Ip Lab Manual 2014 15

IMAGE PROCESSING
B.Tech.
SEM. VII (EC)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION,

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, NADIAD
INDEX
CONTENTS
NO.
C ONT ENT S
INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE PROCESSING

TOOLBOX AND FUNCTION
FUNDAMENTAL IMAGE PROCESSING
INTENSITY TRANSFORMATION
FILTERING IN SPATIAL DOMAIN
FILTERING IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
IMAGE RESTORATION
COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING
EDGE DETECTION
MORPHOLOGY
DATE
P.NO.
IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-1
INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE PROCESSING TOOLBOX AND
FUNCTION
Date:___________
Objective:
To understand basic functions of Image Processing Toolbox in SciLab.
Introduction:
When working with images in SciLab, there are many things to keep in mind such as loading an
image, using the right format, saving the data as different data types, how to display an image,
conversion between different image formats, etc.
Different Functions for Image Processing Application:

1. Imread
Reads a grayscale or color image from the file specified by the string filename.
Syntax:
im= imread(filename. format)
im=imread(cameraman.tif)
Description:
The text string format specifies the format of the file by its standard file extension. For
example, specify 'gif' for Graphics Interchange Format files.
To read image from hard disk first we need to get path of that image using getSIVPpath function
like..
SIVP_Path=getSIVPpath();
im=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\lena.png');
2. Imwrite
Writes the image A to the file specified in File name the format specified by fmt.
Syntax:
imwrite(A,filename.fmt)
imwrite(a,rand.png)
Description:
imwrite(A,filename,fmt) writes the matrix A to the file specified by filename in the
format specified by fmt. A can be an M-by-N (grayscale image) or M-by-N-by-3 (true color
image) array, but it cannot be an empty array.
DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY
IMAGE PROCESSING
3. Imfinfo
Returns a structure whose fields contain information about an image in a graphics file.
Syntax:
info = imfinfo(filename.fmt)
b=imfinfo(lena.png)
Description:
It provides all information about image. For e.g. file size, compression methods etc. Following is
the output for the same.
Output:
Filename:C:\Users\BAPS\AppData\Roaming\SciLab\SCILAB~1.1\atoms\SIVP\053~1.12\images\lena.png
FileSize: 556294
Width: 512
Height: 512
BitDepth: 8
ColorType: 'truecolor'
4. Imshow
Displays the intensity image with n discrete levels of gray.
Syntax:
imshow(a)
imshow(lena.png)
Output:
Figure 1:IMAGE SHOW
IMAGE PROCESSING
5. rgb2gray():
Converts rgb or color image to gray scale image. X = rgb2gray(I), converts the rgb image I to a
gray scale image X.
Syntax:
imshow(im);
a = rgb2gray(im);
imshow (a);
Output:
Figure 3:RGB
Figure 2:GRAY SCALE
6. Imcrop
imcrop function crops the image according to our specification.
Syntax:
rect=[x, y, width, height] is a vector. (x, y) is the top-left corner of the rentangle.
b = imcrop(im, [100, 30, 300, 300])
imshow(b)
Output:
Figure 4:CROPED IMAGE
IMAGE PROCESSING
7.
Imresize
Resizing an image with respect to the specified dimensions.
Syntax:
H = imresize(a,[100 150]);
imshow(H);
k=imresize(a,0.5);
imshow(k);
Output:
Figure 5:0.5 TIMES ORIGINAL

Figure 6:RESIZED IMAGE
Conclusion:
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IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-2
FUNDAMENTAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Date:__________
Objective:
I. Find out average intensity of any Gray Scale Image
II. Apply negative transformation on any gray scale Image
III. Flipping the gray scale Image
Average Intensity of Gray Scale Image:

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
a=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\lena.png');
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[r p]=size(gray);
K=0;
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
k=k+gray(i,j);
end
end
h=k/(r*p);
Output:
h=0.4865
Image Negative:
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
gray=rgb2gray(a);
gray=double(gray);
[r p]=size(gray);
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
k(i,j)=255-gray(i,j);
end
end
IMAGE PROCESSING
nw=uint8(k);
figure,ShowImage(gray,'original');
title('original');
figure,ShowImage(nw,'Negetive');
title('Negetive');
Output:
Figure 7:NEGETIVE IMAGE
Image Flipping:
1.
Image Flip(Left to Right)

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
gray=rgb2gray(a);
gray=im2double(gray);
[r p]=size(gray);
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
k(i,j)=gray(i,p-j+1);
end
end
title('original');
figure,ShowImage(k,'Flip');
title('fliped');
IMAGE PROCESSING
Output:
Figure 8:ORIGINAL IMAGE
2.
Figure 9:FLIPED IMAGE
Image Flip(Up to Down)

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[r p]=size(gray);
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
k(i,j)=gray(r-i+1,j);
end
end
title('original');
title('fliped');
Output:
IMAGE PROCESSING
3.
Image Flip(Edge to Edge)

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[r p]=size(gray);
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
k(i,p-j+1)=gray(r-i+1,j);
end
end
title('original');
title('fliped');
Output:
Conclusion:
10
IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-3
INTENSITY TRANSFORMATIONS
Date:__________
Objective:
I.
II.
To apply Log Transform on gray scale Image
III.
To apply Power Log Transform on gray scale Image
IV.
To apply Contrast Straching intensity transformation on any gray scale Image
V.
VI.
VII.
To observe Histogram of any gray scale Image
To observe Bit-plane Slicing of any gray scale Image

