Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
for Dallas, TX
by
Paul Fung
A THESIS
IN
ARCHITECTURE
^ Date
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CONVENTION CENTER
FOR DALLAS, TEXAS
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
Thesis Statement
Context Statement
Facility Statement
ARCHITECTURAL THEORY ISSUE
Statement of Issue
CONTEXT ISSUES
Built Context (Potential design response & Architectural precedent)
13
14
23
24
Activity Analysis
Primary Activity
28
Table of Contents
Secondary Activity
Spatial Analysis
Public Space
Private Space
Support/Service Space
Spatial Adjacency/Separation
Spaces and Activities Relationship
Public Space
Private Space
Support/Service Space
37
45
46
SPACE SUMMARY
48
APPENDIX
51
III
ABSTRACT
THESIS STATEMENT
CONTEXT STATEMENT
FACILITY STATEMENT
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Thesis Statement
Architecture should be flexible to suit people's needs. The issue of Flexibility should be
supported by sub-issues such as Adaptability, ChoiceA'^ariety, Expansion/Contraction, and
Multi-use. Flexibility is largely dependent on technology. Technology provides alternatives
for architecture; it then becomes an important tool for architecture.
Context Statement
Dallas is the second-largest city in Texas and the seat of Dallas County. The Dallas skyline
rises abruptly from the surrounding prairie. A network of freeways radiates out from and
loops the central business district, linking the city with its suburbs.
Facility Statement
The facility that I intend to design as my thesis vehicle is a convention center. It will be
sited in the existing Dallas Convention Center in downtown Dallas. The specific address is
650 S. GrifFm St., Dallas TX 75202. The facility will provide spaces for exhibition,
meeting, and conferencing. It acts as a communication medium among people. The size of
the facility will be about 250,000 sq.ft.
ARCHITECTURAL THEORY
: ISSUR'"'''''''''"''''''''T'T''"'''^^
STATEMENT OF ISSUE
Flexibility
" We are in pursuit of a new idea, a new
vernacular, something to stand alongside
the space capsules, computers and
throwaway packages of an atomic electronic
age... "
Warren Chalk
The development of technology enables the architect to have more alternatives in
architecture. The expectations of people about building has reached a point where no
single solution can fiilfils everyone's needs. Among all architectural issues, "Flexibility" is
the only one that comes closest to be an universal solution on architecture. It answers
questions such as adaptability, choice/variety, expansion/contraction, and
multi-use^
Durek. Donna P.. Architectural Programming (New York: Van Noslrand Reinhold, 199.1): 24.
Adaptability
" We aim to create a clear organic
architecture whose inner logic will be
radiant and naked, unencumbered by lying,
tracings and trickery; we want an
architecture adapted to our world of
machines, radios andfast cars... "
Walter Gropius
Adaptability is the power to make suitable for a new use, need, and situation. With
the power of adaptability, architecture can respond to the environment in any
circumstance. It then makes people happy without creating conflict and chaos.
Potential Design Response
The facility should demonstrate its ability by adapting to the surrounding
environment and climate conditions. To achieve this criterion, the facility should enable
spaces to have individual temperature control, which react to changing room temperature
and make adjustments automatically. In addition, the facility can use some sort of
reflective device to reflect sunlight into the facility. This results in a reduction of energy
costs, and merges the outdoor and indoor atmosphere together.
Architectural Precedent
Building: Georges Pompidou National Arts and Cultural Centre
Architect: Piano + Rogers
Client: Centre National d'Art et de Culture
Location: Paris, France
The prime character of this building is the capability to change. Not only in plan
but in section and elevation as well. It is basically aframeworkthat allows change. The
framework allows people to perform freely inside and out, to change and adapt, in answer
to technical and/or client needs. This free and changing performance becomes an
expression of the architecture of the building."
Choice/Variety
Choice/Variety is the quality of not being the same, or not being the same at all
times. Architecture provides options for people to select what is the most suitable for
them. The interior layout of the building, for example, should be free to change at all times
to meet the needs of occupants.
Architectural Precedent
Building: Hong Kong Bank
Architect: Foster & Associates
Client: HSBC
Location: Central, Hong Kong
The idea of a "service module"^^ makes it possible to change the interior space
completely. The floors are capable of complete disassembly to create an empty space or
even a different atrium at a different level.
