P a g e | ii

The Provincial Disaster Preparedness and

Management Manual was conceived through
the
collective
efforts,
cooperation
and
coordination of the different local government
agencies of the Provincial Disaster Coordinating
Council (PDCC) whose primary objective is to
formulate necessary measures in preparation for
the occurrence of any natural calamities,
epidemics, fires, civil unrest and other related
disturbances.

P a g e | iii

This page is reserved for the Governors message

P a g e | iv

MESSAGE
Greetings!
It is with a great sense of achievement to the Laguna Provincial Disaster
Coordinating Council to come up with the manual on disaster preparedness. The
different local government and concerned agencies involved in the production of this
manual are fully cognizant of the need to further strengthen and enhance imperative
measures to effectively control disaster operations at all levels.
The Council is genuinely dedicated to give its utmost cooperation and
coordination to formulate necessary measures that, combined with the utilization of
resources of the government and volunteer and relief agencies, shall provide maximum
assistance to our constituents during natural calamities, disasters and related
disturbances. Our efforts and resources are consolidated into a common convergence
point of translating the crucial measures into concrete actions and prompt emergency
operations.
Rest assured of the Councils continuous endeavor in protecting the welfare and
safety of the citizenry of Laguna.
Thank you and God Bless!

VALENTIN P. GUIDOTE, JR.

Provincial Planning and Development Coordinator
Secretary, Laguna Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council

Page |v
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE

OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE IV-A

REGIONAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL IV-A
Regional Office No. IVA (CALABARZON) | PNP Multi Purpose Center Camp Vicente Lim, Canlubang Calamba City
TELEFAX (049) 531-7266 | 531-7279 | 834-4244 e-mail: ocd.rdcc4a@yahoo.com | ocdr4a@ndcc.gov.ph

MESSAGE
It gives me a great pleasure to congratulate and commend the Provincial
Disaster Coordinating Council of Laguna through the initiative of PDRRMC
Chairperson Governor Jeorge E.R. Ejercito Estregan for coming up with the
manual on Disaster Preparedness and Management. This manual is indeed, a
very timely and laudable. It is crucial in educating the general public on how to
cope with the adverse effects of disasters. It will likewise serve as useful
reference and guide to a wellcoordinated Disaster Risk Reduction Program that
is vital to NDCCs/RDSSs thrust of strengthening and enhancing the capabilities
of Local Government Units in responding to all types of emergencies.
I am confident that the members of the Local Disaster Coordinating
Councils and others, who are involved in Disaster Management activities, can
derive a wealth of information and guidance from this manual, which could help
them become more efficient and effective in protecting the loss of precious lives
and damage to properties.
Finally, I wish you much success in all your undertakings. Rest assured
that your Office of Civil Defense / Regional Disaster Coordinating Council IV-A is
behind you every step of the way.
Mabuhay!

VICENTE F. TOMAZAR
Regional Director, OCD IV-A
and
Executive Officer, RDCC IV-A

P a g e | vi

Table of Contents

Foreword=========================............ ii
Message from the Governor===================.. iii
Message from the Provincial Planning and
Development Coordinator====================.. iv
Message from the Regional Director of Office of
Civil Defense (Region IV A) =======.============.. v
Table of Contents========================..vi
Acronyms============================ xii
List of Tables and Figures====================..xiii
Rational for the Manual=====================.. xiv
Manual Objectives======================== xv

I. Introduction to Disaster Preparedness

A. Disaster Preparedness====================.. 2
1. Basics of Family Disaster Preparedness=========... 2
2. What to do if you are ordered to evacuate your home===.. 3
3. What to do if a disaster strikes==============. 4
4. Basic Disaster Supply Kit=...=============...... 4
5. Important items for family members with special needs
a. Babies=========================.. 5
b. Older Adults======================.. 5

