Grammar

How To Use

Instance

Explanation

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Type 0:

IF + CLAUSE, MAIN CLAUSE

If S + V1(s/es), S + V1(s/es).

If you put the ice under the

Obvious true.

Real in the Present

Type 1:

If S + V1(s/es), S + will/can +

sun, it melts.
If it rains, I will stay at home.

Possible things that can

V1(Inf).

happen. It can rain and I

Type 2:

If

If I had enough brave, I would

will stay at home.

Things that cannot happen

would/might/could + V1(Inf).

come there with her.

in the Present or Future.

Real in the Present, Future

Unreal in the Present, Future

V2/ed/were,

Actually
enough

dont

brave

to

have
come

Type 3:

If S + had + V3/ed, S +

If I had studied much harder, I

there with her.

Things did not exist in the

would/could have + V3/ed.

would have gotten away from

past. The truth is that I

this country.

dont try hard and the

Unreal in the Past

result is that I still dont

Mixed Type 1:

If S + had +V3/ed, S + would/

If we had looked at the map,

leave the country.

The fact is that we didnt

could + V1(Inf).

we wouldnt be lost.

look at the map and we

Present

Din t mt s vic tng

condition
Unreal past condition and its
possible result in the present

qu hin ti ca n.
S + V2/ed/were,

result

of

past

tng trong qu kh vi kt

Mixed Type 2:

If

Past result of present or

would/might/could

V3/ed.
continuing condition
Unreal present situation and Din t gi thit hin ti
its possible (but unreal) past
vi hnh ng tng tng
result

Inversion of Type 1:

are lost now.

have

If I wasnt afraid of insects, I

The fact is that I was

would have picked it up.

afraid

lm trong qu kh.
Should + S + (not) + V1(Inf), S

of

insects

hadnt picked it up.

and

Grammar

How To Use

+ will/may/might/should/can +

Real in the Present, Future

Instance

Explanation

V1(Inf).

If I should open that locked

case, I will ask for an advice.

Nu trong cu c should

mnh if, th o should Should I open that locked

case, I will ask for an

ln u cu.

advice.

Nu

trong

should,

cu

khng

chng

ta

c
phi

If he has much free time, he

will travel all over the world.
Should

mn should.

he

have

much

time, he will travel all over

the world.
Inversion of Type 2:

Were + S + (not) + to + V1(Inf),

S + would/might/could + V1

Unreal in the Present, Future

(Inf).

If I were you, I would find one

Nu trong cu c ng t

scholarship in the oversea

were, th o were ln

country.

u.

Were I you, I would find

one

scholarship

on

the

oversea country.

Nu

trong

cu

khng

c If I studied in Norway, I would

ng t were th mn get the IELTS certificate.

were v dng to V.

Were I to study in Norway,

I

would

get

the

IELTS

certificate.
Inversion of Type 3:

Had + S + (not) + V3/ed, S +

would/might/could + have +

Unreal in the Past

V3/ed.

If I had tried hard, I could

Grammar

How To Use

Instance
have

Explanation

studied

in

foreign

country.
Had I tried hard, I could
have

studied

in

foreign

country.

Ch : dng ph nh, If it had not been for your

not c t sau ch ng

help, I wouldnt have gotten

the IELTS certificate.
Had it not been for your
help,

gotten
Unless (Tr phi):

Unless

means

something

similar to if not or

except if.
Dont
use

unless

wouldnt
the

have
IELTS

S + shall, should, will, would,

certificate.
I will go outside unless it

can, could, may or might +

doesnt rain.

V1(Inf) unless S + V1(s/es).

for

impossible conditions (Type

2 and 3).
Dont use unless and if

As

together.
long as,

so

long

as,

You can stay here as long as

providing, etc (Min l):

you dont make a mess.

Sometimes we need to impose

You can borrow my bike so

specific conditions or set limits

long as you dont drive too

on a situation. In these cases,

fast.

conditional clauses can begin

The bank lent the company

with phrases such as as long

100

million

dollars

on

Grammar

How To Use

Instance

as, so long as, only if, on

condition

condition

then

that,

providing

(that), provided (that).

Explanation

that

they

money

repaid

within

12

months.
You can get the VIP member
card

providing

you

spend

more than 1000 dollars on

our game.
They may do whatever they
want provided that it is not
illegal.
In

case

and

In

case

of

(Trong trng hp):

I will lend you some money in

In case is a conjunction or

In case + Clause, Clause

adverb.

case I dont have enough to

buy a new car. (conjunction)

we

He is involved in a corruption

should do in order to be

case, but he doesnt want to

prepared for possible future

confess anything just in case.

situations.
Dont use to mean if.

(adverb)

To

talk

about

things

Comparison:
Lets

take

We dont know if there is a

our

swimming

pool there. (the existence

costumes in case there is a

of

the

pool at the hotel.

important)

pool

is

not

We will wait until we know

Lets

In case of + Noun/ Noun Phrase,

take

our

swimming

about the pool before we

costumes if there is a pool at

decide. (we do care about

the hotel.

the existence of the pool)

Grammar

How To Use

Instance

Explanation

Clause

If and when it rains,

In case of is a preposition.