Expansion/Contraction
" Technology will offer us more control
rather than less. The building of the future
will be more like robots than temples. Like
chameleons, they will adapt to their
environment."
Richard Rogers
Expansion and contraction are completely opposite in meaning, but share the same
characteristic: the capability to change the size and shape of the building to meet the
client's requirements. Theflexibilityof the structural system is the key to making the
expansion/contraction operation possible.
Potential Design Response
The industrial style can be introduced to the facility especially on the structural
system. Flexibility of structure provides the facility with the potential for future expansion.
On the other hand, a strong and expressive exposed structure establish as an image for the
facility to the general public.
Architectural Precedent
Building: Renault Distribution center
Architect: Norman Foster
Client: Renault UK Limited
Location: Swindon, U.K.
The skeleton of the building is supported by an exposed structural system, and the
interior is basically an open space that is divided by partition. It would minimize the
influence on the rest of the building if the building requires expansion.
10
Multi-use
" We make the building, then the buildings
make us. "
Francis Duffy
A multi-use building can achieve various purposes at the same time under the same
roof It can satisfy the different needs of people. Moreover, it attracts more users.
Potential Design Response
The spatial activity of the facility should put similar activity groups together; the
users of the facility therefore can clearly identify their designated locations. Zoning of
various activities is preferred, but the facility should provide at least one linkage to tie all
different zones together. This enables users to change their preference on activities at
anytime.
IZONE A I
IZONE B I
IZONE C I
ILINKAGE I
II
Architectural Precedent
Building: Millennium Tower
Architect: Norman Foster
Location: Tokyo Bay, Tokyo
The Millennium Tower is a mega-structure that consists of all the essential
elements of a city. It exists as an individual city that can be self-supported. It divides into
several zones for different activities. A vertical linkage serves as a main conveying system
to transport occupants to different zones.
-'5T7):m
CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
BUILT CONTEXT
NATURAL CONTEXT
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
CULTURAL CONTEXT
Contextual Issue
BUILT CONTEXT
Site Location
Dallas is the second largest city in Texas and the seat of Dallas county. Situated on
the Trinty river on the rolling prairie of the state's north central plan, it is approximately
225 miles (360km) northwest of Houston, Texas.' It is crossed by Interstate highways 20.
The Dallas Skvline
35, 30, and 45. The Dallas skyline rises abruptly from the surrounding prairie. Among the
dominant features is downtown skyscrapers, including the 72-story NCNB Plaza building
and the 50-story Reunion Tower; and high-rise apartments. A network of freeways
radiates out from and loops the central business district, linking the city with its suburbs.^
Site Specifics
The site is located in the southern part of the downtown Dallas. The site is
currently occupied by the Dallas Convention Center at the intersection between the
Ceremonial Dr. and Griffin St. The proposed site is adjacent to the Pioneer Park
separating by the Ceremonial Dr.
' The New han(ibook of Texas. 1996 ed., s.v "Dallas. Texas.'"
" The Encyclopedia American. 1995 ed., s.v. "Dallas."
14
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NOmtAL M O R t E DA^S: J
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Geography
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in the upper margins of the Coastal Plain. The rolling hills in the
area range from 500 to 800 feet in elevation."*
Climate
Dallas is humid subtropical with hot summers. It is also
continental, characterized by a wide annual temperature range.
Precipitation also varies considerably, ranging from less than 20
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to more than 50 inches.'* July and August are typically the city's
driest months. The winter weather is normally mild with only a
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^ Weather of US Cities. 4th ed. ed. Frank E, Bair (Detroit: Gale Research International Ltd.. 1992), 9^>
'* Weather of US Cities, 4th ed.. ed. Frank E, Bair (Detroit: Gale Research International Ltd.. 1992). 9\V
17
Contextual Issue
Architectural Precedent
Building: Hong Kong Bank
Architect: Foster & Associates
Owner: HSBC
Location: Central, Hong Kong
The architect of the Hong Kong Bank demonstrates the effectiveness of the
indirect sunlight by using a giant heliostatic mirror captures and bounces sunlight into the
top of the atrium.^ Since the internal of the Hong Kong Bank is hollow out, and creates a
kind of atrium space, it is in turn reflected into the building's inner reaches.