P a g e | vii
B. What are Disasters =.===================== 7
1. Kinds of Disasters===================.. 7
2. Types of Natural Disasters===============.. 8
a. Typhoons=====================.==.. 8
i. Protective Measures
Before the Typhoon====................................................ 8
During the Typhoon=============.==== 9
After the Typhoon========.========== 10
ii. Where to Go============.=======.. 10
iii. Typhoon Signals==========.======= 11
b. Flood..==================........................... 12
i. Causes=================..==.==.. 12
ii. Effects====================..=... 13
iii. Areas Affected==============......==... 14
iv. Protective Measures
Before a Flood=.======............................................. 14
During a Flood=======..==.========== 15
After a Flood====================.. 17
v. Where to Go================.===.. 18
c. Volcanic Eruptions=====...=============....19
i. Effects======================.. 19
ii. Protective Measures
Before a Volcanic Eruption=============.... 20

P a g e | viii
During a Volcanic Eruption============== 20
How to Protect Yourself from Falling Ash======..... 21
d. Earthquakes===============...===.............. 22
i. Protective Measures
Before an earthquake==========.======. 22
During an earthquake============..==== 25
After an earthquake===========.====== 26
e. Landslide / Erosion===========.....======= 29
i. Causes==================..==== 29
ii. Protective Measures
Before a landslide==================. 31
During a landslide==================. 33
What to do if you suspect imminent landslide danger...... 34
After a landslide=================.=... 34
iii. Kinds of landslides================. 36
iv. Where to go if you live in erosion prone areas===... 37
f. Dam Failure=============.=========... 39
i. Causes================.======. 39
ii. Effects=========...============.. 39
iii. Protective Measures
Before dam failure================== 39
During dam failure================== 40
After dam failure=========.....................==== 42

P a g e | ix

g. La Nia Phenomenon===========............==== 43
i. Effects======================.. 43
ii. Prevention====================.. 43
h. El Nio Phenomenon===============.===. 45
Causes======.================= 45
Effects=======================.. 45
Protective Measures================= 45
i. Global Warming=================..===... 46
Causes and Effects=================.. 48
Protective measures=================.50
3. Man-Made Disasters=================== 57
a. Terrorism======================== 57
i. Effects of Terrorism================.. 57
ii. Precautionary measures against terrorism=====.. 58
iii. Kinds of Terrorist Attacks
Explosive Devices========.========.==59
Protective Measures====.====.======59
Biological Threats================.==.61
Classes of Biological Agents and their Effects==.61
Protective Measures==============.62
Chemical Threats==================.. 62
Possible Signs of Chemical Threat=======..64
Protective Measures============== 64

Page |x

Decontamination Guidelines==========. 65
b. Fire========================...== 67
i. Causes of Fire=================== 67
ii. Protective Measures================ 70
Before a Fire==================70
During a Fire==============..............73
After a Fire==================...74
c. Pollution========================.. 75
i. Air Pollution==================== 75
Causes of Air Pollution=====..=======..76
Effects of Air Pollution============= 76
Protective Measures===========.77
ii. Water Pollution==================. 78
Causes of Water Pollution===========. 78
Different Types of Water Pollution===.====.. 79
How to Prevent Water Pollution====.==..==.81
iii. Land Pollution=====...====..===.=====82
Causes of Land Pollution=======.===...... 83
Effects of Land Pollution=======.==...== 85
Environmental Liability========.===.=..86
Eliminating Liability and Risk===......==..87
Measures of Land Pollution===.=.==.= 88

P a g e | xi

II. Appendices
A. How to Conduct an Earthquake Drill in School=======..==..89
B. An Executive Summary of the MGB
Rapid Geohazard Assessment of Barangays in
Laguna Province=========================96

P a g e | xii

Acronyms
BFP

Bureau of Fire Protection

DILG

Department of Interior and Local Government

DSWD

Department of Social Work and Development

DOC

Disaster Operation Center

GSO

General Services Office

IDAU

Intelligence and Disaster Analysis Unit

IRRI

International Rice Research Institute

LBTMO

Los Baos Traffic Management Office

MPDC

Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator

MERALCO

Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company

MHO

Municipal Health Office

MSWDO

Municipal Social Welfare Development Office

MCRO

Municipal Civil Registrar Office

MPDO

Municipal Planning and Development Office

P*P

Philippine *ational Police

SB

Sangguniang Bayan

UPLB

University of the Philippines Los Baos

P a g e | xiii

List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Prevention and Mitigation Measures..... 6

