Conference on State-of-the-Art Technology to Drive Agriculture Productivity

in the Next Quarter of the Century

APO Center, Tokyo,
14:00-14:45 June 28, 2016

Precision Agriculture Technologies for

Efficient Use of Agricultural Inputs and
Reducing Environmental Impacts of Farming
Sakae Shibusawa, Dr. Prof.
Dept. Environmental and Agricultural Engineering
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan

ICT Oriented Scheme

Carbon Farming
Precision Water-saving
Agro-medical Foods

@Shibu_APO2016

In the 5th Basic Program for Science and Technology

Council of Science and Technology Innovation, Cabinet Office, Japan. 2016.1.19.
Translated by S. Shibusawa

Value Chain across

Energy Flow

Smart Network for

Best Transportation

Super-Smart Society 5.0

Service Platform

Smart Food
Chain System
Smart Agroproduction System
System Integration in
Material Development

Emerging System
on Manufacturing
Comprehensive Care
at Local Community

Standard of
Interface &
Data Format

Advanced
Security System

Standard
Data Uses

ICT Infra
Encouraging

Rule Chang for

New Business

Education
Cap. Building

Technologies of Positioning, Recognition, etc.

Information Platform
on Global Environment
OMoTeNashi Culture
& Business
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Infrastructure
Maintenance
Resilient
Architecture to
Disaster

New Business
New Service
2

Local Resources Strategy Committee

Council for Science and Technology Innovation
Smart Food Chain System

2015

Food Supply Chain Composed of Breeding, Production, Processing/Transport and

Market, Meets the Demand of Consumer on Quality and Value-added.
New Variety with potential of high yield, freshness-keeping, and so on.
Functional Foods, Next-generation Greenhouse Management, Value-added Produce.
Export-oriented Quality Control for Transportation,

Outline
Yield & Quality
Market-in
Time, Quantity,
Quality, Price

Breeding
Term

Shortened

Value-added
Functional foods
Local Culture Foods

Process
Transport

Production

Information
Sharing System

Traceability

Breeding

Market
Consumer

Food Safety & Compliance

Export

Long Term Storage

Quality Management

Values Creative
Needs-oriented Produce
with value-added
GDP increases in Agroindustry*1) and Food
Industry*2)
GDP(2014): *1) 5tril JP,
*2) 38 tri JP

Strategy for Creation and Application of Agricultural Information

The Strategic Headquarters for the Advanced Information and

Telecommunications Network Society, Cabinet Secretariat, Japan.
2014.6.3

Agricultural Competitiveness by Use of Agro-information

Break down the strategy into actions on inter-operability, portability, standard, and manual guidelines.
Transparency and active uses of farm land information
Administrative inter-department collaboration
AI-oriented agriculture and business models
Cost performance
Competitive
Correct production and shipping
Agriculture
Next generation and players
Value chain of agro-information
Value-added produce
Active performance of growers potential
Branding with evidence of performance
Market evaluation and price management
Integrated agricultural service to
Advertising to frontier of customers
growers needs
Value-added information management and

Solution service on farm work

Information
export business
mechanization and facilities
Creation &

Apply the deep experience of

Application
manufacturing into management
Agro-service networks on-demand

Marketing
Activity

Reconfirm and encourage the value

of informatization with know-how

Paragricultural
Industry
Management of intellectual properties on
information with know-how worldwide

One trillion-yen exports of agricultural products in FY2020

Paragriculture: para-agriculture, cf. paramedical

Guidelines on Agro-informatics Issued by Government in 2016

Cabinet Secretariat
Roadmaps on Strategy for Creation and Application of Agricultural Information
Guide for Providers and Users on Business Contract of ICT Service in Agriculture

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery

Guidelines for Name of Crops
Guidelines for Name of Farm Works
Guidelines for Uses of Intellectual Properties on ICT Application in Agriculture

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Guidelines for Environmental Information on ICT Systems Used in Agriculture
Guidelines for Interface of Data Exchange on Agricultural Information

