 254 + 97.3
10 m
c u = 170 kN/m
= 351 kN
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88
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Worked example 12
Bored pile in sand
<a^\d^][r
CCIP - 018
La^^mgh'
JB
<eb^gm
BP2
=Zm^
TCC
Dec 06
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in sand

0m
Qa =
Nq* Ab qo + As qo,mean ks tand

gf
Take h = 33, l/d = 10000/450 = 22.2

= Nq* 41
Medium
dense
sand
Qa =
41 x p x 0.2252 x 18 x 10 + p x 0.45 x 10 x 18 x 5 x 0.387 x tan 33

3
Qa =
1174 + 320
3
= 498 kN
10 m
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91
150
150
4250
150
3750
600 dp x 300
150
300 dp x 250
150
3450
SFL = 112.150
1650
600 dp x 300
200
wall
Down
Up
150
400 dp x 300
150
1100
7000
600 dp x 300
200
500
250
150
Column
500 x 300
600 dp x 300
3000
400 dp x 300
150
600 dp x 300
3
150
FLOOR LAYOUT
All columns 300 x 300, centred on grid unless noted otherwise
SFL = 112.150
600
600
600
300
SECTION X - X
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Y
B
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X
L
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L-bars to provide anchorage,

attached to pile reinforcement
with couplers
Top of
pilecap
Pile cut down to

cut-off level
Damp-proof
membrane
75 mm
Blinding
75 mm
Pile reinforcement
a) Pile and pilecap connection
b) Pile and pilecap connection for

large diameter bars
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93
Internal wall
In-situ concrete
Screed
Mesh reinforcement
Damp-proof
course
FFL
Insulation
In-situ RC
slab
Damp-proof
membrane
Insulation
Damp-proof
membrane
Blinding
Blinding
Well compacted
sub-base
Well compacted
sub-base
Blinding
Blinding
a) Internal strip foundation
b) Perimeter strip foundation
Facade
Faade
In-situ screed
In-situ RC slab on sub-base

Damp-proof
course
Reinforcement
TOC
Insulation
Top of pilecap
Damp-proof
course
100 mm
Precast hollowcore unit
Damp-proof
membrane
Blinding
Well compacted
sub-base
Blinding
Concrete strip foundation

Blinding
c) Typical perimeter pile cap and ground bearing

slab interface
Existing
column
d) Strip foundation supporting pre-cast unit
New RC column
Resin-anchored starter bars
RC slab
Damp-proof
membrane
Blinding
Sub-base
Existing
concrete
foundation
New concrete
foundation
450
min
75
Resin-anchored dowel
bars
e) Strengthening existing foundation
f) Connection of column to pad foundation
?b`nk^-'LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgl*
94
Longitudinal joint
Reinforced
concrete column
Reinforced concrete
Outline of column
base below slab
Proprietary joint sealant 20 mm wide
Isolation joint
(See Section
A A below)
Transverse joint
(where provided)
Sub-base
DPC
Compressible filler board 20 mm wide

a) Isolation joint around concrete column: plan
d) Wall isolation joint
RC wall
Longitudinal joint
Outline of base
below slab
A
Existing
masonry
wall
Concrete foundation
Damp-proof
membrane
Transverse joint
(where provided)
Isolation joint
Blinding
Assumed foundation
to existing wall
b) Isolation joint at steel stanchion: plan
Compressible filler board

20 mm wide, joint sealed
with proprietary sealant
Concrete surround to
stanchion baseplate
constructed to finished
floor level
Mass concrete
e) New structure allowed to load existing building

foundations
20 mm soft joint
Existing
masonry wall
Foundation
Damp-proof
membrane
Compressible
material
Mass concrete
Sub-base
Damp-proof
membrane
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c) Section A
Blinding
Mass concrete
50 mm soft joint
filled with
compressible
material
Assumed foundation
to existing wall
f) New structure isolated from existing building

foundations
?b`nk^-'.
LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgl+
95
-'+'+ Retaining walls
300 mm wide
granular backfill
Water-bar
Weep hole
Drainage pipe
Large radius bend

if required
Large radius bend

if required
a) Reinforced concrete cantilever wall
b) Reinforced concrete basement wall
x
Precast concrete
y
Mass concrete
In-situ concrete
base
d
z
c) Precast concrete crib wall
d) Mass concrete gravity wall
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96
-'+', Basement walls
Superstructure
Ground floor slab
Superstructure
Reinforced
concrete
ground beam
King post
Ground floor slab

Reinforced concrete
column
Secant pile
wall
Y
Reinforced concrete
basement wall
In-situ concrete to give

flush surface for
waterproofing system
Waterproofing to internal or
external surface of basement
wall as required
Precast concrete
lagging panels
Basement slab
Basement slab
Pile
Connection between basement slab
and secant wall if required
a) Secant pile wall used as part of permanent structure
c) Temporary king post wall
In-situ concrete
Superstructure
Reinforced
concrete
capping beam
Secant pile
wall
Ground floor slab