Michael McCoy. "Attidus Toward Technology: Between Nature and Culture" ProRressi\c Architecture
(Apr 1991): 107.
18
Contextual Issue
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
Since the McKinney Avenue acts as the front porch of downtown Dallas and it is
the place where the public gather around the most, the relationship between a building in
downtown Dallas and the residential and restaurant locate along the McKinney Avenue is
a subject to be aware. It is as important as the image of the building itself The coherent, at
least not disturbance, with the John F Kennedy Memorial which locates on the south side
of the Main Street from the Plaza is preferable. North to the site, the Pioneer Plaza has the
worid's largest monument and one of Dallas' most popular tourist sites. The 4,2 acre
plaza also includes native plants, a waterfall and aflowingstream.^
19
Contextual Issue
Architectural Precedent
Building: Okinawa Convention Center
Architects: Sachio Otani and Otani kenkyushitsu
Location: Ginowan, Okinawa Prefecture
The architects of the Okinawa Convention Center try to express their sympathy to
i,J^^
the people of Okinawa due to the tragic experience happen there at the end of WWII, The
building possesses its own history, traditions and cuhure that different from the main land
of Japan,^ The charater of this building is shaped by the environment. It answers the
people by shielding them from the subtropic climate.
20
Contextual Issue
CULTURAL CONTEXT
In the eariy 1980s Dallas had six churches among the nation's 100 largest: First
Baptist, Lovers Lane United Methodist, Cliff Temple Baptist, Beverly Hills Baptist, First
United Methodist, and East Grand Baptist, As the population has diversified, so have the
religious faiths, Buddhists, Eastern Orthodox, Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs are now found
in Dallas, Southern Baptists have the largest representation in the Dallas area, followed by
Catholics, black Baptists, and United Methodists.^
In the heart of Dallas, there is a lively, dynamic neighborhood: the McKinney
Avenue area. It offers outdoor dining, posh hotels, and fascinating shops and galleries, A
revived trolley line ties the avenue to downtown. In the cool of an early-autumn evening,
people gather around outdoor tables at restaurants up and down the street. It is a place
where shops and art galleries located in the houses of this turn-of-century-neighborhood,'
Potential Design Response
The proposed facility should be able to represent the diversified culture of Dallas
on its envelope and all major public spaces. The facility should be developed an universal
The New handbook of Texas. 1996 ed,. s,\ "Dallas, Texas "
^ Les Thomas. "Mckinney Avenue: Great Street in the Heart of Dallas." Southern Li\ing 24 (10) (OCT
1989): 62-63,
Contextual Issue
' Michael McCoy, "Attidus Toward Technology: Between Nature and Culture" Progressi\c Arclm.auK
(Apr 1991): 106,
11
FACILITY ISSUES
FACILITY ISSUE
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
SPATIAL ADJACENCY/SEPARATION
SPACES AND ACTIVITIES RELATIONSHIP
Facility Issues
FACILITY ISSUES
Communication
A convention center is a place that conveys ideas and knowledge. It is more like
the expansion of the town hall, "It is also an outgrowth of the need for people of common
goal, thought, religion, event, persuasion, or profession to gather, communicate, learn,
eat, forlick, socialize, and jointly decide items of importance to those people,"' A
convention center is a strong communication medium where 16,000 meeting and
exhibition activities occur nationally every year.
' James P, Montero & David L, Fleck. Mock E.xamination Package lV-con\cntion center (LA ;
Archinform. 1978). 19,
24
Facility Issues
Architectural Precedent
Building: Columbus Convention Center
Architects: Richard Trott & Partners and Eisenman Architects
Location: Columbus, Ohio
The winning scheme of Trott/Eisenman for the Columbus convention center
demonstrates "sensitivity to the neighborhood" and for producing the most functional
design,^ The scheme is also a breakthrough from that building type's "dumb box"
syndrome.