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Five Factors of Farming System and Standards

Decision Making
Skills & Wisdom
Experience
Knowledge
Qualification
Community

Grower

Name of Crops

Produce

Intellectual Properties

Contract

Quality & Quantity

Constraints

Interface
Environment

Logistics
Rules
Custom
Market
Transport
Food security

Farm Works

Crop

Field

Technology

Variety
DNA
Phenotyping
Stability
Quality
Response
Controllable

Size & Location

Soil
Water
Facilities
Climate
Accessibility

Practices
Protocols
Variable Rate
Machinery
Environment
Hygiene

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Precision agriculture technologies for

efficient use of agricultural inputs and reducing
environmental impacts of farming

ICT Oriented Scheme

Carbon Farming Strategy
Precision Water-saving Scheme
Agro-medical Foods

@Shibu_APO2016

June 2011

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@Shibu_APO2016

The impact of agricultural practices on carbon cycle

Effect on Atmospheric CO2

Plant selection

C Saturation in soil
Carbon Credits

Soil C

Equilibrium
Improved
Management

Conventional
Management

Time Since Adoption

Plowing the soil
Removing crop residues
Low yields etc.

Carbon Farming Practices

Lai, et al (2004), West, (2002)

Rice paddies

Irrigation

Organic fertilization

Plant residue management
Izaurralde, et al (2007)

Carbon Farming Practices

Species, cultivar, variety

Growth habit (perennial / annual)
Rotation sequence
Biomass energy crops

No-Tillage
Type
Frequency

Fertilization
Rate, timing, placement
Organic amendments

Reduce soil disturbance

Less intensive tillage
Controlling erosion

Maintaining surface residue

cover
Increased plant water use and
production
More fungal dominance in soil

Utilizing available soil water

Promotes optimum plant growth
Reduces soil microbial activity
Franzluebbers. A. J.(2006)
Baker et al. (2006)
Etc.

10

Y. Li, S. Shibusawa, M. Kodaira (2013) Carbon Sequestration Potential and Farming Income:
Identifying the Optimal Carbon Farming Practices in Japanese Paddy Fields. EAEF 6(2) : 68-762.
STEP.1

Issues & Challenges

Soil C Quantification/ Feasibility

Changes in management
present significant
challenges to the individuals
and entities that undertake
them

STEP.2

Management Practices

DNDC Modeling
Fertilization / Tillage/ Crop Residual
Climate Factors

Economic incentives for

adopting carbon-capturing
farming practices
Accurate quantification of
soil C to document the
performance

STEP.3

Analysis of Economic Return of Each Management Practices

Identify the Best Carbon-capturing Farming Practices

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Study Place and Data Acquisition

Matsuyama-City
Aguri co. Ltd
A pioneer Japanese precision agricultural
model focusing on organic fertilization
based on the soil sensing information
Typical Island sea climate
Annual Temperature 16.1 C
Precipitation 1,300mm

a = 100 m2

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12

 The recommended management practices in the Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol
The management status of 2008 was assumed as the baseline scenario
Alternative scenarios were complied by changing one or two types of management
practices based on the baseline scenario.

13 Scenarios were created for soil carbon sequestration simulation

13

Depth Variation

Total Carbon

@Shibu_APO2016

0-5cm
5-10cm
10-15cm
15-20cm
20-25cm
25-30cm

Total Nitrogen

14

Small Paddy & Direct Access to Market.

Aged Growers
offer Paddy Fields.
30 ha, 400 fields
Matsuyama, Japan

Soil Sensor

Web Contract

TUAT
Precision Paddy Management

Organic Waste in City

Poultry manure, etc.
@Shibu_APO2016

AGURI co.
15

STEP.2
The Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC)
The DNDC model is a process-oriented simulation model, it has been developed to simulate
biogeochemical process occurring in wetland ecosystems especially rice paddies.
The DNDC model has been validated against dataset observed across various agro-ecosystems in
Asia (China, Japan etc.), America and Europe.