To observe checker-board effect due to different sampling rate
To observe False contouring effect due to no. of graylevel
Histogram Processing:
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
gray=rgb2gray(a);
k=zeros(1,256);
[r p]=size(gray);
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
x=gray(i,j);
k(x)=k(x)+1;
end
end
figure,plot(k);
title('Histogram using udf');
m=imhist(gray);
figure,plot(m);
title('Histogram using sciEXPERIMENT function');
Output:
Figure 10:BY SCIEXPERIMENT FUNCTION
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IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 11:BY UDF
Log Transform:
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[r p]=size(gray);
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
k(i,j)=log10(1+gray1(i,j));
end
end
nw=uint8(k);
title('original');
title('Log Transform');
Output:
Power Log Transform:
Figure 12:LOG TRANSFORM
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
gray=rgb2gray(a);
gray1=im2double(gray);
[r p]=size(gray1);
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IMAGE PROCESSING
for n=0.1:0.2:2
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
k(i,j)=gray1(i,j).^n;
end
end
figure,ShowImage(k,'log transform');
end
Output:
Figure 16:GAMMA=0.2
Figure 15:GAMMA=0.4
Figure 17:GAMMA=1.8
Figure 18:GAMMA=2
Figure 14:GAMMA=0.6
Figure 13:GAMMA=0.8
Contrast Streching:
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
xdel(winsid());
gray=rgb2gray(a);
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IMAGE PROCESSING
r1=95
r2=135
s1=25
s2=215
m1=(s1)/r1;
m2=(s2-s1)/(r2-r1);
m3=(256-s2)/(256-r2);
[r p]=size(gray);
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
if (gray(i,j)<r1) then
k(i,j)=m1*gray(i,j);
end
if ((gray(i,j)>=r1) & (gray(i,j)<=r2)) then
end
if (gray(i,j)>r2) then
end
end
end
figure,ShowImage(k,'contrast streching');
title('contrast streching');
Output:
Bit-plane Slicing:
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
xdel(winsid());
SIVP_Path=getSIVPpath()
a=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\round.tif');
for i=1:8
k=mtlb_logical(bitget(a,i));
Figure 19:ORIGNAL IMAGE
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IMAGE PROCESSING
figure,ShowImage(k,'bit-plane slicing');
end
Output:
Figure 21:MSB
Figure 20:LSB
Checker-board Effect:
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
xdel(winsid());
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[r p]=size(gray);
for m=2:9
for i=1:(r/m)
for j=1:(p/m)
k(i,j)=gray(i*m,j*m);
end
end
figure,ShowImage(k,'Checker-board EFFECT');
clear k;
end
15
IMAGE PROCESSING
Output:
Figure 22: SAMPLING RATE=2
False Countering Effect:

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close;
xdel(winsid());
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IMAGE PROCESSING
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[r p]=size(gray);
for i=1:r
for j=1:p
if ((gray(i,j)>=0) & (gray(i,j)<=25)) then
k(i,j)=13;
end
if ((gray(i,j)>25) & (gray(i,j)<=50)) then
k(i,j)=38;
end
k(i,j)=63;
end
k(i,j)=88;
end
k(i,j)=113;
end
k(i,j)=138;
end
k(i,j)=163;
end
k(i,j)=188;
end
k(i,j)=213;
end
k(i,j)=238;
end
end
end
figure,ShowImage(k,'False Countering Effect');
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IMAGE PROCESSING
Output:
Figure 29:FALSE CONTURING WITH 10 INTENSITY LEVEL
Conclusion:
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ASSIGNMENT
Bit-plane slicing using user defined function
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IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-4
FILTERING IN SPATIAL DOMAIN
Date:__________
Objective:
I. To observe effect of various order of Averaging Filter
II. Comparison of Median Filter and Averaging Filter
III. To observe effect of various type of Mask on Image
To Observe Effect of Various Order of Averaging Filter

Program:
clc;
clear;
xdel(winsid());
path=getSIVPpath();
im=imread(path+"images\lena.png");
gray=rgb2gray(im);
ShowImage(gray,"gray image");
title("grayscale",'fontsize',3 );
[row,column]=size(gray);
for i=3:10
filter=fspecial('average',i)
imfilt=imfilter(gray,filter)
figure,ShowImage(imfilt,'filtered image');
title('averaging filter, order = '+string(i));
end
Output:
19
IMAGE PROCESSING
Comparision of median and averaging filters

Program:
clc;
clear;
xdel(winsid());
path=getSIVPpath();
gray=rgb2gray(im);
noisyim=imnoise(gray,'salt & pepper');
figure,ShowImage(noisyim,'noisy image');
title('image with salt and pepper noise','fontsize',3);
filter=fspecial('average');
imfilt=imfilter(noisyim,filter);
figure,ShowImage(imfilt,'filtered image');
title('Average filter','fontsize',3);
medianimage=MedianFilter(noisyim,[3 3]);
figure,ShowImage(medianimage,'median');
title('Median filter','fontsize',3);
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IMAGE PROCESSING
Output:
Figure 30:GRAY SCALE IMAGE
Figure 33:AVERAGING MASK
Figure 31:SOLT AND PEPPER NOISE ADDED
Figure 32:MEDIAN MASK
To Observe Effect of Various Type of Mask On Image