Reinforced concrete
column
Section X X
Reinforced
concrete
basement wall
Waterproofing to internal
or external surface of
basement wall as
required
Section Y Y
Contiguous
pile wall
Basement slab
In-situ
concrete
infill
Pile
b) Temporary contiguous pile wall
Section Z Z

?b`nk^-'0
;Zl^f^gmpZeel
97
-'+'- Waterproong
External
concrete
wall
In-situ
concrete
wall
Bitumen sheeting
DPM applied to inner

face of external wall
Fillet
Masonry wall or protective

board
Structural wall
and floor
50 protective
screed
600 mm zone
of selected
backfill
Concrete floor
300 mm
zone of
selected
backfill
150 min sealed

overlap
Horizontal DPM protected
with 50 screed
Concrete
base
Graded
drainage
material
Fillet
Sub-base
225 min
Drainage pipe
Drainage
pipe
c) Externally applied bitumen sheet tanking

Blinding
concrete
DPM
Sub-base
Graded drainage
material
a) Internal damp proof membrane
In-situ concrete wall
40 space flushed
up with mortar
20 min render mortar
Masonry wall
or protective
board
DPM applied to
mortar render
600 mm zone
backfilled with
selected fill
In-situ concrete floor

Horizontal DPM
protected with
50 screed
Asphalt
Blinding concrete
Graded
drainage
material
Sub-base
Drainage pipe
50 protective screed
on insulating layer
Outer
wall
200
min
Fillet
Fillet
d) Internally applied asphalt tanking:

vertical loading with masonry
b) Example of damp proof membrane applied externally
?b`nk^-'1
MZgd^]pZm^kikhhg`himbhgl
!Mri^:"
98
Protection
Tanking
Fillet
Fillet
150
Stabilising beam
Pile cap
Isolated pile groups
?b`nk^-'2
MZgd^]\hg\k^m^[Zl^f^gm\Zkkb^]hgibe^l
Slab reinforcement
Cavity drain former
Column
50
Cavity former cut

around columns
Blockwork wall
Cavity drainage former
Screed
Screed
TOC
SSL
Reinforced
concrete wall
Laid to falls
100 mm min.
Foundation
Pile
Drainage gulley
a)Cavity system at column position
b)Junction of floor and wall cavitiy systems
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Drainage channel
Floor finishes
Reinforced in-situ
concrete
Blinding
Waterproof
render
Chamfer at internal
and external corners
Selected backfill
Tanked waterproofing
system
Blinding
Drainage pipe
Graded drainage material
?b`nk^-'**
LpbffbgìhhepZm^kikhhg`
99
-'+'. Cladding
Horizontal restraint
brackets
Cladding
panel
Shims
RC frame
Fixing between bracket

and RC frame
Precast
concrete
panel
Shims for vertical
tolerance
Horizontal restraint
bracket
Steel angle supporting cladding
panel fixed to RC frame
a) Cladding panel fixed to reinforced concrete upstand
b) Precast concrete cladding supported by concrete beam

Serrated face for vertical
adjustment
Cladding bracket allows

for vertical and horizontal
adjustment
Precast concrete
cladding panels
Cladding bracket
Precast concrete
cladding panels
RC concrete
Cast-in socket
with cross pin
(or vertical cast-in channel)
Soft joint
c) Horizontal fixing for precast concrete cladding

panel
Expansion anchor or cast-in

channel and serrated cleat,
and plate washer for lateral
adjustment
d) Load bearing and horizontal restraint fixing

for precast cladding panels
In-situ concrete frame
In-situ concrete frame
Adjustment
Cladding bracket
Cladding
panel
Range of
movement
Precast concrete
cladding panel
e) Cladding bracket with three degrees of adjustment
f) Fixing detail to allow movement
Note: any steel connected to external elements should be galvanised or, more durably, stainless steel.
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100
In-situ concrete
Insulation
Insulation
Tie
In-situ concrete
Retained
faade
Fixing to
RC frame
Cavity tray
Lateral
restraint
fixing
Soft joint
Lateral
Continuous formed
restraint fixing
angle brickwork
support system
Fixing to frame allows
(stainless steel)
vertical movement
Soft joint
Tie into
brickwork
b) Retained faade
a) Brickwork supported at floor level
?b`nk^-'*,
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-'+'/ Waterstops
Outside
Inside
Blinding
a) Construction floor joint

with external waterstop
b) Construction wall joint

with external waterstop
Recess cast in
concrete
Hydrophilic
strip
c) Construction joint with

hydrophilic strip
d) Floor-to-wall joint with

external waterstop
?b`nk^-'*Mrib\ZeZiieb\Zmbhglh_pZm^klmhil
101
-'+'0 Movement joints

