3ltemacrrc 151215205618

LTE
MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC

November 2012
Bong Youl (Brian) Cho,
brian.cho@nsn.com
Contents
Field KPI
Multi-Carrier operation and CA
VoLTE and other GBR services
How to cope with traffic growth?
TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

2
Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE Field KPI

3
High level of expectation in Korea

The quality of mobile service in Korea is the best in the world
Call setup
success rate
Call drop rate
Call completion
rate
Grade
Korea (avg)
99.00%
0.10%
98.50%
Word Top 7 cities
96.07%
1.95%
93.40%

4
System Selection/Registration
Information on USIM
HPLMN on RAT basis
CSG Identities list
Forbidden PLMN list
RPLMN
etc
Information on ME
UE Category, RAT support
Frequency band
Forbidden PLMNs/TAs/Las
MRU Acquisition information
Barred Cells/Barred Frequencies
etc
Information written to USIM

Registered PLMN
Forbidden PLMN list

5
* Qualcomm
Overall UE Camping Procedure

(1) PLMN selection
Read USIM
Read stored info on ME
Select Band, PLMN, etc
NAS
RRC
(2) Trigger
System
Acquisition
(4) Schedule
Broadcast Control
Channel read
AS
PHY
(3) Acquisition
Scan Band/Freq

6
(10) Service Obtained

(Camped)
(6) Process SIB1

Check PLMN
Is Cell reserved?
Is CSG Id valid?
Cell belong to Forbidden TA?
Cell barred?
If fail, go back to (3).
If ok, go to (7).
(5) Read MIB/SIB1

Using SI-RNTI
(7) SIB2 and

other SIBs
(8) All SIBs

obtained
(9) Cell is
selected and
UE camps
Cells and Services

Categories of Cell
Acceptable*: May camp to obtain Limited service

Suitable*: Can camp to obtain Normal service
Reserved: UEs with AC 11 & 15 are allowed to camp in HPLMN
Barred: Not available for camping
CSG: Only UE of Closed Subscriber Group can camp
Requirements for cell selection on a Suitable Cell
Part of Selected, Registered, or Equivalent PLMN

Not barred
Park of Tracking Area that is not Forbidden
CSG ID mush be from the allowed CSG list
Must satisfy the cell selection criteria
Types of Services
Normal: Receive Paging and can transition to Connected state
Limited**: Emergency calls and ETWS
Operator: For operators only on reserved cell
* Cell that is Acceptable to one UE can be a Suitable for another UE and vice versa.
** UE in Limited Service periodically scans system to obtain Normal Service

7
Cell Selection Criteria

Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0
where: Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) Pcompensation
Squal = Qqualmeas (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)
Srxlev
Squal
Qrxlevmeas
Qqualmeas
Qrxlevmin
Qqualmin
Qrxlevminoffset
Qqualminoffset
Pcompensation
PEMAX_H
PPowerClass
Cell selection RX level value (dB)

Cell selection quality value (dB)
Measured cell RX level value (RSRP)
Measured cell quality value (RSRQ)
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm), obtained in SIB1
Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB), obtained in SIB1
Offset to the signalled Qrxlevmin taken into account in the Srxlev evaluation as a
result of a periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in
a VPLMN, obtained in SIB1
Offset to the signalled Qqualmin taken into account in the Squal evaluation as a
result of a periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in
a VPLMN, obtained in SIB1
max(PEMAX_H PPowerClass, 0) (dB)
Maximum TX power level an UE may use when transmitting on the uplink in
the cell (dBm) defined as PEMAX_H in [TS 36.101], obtained in SIB1
Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm) according to the UE power class
as defined in [TS 36.101]

8
EMM state model

EPS mobility management state model
The UE enters the EMM-REGISTERED state by a successful registration procedure
which is either an Attach procedure or a Tracking Area Update procedure

9
ECM state model

EPS connection management state model
For a UE in ECM-CONNECTED state, a signaling connection exists between the UE
and the MME. This signaling connection consists of two parts:
RRC connection (in UE)
UE-associated signaling connection across the S1_MME called UE-associated logical S1connection (in MME)

10
RRC Connection
RRC Connection established
RRC-Idle
RRC-connected
RRC Connection released
RRC-Idle
A UE specific DRX may be configured by upper layers.