16

Summary of Soil C Sequestration Potential

CR30%+RT
CR 50%
RT+ WC 200%

Management Practice

NT
CR30%+WC200%
RT+ OSC350
CR30%+OSC350
CR30%
WC 300%
RT
OSC 200%
WC 200%
OSC 350
0

10

SOC (t/ha-1 /yr-1)

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STEP.3
The net present value (NPV) of the farm income after
changing from the baseline condition practice i to a
carbon-capturing management practice s per T periods is:

NPV i, s
T

t 1

D t NR PPt S Pt Ct i , s Ct ( i , s ) Mt i . s - I i, s

ct(i,s): represents the soil C increase after changing from practice i to s;

Ptct(i,s): payment that farmers could receive per hectare at a price pt per ton of carbon
sequestered per period;
Dt : discount factor (1 / (1 + r))t with an annual interest rate of r;
NR(PPt, S): net return per hectare for system s in period t, given product price PPt
Ct (i,s) : input cost including extra costs incurred by incorporate crop residues into the soil,
added fertilizer, machinery and labor, which were evaluated by working hours;
M(i,s): maintenance cost per period;
I (i,s): the fixed cost for changing systems.

Thus, farmers might adopt a pro-carbon management if

NPV (i,s) > NPV(i).
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Combined Criteria
Management practices that promote the highest increase in soil C do not necessarily
generate the highest net present values of the farm income.
The operative and input cost of the best C sequestration farming practice can not cover
the cost occurred for the replacement of conventional farming practices
Farming practices with high C sequestration potential
and corresponding NPV against the baseline level

@Shibu_APO2016

19

Precision agriculture technologies for

efficient use of agricultural inputs and reducing
environmental impacts of farming

ICT Oriented Scheme

Carbon Farming Strategy
Precision Water-saving Scheme
Agro-medical Foods

@Shibu_APO2016

20

Water Saving System For Advanced Precision Agriculture

(WSSPA)

Thanks: CREST (Core Research Evolutionary Science and Technology)

program funded through JST (the Japan Science & Technology
Agency) by the government of Japan from 2010 to 2015
@Shibu_APO2016

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Controlled Underground Irrigation Provides

Potential Precision Irrigation System
Haney Suckle
Test Field at Nevada
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Tomato in
greenhouse
Absorption Harmonized
with Temperature
Non control

Saving
91%

100%

Temp

Control

Absorp.

9%
SDI
Surface

SIS

Underground

By Dr. M. Ohaba
@Shibu_APO2016

22

Conventional
Encourage Supply Power
Dams & Heavy Infrastructure

Surface
Irrigation

New Trial
Precision Water Saving Technique
Needs-oriented, Passive supply

From
Supply Side
to
Demand Side

Evapotranspiration
Evaporation
Passive Supply
Retention

Uniform Apply
Average demand

Dry Soil

@Shibu_APO2016

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Clay soil, 2 mm screening, equilibrium moisture

Bottom supply
Fiber string
Moistened

Retention cube

Evapotranspiration

Evaporation

Retention
Dry Zone

Capillary Supply
Retention cube

Plant model

140

y = 10.23x - 6.42
R = 0.975

120
100

Volume(ml)
(cm3)

Top pore

Upper supply

80
POT A

60

POT B

40

POT C

20

(POT A)

0
0

6
9
(ml)

12

Watering(ml)

By M. Kodaira
@Shibu_APO2016

24

15

Experimental setup

No.

Quantum
(Li Cor, LI-190)

Air Temp-Humidity sensor

(Vaisala, HMP155)

Water level sensor

(Watty, HL-G1-0200-R-S)

Soil moisture sensor

(Decagon, EC-5 & EM5b)

Electronic balance
(AND, GP32KS)

Fibrous interface
(TOYOBO, 7210s & A-1)
Diameter, 22 cm

Organic soil
(Masaki, RS-7)
Bulk density , 0.18 g/cm3,
VWC, 0.42 m3/m3

Tomato
(Sakata seed)

Variable platform

10

Water supply tank

11

Water level regulator tank

(1)
(2)