Figure 2

Kinds of Landslides. 36

Figure 3

Laguna De Bay Watershed. 37

Figure 4

Laguna Geohazard Map. 38

Figure 5

Greenhouse Effect 47

Figure 6

Potential Impacts of Climate Change 50

Figure 7

Cartographical Representation of Global Warming Mitigation. 54

Figure 8

Potential Contamination Areas.. 86

Figure 9

Land Contaminants and Corresponding Landfill Setup. 87

Table 1

Heat-trapping Gases in the Atmosphere over the past 1000 Years

over the past 1000 years...56

P a g e | xiv

Rationale for the Manual

The Provincial Disaster Preparedness and Management Manual
incorporates all feasible contingencies, unforeseen events, and
possibilities to come up with concise articles and procedures that will help
anticipate any events that may lead to a disaster or risk. All available
resources (government and private) were utilized to complete this manual
in order to be fully functional, serviceable, and action-oriented, thus
competent of promoting self-help and joint support with the local officials
and their constituents.
During an event of a disaster or other unforeseen phenomenon,
local officials and its administrative body initially makes the most of its
available resources before requesting for assistance from other agencies
or higher authorities. With this manual, all resources will be manipulated in
a highly efficient approach thus maximizing its potential.
Although emergency preparedness is a cooperative duty of both
national and local government, its success will be largely dependent on the
capabilities and participation of private organizations and the individuals
within the area of the disaster and also to the resources they can provide.
And to make the emergency preparedness and management plan
fully competent, regular trainings/ exercises and drills will be conducted to
different levels of the local government to improve the peoples reaction
capability, guarantee proper sequence of operations and spontaneity in
reacting to urgent situations.

P a g e | xv

Manual Objectives
1.

To prevent loss of life as well as any harm that may occur to an individual;

2.

To minimize damages that may happen to a facility or locale;

3.

To protect property whether government-owned or private;

4.

To beef up the morale of the victims/populate during and after an event of

disaster; and

5.

To provide a concise documentation that will serve as the primary reference

of information for disaster preparedness that will be available in every local
government entities particularly to every Planning and Development
Coordinating Office of the province.

Concurrent to its mission and functions, the Provincial Disaster

Preparedness and Management Manual will conduct evacuation and relief
operation through the close coordination with the MDCC/BDCC in case of any
disaster and calamities.

Page |1

Introduction

The Region IV or Southern Tagalog Provinces, Philippines being called

The Circum-Pacific Belt of fire and typhoons has always been subjected to
constant natural disaster calamities. The great oceans and seas around it, while
providing wide avenues for international trade and commerce, as well as source
of tremendous marine resources, also serve as the spawning areas of
destructive typhoons and monsoons.
In whatever part of the region we are located, possibility of experiencing
the gloom and stark reality on disasters such as fire, flood, typhoons, tornadoes,
earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruption, etc., and their resultant toll in the lives
of and properties is always present. Everyone, even in the safety of their homes
has not been spared the sight nor the feeling of loss by the disasters and
calamities, not as an abstract tragedy, but the picture of stunned faces of the
survivors. Therefore, the necessity of an advance and effective preparation of the
populace in the face of the disasters, natural or provoked by man is a must.
As per PD 1566 (dated June 11, 1978); National/Regional Calamities and
Disaster Preparedness Plans (dated April 21, 1984 and May 1989) and National
Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) Memorandum Order No. 94-03, Series
1994, the Provincial Disaster Management Manual was conceived. Its primary
objective is to formulate necessary measures in preparation for the occurrence of
any natural calamities, epidemics, fires, civil unrest and other related
disturbances.

Page |2

Disaster Preparedness
Preparedness involves making a plan before disaster strikes so that in a
disaster emergency, individuals and families have the supplies on hand and
planning in place to help them responds.

DISASTERS CAN HAPPEN ANYTIME, ANYWHERE, AND

GENERALLY WITHOUT WARNING.
These are the question you have to ask yourself:

Do you and your family know what to do in an emergency?

Are you prepared to survive on your own for at least 72 hours?