UE controlled mobility; (Cell selection/reselection, TA update)
The UE:
Monitors a Paging channel to detect incoming calls, system information change, for ETWS capable UEs, ETWS notification, and
for CMAS capable UEs, CMAS notification;
Performs neighbouring cell measurements and cell (re-)selection;
Acquires system information.
RRC-Connected
Transfer of unicast data to/from UE.

At lower layers, the UE may be configured with a UE specific DRX.
Network controlled mobility, i.e. handover;
The UE:
Monitors a Paging channel and/ or System Information Block Type 1 contents to detect system information change, for ETWS
capable UEs, ETWS notification, and for CMAS capable UEs, CMAS notification;
Monitors control channels associated with the shared data channel to determine if data is scheduled for it;
Provides channel quality and feedback information;
Performs neighbouring cell measurements and measurement reporting;
Acquires system information.

11
Connection Establish and Release Procedure

12
Random Access
Objectives of random access
Get unique UE identity (C-RNTI)
Timing correction information for uplink
5 Events invoking RA procedure
Initial access from RRC_IDLE

RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure
Handover requiring RA procedure
DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA procedure when UL synchronization status

is non-synchronised
UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA procedure when UL synchronization status

is non-synchronised or there is no PUCCH resources for SR
Random Access channel characteristics
Contention-based transmission & Non-contention-based transmission (e.g. handover)

Signal structure to support full coverage
Small preamble to lower overhead (as in WCDMA)
RA attempts are done in pre-defined time/frequency resources.
PRACH orthogonal to PUSCH/PUCCH (different from WCDMA PRACH)

13
Access Preamble Transmission

14
PRACH
PRACH RA preamble
6RB 1.25kHz (format #4 7.5kHz)
64 preamble sequences for each cell 64 random access opportunities per PRACH resource
Sequence 839 Z-C sequence (format #4 139)
Phase modulation: Due to the ideal auto-correlation property, there is no intra-cell interference from multiple random
access attempt using preambles derived from the same Z-C root sequence.
Five types of preamble formats to accommodate a wide range of scenarios
Higher layers control the preamble format
(~15km)
(~100km)
SINR sequence repetition (~30km)
SINR sequence repetition (~100km)
TDD

15
Different Preamble Formats

16
PRACH Location
One PRACH resource of 6 RBs per subframe (for FDD)

Multiple UEs can access same PRACH resource by using different preambles
PRACH may or may not present in every subframe and every frame
PRACH-Configuration-Index parameter indicates frame number and subframe
numbers where the PRACH resource is available.
Starting frequency is specified by the network (
)
No frequency hopping for PRACH

17
Random Access Types

Non-contention-based (Contention-free) Random Access
PDCCH or RRC indicates a RA preamble and PRACH resource (PRB) for UE
to send signaling or data on PUSCH
Contention-based Random Access

UE selects a RA preamble and PRACH resource to send signaling or data
on PUSCH
There is probability that multiple UEs in the cell could pick the same
preamble signature and the eNB would assign the same PRB to both UEs
for UL transmission of message/data
Contention resolution is needed

18
Non-contention-based Random Access

UE
eNB
RA Preamble assignment
PDSCH
Random Access Preamble

PRACH

19
Random Access Response

PDSCH
Non-contention-based Random Access

0)
1)
2)
Random Access Preamble assignment (and PRACH resource (PRB)) via dedicated
signalling in DL:
Signalled via:
HO command generated by target eNB and sent via source eNB for handover;
PDCCH in case of DL data arrival.
Random Access Preamble on RACH in uplink:
UE transmits the assigned non-contention Random Access Preamble.
Power Ramp (with time backoff) can be applied until preamble is received.
The amount of power increase is defined in specification
eNB sends a transmission on PDCCH identified using RA-RNTI
Actual RAR (Random Access Response) is on PDSCH pointed by PDCCH w/ RA-RNTI
No HARQ
RAR includes RA preamble ID
If UE finds the same RA preamble ID in RAR, UE consider RA was successful.