Program:
clc;
clear;
xdel(winsid());
path=getSIVPpath();
gray=rgb2gray(im);
[row,column]=size(gray);
//to apply and observe the effect of sobel mask
filter = fspecial('sobel');
imfilt=imfilter(gray,filter);
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IMAGE PROCESSING
figure,ShowImage(imfilt,'filtered image')
title('Effect of sobel filter','fontsize',3);
//to apply and observe the effect of prewitt mask
filter = fspecial('prewitt');
title('Effect of prewitt filter','fontsize',3);
//to apply and observe the effect of gaussian mask
filter = fspecial('gaussian');
title('Effect of gaussian filter','fontsize',3);
//to apply and observe the effect of laplacian mask
filter = fspecial('laplacian');
title('Effect of laplacian filter','fontsize',3);
//to apply and observe the effect of log mask
filter = fspecial('log');
title('Effect of logarithmic filter','fontsize',3);
//to apply and observe the effect of average mask
filter = fspecial('average');
title('Effect of averaging filter','fontsize',3);
//to apply and observe the effect of unsharp mask
filter = fspecial('unsharp');
title('Effect of unsharp filter','fontsize',3);
Output:
Figure 36:GRAY SACLE IMAGE
Figure 35:SOBEL MASK
Figure 34:PREWITT MASK
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IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 39:GAUSSIAN MASK
Figure 38:LAPLACIAN MASK
Figure 41:AVERAGE MASK
Figure 40:UNSHARP MASK
Figure 37:LOGARITHMIC MASK
Conclusion:
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IMAGE PROCESSING
ASSIGNMENTS
Averaging filter using user defined filter
Median filter using user defined filter
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IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-5
FILTERING IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Date:__________
Objective:
I. To observe effect of Low-pass Filter
II. To observe effect of High-pass Filter
I. To Observe Effect of Low-pass Filter

Program:
clc;
close;
clear;
xdel(winsid())
function [H]=lowpassfilter(type1, M, N, D0, n)
u=0:(M-1);
v=0:(N-1);
idx=find(u>M/2);
u(idx)=u(idx)-M;
idy=find(v>N/2);
v(idy)=v(idy)-N;
[U,V]=meshgrid(v,u);
D=sqrt(U.^2+V.^2);
select type1
//to close all currently open figure(s).

//lowpassfilter is used to filter an image .
case'ideal'then
H=double(D<=D0);
case'butterworth'then
if argn(2)==4 then
n=1;
end
H = ones(M,N)./(1+(D./D0).^(2*n));
case'gaussian'then
H=exp(-(D.^2)./(2*(D0^2)));
else
disp('Unknownfiltertype.')
end
endfunction
a=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\Chapter4_2.tif');
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IMAGE PROCESSING
gray=im2double(a);
figure,ShowImage(gray,'Gray Image');
title('Original Image');
[M,N]=size(gray);
h=fft2(gray);
i=log(1+abs(h));
in=fftshift(i);
//fft2() is used to find 2-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform of an matrix

//fftshift() is used to rearrange the fft output, moving the zero frequency to the
center of the spectrum.
inm=mat2gray(in)
figure,ShowImage(inm,'Frequency Spectrum');
title('Frequency Spectrum');
filt=lowpassfilter('gaussian',M,N,100);
// User Define Function which generate Filter

Mask Corresponding to Low Frequency
filt_shift=fftshift(filt);
figure,ShowImage(filt_shift,'Filter Mask');
title('Filter Mask to Specific Cut-Off Frequency');
n=filt.*h;
//Multiply the Original Spectrum with the Filter Mask.
Image_filter=real(ifft(n));
Image_filter=mat2gray(Image_filter)
figure,ShowImage(Image_filter,'Filtered Image');
title('Filtered Image with Specific Cut-Off Frequency');
OUTPUT:
Figure 43:ORIGINAL IMAGE
Figure 42:FFT
26
IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 45:IDEAL FILTER CUT-OFF=10
Figure 44:FILTERED IMAGE
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IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 51:BUTTERWORTH FILTER ORDER=1
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IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 57:GAUSSIAN FILTER
II.
To Observe Effect of High-pass Filter

Program:
clc;
close;
clear;
xdel(winsid());
function [x]=filt(ty, m, n, d0, n0)
y=zeros(m,n);
x=zeros(m,n);
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
d(i,j)=sqrt(((m/2-i)*(m/2-i)+((n/2-j)*(n/2-j))));
end
end
select ty
case 'ideal' then
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
if(d(i,j)<=d0) then
y(i,j)=1;
x(i,j)=1-y(i,j);
else
x(i,j)=0;
x(i,j)=1-y(i,j);
end
end
end
case 'butterworth' then
if argn(2)==4 then
29
IMAGE PROCESSING
n0=1;
end
y = ones(m,n)./(1+(d./d0).^(2*n0));
x=ones(m,n)-y;
case 'gaussian' then
y=exp(-(d.^2)./(2*(d0^2)));
x=ones(m,n)-y;
end
endfunction
A1=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\Chapter4_2.tif');
ShowImage(A1,'Actual image');
A1=im2double(A1);
B=fft2(A1);
E=fftshift(B);
figure;
ShowImage(abs(E),'Centralised Log transformed FFT image');
[rw cl]=size(B);
F=filt('butterworth',rw,cl,20,2);
G=E.*F;
figure;
ShowImage(abs(G),'Filtered image');
E2=fftshift(G);
F2=abs(ifft(E2));
F2=mat2gray(F2);
figure;
ShowImage(F2,'Filtered image1');
OUTPUT:
Figure 58:IDAEL FILTER CUT-OFF=10
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IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 63:IDAEL FILTER CUT-OFF=500
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IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 67:BUTTERWORTH FILTER