' "Eisenman Wins Convention Center," Progressive Architecture (Jun 1989): 21,
Facility Issues
Division
A Convention center is the 800-pound gorilla of the architecture worid,' It is
difficult to hide and get around with its surrounding neighborhood. The solution is to
break it down into components instead of letting it exist as a whole. Due to the fact that
these components can interact with each other or stand independently, the facility then
becomes more flexible.
Potential Design Response
The convention facility can be divided into three parts: exhibition, conference,
theater. Although these three parts stand alone, they can be virtually pulled together by a
plaza between them. This option provides a plaza/outdoor area where visitors can gather
and appreciate the environment before they enter the facility. On the other hand, a skywalk
can be introduced to strengthen the bond of the facility if the site is cut by a street into two
pieces.
' Clifford A, Pearson, "Divide and Conquer," Architectural Record (Mar 1992) 116,
2(1
Facility Issues
Architectural Precedent
Building: Minneapolis Convention Center
Architect: Setter, Leach & Lindstorm
Owner: City of Minneapolis
Location: Minneapolis, Minnesota
The Minneapolis Convention Center is a gentle presence in the cityscape and an
easy place to get into and around. It responds to the site where two street grids collide by
rotating its wing at a corresponding angle. A plaza, on the other side of the street, sits on
top of an underground garage and helps open up views to the city. The facility takes
advantage of the plaza as an outdoor lobby, which provides a place for the public to
prevent congestion within the facility.
^<<2"i
27
Facility Issues
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
PRIMARY ACTIVITY
SECONDARY ACTIVITY
ENTERING
ASSEMBLYING
EXHIBITING
PERFORMING
Information Desk
Main Lobby
Ticketing Booth
Security checkpoint
Assemblv Hall
Function Hall
Conference Room
Storage area
Pre-fiinction Lobb>
Stage
Backstage
Storage area
COOKING
WORKING
PARKING
CLEANING
Kitchen
Loading Dock
Cafe
Banquet Hall
Staff
Securing
Maintenance
Outdoor parking
Reserved parking
Loading
Indoor parking
Housekeeping
Facility Issues
Primary Activity
Entering
a welcoming atmosphere
Information desk
Main lobby
spa atmosphere
Ticketing booth
Security checkpoint
to prevent visitors from bringing any hazardous substances into the facility
29
Facility Issues
Assemblying
a gathering place for group visitors
attending lectures/sessions
annual dinner^anquet
supporters of political party
Assembly/Lecture hall
provides seating for visitors
a stage/platform for lecturer
provides audio and visual equipment
acoustics control
Function room
storage area for temporary structure and equipment
non-public access to the food preparation area
Conference room
provides audio and visual equipment
satellite services for video conferencing
sound barrier to maintain privacy
.^0
Facility Issues
Exhibiting
Storage area
Pre-function lobby
Facility Issues
Performing
Stage
Backstage
Storage area
miscellaneous equipment
^>2
Facility Issues
Secondary Activity
Cooking
food preparation
sanitize
Kitchen
Loading dock
Cafe
Banquet hall
Facility Issues
Working
administration office
building management
Staff"
Securing
Maintenance
repair
Facility Issues
Parking
outdoor parking for visitors
reserved parking area for staff
loading area for truck
indoor parking
drop-off area
Outdoor parking
well-lit during night time
patrolling by security guard
Reserved parking
non-public access
security gate
Loading
hidden from public
service drive to enter the loading area
Indoor parking
provided for V I P , s
Facility Issues
Cleaning
maintain both the interior and exterior of the facility in good condition
Housekeeping
janitors
06
Facility Issues
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Public Space
Entrance lobby
Floor area
4,000 s,f
5,000 s f
Information desk
Floor area
100 s,f
Facility Issues
Ticketing booth
Floor area
100 s,f
highly flexible
column-free space
minimum decoration
Floor area
30,000 s,f
25,000 s,f
33,000 s,f
^S
Facility Issues
30,000 s,f
Assembly hall
highly flexible
high ceiling
Floor area
12.000 s,f
12,000 s,f
14,000 s,f
5,000 s,f
y)
Facility Issues
sound insulation
comfortable environment
permanent stage
Floor area
2,000 s.f
2,500 s,f
1,700 s,f
Lounge
relaxing environment
well-decorated if compared with exhibition spaces, and assembly hall in order to make
a contrast
Floor area
4,000 s,f
2,600 s,f
8,000 s,f
40
Facility Issues
Public restrooms
Floor area
200 s,f
41
Facility Issues
Private Space
Office
accessible by public
Floor area
3,300 s,f
3,300 s,f
washroom included
Floor area
800 s,f
42
Facility Issues
Support/Service Space
Loading/Unloading dock
Floor area
100 s.f
Mechanical room
acoustically insulated
driveway accessible
Floor area
N.A.