Non-absorbent
joint filter
Sealing compound
No steel
continuity
Shear connector
Expansion type
waterstop
Initial gap for

expansion
a) Expansion joint
Joint sealing
compound
d) Movement joint in a suspended slab with shear transfer
No concrete continuity
and no initial gap
Reinforced
concrete
column
No steel
continuity
Soft joint
Waterstop
Sealant
e) Movement joint at column location
b) Complete contraction joint
Joint sealing
compound
No concrete continuity
and no initial gap
Expansion joint suitable

for traffic
Sealant
Steel
continuity
50%
Sealant
Soft joint
Waterstop
Waterstop
c) Partial contraction joint
f) Movement joint suitable for traffic
?b`nk^-'*.
Fho^f^gmchbgml
102
-'+'1 Superstructure
b) Transfer beam connection
a) Reinforced beam to column connection
Screed
New RC slab
X
Existing column
15 mm soft joint
New reinforced
concrete slab
10 mm steel plate
Section X X
Plan
c) Detailing to avoid new slab loading existing column
Structural topping
Hollowcore unit
Reinforcement projecting from

in-situ beam bent down into
structural topping
Reinforcement to
2 cores per unit
Minimum 100 mm
bearing
In-situ beam
d) Precast unit supported on in-situ beam (hybrid construction)
?b`nk^-'*/
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103
. Method statement and programme

(section 2e)
.'* Method statement
Ma^ f^mah] lmZm^f^gm lahne] [^ pkbmm^g _hk ma^ iZkmb\neZk \bk\nflmZg\^l h_ ma^ ikhc^\m4
ma^ ^qZfbg^kl Zk^ ehhdbg` _hk f^mah] lmZm^f^gml maZm ]^fhglmkZm^ Zg ng]^klmZg]bg` h_
ma^\hglmkn\mbhgikh\^llZg]ahpmh[nbe]lZ_êr'Ma^f^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
mh`^ma^k Zk^ phkma cnlm *) h_ ma^ fZkdl% lh ma^k^ bl `^g^kZeer ghm fn\a mbf^ ZoZbeZ[e^
mh\hfie^m^mabliZkmh_ma^jn^lmbhg'<Zg]b]Zm^lm^g]mhknglahkmh_mbf^Zmma^^g]h_
ma^^qZfbgZmbhgZg]lhmabliZkmblnlnZeerghmpêe^q^\nm^]'Gô^kmaê^llma^k^Zk^fZkdl
ZoZbeZ[e^Zg]ô^kr^__hkmlahne][^fZ]^mhikhob]^Z\e^Zkf^mah]lmZm^f^gm'
.'*'* General contents of the method statement

Ma^f^mah]lmZm^f^gmlahne]]^l\kb[âhpma^\Zg]b]Zm^\hglb]^klmaZmma^li^\b\[nbe]bg`bg
ma^jn^lmbhg\Zg[^lZ_êr\hglmkn\m^]'Ma^_heehpbg`hnmebg^fZrikho^nl^_ne3
IkêbfbgZkb^l
Ma^lbm^l^m&nilahne][^hnmebg^]4iZkmb\neZkblln^lmh\hglb]^kZk^3
Bgm^k_Z\^lpbmamaîn[eb\
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Lbmêh`blmb\l
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IeZgmZg]^jnbif^gmmh[îkhob]^]%^'`'\kZg^l
L^jn^g\^h_phkd
B]^gmb_rma^l^jn^g\^h_phkdZg]ma^]î^g]^g\b^l[^mp^^g^Z\aZ\mbobmr
;kb^r]^l\kb[^^Z\aZ\mbobmr
Eblmma^Z\mbobmb^lbgZeh`b\Zehk]^k
Abàebàmd^rk^lmkZbgmlZg]ahpma^r\Zg[^ho^k\hf^
L^\mbhg+'0'*abàebàm^]ahpa^ZemaZg]lZ_^mrkbldllahne][^fbgbfbl^]'F^mah]l_hk
k^]n\bg`Zgrk^fZbgbg`kbldllahne][^bg\en]bgà^k^
.'*'+ Detailed considerations