ORDER=10
Figure 69:BUTTERWORTH FILTER

ORDER=7
Figure 71:GAUSSIAN FILTER
Conclusion:
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IMAGE PROCESSING
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IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-6
IMAGE RESTORATION
Date:__________
Objective:
I. To observe effect of Varies noise on Image
II. To observe Probability Distribution Function of different noise
III.
To implement the Following Order Statistic Restoration filter Median, Max, Min, Mid
Point, Alpha trimmed.
IV.
To implement the Following Mean Restoration filter Arithmetic, Geometric,
Harmonic, Contra Harmonic.
I.
To Observe Effect of Varies noise on Image

clc;
close;
clear;
xdel(winsid());
a=rgb2gray(a);
a=im2double(a);
a=imresize(a,[512 512],'bicubic');
B=imnoise(a,'gaussian',0.05,0.0005);
figure,ShowImage(B,'gaussian');
C=imnoise(a,'salt & pepper');
figure,ShowImage(C,'salt & pepper');
OUTPUT:
Figure 73:IMAGE WITH GAUSSIAN NOISE
Figure 72:IMAGE WITH SALT & PEPPER NOISE
34
IMAGE PROCESSING
II.
To Observe PDF of Varies noise
clc;
close;
clear;
xdel(winsid())//to close all currently open figure(s).
function R=imnoise2(type, M, N, a, b)
if argn(2)==3 then
a=0; b=1;
end
select type
case'gaussian'then
rand("normal")
R=a+b*rand(M,N);
case'uniform'then
R=a+(b-a)*rand(M,N,"uniform");
case'salt & pepper'then
if argn(2)==3
a = 0.15; b = 0.15;
end
if (a+b) > 1
error('The sum Pa + Pb must not exceed 1.');
end
R(1:M,1:N) = 0.5;
X = rand(M,N);
[r c] = find(X<=a);
for i=1:length(r)
R(r(i),c(i)) = 0;
end
u = a + b;
[r c] = find(X>a & X<=u);
for i=1:length(r)
R(r(i),c(i)) = 255;
end
case'lognormal'then
if argn(2)==3
a = 1; b = 0.25;
end
R = a*exp(b*mtlb_randn(M,N));
case'rayleigh'then
if argn(2)==3
a = 1; b = 0.25;
end
R = a + ((-b)*(log(1-rand(M,N,"uniform")))).^0.5;
case'exponential'then
if argn(2)==3
a = 1;
end
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IMAGE PROCESSING
if a<=0
error('Parameter a must be positive for exponential type.');
end
k = -1/a;
R = k*log(1-rand(M,N,"uniform"));
case'erlang'then
if (b ~= round(b) | b <= 0)
error('Param b must be positive for integer for Erlang.')
end
k = -1/a;
R = zeros(M,N);
for j=1:b
R = R + k*log(1-rand(M,N,"uniform"));
end
else
end
endfunction
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[M,N]=size(gray);
[count,cell]=imhist(gray);
figure,bar(cell,count,0.2);
mtlb_axis([0 255 0 35000]);
title('Histogram of Original Image');
/////////////////////////////////////// Gaussian Noise ////////////////////
r1=imnoise2('gaussian',M,N,15,5); // Generate Gaussian Noise with Given Mean and Variance
gray_noise_gaussian=gray+(r1);
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_gaussian,'Gray Image with Noise');
title('Gray Image with Noise gaussian');
[count,cell]=imhist(gray_noise_gaussian);
mtlb_axis([0 255 0 3000]);
/////////////////////////////////////// Uniform Noise ////////////////////
r2=imnoise2('uniform',M,N,0,20); // Generate uniform Noise
gray_noise_uniform=gray+(r2);
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_uniform,'Gray Image with Noise');
title('Gray Image with Noise uniform');
[count,cell]=imhist(gray_noise_uniform);
figure;bar(cell,count,1.2);
mtlb_axis([0 255 0 2000]);
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IMAGE PROCESSING
/////////////////////////////////////// Salt & pepper Noise ////////////////////

r3=imnoise2('salt & pepper',M,N,0.15,0.15); // Generate salt & pepper Noise
gray_noise_salt_pepper=gray+(r3);
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_salt_pepper,'Gray Image with Noise');
title('Gray Image with Noise salt&pepper');
[count,cell]=imhist(gray_noise_salt_pepper);
mtlb_axis([0 255 0 35000]);
/////////////////////////////////////// lognormal Noise ////////////////////
r4=imnoise2('lognormal',M,N,5,0.65); // Generate lognormal Noise
gray_noise_lognormal=gray+(r4);
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_lognormal,'Gray Image with Noise');
title('Gray Image with Noise lognormal');
[count,cell]=imhist(gray_noise_lognormal);
mtlb_axis([0 255 0 5500]);
/////////////////////////////////////// Rayleigh Noise ////////////////////
r5=imnoise2('rayleigh',M,N,0,55); // Generate rayleigh Noise
gray_noise_rayleigh=gray+(r5);
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_rayleigh,'Gray Image with Noise');
title('Gray Image with Noise rayleigh');
[count,cell]=imhist(gray_noise_rayleigh);
mtlb_axis([0 255 0 4000]);
/////////////////////////////////////// Exponential Noise ////////////////////
r6=imnoise2('exponential',M,N,0.15); //Generate exponential Noise
gray_noise_exponential=gray+(r6);
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_exponential,'Gray Image with Noise');
title('Gray Image with Noise exponential');
[count,cell]=imhist(gray_noise_exponential);
mtlb_axis([0 255 0 4500]);
/////////////////////////////////////// Erlang Noise ////////////////////
r7=imnoise2('erlang',M,N,2,15); // Generate erlang Noise
gray_noise_erlang=gray+(r7);
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_erlang,'Gray Image with Noise');
title('Gray Image with Noise erlang');
[count,cell]=imhist(gray_noise_erlang);
mtlb_axis([0 255 0 9500]);
37
IMAGE PROCESSING
OUTPUT:
Figure 75: PDF