20
Contention-based Random Access

UE
eNB
Random Access Preamble

PRACH
Random Access Response

PDSCH
Scheduled Transmission
PUSCH
Contention Resolution
PDSCH

21
Random Access Procedures

Step 1: Random-access preamble transmission
The network broadcasts info to all UEs in which time-frequency resources randomaccess preamble transmission is allowed (i.e., PRACH resources in SIB 2)
In each cell, there are 64 preamble sequences available

Two subsets (Preamble set #0 and set #1) as well as preambles for contention-free access
A UE randomly selects one sequence in one of the subsets.
Transmission of random-access preamble for eNB to estimate the UE transmission

timing.
Only the first step uses physical-layer processing specifically designed for RA
If UE has been requested to perform a contention-free random access (e.g. handover
to a new cell), the preamble to use is explicitly indicated from eNB
For FDD, there is at most one random-access region per subframe

Power Ramp (with time backoff) can be applied until preamble is received

22
Random Access Procedures

Step 2: Random-access response
After eNB detects the preamble, it sends a transmission on PDCCH identified using RARNTI.
Actual RAR is on PDSCH pointed by PDCCH w/ RA-RNTI

Message contains:
Index of the random-access preamble sequences detected at the network
The timing correction calculated at the network

A scheduling grant for Step 3
A temporary identity, TC-RNTI, used for the following steps
Collision when multiple UEs using the same preamble at the same time at Step 1.
In this case, multiple UEs will react upon the same downlink response message and
collision occurs.

23
Random Access Procedures contd

Step 3: Terminal identification
UE adjusts timing per timing correction info provided at Step 2.
UE starts a contention resolution timer.

Each UE will transmit its unique UL CCCH SDU on UL-SCH
Transmitting the uplink message in the same manner as scheduled uplink data.
Flexibility on grant size and modulation scheme
It allows to use HARQ to enhance the receiving performance
Step 4: Contention resolution

eNB will only receive UL-SCH from UE whose time adjustment was suitable
Then, eNB sends a PDCCH with a TC-RNTI originally included in RAR and then the
Contention Resolution message on PDSCH where a Contention Resolution ID which
matches the CCCH SDU of only one of the UEs is included
Each UE receiving the downlink message will compare the Contention Resolution ID
Only one UE which observes a match b/w the ID received in Step 4 and the ID (CCCH
SDU) used in Step 3 will declare the random-access procedure successful.
The timer will expire for the other UEs for them to restart the RA process
24
Timing Advance

25
LTE Handover
LTE uses hard handover
LTE uses UE-assisted network controlled handover
UE reports measurements;
network decides when handover and to which Cell
For search and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells only carrier

frequency need to be indicated
X2 interface used for HO preparation and forwarding of user

data
Target eNB prepares handover by sending required information to UE transparently

through source eNB as part of the Handover Request ACK message
Buffered and new data is transferred from source to target eNB until path switch
preventing data loss
UE uses contention-free random access to accelerate handover

26
Mobility Measurement Metrics

Metrics within Events tell UE what to measure
E-UTRA metrics
Reference signal received power (RSRP)
Reference signal received quality (RSRQ)
UTRA metrics
UTRA FDD CPICH RSCP
UTRA FDD carrier RSSI
UTRA FDD CPICH Ec/No
GSM metrics
GSM carrier RSSI
CDMA2000 metrics
CDMA2000 1xRTT pilot strength
CDMA2000 HRPD pilot strength

27
Mobility Measurement Reporting

Event Reporting
Event
Purpose
A1
Serving becomes better than threshold
A2
Serving becomes worse than threshold
A3
Neighbor becomes offset better than serving cell + extra

margin
A4
Neighbor becomes better than threshold
A5
Serving becomes worse than threshold1 AND neighbor

becomes better than threshold2
B1
Inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold
B2
Serving becomes worse than threshold1 AND inter RAT

neighbor becomes better than threshold2
Periodical Reporting
Report strong cells periodically regardless, if configured by network
28
Inter-eNB
Handover