Ma^]^lb`g^k\Zgbgn^g\^maâ^ZemaZg]lZ_^mrkbldlhgZikhc^\m[r\hglb]^kbg`ma^blln^lZmZg
^ZkerlmZ`^4ma^_heehpbgèblmblZgbg]b\Zmbhgh_Zk^Zlpa^k^]^lb`g^kl\ZgaZo^Zgbgn^g\^3
K^]n\^ma^k^jnbk^f^gmmhwork at height'
K^]n\^ma^k^jnbk^f^gmmhphkdbgexcavationsZg]conned spaces%^'`'fbgbfbl^ma^
]îmalh__hng]Zmbhgl'
:ohb]ma^li^\b\Zmbhgh_fZm^kbZelmaZmZk^difcult to handle^'`'ehgè^g`malh_-)ff
]bZf^m^kk^bg_hk\bg`[Zk'
<e^Zker\hgo^rmaêZm^kZestability requirements_hkmaî^kfZg^gmphkdl'
:ohb]ma^li^\b\Zmbhgh_m^\agbjn^lmaZm`^g^kZm^noise'
Fbgbfbl^ma^nl^h_m^\agbjn^lmaZm\Znl^vibration'
<hglb]^kma^]îmah_ma^groundwaterbgma^]^lb`g'
K^]n\^ma^kbldh_\hgmZ\mpbmacontaminants^'`'li^\b_rmahkhnàlbm^bgo^lmb`Zmbhgb_
ma^k^blZkbldh_\hgmZfbgZmbhgb]^gmb^]bgZ]^ldlmn]r'
B]^gmb_rmaêh\Zmbhgh_utility services'
<hglb]^kbuoyancy]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhg'
104
F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
<hglmkn\mbhg\ehl^mh adjacent properties'
Refurbishment h_^qblmbgìkhi^kmb^l'
Weight of elements mh[êb_m^]'
Mri^lh_lifting equipment ^goblZ`^]_hkmaîkhc^\m'
Temporary propping k^jnbk^f^gml'
.'+ Programme
:lpbmaf^mah]lmZm^f^gml%ma^\Zg]b]Zm^blnlnZeerng]^kmbfîk^llnk^ZmmabllmZ`^h_ma^
^qZfbgZmbhg[nm%Z`Zbg%bmblZghiihkmngbmrmh]^fhglmkZm^rhnkdghpe^]`^'Ma^bg_hkfZmbhg
ikhob]^] a^k^ bl k^Zeer bgm^g]^] _hk bgbmbZe ikh`kZffbg` hger% not Zl Z ]^mZbe^] `nb]^ hg
\hglmkn\mbhgi^kbh]l'
Mrib\Ze\hglmkn\mbhgkZm^l\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^.'*hk?b`nk^.'*'
MZ[e^.'*
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<hglmkn\mbhgmri^
<hglmkn\mbhgkZm^
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Ghm^
KZm^l`bo^gZk^`^g^kb\Zg]bgm^g]^]hger_hk`nb]Zg\^'
Column/slab construction
Start
on site
Lead-in time (weeks)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Speed on site (weeks/1000 m2/crane)

1
2
3
Flat slab
Ribbed slab
Waffle slab
One-way slab and band beam
Two-way beam and slab
P/T flat slab
If designed by P/T contractor
Hybrid beam and slab

Wall/slab construction
Hybrid twin wall
Precast crosswall
Tunnel form
?b`nk^.'*
E^Z]&bgmbf^lZg]li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
105
?b`nk^l.'+mh.'-lahpmaêZrhnmZg]\hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^l_hkma^lmkn\mnkZehimbhgl_hkZ
\hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`maZmaZo^[^^gmZd^g_khf<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l&\hlmfh]êlmn]rT*,V'
Ma^[nbe]bg`blmak^^lmhk^rlabàZg]eh\Zm^]hgZ`k^^g&ê]lbm^%bmaZl[^^gZllnf^]maZmhg^
\kZgâZl[^^gnl^]_hkmabl\hglmkn\mbhg'
A
B
7500
D
7500
7500
7500
E
7500
7500
F
7500
G
7500
H
7500
7500
7500
4
7500
5
7500
.'+'* Example programmes
?b`nk^.'+
IeZgh_,&lmhk^r\hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`
Activity
Duration
Site set up
2 weeks
Substructure
8 weeks
Remove topsoil and reduced level dig
2 weeks
Pad foundations
4 weeks
Underslab drainage
3 weeks
Ground floor slab
3 weeks
Superstructure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
10 weeks
Walls/columns grd to 1st
3 weeks
1st floor slab
4 weeks
Walls/columns 1st to 2nd
3 weeks
2nd floor slab
4 weeks
Walls/columns 2nd to 3rd
3 weeks
3rd floor slab
3 weeks
Roof upstands and bases
2 weeks
?b`nk^.',
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZZmleZ[lhenmbhg
106
F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
Activity
Duration
Site set up
2 weeks
Substructure
8 weeks
Remove topsoil and reduced level dig
2 weeks
Pad foundations
4 weeks
Underslab drainage
3 weeks
Ground floor slab
3 weeks
Superstructure
13 weeks
Walls/columns grd to 1st
2 weeks
1st floor RC beams
2 weeks
1st floor PC planks
1 week
Walls/columns 1st to 2nd
2 weeks
2nd floor RC beams
2 weeks
2nd floor PC planks
1 week
Walls/columns 2nd to 3rd
2 weeks
3rd floor RC beams
2 weeks
3rd floor PC planks
1 week
Roof upstands and bases
2 weeks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
?b`nk^.'<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZar[kb]\hg\k^m^lhenmbhg
107
:ii^g]bq:3 Robustness requirements