What will you do if you are separated from your family? How will you know if
they are safe?

Do you know what to do if you are at work when a disaster occurs?

Traveling outside of the community?

Family Disaster Preparedness

The following five steps outline the basics of family disaster preparedness:

Discuss the disasters most likely to happen in your community and their
impact on your family's safety. Hazards in our area include avalanche or
landslide, fires, severe winter storms, earthquake, tsunami, flooding and
hazardous materials threats.

Train all family members. Take first aid classes. Install smoke detectors.
Learn to use a fire extinguisher and how to shut off utilities. Do not take the
chance that the only person who knows first aid or how to turn off the gas or
start the generator will be at home when needed.

Assemble your disaster supplies into a personal Disaster Supply Kit. This
would include food, water, clothing and medications to last you at least 72
hours. You need a kit for EACH family member.

Page |3

Plan how your family will stay in contact if separated by a disaster. Pick two
meeting places:
1. A location a safe distance from your home in case of fire.
2. A place outside your neighborhood in case you cannot return home.
Choose a friend or relative as a "check in" contact for everyone to call or
contact.

Maintain your readiness. Review your disaster preparedness plan with

your family at least once a year. Identify what new training, equipment or
supplies you may need. Conduct fire evacuation and earthquake "duck,
cover and hold" drills with your family. Check and replace smoke detector
batteries and fire extinguishers.

If you are ordered to EVACUATE your home:

Follow all official instructions.

Wear protective clothing & appropriate footwear.

Take your disaster supply kit.

Lock your home.

Follow designated evacuation routes.

Shut off utilities.

Important Steps to Take

Post Emergency telephone numbers by every phone.

Show responsible family members how and when to shut off the water, gas,
and electricity at main switches.

Install a smoke detector on every level of your home. Test monthly and
change the batteries at least twice a year.

Learn first aid and CPR.

Page |4

Talk with your neighbors and plan how you could work together after a
disaster.

Consider how you could help neighbors who have special needs, such as
elderly or disabled persons.

If Disaster Strikes

Remain calm and patient and put your emergency plan into action.

Check for injuries. Get help if needed.

Listen to your battery-powered radio for warnings and instructions.

Check your home for damage. Use flashlights, not matches. Check for fires,
gas leaks, spilled chemicals. Shut off damaged utilities.

Check on your neighbors especially the elderly or sick.

Individual/Family Disaster Supplies Kit

Every family or individual should have a basic disaster supply kit
containing the following:

Drinking Water (3-day supply per person)

Food
Vitamins and prescription medication
Blankets and change of clothing (for each family member)
First Aid Kit
Flashlight and batteries
Battery operated radio and batteries
Wrench to shut off gas/water
Pliers
Non-electric can opener
Matches in a waterproof container
Signal flare
Needles and thread
Sanitation and personal hygiene supplies
Fire extinguisher
Plastic sheeting or tarp
Soap/detergent and liquid bleach (for water purification)
Paper and pencil

Page |5
DONT FORGET IMPORTANT FAMILY DOCUMENTS!
Keep all wills, insurance policies, vital records, deeds, bank account
numbers, credit card numbers, passports, social security cards, immunization
records, etc. in a waterproof, portable container.
SPECIAL ITEMS
Remember family members with special needs, such as infants and
elderly or disabled persons.
For babies:

Formula
Diapers
Bottles
Powdered milk
Medication
For older adults:

Heart and high blood pressure medication

Insulin
Prescription drugs
Denture needs
Extra eyeglasses
Contact lenses and supplies

Page |6

Figure 1
Prevention and Migitation Measures

Page |7

DISASTERS
Disasters are unexpected natural or man-made catastrophe of substantial
extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life or
sometimes permanent change to the natural environment. It is a serious
disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material, or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society (or
community) to cope using only its own resources.
Disasters are often classified according to their speed of onset (slow or
sudden), or according to their cause (natural, man-made or complex). It may take
many forms, and occur as a result of one or more wide range of events, both
natural and man induced. The duration of these events may range from a few
seconds to many years. The severity of the effects of a disaster may vary
according to the degree to which man has created an environment susceptible to
damage, that is, an environment in which life and property are at risk.

Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are sudden calamitous events producing great material
damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as
earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruption, landslide, dam failure, global warming,
climate change and others which affect human activities. Human vulnerability,
exacerbated by the lack of planning or lack of appropriate emergency
management, leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting
loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster,
and their resilience.
Man-made Disasters
Man-made Disasters are events which are caused by man, either
intentionally or by accident such as crimes, war, terrorism, fire and others that
can directly or indirectly cause severe threats, either directly or indirectly, to
public health and/or well-being. Because their occurrence is unpredictable, manmade disasters pose an especially challenging threat which that must be dealt
with through vigilance, and proper preparedness and response.

Page |8

TYPES OF NATURAL DISASTERS

TYPHOON
A typhoon is a large and
powerful tropical cyclone, a low
pressure
area
rotating
counterclockwise and containing
rising warm air that forms over
warm water in the Western Pacific
Ocean. Less powerful tropical
cyclones are called Tropical
Depressions and Tropical Storms.
Typhoons can inflict terrible
damage due to thunderstorms,
violent winds, torrential rain and
accompanying
flooding
and
landslides, incredible waves, and
extremely high tides associated
with tidal surges.
Protective Measures
Although we have no way of preventing natural disasters like typhoons,
we can prepare for them.
Before the Typhoon

Dont panic.

Listen to the warning information on radio and television

Page |9

Pack important things like

food,
cloth,
water,
flashlight with batteries,
first aid kit, sanitary
supplies etc.

Prepare your home for the typhoon

Go to the evacuation center, if necessary

During the Typhoon

Go in a safe place
Do not go out of your home
Be ready with a flashlight and a first aid kit

P a g e | 10

After the Typhoon

Stay at home. Listen for news

reports for safety

In case you evacuated, return

home only when authorities indicate
to do so

Fix the damages in your

house to avoid further problems.

Where To Go

Affected people must go to the nearest evacuation centers in their

respective areas. Often, elementary/high school public schools are designated
as evacuation centers during calamities.

P a g e | 11

STORM/ TYPHOON SIGNALS:

When typhoon signals are raised by PAG-ASA the following guidelines on
the suspension of classes apply:
Storm Signal No. 1 classes at the pre-school level shall be automatically
suspended in all public and private schools.
Storm Signal No. 2 classes at the pre-school, elementary and secondary levels
shall be automatically suspended in all public and private schools.
Storm Signal No. 3 all classes are automatically suspended in all elementary,
secondary schools, colleges and universities.
Storm Signal No. 4 all travel and outdoor activities should be cancelled.

P a g e | 12

FLOOD
Floods are one of the most
common hazards in the Philippines.
Flood effects can be local, impacting a
neighborhood or community, or very
large, affecting entire river basins and
other areas.
However, all floods are not alike.
Some
floods
developed
slowly,
sometimes over a period of days. But
flash flood can developed quickly,
sometimes in just a few minutes and
without any visible signs of rain.

Flash flood often have a

dangerous wall of roaring water carries
rocks, mud and other debris can sweep
away most things in its path. Overland
flooding occurs outside a defined river or
stream, such a when a levee is
breached, but still can be destructive.
Flooding can also occur when a dam
breaks, producing effects similar to flash
floods.

Causes
A flood is caused by a combination of heavy rainfall causing river / oceans
to over flow their banks, and can happen at any time of the year. Floods
generally develop over a period of days, when there is too much rainwater to fit
in the rivers and water spreads over the land next to it. However, they can
happen very quickly when lots of heavy rain falls over a short period of time.
These flashfloods occur with little or no warning and cause the biggest
loss of human life than any other type of flooding. Coastal areas are also at risk
from sea flooding, when storms and big waves bring seawater into the land. The
worst cases of flooding may occur if there is a combination of storms, spring
tides and low atmospheric pressure.

P a g e | 13

Effects
Floodwater can seriously
disrupt
public
and
personal
transport by cutting off roads and
railway
lines,
as
well
as
communication
links
when
telephone lines are damaged.
Floods disrupt normal drainage
systems in cities, and sewage
spills
are
common,
which
represents a serious health
hazard, along with standing water
and wet materials in the home.