29
Inter-eNB Handover (X2-based)

1. The source eNodeB makes the decision to handover the UE to the target eNodeB based on
the MEASUREMENT REPORT of the UE and RRM information.
2. The source eNodeB issues a HANDOVER REQUEST message via the X2 interface to the
target eNodeB which passes necessary information to prepare the handover at the target
side.
This message includes signalling references, transport layer addresses and tunnel endpoint
identifiers to enable the target eNodeB to communicate with the source eNodeB and the EPC
nodes, as well as QoS information for the UE's bearers and RRM information.
3. Admission Control is performed by the target eNodeB dependent on the received radio
bearer QoS information and S1 connectivity to increase the likelihood of a successful
handover.
If the resources can be granted by the target eNodeB, it configures the required resources
according to the received UE context information, and reserves a C-RNTI (cell radio network
temporary identifier) and a dedicated preamble for the UE.
4. The target eNodeB prepares the handover regarding layer 1 and layer 2 and sends a
HANDOVER REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE message via X2 to the source eNodeB.
The HANDOVER REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE message includes a transparent container to
be sent to the UE later as part of the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message. The
container includes the new C-RNTI and the value of the dedicated preamble to be used by
the UE to synchronise with the target cell as well as other parameters required by the UE.

30

5. The source eNodeB sends a CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message towards the
UE, which includes the transparent container (of the previous step) received from the target
eNodeB.
6. The SN STATUS TRANSFER message is sent from the source to the target eNodeB.
Thereby PDCP layer information is transferred to ensure uplink and downlink PDCP SN
continuity for every bearer that requires PDCP status preservation.
7. Some time after sending the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message to the UE (and
possibly before sending the SN STATUS TRANSFER message to the target eNodeB), the
source eNodeB begins forwarding user data in the form of PDCP SDUs using the resources
set up previously and continues as long as packets are received at the source eNB from the
EPC.
8. When the UE receives the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message with the

necessary parameters (i.e. new C-RNTI, dedicated preamble, target cell ID etc.) it is
commanded by the source eNodeB to perform the handover immediately to the target cell.
The UE then performs the non-contention based random access procedure.
9. The random access response conveys timing alignment information and initial uplink grant
for handover.
10. When the UE has successfully accessed the target cell, it sends the CONNECTION
RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE message (containing its new C-RNTI) to the target
eNodeB to indicate that the handover procedure is completed for the UE.
31

11. If a new Measurement Configuration is to be sent to the UE, it is sent in a separate
CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message.
12. The target eNodeB sends a PATH SWITCH REQUEST message to the MME to inform it
that the UE has been handed over to another eNodeB.
13. The MME sends a USER PLANE UPDATE REQUEST message to the S-GW, which
includes the target eNodeB's TEID(s) received before to enable the user data path to be
switched from the source to the target eNodeB.
14. The S-GW switches the downlink data path to the target eNodeB.
Before the S-GW can release any U-plane/TNL resources towards the source eNodeB, it
sends one or more end marker packet(s) to the source eNodeB as an indication that the
downlink data path has been switched.
15. The S-GW sends a USER PLANE UPDATE RESPONSE message to the MME to confirm
that it has switched the downlink data path.
16. The MME confirms the PATH SWITCH REQUEST message with the PATH SWITCH
REQUEST ACK message.
17. By sending a UE CONTEXT RELEASE message, the target eNodeB informs the source
eNodeB of the success of the handover and triggers the release of resources.
The target eNodeB does not release its data forwarding tunnels from the source eNodeB
until it has received an end marker packet.
18. Upon reception of the UE CONTEXT RELEASE message, the source eNodeB may forward
any remaining PDCP SDUs
32
RRC Timers
Timer
Start
T300
Transmission of RRCConnectionRequest
T301
Transmission of
RRCConnectionReestabilshmentRequest
T302
Reception of RRCConnectionReject while

performing RRC connection establishment
Access barred while performing RRC
connection establishment for mobile
originating calls
Reception of RRCConnectionReconfiguration
message including the MobilityControl Info or
reception of MobilityFromEUTRACommand
message including CellChangeOrder
T303
T304
T305
T306
T310
T311
T320
T321
T330