for precast concrete frames
Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hkZkh[nlmik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^f^m[r]^lb`gbg`_hkma^fbgbfnf
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O^kmb\Zemb^l\hgg^\mbgò^kmb\ZepZeelhk\henfglmhikhob]^\hgmbgnbmr'
Floor ties either uniformaly
distributed or collected
at columns
Internal ties
Continuous
peripheral
gable tie
Continuity tie
Ties anchored into

columns where
continuity cannot
be provided
Perimeter floor ties

(everywhere)
Continuous
peripheral
tie(s)
?b`nk^:'*
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Ma^mb^l\Zg[^^bma^kk^bg_hk\^f^gm!^'`'A*+"hkaêb\Zeik^lmk^llbg`lmkZg]!]^lb`glmk^g`ma
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:'* Horizontal ties

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Ma^hi^gbg`nih_Z]cZ\^gm\hk^lbgaheehp\hk^ngbmllahne][^Zohb]^]'
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:'+ Vertical ties

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ZmmaZmeôê'
108
:ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll
Concrete topping
Support
Precast hollowcore
unit
Note
Not suitable for Class 2B and Class 3 buildings in accordance
with Approved Document A [36]
?b`nk^:'+
Bgm^kgZehhkmb^lpbmabg
\hg\k^m^mhiibg`
In-situ concrete
?b`nk^:',
Bgm^kgZehhkmb^lpbmabgaheehp\hk^ngbmlT,*V
In-situ
concrete
?b`nk^:'I^kbf^m^khhkmb^lpbmabgaheehp\hk^ngbmlT,*V
109
Floor
Gable
beam
Tie bar
slab
Edge beam
In-situ concrete
In-situ
concrete
Reinforcement anchored
into precast column
using alternatives shown
in Figure A.9
Minimum + 2Hagg + 10 mm
Tie bar diameter
Gable beam
?b`nk^:'.
=^mZbebg`Zm\hkg^k\henfglT,*V
?b`nk^:'/
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ehg`bmn]bgZechbgmlh_
aheehp\hk^ngbml
Projecting bars
In-situ
infill
At least one (often two) core(s)

opened for approximately 300 m m
Plug in open cores

a) Plan
b) Section
?b`nk^:'0
I^kbf^m^kmb^lpa^kâheehp\hk^ngbmlliZgiZkZeeêmh^]`^[^ZfT,*V
110
:ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll
Slot formed in column
Site-placed bars positioned