Bacteria, mould and viruses, cause disease, trigger allergic reactions, and
continue to damage materials long after a flood. Floods can distribute large
amounts of water and suspended sediment over vast areas, restocking valuable
soil nutrients to agricultural lands. In contrast, soil can be eroded by large
amounts of fast flowing water, ruining crops, destroying agricultural land /
buildings and drowning farm animals.

Severe floods not only ruin

homes / businesses and destroy
personal property, but the water
left behind causes further damage
to property and contents.

The
environment
and
wildlife is also at risk when damage
to
businesses
causes
the
accidental
release
of
toxic
materials like paints, pesticides,
gasoline etc. Floodwater can
severely
disrupt
public
and
personal transport by cutting off
roads and railway lines, as well as
communication links when telephone lines are damaged. Unfortunately, flooding
not only disrupts many peoples lives each year, but it frequently creates
personal tragedies when people are swept away and drowned.

P a g e | 14
Areas Affected
There are 13,152 hectares of flood prone areas mostly located in the
lakeshore municipalities of the province. These are the towns of Santa Rosa,
Cabuyao, Calamba, Bay, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Kalayaan, Siniloan, Pakil and
Pangil.

Protective Measures
Before a Flood
To prepare for a flood, you should:


Avoid building in a floodplain
unless you elevate and reinforce your
home.

Elevate the furnace, water
heater, and electric panel if susceptible
to flooding.

Install check valves in sewer
traps to prevent flood water from
backing up into the drains of your home.


Construct
barriers
(levees,
beams, floodwalls) to stop floodwater
from entering the building.

P a g e | 15

During a Flood
If a flood is likely in the area, you should:

Listen to the radio or television for information.

Be aware the flash flooding can occur. Move immediately to higher
ground. Do not wait for instructions to move.

Be aware of streams, drainage channels, and other areas known to flood
suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical
warnings as rain clouds or heavy rain.

IF YOU MUST PREPARE TO EVACUATE, you should do the following:

Secure your home. If you
have time, bring in outdoor
furniture. Move essential items to
an upper floor.

Turn off utilities at the main
switches or valves if instructed to
do so. Disconnect electrical
appliances. Do not touch electrical
equipment if you are wet or
standing in water.

P a g e | 16

Do not walk through moving water.
Six inches of moving water can make
you fall. If you have to walk in water,
walk where the water is not moving. Use
a stick to check the firmness of the
ground in front of you.

Do not drive into flooded

areas. If floodwaters rise
around your car, abandon the
car and move to higher
ground if you can do so
safely. You and the vehicle
can be quickly swept away.

P a g e | 17

After a Flood


Listen for news reports to learn
whether the communitys water supply is
safe to drink.

Avoid floodwaters; water may be
contaminated by oil, gasoline, or raw
sewage. Water may also be electrically
charged from underground or downed
power lines.

Avoid moving water.

Be aware of areas where

floodwaters have receded. Roads
may have weakened and could
collapse under the weight of a car.

Return home only when authorities
indicate it is safe.

Stay out of any building if it is
surrounded by floodwaters.

Use
extreme
caution
when
entering buildings. There may be
hidden damage, particularly in
foundations.

P a g e | 18

Stay away from downed power
lines, and report them to the power
company.

Service damaged septic tanks,
cesspools,
pits, and
leaching
systems as soon as possible.
Damaged sewage systems are
serious health hazards.

Clean and disinfect everything that
got wet. Mud left from floodwater can
contain sewage and chemicals.

Where To Go
Move immediately to higher place/ground. If you live in flood prone areas,
go to the nearest high places municipalities in your area: San Pedro, Binan, Los
Banos, Calauan, Victoria, San Pablo City, Alaminos, Liliw, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Pila,
Pagsanjan, Paete, Famy, Mabitac, Santa Maria, Luisiana, Cavinti, Magdalena
and Majayjay.