originating signalling
originating CS fallback.
Upon detecting physical layer problems i.e.
upon receiving N310 consecutive out-of-sync
indications from lower layers
Upon initiating the RRC connection reestablishment procedure
Upon receiving t320 or upon cell (re)selection
to E-UTRA from another RAT with validity
time configured for dedicated priorities (in
which case the remaining validity time is
applied).
Upon receiving measConfig including a
reportConfig with the purpose set to
reportCGI
Upon receiving
LoggedMeasurementConfiguration message
Stop
Reception of RRCConnectionSetup or RRCConnectionReject
message, cell re-selection and upon abortion of connection
establishment by upper layers
Reception of RRCConnectionReestablishment or
RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject message as well as
when the selected cell becomes unsuitable
Upon entering RRC_CONNECTED and upon cell re-selection
Criterion for successful completion of handover to EUTRA or

cell change order is met (the criterion is specified in the target
RAT in case of inter-RAT)
At expiry
Perform the actions as specified in 5.3.3.6
Go to RRC_IDLE
Inform upper layers about barring alleviation as

specified in 5.3.3.7
In case of cell change order from E-UTRA or intra EUTRA handover, initiate the RRC connection reestablishment procedure; In case of handover to EUTRA, perform the actions defined in the
specifications applicable for the source RAT.
Upon receiving N311 consecutive in-sync indications from lower If security is not activated: go to RRC_IDLE else:
layers, upon triggering the handover procedure and upon
initiate the connection re-establishment procedure
initiating the connection re-establishment procedure
Selection of a suitable E-UTRA cell or a cell using another RAT. Enter RRC_IDLE
Upon entering RRC_CONNECTED, when PLMN selection is

performed on request by NAS, or upon cell (re)selection to
another RAT (in which case the timer is carried on to the other
RAT).
Discard the cell reselection priority rmation provided

by dedicated signalling.
Upon acquiring the rmation needed to set all fields of

cellGlobalId for the requested cell, upon receiving measConfig
that includes removal of the reportConfig with the purpose set to
reportCGI
Upon log volume exceeding the suitable UE memory, upon
initiating the release of LoggedMeasurementConfiguration
procedure
Initiate the measurement reporting procedure, stop

performing the related measurements and remove the
corresponding measId
Constant
Usage
TTA LTE/MIMOMaximum
Standards/Technology
Training
N310
number of consecutive
"out-of-sync" indications received from lower layers
33
Nokia
Siemens
Networks
N311
Maximum
number
of consecutive "in-sync" indications received from lower layers
Perform the actions specified in 5.6.6.4
Multi-Carrier operation and CA

34
Spectral Efficiency of HSPA and LTE*
* Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Wiley, 2009
35
LTE DL Spectral Efficiency Benefit

over R6 HSDPA in Macro Cells*
LTE Benefit
Gain
Explanation
Up to +70%
depending on
the multi-path
profile
HSDPA suffers from intra-cell interference fro

the Rake receiver. Rake receiver is assumed
in R6. However, most HSDPA terminals have
an EQ that removes most intra-cell
interference.
+40%
Frequency domain scheduling is possible in

OFDM system, but not in single carrier
HSDPA. The dual carrier HSDPA can get part
of the frequency domain scheduling gain.
MIMO
+15%
No MIMO defined in HSDPA R6. The gain is

relative to single antenna BS transmission.
HSDPA R7 includes MIMO.
Inter-cell interference
rejection combining
+10%
The interference rejection combining works

better in OFDM system with long symbols.
Total
=3.0x
1.7 x 1.4 x 1.15 x 1.1
OFDM with freq.