inside projecting loops
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Bgm^kgZemb^lmZd^gmakhnàik^\Zlm\henfgT,*V
Anchor plate
Fully anchored
cast-in-socket
Grouted sleeve
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111
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MZ[e^;'*)
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Uniformly distributed
0.5l
0.5l
=^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
0.125
0.096
0.096
0.100
0.100
0.080
0.025
0.080
0.117
0.117
0.101
0.101
0.075
0.107
0.107
0.071
0.036
0.036
0.077
0.077
0.121
0.107
0.121
0.099
0.099
0.081
0.081
0.105
0.079
0.079
0.105
0.046
0.078
0.078
0.033
0.033
0.120
0.111
0.111
0.120
0.079
0.086
0.079
0.100
0.100
0.156
0.095
0.095
0.156
0.129
0.129
0.125
0.125
0.108
0.042
0.108
0.146
0.146
0.136
0.104
0.136
0.134
0.134
0.089
0.056
0.056
0.104
0.104
0.151
0.134
0.151
0.134
0.111
0.111
0.134
0.132
Concentrated at mid span
Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
0.125
0.070
0.070
0.105
Concentrated at third points
EhZ]
0.099
0.051
0.099
0.068
0.139
0.139
0.150
0.150
0.109
0.109
0.135
0.117
0.135
0.132
0.051
0.105
0.188
0.156
0.156
0.188
0.203
0.203
0.150
0.150
0.175
0.100
0.175
0.175
0.175
0.213
0.175
0.213
0.161
0.170
0.107
0.116
0.161
0.116
0.181
0.161
0.181
0.210
0.183
0.183
0.210
0.170
0.158
0.118
0.118
0.158
0.171
0.112
0.132
0.112
0.171
0.179
0.167
0.167
0.179
0.191
0.211
0.181
0.181
0.211
0.167
0.111
0.111
0.167
0.139
0.139
0.133
0.133
0.122
0.033
0.122
0.156
0.156
0.144
0.100
0.144
0.143
0.095
0.143
0.119
0.056
0.056
0.119
0.160
0.160
0.144
0.143
0.111
0.111
0.143
0.140
0.105
0.105
0.140
0.061
0.120
0.050
0.050
0.120
0.159
0.148
0.148
0.159
0.144
0.108
0.115
0.108
0.144
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;[êhpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg'
,<h^_\b^gmlZiierpa^gZeeliZglZk^^jnZe!oZkbZmbhglbgma^liZg
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117
MZ[e^;'**
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Triangularly distributed
Concentrated at midspan
Concentrated at third points
EhZ]
0.625
0.375
0.625
0.375
0.438
0.625
0.625
0.438
0.600
0.400
0.500
0.500
0.400
0.600
0.583
0.617
0.450
0.450
0.617
0.583
0.536
0.464
0.607
0.393
0.607
0.464
0.536
0.393
0.603
0.446
0.571
0.621
0.446
0.603
0.571
0.621
0.395
0.526
0.605
0.474
0.500
0.605
0.526
0.395
0.474
0.500
0.591
0.620
0.576
0.447
0.598
0.620
0.576
0.591
0.598
0.447
0.656
0.344
0.656
0.344
0.422
0.656
0.656
0.422
0.625
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.500
0.375
0.437
0.605
0.646
0.646
0.605
0.437
0.545
0.455
0.634
0.366
0.634
0.366
0.455
0.545
0.589
0.651
0.433
0.628
0.433
0.651
0.589
0.628
0.468
0.631
0.369
0.500
0.532
0.631
0.468
0.500
0.532
0.369
0.434
0.614
0.595
0.649
0.622
0.649
0.595
0.614
0.622
0.434
0.313
0.688
0.313
0.688
0.688
0.406
0.406
0.688
0.650
0.350
0.500
0.650
0.500
0.350
0.625
0.425
0.675
0.425
0.625
0.675
0.339
0.446
0.661
0.554
0.339
0.661
0.554
0.446
0.607
0.681
0.420
0.654
0.681
0.607
0.654
0.420
0.460
0.658
0.342
0.540
0.500
0.658
0.460
0.500
0.540
0.342
0.615
0.679
0.647
0.636
0.421
0.679
0.615
0.636
0.647
0.421
0.333
0.667
0.667
0.333
0.667
0.417
0.667
0.417
0.367
0.633
0.500
0.633
0.367
0.500
0.433
0.357
0.548
0.643
0.452
0.643
0.452
0.548
0.357
0.429
0.637
0.595
0.661
0.661
0.595
0.637
0.429
0.640
0.500
0.360
0.465
0.535
0.640
0.465
0.360
0.500
0.535
0.621
0.631
0.602
0.659
0.430
0.659
0.602
0.621
0.631
0.480
Ghm^
La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hghg^liZg"'
118
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
0.656
0.611
0.611
0.656
0.433
MZ[e^;'*+
=^lb`gfhf^gmZg]la^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hkliZglh_ng^jnZee^g`ma
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
Moment
0.277
0.277
0.025
0.223
0.025
2l
0.277
0.109
0.257
0.277
0.109
2l
Shear
1.000
0.223
0.777
1.000
0.777
0.223
0.466
1.000
0.534
0.466
0.534
1.000
0.373
0.311
0.311
0.273
0373
2l
2l
Moment
EhZ]
0.311
0.311
0.186
0.357
2l
0.357
2l
Shear
0.845
1.155
1.155
0.500
0.500
0.864
0.845
1.136
0.500
1.136
0.500
0.864
Ghm^l
*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e+"'
+La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e"'
,;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_\b^gm3
:Z[hoêbg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml'
;[êhpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg!g^`ZmboôZen^bg]b\Zm^lg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gm"'
119
Loading
w 2 2
(l a )
2l
2
RB = V B 1 + V B2 = w (l + a)
2l
RA = V A =
V B1 = w a
V B2
V1
V B1
Shear
2
2
V B2 = w (l + a )
2l
2
w
Msag, max = 2 (l + a) (l
8l
Mhog,max
Mhog, max=
Moment
a)
dC =
Msag, max
wa
2
2
wa
(4a l
24EI
l3 + 3a3)
a) Beam overhanging one support - uniformly distributed load
Loading
a
C
wa
2l
RA = VA =
R B= VA + V B =
wa
2l
(2l + a )
V B = wa
VB
VA
wa
2
Mmax =
Shear
Mmax
dC =
wa
(4 l + 3 a)
24EI
Moment
b) Beam overhanging one support - uniformly distributed load on overhang
a
P
A
Loading
RA = VA =
Pa
l
RB = VA + V B =
VB
VA
VB = P
Mmax = Pa
2
Shear
dC = Pa (l + a)
Mmax
3EI
Moment
c) Beam overhanging one support - concentrated load at end of overhang
?b`nk^;'*
;^g]bg`fhf^gml%la^Zk_hk\^lZg]]^^\mbhgl_hk\Zgmbeô^kl
120
P (l + a)
l
Deflected
shape
Assumed pin
connection
a) Frame and deflections
F1
F1
4
F1
4
F1
2
F1
2
F1
4
F1
4
F2
F1 + F2
4
F1 + F2
4
F1 + F2
2
F1 + F2
2
F1 + F2
4
F1 + F2
4
F3
F1 + F2 + F3
4
/F
F1 + F2 + F3
2
/F
F1 + F2 + F3
4
/F
4
/F
/F
/F
4
(3F 1 +2 F 2 + F 3 )h
2b
4
(3F 1 + 2 F 2 + F 3 )h
2b
b) Forces
MA
MA
MA
MB
MA
MA
MA
MD
MC
2
MD
MC
2
MD
MC
MB
MD
MF
MF
ME
2
ME
MC
MF
MF
MC
2
MA
MC
2
M A = F1 h / 8
M B = F1 h /4
M C = ( F1 + F2 ) h /4
M D = (2 F1 + F2) h /8
M E = (F + F + F )h /4
1
2
3
M F = (2 F1+ 2 F 2 + F3 )h / 8
ME
2
c) Moments
Note
Columns and beams have equal stiffness
?b`nk^;'+
:iikhqbfZm^fhf^gml_hkZfnemb&lmhk^r_kZf^
121
Compression reinforcement required
0.20