4'<
Facility Issues
Janitor room
Floor area
30 s.f
Kitchen
close to lounge
Floor area
N.A.
44
Facility Issues
SPATIAL ADJACENCY/SEPARATION
J Vk
E n "t r 0. n c e I o b
Recepti on
Ti cketi ng booth
Parki ng I o"t
Exhibition hall
Prefunction area
Assenbly hall
Meet! ng noons
Theaten
Lounge
Tennace/PlazQ
Restnoons
Adni ni s t n a t i o n o f f i c e
S t a f t locl<en n o o n
Building nanagenent
Ki t c h e n
L o a d i ng d':tck
Storage
Jani t o n
Mechani c a l n o o n
.^
'fi^
( )
^
('^ -
ml
% Stnong nelati onshi p
^ Modena e nelati onshi p
O Seoana on
4.^
Facility Issues
Entering
Information desk
Selling
Ticketing booth
Assemblying
Attending lecture
Exhibiting
Waiting
Assembly hall
Performing
Lounge
Storing
Public restroom
Eating/drinking
Banquet hall
Meeting
Informing
Private Space
Office
Staff locker room
Working
Storing
Conferencing
46
Facility Issues
Support/Service Space
Loading dock
Loading/Unloading
Mechanical room
Storing
Janitor room
Cleaning
Kitchen
Cooking
Storage
maintaining
47
Space Summary
SPACE SUMMARY
PRIMARY ACTIVITY
ISECONDARY ACTIVTTY
Public spaces
Spaces
n
n
Entrance lobby
# of Users
200
4,000
20
Information desk
100
Ticketing booth
100
9,000
90,000 (^3x30,000
10
Assembly hall
6,000
36,000 @3xl2,000
Meeting room
1,000
10,000 @5x2,000
10
Lounge
400
4,000
10
Public restrooms
24
800
33,33
16,624
145,000
4M
Space Summary
Private spaces
I I Administration office
Q
10
2,000
200
700
10
2,700
Support/Service spaces
H
Loading/Unloading dock
100
[ I Mechanical room
I I Janitor room
120
30
Kitchen
220
147,920
X 1,3
192,296
X 1,2
230,755
^(1
APPENDIX
Appendix
APPENDIX
Treiber, Daniel, Norman Foster, London: E & FN Spon, 1995,
Bayley, Stephen, Philippe Gamer, and Deyan Sudjic, 20th Century Style & Design, New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co,, 1986,
Durek, Donna P, Architectural Programming, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993,
Centre Pompidou, New York: Rizzoli, 1977,
Kerr, Philip, Gridiron. London: Vintage, 1995,
Thomas, Les, "McKinney Avenue: Great Street in the Heart of Dallas," Southern Living
24 (Oct 1989): 62-67
Dillon, David, "Downtown Gateway.^" Architecture-The AIA Journal 82(2) (Feb 1993):
60-67,
The USA Today Weather Almanac, USA: Vintage [1994],
Robert, R, Rafferty, The Texas Monthly Guidebooks. 2d ed, Houston: Gulf Publishing
Co,, 1991,
Texas State Historical Association, The New Handbook of Texas v,2, 1996,
Frank, E, Bair, Weather of US Cities, 4d ed, Detroit: Gale Research International Ltd,,
1992,
The Encyclopedia American, 1995 ed,, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated,
S7
Appendix
.Appendix
Hoke, John Ray Jr., ed, Ramsey/Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards, New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1994,
Montero, James P , and David L. Fleck, Mock Examination Package IV-Convention
Center, Los Angeles: Archinform, 1978,
Jewell, Don, Public Assembly Facilities, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, 1992.
.S4
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