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RESULT
NORMAL
Hemoglobin
150
VALUES
F:
120.00 Within normal range. Red
-150.00
M:
134.00
150.00 g/L
INTERPRETATION
(a
condition
cells
and
will
clump
block
tiny
hemoglobin
with hemoglobinopathies,
or inherited blood disorders
that
either affect
hemoglobin
Hematocrit
0.45
structure
or
F: 0.36 0.45
synthesis.
Within normal range. This
M: 0.40 0.54
example,
a hematocrit of 38 means
that 38% of the blood's
volume is made of red
blood
cells.
Hematocrit
3.94
if
anemia
or
polycythemia is present.
5.00 10.00 x White blood cells protect
10^ 9/L
Lymphocytes
0.15
0.25 0.35 %
(Decreased)
If an infection develops,
white blood cells attack and
Monocytes
0.12
0.01 0.12 %
Eosinophil
0.02
0.01 0.05
0.005
Basophils
Segmenters
0.69
0.40 - 0.60
Stabs
0.02
0.01-0.05
cells
rises
quickly. When
very
the
lymphocyte
count
is
resist
and
infections
fight
is
compromised
off
severely
and
its
susceptibility to cancer is
increased. In addition, low
lymphocyte
counts
may
organs. Elevated
known
as
180.0
stress.
150.00 440.00 Within
x 10 ^9/L
normal
Platelets
range.
(thrombocytes)
cell.
They
are
swell,
clump
there
are
too
many
be
involved
in
you
have
depends
on
proteins,
called
HEMATOLOGY
June 21, 2016/ 8:11AM
EXAMINATION
Hematocrit
RESULT
NORMAL
INTERPRETATION
0.45
VALUES
F: 0.36 0.45
M: 0.40 0.54
test
measures
amount
of
the
space
is
given
as
example,
a hematocrit of 38 means
that 38% of the blood's
volume is made of red
blood cells. Hematocrit
and hemoglobin values
169.2
polycythemia is present.
150.00 440.00 Within normal range.
x 10 ^9/L
Platelets
(thrombocytes)
cell.
They
important
in
are
blood
the
platelets
clump
together,
helps
stop
the
platelets,
uncontrolled
bleeding
may be a problem. If
there
are
too
platelets,
there
chance
of
many
is
a blood
Also,
be
platelets
involved
in
URINALYSIS
June 20, 2016/ 10:46am
Color
Dark Yellow
depending
upon
how
diluted or concentrated
The urine is. Therefore, a visual
observation
colored
alone
urine
will
of
normal-
prove
quite
Negative
for
studying.
The
Trace
Pregnancy.
Albumin urine levels drop when the
immune system engages in a
battle with invading bacteria, fungi,
prions, and
Viruses. Moreover, levels will tend
to decrease when the body is
overwhelmed by toxins and other
dangerous
Substances that enter the body
through the skin or are inhaled,
drunk, or eaten. Notwithstanding, if
albumin levels
remain low (below 3.5 mg/dl) for
long periods of time (several
months or longer), there is a
serious challenge to
Wellness that must be considered.
Reaction
SP Gravity
6.5
1.015
of
the
density
processes
that
morning
urine
FEW
less
condition
is
located.
For
in
large
numbers
of
Epithelial
reported
cells
as
are
"few,"
FEW
1-3
which
is
infection (UTI).
RBC
a urinary
tract
Immune System
of defense is housed within the body: a finely tuned
immune system that recognizes and destroys
foreign substances and organisms that
enter the body. The immune system can
distinguish between the body's own tissues and
outside substances called antigens. This allows
cells of the immune army to identify and
destroy only those enemy antigens. The ability
to
the past; so
immune
The immune
assist
chemicals that alert phagocytes to the site of the infection. The complement system, a
group of proteins that normally float freely in the blood, move toward infections, where
they combine to help destroy microorganisms and foreign particles. They do this by
changing the surface of bacteria or other microorganisms, causing them to die.
*
enzyme (EN-zime) is a protein that helps speed up a chemical reaction In the body.
antigens (AN-tih-jens) are substances that are recognized as a threat by the body's
immune system, which triggers the formation of specific antibodies against the
substance.
*
bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.
lymphatic (lim-FAH-tik) system is a system that contains lymph nodes and a network
of channels that carry fluid and cells of the immune system through the body.
*
disease. Immunity often develops after a germ is introduced to the body. One type of
immunity occurs when the body makes special protein molecules called antibodies to
fight the disease-causing germ. The next time that germ enters the body, the antibodies
quickly attack it, usually preventing the germ from causing disease.
Primarily, the immune system classifies a substance as:
1. Lymphoid Structures
Spleen
-
The red pulp is the site where old and injured red blood cells are
destroyed.
Lymph Nodes
-
3. Tissues The remaining lymphoid tissues, such as the tonsils and adenoids and
other.
Mucoid Lymphatic Tissue contain immune cells that defend the bodys
mucosal surfaces against microorganisms.