(3)

(8)

(10)

(4)

(7)

P4(20cm)
P3(15cm)
P2(10cm)

(6)
(11)

(6)
(2)
(12)

(9)

30cm

P1(5cm)

(5)

Day after transplant

(Day)

Water depth, l
(cm)

1- 31

-1 cm

32 55 (Day 55)

-11 cm

56 90 (Day 65)

-3 cm

Component

Phytotron
(TUAT Fuchu, Japan)
Glass wall and roof
Air Temp: 15C (18:00-06:00)
25C (06:00-18:00)
Air Humidity: 70%

By M. S. B. Zainal Abidin
25

Water usage benchmarking

**The minimum total water used for 1 kg tomato is found

from the fibrous-capillary system with adaptive control

Stanghellini et al., (2003)

By M. S. B. Zainal Abidin
@Shibu_APO2016

26

Correct amount, correct time, correct location by correct method.

water-saving greenhouse/plant factory
Key techniques are:
water-saving orchard management
# Underground capillary irrigation technique.
paddy water control system FOEAS
# Instrumentation of water capacity/stress.
soil moisture/nutrient mapping and control
# Greenhouse control & water purification/recycle.
Application sites

Water-saving System
for Agriculture

Energy saving by use of heat storage refrigerant

Energy-saving air-conditioning with high-efficient refrigerant
Energy-reduced optimum control of environment

Tomato cultivation by watersaving system in phytotron

Leaf vibrationwater stress index

Detect plant
water stress

Water-saving irrigation system

Evapotranspiration
Evaporation

Visible image

Water recycle

Water-level
control
tank

Uses of rainwater,
underground water
and waste water.
Even a few amount of waste water has to
be used in water-shortage areas.

Water-level
control
Supply
tank

Water retention

Sonic image of
water retention

Detect the
zone of water
retention

Dry soil

Underground precise irrigation using

water-level control and capillary power
Supply control by the balance between soil
water capacity and plant water stress

Thermography of
water retention

27

Precision agriculture technologies for

efficient use of agricultural inputs and reducing
environmental impacts of farming

ICT Oriented Scheme

Carbon Farming Strategy
Precision Water-saving Scheme
Agro-medical Foods

@Shibu_APO2016

28

Super Graying Society creates much more Adult

Disease and Medical Expense
Adult disease

Population

Population of adult disease will be

totalized by 140 million.

# 30 % of 65 yrs in 2025
# Decrease one million per year.
mill
90

Population Shift in Japan

Productive
15 to 64 yrs

Measured

# Diabetic 18.7 million

# Hyper-tension 54.9 million
# Dyslipidemia 14.1 million
2006, Japan Health & Nutrition stat)

Junior
(<15 yrs)

1995

In 2005

Health Sustaining Science

Senior
(>64 yrs)

1975

Total 33 tri yen

Adult disease
10 tri yen

Prediction

50

0
1955

Medical expense

2015

2035

Health lifetime = Mean lifetime

2055

@Shibu_APO2016

Foods
29

Agro-medical Foods
Agricultural products which have
high content of functional materials
with effecting evidence to health
and wellness, and which are
produced by precision agriculture.
2009 AMI
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Agro Medical Initiative : AMI

Healthy Life Sustainability Networks by Agro-Medical Collaborate
Founders
Prof. T. Yoshikawa, Kyoto Medical College
Prof. K. Chiba, TUAT
Prof. T. Kadowaki, University of Tokyo
Prof. S. Kaneko, Kanazawa University
Prof. J. Nishikawa, TUAT
Prof. S. Shibusawa, TUAT
Dr T. Tanaka, Kanazawa University
Prof. C. Miyaura, TUAT
Prof. K. Ishihara, TUAT
Dr. A. Hino, Food Research Institute
Others from Companies, Government, and
University

Silver People Oriented Society

Adults Disease, Medical Expense

Health Sustainability Science

Health lifetime = Mean lifetime
Personalized Nutrition
Evidence-based Prescription
Standardization of process on food
production and health monitor