MEd /bd2fck
Compression reinforcement often advised (x/d > 0.45)
0.15
Key
0.10
25 fck
30 fck
35 fck
40 fck
50 fck
x
0.05
d
z < 0.95d
As
0.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
100 As/bd
1.5
2.0
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122
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124
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1.2
As fyk/h2fck
0.3
Ratio d/h = 0.5
0.4
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.9
0.8
0.9
NEd /h2fck
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.7
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.3
Kr = 1
0.2
0.5
0.1
0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
MEd /h3fck
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
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126
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127
References
* ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+**3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm
**3@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))/'
+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+*+3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm
*+3Lmkn\mnkZek^]^lb`g';LB%+))/'
, ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)3Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^';LB*220'
- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`ll\a^f^]^lb`gfZgnZe'<<BI&)*1'M<<%+))/'
. @HH=<ABE=%<A'P>;LM>K%KF>EEBHMM%DL'>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^ê^f^gml'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
/ BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'P^[iZ`^
ammi3((ppp'blmkn\m^'hk`'nd(^qZfl(bg]^q'Zli
0 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22)>nkh\h]^;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g'
;LB%+))+'
1 <BKB:'Kîhkm*)+'=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZeelbg[nbe]bg`l'<BKB:%*21-'
2 GA;<LmZg]Zk]l'<aZim^k-'+3;nbe]bg`g^Zkmk^^l'GA;<%+)),!bg\e':ikbe+)).
Zf^g]f^gm"'
*) <A:KE>L%C:'@^hm^\agb\l_hk[nbe]bgìkh_^llbhgZel';K>%+)).'
** <BKB:'Li^\bZein[eb\Zmbhg*)03K^f^]bZemk^Zmf^gm_hk\hgmZfbgZm^]eZg]'<BKB:%*22.'
*+ ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'K^f^]bZmbhgh_[khpgê]eZg]';<:%+))-'
*, MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]êlmn]r<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI)*)'M<<%+))0'
*- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]êlmn]rL\ahhe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI)**'M<<%+))1'
*. MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]êlmn]rAhlibmZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI)*+'M<<%+))1'
*/ MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]êlmn]rAbàkbl^k^lb]^gmbZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI)*,'M<<%
bgikîZkZmbhg'
*0 <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>gèZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gmE'<E@%+))/'
*1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=BGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))%<hg\k^m^<hfie^f^gmZkr;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]mh
;L>G+)/*';LB%+))/'
*2 <FIBGM>KG:MBHG:EEM=';nbe]bg`fZ`Zsbg^%p^^der'
+) :KNI'AhlibmZehhkob[kZmbhglmn]r'<hfiZkblhgh_ihllb[e^hhklmkn\mnk^lpbmak^li^\mmh
GALob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZ'K^l^Zk\akîhkm%:kni%+))-':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'
\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf
+* A:<D>K%CG%=>L:NEE>L%MI%FBGLHG%:FZg]AHEF>L%FC'>f[h]b^]Zg]hi^kZmbhgZe
\Zk[hg]bhqb]^^fbllbhgl_khfahnlbg`3Z\Zl^lmn]rhgma^^__^\mlh_ma^kfZefZllZg]
\ebfZm^\aZg`^':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf'Ln[fbmm^]mh
>g^k`rZg];nbe]bg`%+))/'
++ <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeKîhkm/0'Fho^f^gm%k^lmkZbgmZg]\kZ\dbg`bg\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))1'
+, <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\Zekîhkm-,3Ihlm&m^glbhg^]\hg\k^m^hhkl]^lb`gaZg][hhd
!l^\hg]^]bmbhg"'<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
+- MA>BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'=^lb`gk^\hff^g]Zmbhg_hkfnemb&lmhk^r
Zg]ng]^k`khng]\ZkiZkdl!,k]^]bmbhg"'BLmkn\m>%+))+'
+. ;NBE=BG@K>L>:K<A>LM:;EBLAF>GM%!;K>"%Li^\bZe]b`^lm*3+)).&<hg\k^m^bg
Z``k^llbo^`khng]!,k]^]bmbhg"';K>%+)).'
+/ BLmkn\m>(B<>'FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l'BLmkn\m>%*21.'
128
K^_^k^g\^l
+0 ;KHHD>K%H^mZe'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+%<<BI&))/'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
+1 <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeKîhkm,-3<hg\k^m^bg]nlmkbZe`khng]hhkl!,k]^]bmbhg"'
<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)),'
+2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1))-3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk_hng]Zmbhgl';LB%*21/'
,) P:K=%PA%;NKE:G=%C;Zg]@:EEHBL%KP'@^hm^\agb\ZeZll^llf^gmh_Zlbm^Zm
Fng]_hk]%Ghk_hed_hkZeZk`îkhmhgZ\\ê^kZmhk'@^hm^\agbjn^%*1%ii',22-,*%*2/1'
,* <A:G=E>K%KC'Ma^^__^\mh_p^Zma^kbg`hgma^la^Zklmk^g`maikhi^kmb^lh_D^ni^kFZke'
@^hm^\agbjn^%+*%ii',+*,,-%*2/2'
,+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1*)+%Ikhm^\mbhgh_lmkn\mnk^lZ`ZbglmpZm^k_khf
ma^`khng]';LB%*22)'
,, <BKB:'Kîhkm*,23PZm^k&k^lblmbg`[Zl^f^gml'<BKB:%*22.'
,- ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+,3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm,
Ebjnb]k^mZbgbg`Zg]\hgmZbgf^gmlmkn\mnk^l';LB+))/'
,. >EEBHMM%DL'Fnemb&lmhk^rik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`l';eZ\dpêeL\b^g\^%*22/'
,/ <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>gèZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gm:'<E@%+))/'
Further reading
:EE>G%:A'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)lbfier^qieZbg^]'Lihg%*211'
:F;KHL>%CZg]O>K@NG%='Lbfieb^][nbe]bg`]^lb`g_hkpbg]Zg]^ZkmajnZd^_hk\^l
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-