Also termed as the persons natural resistance, and are the most basic and
primary of all defenses in the body. (skin, mucus membranes, phagocytic
activity)
5. Tissues The remaining lymphoid tissues, such as the tonsils and adenoids and
other.
Mucoid Lymphatic Tissue contain immune cells that defend the bodys
mucosal surfaces against microorganisms.
2 Types of Immunity
Passive refers to whole, ready made immunity acquired from another, the
body is just passive in the process of developing antibodies, as it is already
made and given readily.
IgG
75%
IgA
15%
activates complement
Found in body secretions and breast milk; protects mucous
IgM
IgE
IgD
10%
.2%
.004%
infectious
Necessary for maturation of B lymphocytes
Hematologic System
Two types of blood vessels carry blood throughout our bodies:
1. Arteries carry oxygenated blood (blood that has received oxygen from the lungs) from
the heart to the rest of the body.
2. Blood then travels through veins back to the heart and lungs, where it receives more
oxygen.
The blood that flows through this network of veins and arteries is whole blood,
which contains three types of blood cells:
1. Red blood cells (RBCs)
- (also called erythrocytes) are shaped like slightly indented,
flattened disks. RBCs contain the iron-rich protein hemoglobin.
Blood gets its bright red color when hemoglobin picks up
oxygen in the lungs. As the blood travels through the body, the
hemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues.
The body contains more RBCs than any other type of cell, and each has a life span of
about 4 months. Each day, the body produces new RBCs to replace those that die or are
lost from the body.
Certain types of WBCs produce antibodies, special proteins that recognize foreign
materials and help the body destroy or neutralize them. The white cell count (the number
of cells in a given amount of blood) in someone with an infection often is higher than
usual because more WBCs are being produced or are entering the bloodstream to battle
the infection.
3. Platelets
- (Also called thrombocytes) are tiny oval-shaped cells made in
the bone marrow. They help in the clotting process. When a
blood vessel breaks, platelets gather in the area and help
seal off the leak. Platelets survive only about 9 days in the
bloodstream and are constantly being replaced by new cells.
-
Platelets and clotting factors work together to form solid lumps to seal leaks, wounds,
cuts, and scratches and to prevent bleeding inside and on the surfaces of our bodies.
The process of clotting is like a puzzle with interlocking parts. When the last part is in
place, the clot happens but if even one piece is missing, the final pieces can't come
together.
V. SYMPTOMATOLOGY
SYMPTOMATOLOGY
ACTUAL
IMPLICATION
High Fever
SYMPTOM
/
upper
limit
for
normal
tissues,
eyes,
ears,
American
Radiology.
"ACR
of
appropriateness
criteria."
2000;215(suppl):855860.
on June 25, 2016
College
Radiology.
Retrieved
includes
tenderness
in
your
difficulties,
fatigue,
and
headaches.
Bennett RM. Fibromyalgia and chronic
fatigue syndrome. In: Goldman L,
Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil
Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:
Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 282.
Bleeding, one of the major problem
encountered in DF, contributes to
worsening
morbidity.
The
toxic
and nose
Retrieved
on
Rashes
appears
the
individual
may
appearance,
on
the
face.http://skincare.lovetoknow.com/De
ngue_Fever_Rash Retrieved on June
25, 2016
Nausea
is
an
uneasiness
of
or
the
forcible
involuntary
emptying
VI.
Etiology
Aedes
aegypti
Actual Symptom
ETIOLOGY
Implication
The Aedes aegypti mosquito can transmit the
viruses that cause dengue fever. The female
mosquito lays eggs in containers with water
and plants near the home. It bites people and
animals. This species can survive year round
in
tropical
and
subtropical
climates.
https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30Jan2
012/aegyptifactsheet.pdf retrieved on June 26,
2016
VII.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A. Written Pathophysiology
Dengue fever is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of
four closely related dengue viruses. The course of dengue virus infection is
characterized by early events, dissemination, and the immune response and
subsequent viral clearance Dengue virus is introduced into the skin by the bite of an
infected mosquito, most commonly Aedes aegypti.
The spread of virus early after subcutaneous injection has been studied in rhesus
monkeys during the first 24 hours, virus could only be isolated from the injection site.
The major cell type infected was not defined; Both Langerhans cells and dermal
fibroblasts have been proposed to be target cells for dengue virus infection in the skin.
One study using human skin dendritic cells demonstrated expression of dengue virus
antigens following in vitro exposure, suggesting that these cells are permissive for
dengue viral infection. In rhesus monkeys, virus was detected in regional lymph nodes
24 hours after infection. In one study using a mouse model deficient in both type I and
type II interferon (IFN) receptors, macrophages and dendritic cells were demonstrated
to be early cellular targets for infection. Mosquitoes become infected when they bite
infected humans, and later transmit infection to other people they bite. Two main
species of mosquito, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, have been responsible for all
cases of dengue transmitted in this country. Dengue is not contagious from person to
person.