Figure 74: ORIGINAL IMAGE
Figure 77: GAUSSIAN PDF

Figure 76: GAUSSIAN NOISE
Figure 79: UNIFORM PDF

Figure 78: UNIFORM NOISE
38
IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 81: SALT & PEPPER NOISE
Figure 83: LOGNORMAL NOISE
Figure 85: RAYLEIGH NOISE
Figure 86: EXPONENTIAL NOISE
Figure 80: SALT & PEPPER PDF
Figure 82: LOGNORMAL PDF
Figure 84: RAILEGH PDF
Figure 87: EXPONENTIAL PDF
39
IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 88: ERLANG NOISE
III.
Figure 89: ERLANG PDF
To implement the Following Order Statistic Restoration filter Median, Max, Min,
Mid Point, Alpha trimmed.
clc;
close;
clear;
select type
if argn(2)==3
a = 0.15; b = 0.15;
end
if (a+b) > 1
end
R(1:M,1:N) = 0.5;
X = rand(M,N);
[r c] = find(X<=a);
for i=1:length(r)
R(r(i),c(i)) = 0;
end
u = a + b;
for i=1:length(r)
R(r(i),c(i)) = 1;
end
else
end
endfunction
function [f]=restoration_filter(v, type, m, n, Q, d)
40
IMAGE PROCESSING
if argn(2) ==2 then

m=7;n=7;Q=1.5;d=10;
elseif argn(2)==5 then
Q=parameter;d=parameter;
elseif argn(2)==4 then
Q=1.5;d=2;
else
disp('wrong number of inputs');
end
select type
case'median'then
f=MedianFilter(v,[m n]);
case'MIN'then
size1=m;
[nr,nc]=size(v);
temp=zeros(nr+2*floor(size1/2),nc+2*floor(size1/2));
temp(ceil(size1/2):nr+ceil(size1/2)-1,ceil(size1/2):nc+ceil(size1/2)-1)=v(1:$,1:$);
for i=ceil(size1/2):nr+ceil(size1/2)-1
for j=ceil(size1/2):nc+ceil(size1/2)-1
t=temp(i-floor(size1/2):1:i+floor(size1/2),j-floor(size1/2):1:j+floor(size1/2)) ;
y=gsort(t);
temp2(i-floor(size1/2),j-floor(size1/2))=min(y);
end
end
f=mat2gray(temp2);
case'MAX'then
size1=m;
[nr,nc]=size(v);
y=gsort(t);
temp2(i-floor(size1/2),j-floor(size1/2))=max(y);
end
end
f=mat2gray(temp2);
case'Mid_Point'then
size1=m;
[nr,nc]=size(v);
41
IMAGE PROCESSING
y=gsort(t);
temp2(i-floor(size1/2),j-floor(size1/2))=0.5*(min(y)+max(y));
end
end
f=mat2gray(temp2);
else
end
endfunction
function [f]=alphatrim(g, m, n, d)//alphatrim()is used to filter an image using alpha-trimmed
mean filter
size1=m;
[nr,nc]=size(g);
temp(ceil(size1/2):nr+ceil(size1/2)-1,ceil(size1/2):nc+ceil(size1/2)-1)=g(1:$,1:$)
t=temp(i-floor(size1/2):1:i+floor(size1/2),j-floor(size1/2):1:j+floor(size1/2))
y=gsort(t);
a=y(:)
b=a';
t1=b(1+d/2:$-d/2);
temp2(i-floor(size1/2),j-floor(size1/2))=mean(t1);
end
end
f=mat2gray(temp2)
endfunction
///////////////////////////////////// Main Programm ////////////////////
gray=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\Chapter4_2.tif');
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[M,N]=size(gray);
/////////////////////////////////////
Median Filter ////////////////////
v=imnoise(gray,'salt & pepper',0.05);
figure,ShowImage(v,'Noisy Image');
title('Original Image with Salt & Pepper Noise');
//Filtering the corrupted image with median filter
42
IMAGE PROCESSING
h=restoration_filter(v,'median',3,3);
figure,ShowImage(h,'Recovered Image');
title('Recovered Image with Median Filter');
//////////////////////////////////////
MIN Filter ////////////////////
gray_noise_salt=gray;
// Add salt Noise Only
[r c]=find(r3==1);
for i=1:length(r)
gray_noise_salt(r(i),c(i)) = 255;
end
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_salt,'Noisy Image');
title('Noisy Image');
//Filtering the Salt Noise corrupted image with MIN filter
h=restoration_filter(gray_noise_salt,'MIN',3,3);
title('Recovered Image with MIN Filter');
/////////////////////////////////////
MAX Filter ////////////////////
gray_noise_pepper=gray;
// Add Pepper Noise Only
[r c]=find(r3==0);
for i=1:length(r)
gray_noise_pepper(r(i),c(i)) = 0;
end
figure,ShowImage(gray_noise_pepper,'Noisy Image');
title('Noisy Image with Pepper Noise');
//Filtering the Salt Noise corrupted image with MAX filter
h=restoration_filter(gray_noise_pepper,'MAX',3,3);
title('Recovered Image with MAX Filter');
/////////////////////////////////////
Mid-Point Filter ////////////////////
v=imnoise(gray,'gaussian',0,0.02);
title('Image with Gaussian Noise');
//Filtering the Salt Noise corrupted image with Mid-Point filter
h=restoration_filter(v,'Mid_Point',3,3);
title('Recovered Image with Mid_Point Filter');
/////////////////////////////////////
Alpha Trimmed Filter ////////////////////
v=imnoise(v,'salt & pepper',0.05);
title('Image with Gaussian and Salt&Pepper Noise');
m=3;n=5;d=2;
43
IMAGE PROCESSING
f=alphatrim(v,m,n,d);
figure,ShowImage(f,'Recovered Image');
title('Recovered Image with Alpha Trimmed Filter');
Figure 90: IMAGE WITH PEPPER NOISE
Figure 91: MAX FILTER
Figure 92: MID POINT FILTER

