Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Unit 3:
Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion: Classification of Gas Turbines, Analysis of open cycle gas
turbine cycle. Advantages and Disadvantages of closed cycle. Methods to improve thermal
efficiency. Jet propulsion and Rocket propulsion.
Simple Gas Turbine Cycle
A schematic diagram of a simple gas turbine power plant is shown in figure. Air is drawn from
the atmosphere into the compressor, where it is compressed reversibly and adiabatically. The
relatively high pressure is then used in burning the fuel in the combustion chamber. The air fuel
ratio is quite high (about 60:1) to limit the temperature of the burnt gases entering the turbine.
The gases then expand isentropically in the turbine. A portion of the work obtained from the
turbine is utilized to drive the compressor and the auxiliary drive, and rest of the power output is
the net power of the gas turbine plant.
A gas turbine plant works using a Brayton or joule cycle. This cycle was originated by joule, a
British engineer for use in a hot air reciprocating engine and later in about 1870 an American
engineer George Brayton tried this cycle in a gas turbine. This cycle consists of two constant
pressures and two adiabatic processes. The P-V and T-S diagrams of the cycle are as shown in
figure.
P2
= pressure ratio for compression
P1
t = T3/T1 = Temperature ratio
T T T
W N = C P T1 3 4 2 + 1
T1 T1 T1
Let R =
We have
T1
P1
T4 T4 T3
=
T1 T3 T1
r 1
r
P
= 4
P3
T2
P2
r 1
r
T
P
2 = 2
T1
P1
r 1
r
1
t=
R
t
W N = C P T1 t
R
r 1
r
r 1
r
=R
P1 = P4
r 1
r
r 1
r
r 1
r
& P2 = P3
+1
W N QH QL
Q
=
= 1 L
QH
QH
QH
T
P
Now, 2 = 2
T1
P1
=R
r 1
r
T3
&
T4
T1
T2
1
T2
T1
i.e., th = 1
or
P3
r 1
r
P4
T2 T3
=
T1 T4
1
=
R
r 1
r
T4 T3
=
T1 T1
or
th = 1
R
r 1
r
From the above equation, it is seen that the efficiency of the air standard gas turbine cycle
increases with increase in pressure ratio (R) and the type of working fluid.
W N = C P T1 t
R
r 1
r
r 1
r
--- (1)
The optimum pressure ratio is obtained by differentiating the net work output w.r.t. the pressure
dW N
=0
ratio and putting the derivative equal to zero i.e.,
dR
d
Or
C P T1 t
dR
t
1
=0
R
Differentiating with respect to R we get,
i.e., t
1
t
R
or
1 2
1 2
=0
1 1
R
1 1
R
= t or
1 2
1 1 2
=t
2 ( 1)
11+ 2
or R
= t or
or (R )opt = t
2 ( 1)
=t
i.e., Ropt =
T3
T1
2 ( 1)
(WN )opt
= C P T1 t
t
r
2 ( r 1)
1
2
= C P T1 t
t
r 1
r
t +1
1
2
1
= C P T1 t t 2 t 2 + 1
1
= C P T1 t 2t 2 + 1
(WN )opt
= C P T1 t 2 1
r
2 ( r 1)
r 1
r
+1
th = 1
1
R
r 1
r
( th )opt = 1
= 1
t
r
2 ( r 1)
r 1
r
1
1
t2
In an ideal gas turbine plant, the compression and expansion processes are isentropic and there is
no pressure-drop in the combustion chamber. But because of irreversibilities associated in the
compressor and the turbine, and the pressure-drop in the actual flow passages and combustion
chamber, an actual gas turbine plant differs from ideal one. The T-S diagram of actual plant is
shown in figure.
h2 S h1
h2 h1
h h4
and the turbine efficeincy, t = 3
h3 h4 S
Compressor efficeincy, C =