Majayjay, Laguna

P a g e | 19

VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Volcanic Eruption is the
sudden occurrence of a
violent discharge of steam
and volcanic material. Unlike
most mountains, which are
pushed up from below,
volcanoes are built up by an
accumulation of their own
eruptive
products.
When
pressure from gases within
the molten rock becomes too
great, an eruption occurs.
Eruptions can be quiet or explosive. There may be lava flows, flattened
landscapes, poisonous gases, and flying rock and ash.
Because of their intense heat, lava flows are great fire hazards. Lava
flows destroy everything in their path, but most move slowly enough that people
can move out of the way.
Volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by other natural hazards,
including earthquakes, mudflows and flash floods, rock falls and landslides, acid
rain, and fire.
Effects
Fresh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be abrasive, acidic,
gritty, gassy, and odorous. While not immediately dangerous to most adults, the
acidic gas and ash can cause lung damage to small infants, to older adults, and
to those suffering from severe respiratory illnesses. Volcanic ash also can
damage machinery, including engines and electrical equipment. Ash
accumulations mixed with water become heavy and can collapse roofs. Volcanic
ash can affect people hundreds of miles away from the cone of a volcano.
Sideways directed volcanic explosions, known as "lateral blasts," can
shoot large pieces of rock at very high speeds for several miles. These
explosions can kill by impact, burial, or heat. They have been known to knock
down entire forests.

P a g e | 20

Protective Measures
Before a Volcanic Eruption
Add a pair of goggles and disposable breathing mask for each member of
the family to your disaster supply kit.

Stay away from active volcano sites.

If you live near a known volcano, active or dormant, be ready to evacuate

at a moment's notice.
During a Volcanic Eruption
If a Volcano erupts where you live, follow the evacuation order issued by
authorities and evacuate immediately from the volcano area to avoid flying
debris, hot gases, lateral blast, and lava flow.
Be aware of mudflows. The danger
from a mudflow increases near stream
channels and with prolonged heavy
rains. Mudflows can move faster than
you can walk or run. Look upstream
before crossing a bridge, and do not
cross the bridge if a mudflow is
approaching.

Avoid river valleys and low-lying

areas.

Remember to help your neighbors

who may require special assistance infants, elderly people, and people with
disabilities.

P a g e | 21
How to Protect Yourself from Falling Ash

Listen to a battery-powered radio or

television for the latest emergency
information.

If you have a respiratory ailment, avoid

contact with any amount of ash.

Wear long-sleeved shirts and long

pants.

picture

Use goggles and wear eyeglasses

instead of contact lenses.

Use a dust mask or hold a damp

cloth over your face to help with
breathing.

Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash.

Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the roof
collapsing.

Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents,
furnaces, air conditioners, fans, and other vents.

Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters.

Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash that can
clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles.

Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required. If you have to
drive, keep speed down to 35 MPH or slower.

P a g e | 22

EARTHQUAKE
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a
severe earthquake and its terrible after effects.

Earthquakes
strike
suddenly, violently, and without
warning at any time of the day or
night. If an earthquake occurs in
a populated area, it may cause
many deaths and injuries and
extensive property damage.
Although there are no
guarantees of safety during an
earthquake, identifying potential
hazards ahead of time and
advance planning can save lives
and significantly reduce injuries
and property damage.

Protective Measures
Before an Earthquake

Practice duck, cover and hold drills at home with your family and at
work
Falling objects and collapsing structures cause injuries and deaths
during earthquakes. Show children safe areas to duck and cover. Practice
counting how many seconds your test earthquake lasts. This will help you
keep calm when a real earthquake strikes.

Develop an earthquake plan

If an earthquake hits during the day, family members may be
separated for hours or even days. A family plan should include:
A safe place where your family can reunite after the earthquake.
Transportation may be disrupted because of damaged roads. Select
alternate meeting places near work or schools.
Designation of an out-of-the-area telephone contact. Completing
local telephone calls may be difficult. It will probably be easier to

P a g e | 23
telephone someone out of the earthquake area. Select a relative or friend
to act as a clearinghouse for information about your family. All family
members should call this contact to report their condition and location.
Make sure family members carry this number with them at all times. Other
friends and relatives should know this number, too.
Discuss the plan with all family members. Discuss with children
what will happen to them if an earthquake occurs while they are at school.