Figure 93: IMAGE WITH GAUSSIAN NOISE
Figure 95: IMAGE WITH GAUSSIAN AND SALT &

PEPPER NOISE
Figure 94: ALPHA TRIMMED FILTER
44
IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 96: SALT & PEPPER NOISE
Figure 99: IMAGE WITH SALT NOISE
IV.
Figure 97: MEDIAN FILTER
Figure 98: MIN FILTER
To implement the Following Mean Statistic Restoration filter Median, Max, Min,
Mid Point, Alpha trimmed.
clc;
close;
clear;
select type
if argn(2)==3
a = 0.15; b = 0.15;
end
if (a+b) > 1
end
R(1:M,1:N) = 0.5;
X = rand(M,N);
45
IMAGE PROCESSING
[r c] = find(X<=a);
for i=1:length(r)
R(r(i),c(i)) = 0;
end
u = a + b;
for i=1:length(r)
R(r(i),c(i)) = 1;
end
else
end
endfunction
function [f]=arithmetic_mean(v, m, n)
w=fspecial('average',m);
f=imfilter(v,w);
endfunction
function [f]=geometric_mean1(g, m, n);//gmean1() is used to filter an image using Geometric
mean filter
size1=m;
q=m*n;
g=double(g);
[nr,nc]=size(g);
temp=temp+1;
temp2(i,j)=prod(t);
end
end
temp3=temp2.^(1/q);
nn=temp3(ceil(size1/2):nr+ceil(size1/2)-1,ceil(size1/2):nc+ceil(size1/2)-1)
f1=nn-1;
f=mat2gray(f1)
endfunction
function [f]=geometric_mean2(g, m, n);//gmean2() is used to filter an image using Geometric
mean filter
size1=m;
q=m*n;
[nr,nc]=size(g);
46
IMAGE PROCESSING
temp2(i,j)=geomean(t);
end
end
f=mat2gray(nn)
endfunction
function [f]=Harmonic_mean(g, m, n) //harmean1() is used to filter an image using Harmonic
mean filter.
size1=m;
d=m*n;
g=double(g);
[nr,nc]=size(g);
temp(ceil(size1/2):nr+ceil(size1/2)-1,ceil(size1/2):nc+ceil(size1/2)-1)=g(1:$,1:$);
t1=ones(m,n)./(t+%eps);
t2=sum(t1);
temp2(i,j)=d/t2;
end
end
nn=temp2(ceil(size1/2):nr+ceil(size1/2)-1,ceil(size1/2):nc+ceil(size1/2)-1);
f=mat2gray(nn);
endfunction
function [f]=Contra_Harmonic_mean(g, m, n, Q) //charmean1() is use to filter an image using
Contra Harmonic mean filter
size1=m;
d=m*n;
g=double(g);
[nr,nc]=size(g);
disp(Q)
d1=(t+%eps).^Q;
n1=(t+%eps).^(Q+1);
d2=sum(d1);
n2=sum(n1);
temp2(i,j)=n2/(d2);
end
47
IMAGE PROCESSING
end
f=nn;
endfunction
///////////////////////////////////// Main Programm ////////////////////
gray=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\Chapter4_2.tif');
gray=rgb2gray(a);
[M,N]=size(gray);
/////////////////////////////////////////
Arithmetical Mean Filter ////////////////////
m=3;n=3;
[f]=arithmetic_mean(v,m,n);
title('Recovered Image with Arithmetical Mean Filter');
/////////////////////////////////////////
Geometric Mean Filter
////////////////////
m=3;n=3;
[f]=geometric_mean1(v,m,n);
title('Recovered Image with Geometric Mean Filter');
/////////////////////////////////////////
Geometric Mean Filter
////////////////////
m=3;n=3;
[f]=geometric_mean2(v,m,n);
title('Recovered Image with Geometric Mean Filter');
///////////////////////////////////////// Harmonic Mean Filter ////////////////////
[r c]=find(r3==1);
48
IMAGE PROCESSING
for i=1:length(r)
gray_noise_salt(r(i),c(i)) =255;
end
title('Image with Salt Noise');
m=3;n=3;
[f]=Harmonic_mean(gray_noise_salt,m,n);
title('Recovered Image with Harmonic Mean Filter');
/////////////////////////////////////////
Contra_Harmonic Mean Filter (Salt) ////////////////////

[r c]=find(r3==1);
for i=1:length(r)
end
m=3;n=3;Q=-1.5;
[f]=Contra_Harmonic_mean(gray_noise_salt,m,n,Q);
title('Recovered Image with Contra Harmonic Mean Filter');
//////////////////////////////////// Contra_Harmonic Mean Filter (Pepper) ////////////////////
[r c]=find(r3==0);
for i=1:length(r)
end
m=3;n=3;Q=1.5;
[f]=Contra_Harmonic_mean(gray_noise_salt,m,n,Q);
title('Recovered Image with Contra Harmonic Mean Filter');
49
IMAGE PROCESSING
OUTPUT
Figure 100: GAUSSIAN NOISE
Figure 103: GAUSSAIN NOISE
Figure 105: SALT NOISE
Figure 107: SALT NOISE
Figure 101: ARITHMETIC MEAN FILTER
Figure 102: GEOMETRIC FILTER
Figure 104: HARMONIC FILTER
Figure 106: CONTRA HARMONIC FILTER
50
IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 109: PEPPER NOISE
Figure 108: CONTRA HARMONIC FILTER
Conclusion:
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51
IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-7
COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING
Date:__________
Objective: Program to illustrate conversion between the following image types
I.
II.
III.
IV.
To convert RGB image or color map to Grayscale