domain EQ
Freq. domain packet

scheduling (using
OFDMA)
* Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Wiley, 2009
36
FDD Spectrum Map
2G CDMA
3G WCDMA
4G LTE
4G LTE planned (2nd carrier)
Empty spectrum
To be assigned (12-13)
850MHz
B5/B26
900MHz
B8
KT
UL
(5 )
8
1
9
SKT
UL
(15)
8
2
4
LG U+
UL
(10)
8
3
9
KT
DL
(5 )
8
4
9
SKT
DL
(15)
LG U+
DL
(10)
8
6
9
8
6
4
8
8
4
KT
UL
(10)
8
9
4
KT
DL
(10)
9
0
5
9
1
5
9
5
0
KT
DL
(10)
SKT
DL
(10 )
9
6
0
1.8GHz
B3
KT
UL
(10)
frequency sharing
b/w comm &
military/public (35)
1
7
1
0
1
7
4
5
SKT
UL
(10 )
1
7
5
5
LG U+
UL
(10)
1
7
6
5
1
7
7
0
frequency sharing
b/w comm &
military/public (35)
1
8
0
5
1
7
8
0
1
8
4
0
1
8
5
0
LG U+
DL
(10)
1
8
6
0
1
8
7
0
2.1GHz
B1
LG U+
UL
(10 )
1
9
2
0
1
9
3
0
SKT
UL
(30)
KT
UL
(20)
1
9
6
0

37
LG U+
UL
(10 )
IMT-satellite
(30)
1
9
8
0
2
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
1
2
0
SKT
UL
(30)
KT
UL
(20)
2
1
5
0
IMT-satellite
(30)
2
1
7
0
2
2
0
0
Multi-Carrier Operation
Mobility
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Load balancing
Idle mode cell selection priority

Idle mode load balancing
Connected mode load balancing

Service aware(?)
2nd carrier?
2nd carrier?
UE
1st carrier
38
1st carrier
MC CA
MC (Multi Carrier)
: SKT 850MHz 2x10MHz 1.8GHz 2x10MHz MC LTE

850MHz 2
850MHz 1.8GHz ,
850MHz 1.8GHz , PDR 2
DL 75Mbps
CA (Carrier Aggregation)
N .
SKT PDR
2 DL 150Mbps
MC

Intra-band contiguous CA ()
Intra-band non-contiguous CA
Inter-band (non-contiguous) CA ()

39

40
3GPP Defined LTE CA Band Combinations

Release 10
Band1 + Band5 LG U+
Release 11 Work Items
LTE_CA_B1_B7: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 7

LTE_CA_B3_B5: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 5 SK Telecom
LTE_CA_B3_B7: LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 7
LTE_CA_B3_B8: LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 8 KT

LTE_CA_B7: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 7
LTE_CA_B25: LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation Intra-Band, Non-Contiguous in Band 25


41
* CA Band Combination
VoLTE and other GBR services

42
Short Call Setup time

& HD Voice
Call setup time
3G voice: ~ 4-5 sec
4G (?) CSFB voice: ~ 4-5 sec + ~ 1-2 sec
4G (!) VoLTE: ~ 1 sec
HD (High Definition) Voice with WB-AMR

Male
Narrow Band: AMR-NB 12.2kbps
Wide Band: AMR-WB 12.65kbps
Wide Band: AMR-WB 23.85kbps

43
Female
Music
Music2
Possible worries on VoLTE
Concerns on handover success rate due to LTEs hard handover nature

Requires good LTE coverage
Unspecified concerns on VoIP for primary voice service

44
Near mandatory requirements

QCI1 EPS bearer
ROHC (Robust Header Compression)
Robust Header Compression (RoHC) according to RFC3095 and RFC4995
RTP/UDP/IP headers of 40 bytes (IPv4) / 60 bytes (IPv6) are compressed to
typically 3 bytes
Typical AMR-NB payload of 14 32 bytes (4.75 kbit/s 12.2 kbit/s)

Leads to > 50% reduction of data volume at the air interface
Proper level of LTE network performance itself

PDCCH, PDSCH, PUSCH capacity
Coverage performance, particularly in cell edge
RAN optimization (parameter/field optimization) becomes more
critical in VoLTE era

45
EPS Bearer Service Architecture

46
EPS Bearer Terminology

Quality of service
GBR bearer: Guaranteed bit rate
Non-GBR bearer: No guaranteed bit rate
Establishment time
Default bearer
Established when UE connects to PDN
Provides always-on connectivity
Always non-GBR
Dedicated bearer established later
Can be GBR or non-GBR
Every EPS bearer

QoS class identifier (QCI): This is a number which describes the error rate and delay
that are associated with the service.
Allocation and retention priority (ARP): This determines whether a bearer can be
dropped if the network gets congested, or whether it can cause other bearers to be
dropped. Emergency calls might be associated with a high ARP, for example.
47
QCI (QoS Class Identifier)