To

mean

if

and

In case of the rain, please

when

take out the clothes from the

something happens.

hanging

wire

and

keep

it

drying.
Or

and

Otherwise

(Hoc/

Mt khc):

You have to study hard, or

Use or and otherwise with

you will not be able to work in

If you dont study hard,

conditional meanings.

foreign country.

you will not be able to

We had better send it by

work in foreign country.

express, otherwise it will take

If we dont send it by

many days to arrive.

express, it will take many

days to arrive.

If only (Gi m):

If only + V2/ed

To express a strong wish that

To talk about a wish for the

things could be different. It

present:

If only I knew the truth.

I dont know the truth, but

I wish I did.

means the same as I wish

but is stronger.
If only + would + bare-inf V1
To talk about past, present
To talk about a wish for the
and future unreal condition.
future or to show a contrast

If only we would talk to each

We

dont

talk

other.

other.

If only he had listened to

He didnt listen.

between how things are and

how we would like them to
be
If only + had + V3/ed

To

talk

about

wish

to

change something that has

what his friends had been

telling him.

to

each

Grammar

How To Use

Instance

Explanation

I wish to visit her in the

I want to visit her in the

in the to-infinitive form, wish

spring, if possible.

spring.

means the same as want

Use wish with two objects,

I didnt wish my family know

already happened
Wish (c g):

Use wish followed by a verb

Wish + to-inf V1

about that place, so I told

an indirect object + a direct

Wish + Indirect Object + Direct

object

Object

(underlined),

for

expressions of good wishes

I wish you success in your

and hopes that good things

life.

will happen to people

Use wish with a that-clause

I have got my IELTS test

tomorrow, wish me luck.

when we regret or are sorry

that things are not different.
We imagine a different past

or present.
Use in that-clauses

Wish + that + clause

after

wish are similar to the verb

forms in conditional clauses

I just wish that everything

I dont have her mobile

would be all right.

phone number, it would be

I wish I had her mobile phone

good if I had it.

number, I could tell him the

after if. We use a past verb

good news.

form for present and future

them nothing.

invite his friend.

meanings.
Use wish + would if we are

I wish I had known John was

annoyed

coming. I would have invited

about

something

his friend.

that is or is not happening,

or about something that will
or will not happen.

I didnt know it and didnt

Wish + would
You are making noisy, it
would be better if you

Grammar

How To Use

Instance

Explanation
didnt.

I wish you would stop making

noisy.
I wish she would be here
tomorrow.
INVERSION
At no time / Never

At no time/ Never + Auxiliary

The result of this problem was

(Khng bao gi)

Verb + S

never in doubt.
At no time/ Never was the
result of this problem in

On no account

On no account + Auxiliary Verb

doubt.
You should never be late for

(Khng v bt c l do no)

+S

the test.
On no account should you

In/Under no circumstances

In/Under no circumstances +

be late for the test.

I will never be a betrayer.

(D

Auxiliary Verb + S

In/

trong

bt

tnh

hung/hon cnh no)

Under

no

circumstances will I be a

Only by Doing

Only by doing + Auxiliary Verb

betrayer
We must take the plane to

(Ch bng cch lm g)

+S

come there or we will be late.

Only by taking the plane

Only After
(Ch sau khi lm g)

Only After + N + Auxiliary Verb

will we get there on time.

You will be able to get a job

+S

only

after

you

have

graduated.
Only after your graduation

Grammar

How To Use

Instance

Explanation

will you be able to get a

Only When

Only When + S + V, Auxiliary

job.
I didnt know she had been a

(Ch khi lm g)

Verb + S + V

singer until she sang.

Only when she sang did I
know

she

had

been

Only With

Only With + N + Auxiliary Verb

singer.
He couldnt have bought the

(Ch vi ci g)

+S+V

house if the bank hadnt lent

him the money.
Only with the banks loan

Not until

Not until + N + Auxiliary Verb +

could he buy the house.

Man didnt fly into space until

(Mi n khi)

S+V

the early 1960s.

Not until the early 1960s

Seldom/Hardly/Scarcely/Bar

Seldom/Hardly/Scarcely/Barely

did man fly into space.

He seldom goes to the class.

ely/Rarely (Him khi)

+ Auxiliary Verb + S + V

Seldom does he go to the

So

So + adj/adv + Auxiliary Verb +

class.
The day was so hot that we

(n ni m)

S + V That S + V

had to stay at home.

So hot was the day that

Such

Such + to be + Noun

we had to stay at home.

Such is the stuff of dreams.

(Tht l)
No sooner Than

No sooner had + S + V3/ed

No sooner had he arrived

(Va mi ... th )

than S + V2/ed

home than the electricity was

Hardly When

Hardly had + S + V3/ed when S

broken down.
Hardly had he arrived in New

Grammar

How To Use

Instance

(Va mi ... th )

+ V2/ed

York when he had a new

problem.

Explanation