To convert Indexed image to RGB image and vice versa
To convert Indexed image to grayscale image and vice versa
To convert Grayscale or Binary image to indexed image
RGB image to grayscale intensity image

I = imread('dev.png');
figure(1); ShowColorImage(I,'Original Image');
title('Original Color Image');
J = rgb2gray(I);
figure(2); ShowImage(J,'Gray Scale Image');
title('Gray Scale Image');
Output:
RGB image to indexed image

I = imread('lena.png');
[IndexImage ColorMap] = RGB2Ind(I);
figure(2); ShowImage(IndexImage,'Indexed Image',ColorMap);
title('Indexed Image');
Output:
52
IMAGE PROCESSING
Grayscale image to binary image

I = imread('original.png');
figure(1); ShowImage(I,'Original Image');
title('Original Gray Image');
J = im2bw(I,0.5);
figure(2); ShowImage(J,'Binary Image');
title('Binary Image');
Output:
RGB image to binary image

I = imread('dev.png');
J = im2bw(I,0.5);
figure(2); ShowImage(J,'Binary Image');
title('Binary Image');
Output:
53
IMAGE PROCESSING
Objective: Program to illustrate conversion between following device-dependent color space

To convert RGB to NTSC and back to RGB.

To convert RGB to YCbCr and back to RGB
To convert RGB to HSV and back to RGB
To convert RGB to CMY and back to RGB
RGB to NTSC and back to RGB

I = imread('teaset.png');
YIQ = rgb2ntsc(I);
figure(2); ShowColorImage(YIQ,'NTSC Image');
title('NTSC Image');
P = ntsc2rgb(YIQ);
figure(3);ShowColorImage(P,'Original Image');
RGB to YCbCr and back to RGB
YCC = rgb2ycbcr(I);
figure(2); ShowColorImage(YCC,'YCBCR Image');
title('YCBCR Image');
P = ycbcr2rgb(YCC);
RGB to HSV and back to RGB
HSV = rgb2hsv(I);
figure(2); ShowColorImage(HSV,'HSV Image');
title('HSV Image');
P = hsv2rgb(HSV);
54
IMAGE PROCESSING
RGB to CMY and back to RGB

I = imread('teaset.png');
imout = imcomplement(I);
figure(2); ShowColorImage(imout,'CMY Image');
title('CMY Image');
P = imcomplement(imout);
Output
Figure 117: RGB TO NTSC
Figure 116: NTSC TO RGB
Figure 115: RGB TO YCBCR
Figure 114: YCBCR TO RGB
Figure 111: RGB TO HSV
Figure 110: HSV TO RGB
55
IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 120: RGB TO CMY
Figure 119: CMY TO RGB
To read RGB image and separate its R,G and B component, convert RGB to HSV and separate
H, S and V component.
rgb = imread('peppers.png');
figure(1); ShowColorImage(rgb,'Original Image');
R=rgb(:,:,1);
G=rgb(:,:,2);
B=rgb(:,:,3);
figure(2);ShowImage(R,'Red Component');title('Red Component');
figure(3);ShowImage(G,'Green Component');title('Green Component');
figure(4);ShowImage(B,'Blue Component');title('Blue Component');
hsv=rgb2hsv(rgb);
figure(5); ShowColorImage(hsv,'HSV Image');
title('HSV Image');
H=hsv(:,:,1);
S=hsv(:,:,2);
V=hsv(:,:,3);
figure(6);ShowImage(H,'Hue Component');title('Hue Component');
figure(7);ShowImage(S,'Saturation Component');title('Saturation Component');
figure(8);ShowImage(H,'Vector Component');title('Vector Component');
Output:
Figure 125: RGB IMAGE
Figure 124: R
Figure 123: G
Figure 122: B
56
IMAGE PROCESSING
Figure 126: HSV IMAGE
Figure 128: H
Figure 129: S
Figure 127: V
Conclusion:
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57
IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-8
EDGE DETECTION
Date:__________
OBJECTIVE:
I.
II.
To perform edge detection using Laplacian, Sobel and Prewitt operator

To perform edge detection using scilab inbuilt function EdgeFilter
I.
To perform edge detection using Laplacian, Sobel and Prewitt operator

clc;
clear all;
close;
xdel(winsid());
a=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\house.tif');
f=fspecial('average');
f1=fspecial('prewitt'); //f1=fspecial(sobel) ; //f2=fspecial(laplacian);
f2=mtlb_t(f1);
y=imfilter(a,f);
y1=imfilter(y,f1);
y2=imfilter(y,f2);
imshow([y y1;y2 y1+y2]);
Output :
1. Prewitt operator:
a b
c d
Figure 123: (a) Original Image
(b) Horizontal line detection
(c) Vertical line detection (d) Combine effect
58
IMAGE PROCESSING
2. Sobel operator:
a b
c d
3. Laplacian operator:
a b
c d
59
IMAGE PROCESSING
II.

clc;
clear all;
close;
xdel(winsid());
global EDGE_SOBEL
global EDGE_PREWITT
global EDGE_LAPLACE
x=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\house.tif');
y1=EdgeFilter(x,EDGE_LAPLACE);
y2=EdgeFilter(x,EDGE_SOBEL);
y3=EdgeFilter(x,EDGE_PREWITT);
all=[x y1;y2 y3]
imshow(all);
Output :
a b
c d
Figure 126: (a) Original Image (b) Laplacian mask
(c) Sobel mask
(d) Prewitt mask
60
IMAGE PROCESSING
III.

