APOLLO ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

MODEL (SET -I)
ANSWER KEY
SUB CODE : AE6402

YEAR/SEM: II / IV

SUB NAME : AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTS

PART A (102=20 marks)
1. Write a note on retractive mechanism.

2. Compare hydraulic and pneumatic systems.

3. What is auto pilot system?

4. Name some components of conventional airplane control systems.

5. State the requirement of fuel system.

6. Write a requirement of lubricating systems?

7. What is meant by pressurizing system of an airplane?

8. What are the basic components used in oxygen systems?

9. What are the various types of engine instruments?

10. What is the purpose of tachometer in an airplane?

PART B (516 = 80 marks)

11. (a) Classify and explain landing gear systems with neat sketch.

(Or)
(b) Explain the working principle and operation of hydraulic systems.

HAND PUMP
:
Reservoirs :
-- It stores the supply of hydraulic fluid
-- Allows the fluid to flow when it needed
-- Provides room for thermal expansion
A pump is necessary to create a flow of fluid
Selector Valve:
-- Used to direct the flow of fluid
-- Actuated by Solenoids OR Manually
An actuating cylinder converts fluid pressure into work by reciprocating mechanism
Filter :
-- It removes foreign particles from the hydraulic fluid and preventing dust, grit from entering the
system.
POWER DRIVEN PUMP:
Pressure Regulators:
-- It unloads the power driven pump when it reaches the desired pressure
Accumulators:
-- Act as cushion or shock absorber by maintain even pressure
-- It stores enough fluid under pressure to provide for emergency operation for certain actuating
unit
Pressure Gage:
-- It used to indicate amount of hydraulic pressure in the system
Relief Valve :

-- It is a safety valve installed in the system to bypass fluid through the valve back to the reservoir in
case of excessive pressure
Check valve (Two) :
-- It allows the fluid in one direction
-- It prevents power pump pressure from entering the hand pump line
-- The other prevents hand pump pressure entering to the accumulator
Reservoirs:
Two types of reservoirs are there,
Inline reservoir
Integral Reservoir
-- Baffles or fins are incorporated in reservoirs to keep the fluid with in the reservoir from random
movement like vortexing and surging

12. (a) Explain in detail about power assisted and fully powered flight controls.

Or
(b) Explain in detail about digital fly by wire systems.

13. (a) Explain in detail about the components of multi engine fuel systems of a jet engine

Or
(b) Explain in detail about the starting and ignition systems of piston and jet engines with neat sketches.

14. (a) Illustrate with neat sketches about vapour cycle machines.

-- It has greater cooling capacity than air cycle system

-- Used for cooling on ground when the engines are not operating
-- Liquid can be vaporized at any temperature by changing the pressure acting on it
-- It consists of,
> Two heat exchanger to control temperature of cabin
> One heat exchanger draw heat from evaporator
> Other Heat exchanger draw heat from air and adds to closed system called condenser
> In heat exchanger fluid called refrigerant is used
> Freon is used as refrigerant
> During cooling it can take two forms, liquid & gas

Or
(b) Illustrate with neat sketches about air cycle system.
An air cycle cooling system consists of,
> Expansion Turbine

> Air to Air Heat Exchanger

> Valves
Expansion Turbine:
-- It is build with an impeller and a turbine on a common shaft
-- High pressure air from cabin compressor is routed through turbine section
-- At air passes it rotates turbine and impeller
-- When the compressed air performs the work of turning the turbine, It undergoes a temperature and
pressure drop
-- This temperature drop produces the cold air for air conditioning
Air to Air Heat Exchanger :
-- Before entering expansion turbine the pressurized air is directed through air to air heat exchanger
-- This unit utilize Outside air at ambient temperature to cool the compressed air
-- It is used remove the heat of compression , so that the expansion turbine receives cool air
Valve :
-- It controls the compression air flow through expansion turbine
-- For cooling, valve is opened to direct a greater amount of compressed air to turbine
-- When no cooling is required the turbine air is shut off
-- Turbine air valve controls the flow air in heat exchanger

15. (a) Explain in detail about the principle and operation of gyroscopic instruments.
Rigidity in Space
Remains in a fixed plane when spinning
Gimbal instrument around gyro to allow it remain in plane able to show changes in pitch and
attitude
Precession

When outside force is applied to gyro it will be felt 90 degrees in rotation of spinning
Includes friction

Or
(b) Briefly explain the following:
(1) Air speed indicators

(2) Mach numbers

The Mach number (M or Ma) (/mx/; German: [ma]) is a dimensionless quantity representing
the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound.[1][2]
M is the Mach number,
u is the local flow velocity with respect to the boundaries (either internal, such as an object
immersed in the flow, or external, like a channel), and
c is the speed of sound in the medium.
In the simplest explanation, the speed of Mach 1 is equal to the speed of sound. Therefore, Mach
0.65 is about 65% of the speed of sound (subsonic), and Mach 1.35 is about 35% faster than the speed of
sound (supersonic).
The local speed of sound, and thereby the Mach number, depends on the condition of the
surrounding medium, in particular the temperature and pressure. The Mach number is primarily used to
determine the approximation with which a flow can be treated as an incompressible flow. The medium can
be a gas or a liquid. The boundary can be traveling in the medium, or it can be stationary while the
medium flows along it, or they can both be moving, with different velocities: what matters is their relative
velocity with respect to each other. The boundary can be the boundary of an object immersed in the
medium, or of a channel such as a nozzle, diffusers or wind tunnels chaneling the medium. As the Mach
number is defined as the ratio of two speeds, it is a dimensionless number. If M < 0.20.3 and the flow is
quasi-steady and isothermal, compressibility effects will be small and a simplified incompressible flow
equations can be use
(3) Altimeters