Concrete BUildings Scheme Design Manual PDF

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Licensed copy from CIS: hyder, Hyder Consulting, 12/07/2016, Uncontrolled Copy.

A single copy of this document is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the

: cement Zg] concrete bg]nlmkr in[eb\Zmbhg

Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual (Eurocode 2 edition)

3. As,prov/As,reqd 1.5 (UK National Annex)

This is figure is no longer required (but it may be

Insert new text

At the basic control perimeter check vEd

Determine Factor 3 (F3)

Determine Factor 3 (F3)

Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress, assume H20 @ 225

Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2 x 500 = 4542 mm

\\tccdata\tcc\users\obrooker\Small tasks\Changes due to Amd 1 of UK NA\CBSDM corrections due to Amd 1 of UK NA.doc

Symbols used in this handbook

b oq%b or La^Zk_hk\^\h^_\b^gml_hkk^lmkZbg^]mph&pZrliZggbg`leZ[l

*'* How to use this handbook

*', The examination

*'. Further information

+ Development of solutions (section 1)

+'+ Functional framing

+', Load transfer

Flat slab (min. 3 bays)

Floor slab on grade

d) Precast concrete terracing

Load onto ground

c) Effect of accidental impact

+'-'* Lateral stability

a) Walls resist bending in one plane,

b) Walls resist bending in both planes.

c) Core resists bending in both

d) Cores resist bending in both planes.

e) Cores resist bending on each section of the

+'. Concrete frame options

+'/ Foundations and retaining structures

+'/'+ Foundation solutions

a) Imposed load Qk = 2.5 kN/m

b) Imposed load Qk = 5.0 kN/m2

c) Imposed load Qk = 7.5 kN/m2

P/T flat slab

Hybrid hollowcore and topping

Solid at slab with drops

Solid at slab with column heads (Forming column head

Biaxial voided slab (Can be used with in-situ or with

Solid slab with band beams

Ribbed slab with beams

Ribbed slab with integral band beams

Tunnel form (One-way slab on walls) a

Composite lattice girder soft slab b

Precast hollowcore slab

Composite precast slab

Precast double T units

Precast crosswall and solid prestressed slab

Two-way wafe slab with beams

Wafe slab with integral beams

Precast columns and edge beams with in-situ oor

Precast columns and oor units with in-situ beams b

In-situ columns and beams with precast oor units b

In-situ columns and oor topping with precast

+'/', Piling options

+'/'- Retaining walls

+'/'. Ground improvement

+'/'/ Remediation using soil stabilisation/solidication

b oq%b or La^Zk_hk\^\h^_\b^gml_hkk^lmkZbg^]mph&pZrliZggbg`leZ[l

' How to use this handbook

#%

&(

+'** The letter

,Design calculations (section 2c)

,'' Principal elements

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