Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Voltage Stability
Static:
- Loading, Power Flows
- Local Reactive Power Support
Dynamic:
- Component Controls
- Network Controls
Margin
Power
A common voltage stability margin measures the distance from
a post-contingency operating point to the nose point on a
power-voltage curve.
3
Power
Its even possible that a normal power flow solution wont exist,
post contingency.
4
ISSUES
Voltage, V
Margin
Power
1. We dont know the values on the curve.
2. We dont know whether a post-contingency operating point
exists!
5
Typical Approach
Our Approach
Advantages
Margin
V0
Vopt
P0
Pmax
Power
Optimal Solution
9
Electrical Network
I = YV
Y = G+jB
(VDN+jVQN)
(IDN+jIQN)
10
Electrical Network
I = YV
Y = G+jB
(VDN+jVQN)
(PN+jQN)
11
12
Specified
Calculated
PQ (load)
P, Q
V,
PV (generator)
P, V
Q,
V, = 0
P, Q
Slack
Optimization Problem
Modify the power flow formulation to
Slack bus voltage magnitude unconstrained
PV bus voltage magnitudes scale with slack bus
voltage
Minimize slack bus voltage
14
Optimization Problem
This optimization problem can be solved many different
ways
Weve been using the convex relaxation formulation for
the power flow equations (Lavaei, Low) because we
really want (provably) the minimum solution.
The problem has a feasible solution
The optimization using the convex relaxation can be
solved for a global minimum (and hopefully a feasible
power flow solution).
15
where
17
MISDP
18
MISDP
19
20
21
23
Examples
IEEE 14-Bus System
IEEE 118-Bus System
Tested many other systems and loadings
24
V5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Injection Multiplier
25
V5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Injection Multiplier
26
NewtonRaphson
Converged?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
dim(null(A)
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
0.5261
0.7440
0.9112
1.0522
1.0535
1.0548
1.0561
1.0575
1.0588
1.0594
1.0595
1.0597
1.0598
1.0599
1.0601
1.0602
1.0603
1.0605
1.0606
1.0607
1.1764
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
27
Voltage Margin
28
V5
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Injection Multiplier
29
V44
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Injection Multiplier
30
V44
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Injection Multiplier
31
NewtonRaphson
Converged?
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
4.00
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
(lower bound)
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
1.035
0.5724
0.7010
0.8095
0.9050
0.9914
1.0159
1.0175
1.0191
1.0207
1.0223
1.0239
1.0255
1.0271
1.0287
1.0303
1.0319
1.0335
1.0351
1.0366
1.0382
1.1448
dim(null(A)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
32
Voltage Margin
IEEE 118 Bus System
33
V44
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Injection Multiplier
34
35
Limit-induced bifurcations
Two approaches to
modeling these limits:
max
Reactive Power
min
Mixed-integer semidefinite
programming
V
Voltage Magnitude
MISDP Formulation
Model reactive power limits using binary variables
Reactive Power versus Voltage Magnitude Characteristic
Reactive Power
Qmax
Qmin
V
Voltage Magnitude
Insolvability
37
MISDP Formulation
Model reactive power limits using binary variables
Reactive Power versus Voltage Magnitude Characteristic
Reactive Power
Qmax
Qmin
V
Voltage Magnitude
Insolvability
38
MISDP Formulation
Model reactive power limits using binary variables
Reactive Power versus Voltage Magnitude Characteristic
Reactive Power
Qmax
Qmin
V
Voltage Magnitude
Insolvability
39
MISDP Formulation
Model reactive power limits using binary variables
Reactive Power versus Voltage Magnitude Characteristic
Reactive Power
Qmax
Qmin
V
Voltage Magnitude
Insolvability
40
V5
1.01
1.005
1
0.995
P-V Curve
max
0.99
0.985
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
41
Conclusions
Cast the problem of computing voltage stability margins as
an optimization problem to minimize the slack bus voltage.
Calculated voltage stability margins power injection/flows,
and controlled voltages.
Tested with numerical examples
Advantages:
Eliminates repeated solution (multiple power flows,
continuation power flows)
Often offers provably globally optimal results
Works when the margin is negative, i.e. when there isnt a
solution.
42
Related Publications
[1]
B.C. Lesieutre, D.K. Molzahn, A.R. Borden, and C.L. DeMarco, Examining the Limits of the
Application of Semidefinite Programming to Power Flow Problems, 49th Annual Allerton
Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton), 2011, pp.1492-1499, 28-30
Sept. 2011.
[2]
D.K. Molzahn, J.T. Holzer, and B.C. Lesieutre, and C.L. DeMarco, Implementation of a LargeScale Optimal Power Flow Solver Based on Semidefinite Programming, To appear in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems.
[3]
D.K. Molzahn, B.C. Lesieutre, and C.L. DeMarco, An Approximate Method for Modeling ZIP
Loads in a Semidefinite Relaxation of the OPF Problem, submitted to IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, Letters.
[4]
D.K. Molzahn, B.C. Lesieutre, and C.L. DeMarco, "A Sufficient Condition for Global Optimality of
Solutions to the Optimal Power Flow Problem, to appear in IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Letters.
[5]
D.K. Molzahn, B.C. Lesieutre, and C.L. DeMarco, A Sufficient Condition for Power Flow
Insolvability with Applications to Voltage Stability Margins, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Vol 28, No. 3, pp. 2592-2601.
[6]
D.K. Molzahn, V. Dawar, B.C. Lesieutre, and C.L. DeMarco, Sufficient Conditions for Power
Flow Insolvability Considering Reactive Power Limited Generators with Applications to Voltage
Stability Margins, presented at Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - IX. Optimization,
Security and Control of the Emerging Power Grid, 2013 IREP Symposium, 25-30 Aug. 2013.
D.K. Molzahn, B.C. Lesieutre, and C.L. DeMarco, Investigation of Non-Zero Duality Gap
Solutions to a Semidefinite Relaxation of the Power Flow Equations, To be presented at the
ConclusionHawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 2014.
[7]
43
Questions?
44
45
Feasibility
For lossless systems:
1. Show a solution exists for zero power injections at
PQ buses and zero active power injection at PV
buses, for = 1.
2. Use implicit function theorem to argue that
perturbations to zero power injections solutions also
exist. Specifically choose one in the direction of
desired power injection profile.
3. Exploit the quadratic nature of power flow equations
to scale voltages and power to match injection profile.
46
47
Ratio of g to b
Nearby Solutions
A nearby non-zero solution exists
49
Feasible Solution
Exploit the quadratic nature of power flow
equations to scale voltages to match desired
power profile:
50
51
Infeasibility Certificates
Guarantee that a system of polynomial is infeasible
Positivstellensatz Theorem
If
such that
then the system of polynomials has no solution
52
Reactive Power
Qmin
0
V
Voltage Magnitude
53
such that
by finding polynomials
and sum of squares polynomials
Then the power flow equations have no solution.
54