48
DRX in RRC connected

UE power saving
Significant UE power reduction (> 90%)
UE needs to read the PDCCH only at DRX active and can switch off parts of
the receiver during DRX inactivity
Operator configurable DRX profiles which can be assigned to different QCI
profiles
Example:
QCI = 1
- DRX cycle: 20 ms (for VoLTE)
QCI = 7
- DRX cycle: 80 ms
QCI = 9
- DRX cycle: 2.5 s
Uplink out-of-sync handling

49
Channel/Interference Aware Scheduler (CAS/IAS)

Optimize the air-link performance
Assignment of PRBs (physical resource blocks) in the frequency domain
based on CSI (channel state indicator)
UL example below
CSI table
PRBs
UE A
UE B
UE C

50
Channel
aware
Channel
unaware
Resulting
weight: 12
Resulting
weight: 2
SRVCC to WCDMA
VoIP continuity to WCDMA
Extension to WCDMA handover
Only applied if EPS bearer with
QCI = 1 is established and MME
indicates that SRVCC is possible

51
S-GW MME
MSC
RNC
Hurdles to overcome
Call drop shall be minimized
GSMA IR.92 says If the PDN connectivity is lost, then the UE must re-establish the PDN
connection.
Connection RLF Re-establishment Fail? Call drop

Network optimization is THE key.
MOS (Mean opinion score)
Packet loss (<2%, <5%)

Delay (<50ms, <80ms)
Codec (higher rate, better)
Etc
Admission control for GBR

3GPP TS23.203 says An operator would choose GBR QCIs for services where the
preferred user experience is "service blocking over service dropping", i.e. rather block a
service request than risk degraded performance of an already admitted service request.
How to win a game over OTT?

52
How to cope with traffic growth?

53
Spectral Efficiency vs Load (Example)

3.50
3.00
3GPP Case 1
simulations with
full buffer gives
1.74 bps/Hz/cell
2.50
Assumes nice
hexagonal grid +
uncorrelated antennas
2.00
bps/Hz
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0%

54
13%
25%
38%
51%
Loading
63%
76%
88%
Non-GBR capacity after serving VoLTE

(Example)
Available non-GBR capacity per
cell after serving VoLTE users
18000
16000
DL available non-GBR throughput

UL available non-GBR throughput
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0

55
50
100
150
200
250
300
Number of VoLTE users per cell
350
400
Thank you !
www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com
20F, Meritz Tower, 825-2
Yeoksam-Dong, Kangnam-Gu
Seoul 135-080, Korea
Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

Lead Product Manager Korea, Ph.D.
LTE Business Line, MBB
brian.cho@nsn.com
Mobile 010-4309-4129
56

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LTE

MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

LTE Field KPI

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

High level of expectation in Korea

Call drop rate

Word Top 7 cities

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Information written to USIM

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Overall UE Camping Procedure

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

(10) Service Obtained

(6) Process SIB1

(5) Read MIB/SIB1

(7) SIB2 and

(8) All SIBs

Cells and Services

Acceptable*: May camp to obtain Limited service

Requirements for cell selection on a Suitable Cell

Part of Selected, Registered, or Equivalent PLMN

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Cell Selection Criteria

Cell selection RX level value (dB)

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

EMM state model

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

ECM state model

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

A UE specific DRX may be configured by upper layers.

Transfer of unicast data to/from UE.

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Connection Establish and Release Procedure

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

5 Events invoking RA procedure

Initial access from RRC_IDLE

DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA procedure when UL synchronization status

UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring RA procedure when UL synchronization status

Random Access channel characteristics

Contention-based transmission & Non-contention-based transmission (e.g. handover)

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Access Preamble Transmission

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Five types of preamble formats to accommodate a wide range of scenarios

Higher layers control the preamble format

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Different Preamble Formats

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

One PRACH resource of 6 RBs per subframe (for FDD)

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Random Access Types

Contention-based Random Access

Contention resolution is needed

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Non-contention-based Random Access

Random Access Preamble

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Random Access Response

Non-contention-based Random Access

TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training

Contention-based Random Access

Random Access Preamble