clc;
clear all;
xdel(winsid());
a=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\house.tif');
im=im2double(a);
f1=[-1 -2 -1;0 0 0;1 2 1]
//imshow(f1);
b=imfilter(im,f1);
figure,ShowImage(b,'horizontal');
f2=[-1 0 1;-2 0 2;-1 0 1]
//imshow(f2);
c=imfilter(im,f2);
figure,ShowImage(c,'vertical');
f3=[0 -1 -2;1 0 -1;2 1 0]
//imshow(f3);
d=imfilter(im,f3);
figure,ShowImage(d,'+45 degree');
f4=[-2 -1 0;-1 0 1;0 1 2]
//imshow(f3);
e=imfilter(im,f4);
figure,ShowImage(e,'-45 degree');
all=[b c;d e]
imshow(all);
a b
c d
Figure 127: (a) Horizontal
(c) 45 degree
(b) Vertical
(d) -45 degree
61
IMAGE PROCESSING
Conclusion:
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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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62
IMAGE PROCESSING
EXPERIMENT-9
MORPHOLOGY
Date:__________
Objectives:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Perform erosion operation on binary image with various structuring elements

Perform dilation operation on binary image with various structuring elements
Illustrating morphological open by erosion followed by dilation
Illustrating morphological open by erosion followed by dilation
I. Perform erosion operation on binary image with various structuring elements

clc;
clear all;
x=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\erod.tif');
se=CreateStructureElement('square',3);
erosion=ErodeImage(x,se);
se1=CreateStructureElement('square',15);
erosion1=ErodeImage(x,se1);
erosion2=ErodeImage(x,se2);
all=[x erosion;erosion1 erosion2];
imshow(all);
Output:
a b
c d
Figure 13027: (a) Original image
(b) Erosion by 3x3
(c) Erosion by 15x15 (d) Erosion by 45x45 using square SE
63
IMAGE PROCESSING
II. Perform dilation operation on binary image with various structuring elements
(i) Effect of size of structure element:
clc;
clear all;
x=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\dilat.tif');
dilate=DilateImage(x,se);
dilate1=DilateImage(x,se1);
all=[x dilate dilate1];
imshow(all);
Output:
(i) E
a fb
f
Figure 128: (a) Original image (b) Dilated by 3x3 (c) Dilated by 5x5
(ii) Effect of different structure elements:
clc;
x=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\dilat.tif');
se1=CreateStructureElement('circle',3);
se2=CreateStructureElement('custom',[%f %t %f;%t %t %t;%f %t %f]);
dilate=DilateImage(x,se);
all=[x dilate; dilate1 dilate2];
imshow(all);
Output:
64
IMAGE PROCESSING
a b
c d
Figure 129: (a) Original image (b) SE-square 3x3
(c) SE-circle R-3 (d) SE-Custom
III. Opening using sciEXPERIMENT in built function:

clc;
clear all;
x=imread(SIVP_Path + 'images\Capture.tif');
se=CreateStructureElement('circle',7);
open=OpenImage(x,se);
all=[x open; x closing];
imshow(all);
Output:
Figure 130: Opening using inbuilt function
Opening using erosion followed by dilation:
65
IMAGE PROCESSING
clc;
clear
SE1 = CreateStructureElement('square',3);
EI = ErodeImage(A,SE1);
DI = DilateImage(EI,SE2);
B = [A EI DI];
imshow(B);
Output:
Figure 131: Erosion followed by dilation
III.
Closing using sciEXPERIMENT in built function

clc;
clear all;
se=CreateStructureElement('circle',7);
open=CloseImage(x,se);
all=[x closing];
imshow(all);
Output:
Figure 132: Closing using inbuilt function
IV.
Closing using dilation followed by erosion:
66
IMAGE PROCESSING
clc;
clear
DI = DilateImage(A,SE1);
EI = ErodeImage(EI,SE2);
B = [A DI EI];
imshow(B);
Output:
Figure 133: Dilation followed by erosion
Conclusion:
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IMAGE PROCESSING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION,

INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE PROCESSING

FUNDAMENTAL IMAGE PROCESSING

FILTERING IN SPATIAL DOMAIN

FILTERING IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN

COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING

Different Functions for Image Processing Application:

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 1:IMAGE SHOW

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 2:GRAY SCALE

Figure 4:CROPED IMAGE

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 5:0.5 TIMES ORIGINAL

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Average Intensity of Gray Scale Image:

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 7:NEGETIVE IMAGE

Image Flip(Left to Right)

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 8:ORIGINAL IMAGE

Figure 9:FLIPED IMAGE

Image Flip(Up to Down)

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Image Flip(Edge to Edge)

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

To apply Log Transform on gray scale Image

To apply Power Log Transform on gray scale Image

To apply Contrast Straching intensity transformation on any gray scale Image

To observe Histogram of any gray scale Image

To observe Bit-plane Slicing of any gray scale Image

Figure 10:BY SCIEXPERIMENT FUNCTION

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 11:BY UDF

Power Log Transform:

Figure 12:LOG TRANSFORM

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 19:ORIGNAL IMAGE

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 22: SAMPLING RATE=2

Figure 26: SAMPLING RATE=3

Figure 27: SAMPLING RATE=4

Figure 25: SAMPLING RATE=5

Figure 24: SAMPLING RATE=6

Figure 23: SAMPLING RATE=7

Figure 28: SAMPLING RATE=8

False Countering Effect:

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 29:FALSE CONTURING WITH 10 INTENSITY LEVEL

Bit-plane slicing using user defined function

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

To Observe Effect of Various Order of Averaging Filter

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Comparision of median and averaging filters

DHARAMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

Figure 30:GRAY SCALE IMAGE

Figure 33:AVERAGING MASK

Figure 31:SOLT AND PEPPER NOISE ADDED

Figure 32:MEDIAN MASK