Chair Person, Vice Chair Person

Director,
Secretary General

Agro +Medical + Foods

AMI Office
Agro-innovation Center, TUAT
From April, 2009
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 Membership 129 (2013)

Organization

University

Institute

Company

Administration

Others

Discipline

Administration
Agricultural
Company

Medical

University

Others
Institute

Academia, Institute,
Company, Administration
Medical and
Agricultural Science
Fields
All Japan

@Shibu_APO2016

Dec, 2013

32

Life Quality Management

Quality Foods Health Care Station Functional Foods
Diet Instruction
Health Monitoring

Tech
Instrumentation
Development

ICT Networks

Nano-biosensors

Clinical study
Epidemiological

Nano devices
Sensor development

In vivo kinetics
Action Mechanism

Absorption
Consumption

Medical

SEDI-MS

Foods Chain

Bio-markers
for functional
biopolymer

Anti-body
detectors

Plant Factory

Artificial
Organs

Tech

Simulation
Digestive tract

Tech
Sensors
Instrumentation

Functional
Foods Design
Precision
Agriculture

Agro-innovation
by Medical

Omics Analysis

Business

Diet Factors
Standards for
Functional foods

Agro-Medical Foods Strategy

Agro-wisdom
Robot

Agro
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Tentatively Standardized Development of Agro-medical Foods

Analysis Method

Medical Evaluation
Cohort/Intervention/Animals/Cell-culture

Foods /Bio-specimen Breeding/Cultivation/Process/Cook

Quercetin analysis

Immunopotentiative
Antiallergic

Green
Tee

Soybean
Apple
Spinach
Tomato
Egg plant
Blueberry
Etc.

Metabolic Syndrome
Dry mouse/eyes
Cognitive impatient

Onion

Orange

Crop Production

Strictinin
Epigallocatechin

Metabolic Syndrome
Fatty liver/ Diabetes

Quercetin concentration

Strictinin
Epigallocatechin

Beta-cryptoxanthin

O: Under investigation (2011)

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R&D 3-yr Project on Functional Foods, MAFF. 2012 (2 b JPY)

Functional Foods

Subject

Organization

Head

High amylose rice and blood glucose level

Niigata University, Jikei Medical

University, etc.

K Otsubo

Barley -gulkan and Wheat

Otsuma Women University, Yokohama

East Hospital, etc.

S Aoe

Brown Rice Effect

Tsukuba University, etc.

K
Hashimoto

Rutin and Manten Kirari Soba Noodle

Hokkaido University, etc.

K Fujino

-conglycinin Soybean

Kinki University, etc.

T
Moriyama

Quercetin onion and cognitive function

Tokushima University, etc.

J Terao

Citrus -cryptoxanthin and metabolism syndromes

Kanazawa University, etc.

T Ota

Green tea catechin and fat metabolism

Osaka Medical University, etc.

T
Hanafusa

Carotenoids and metabolism syndromes

Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,

etc.

T Takagi

GOYA vegetable

Suntory Global Innovation, etc.

K Abe

Anti-oxygen foods and sleep improvement

Tokyo Medical University, etc.

Y Inoue

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35

Q: Who are the players in the next agriculture?

Hobby Farmers

City Farmers

Product: Lifestyle
talking with nature

Product:Sympathyof
workstyle&service

# Quality of life
# They pay for it
# Culturizing new
# Millions of people

#
#
#
#

Social issues
# Agro-literacy
# Standards
# Common risk cares

Community issues
# Common risk cares
# City markets
# Invite new comers

Small multi-business
Customer-behind
Farmers market
Millions of growers

Enterprise Farmers
Product: Price and
quality of commodity
# Social responsibility
# Management skills
# Cost efficiency
# Thousands of heads
Business issues
# Smart foods chain
# Labor/knowledge
# Capital & Cash flow

Market needs of Compliance, Hygiene, and Comfort.

Conservation of Community, Environment and Bio-diversity

Thank You for your Attention!

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