Know the safest places in your home

These should be away from heavy furniture or appliances, wood
stoves, fireplaces, and large panes of glass, pictures, or mirrors.
Know where your gas, electric, and water main shut offs are and
how to turn each off. Now is the time to buy a special wrench that fits your
gas turnoff valve and to fasten it next to the valve. Remember, turn off the
utilities only if you suspect the lines are damaged or if you smell gas. You
must contact your supplier to turn it back on.
Know the policy of your local schools concerning release of
children after an earthquake. Arrange with neighbors to watch out for your
family and property in case you are not home.
Make plans with your family, your neighbors, and your co-workers.
Every business should have an emergency response plan.

Store emergency supplies

After a major earthquake, medical aid, transportation, water,
electricity, and communication may be unavailable or severely restricted
for days or weeks. Be prepared to take care of yourself, your family, and
your neighbors for at least three days or longer if you live in a remote
area. At home, at work, and in your car store flashlights, batteries, an A-BC-rated fire extinguisher, a battery-operated radio, a first-aid kit and
handbook, at least one gallon of water per person per day, food, warm
clothes, sturdy shoes, gloves, and a fresh supply of any medications you
and your family members may need.
Make sure emergency supplies are located in a safe and readily
available place. Make sure everyone in your family knows where these
supplies are and how to use them.

P a g e | 24

Protect Your Belongings

Damage to homes is most likely at the point where the home is
connected to the foundation. As the earth moves, the top part of the house
tries to move with it and starts in motion just as the ground stops. This
"whiplash" effect puts tremendous strain on the bolts holding the house
onto the foundation. It is wise to walk around your house before an
earthquake and note the cracks in the foundation due to expansion and
contraction. After a quake, make the same inspection. Any new cracks
should be quite noticeable and it will be fairly easy to determine if your
house has sustained serious structural damage. New cracks do not
necessarily mean you have serious damage.
Falling objects and toppling furniture can be dangerous and
expensive to replace or repair. Move heavy items, such as pictures,
mirrors or tall dressers, away from your bed. Secure tall furniture and
bookcases with lag bolts to wall studs. Add lips to shelves to prevent
costly items from sliding off. Put latches on cabinet doors, especially at
home in your kitchen and at work or school in laboratories.
Fasten heavy or precious items to shelves or tables. Secure file
cabinets, computers, televisions and machinery that may overturn during
an earthquake. Store potentially hazardous materials such as cleaners,
fertilizers, chemicals, and petroleum products in appropriate containers
and in sturdy cabinets fastened to the wall or floor.
In your office, be sure heavy objects are fastened to the building
structure and not just to a movable wall. Ask a carpenter or an electrician
to determine whether light fixtures and modular ceiling systems are
securely fastened. Be sure your water heater is fastened to the wall studs
and that all gas heaters and appliances are connected to the gas pipe
through flexible tubing. If you use propane gas, be sure the storage tank is
secured against overturning and sliding. Secure your wood stove to wall
or floor studs. Make sure you have a fire extinguisher close at hand.
Check with school and day care officials to be sure they have taken
similar precautions.

P a g e | 25
During an Earthquake
Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that some
earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur.
Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and stay indoors
until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe.
If indoors

Stay away from glass windows,

outside doors and walls, and
anything that could fall, such as
lighting fixtures or furniture.

DROP to the ground; take COVER

by getting under a sturdy table or
other piece of furniture; and HOLD
ON until the shaking stops. If there
isnt a table or desk near you,
cover your face and head with your
arms and crouch in an inside
corner of the building.

Stay in bed if you are there when the

earthquake strikes. Hold on and
protect your head with a pillow,
unless you are under a heavy light
fixture that could fall. In that case,
move to the nearest safe place.
Use a doorway for shelter only if it is
in close proximity to you and if you
know it is a strongly supported, load
bearing doorway.
Stay inside until shaking stops and it
is safe to go outside. Research has
shown that most injuries occur when
people inside buildings attempt to
move to a different location inside
the building or try to leave.

P a g e | 26
Be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler systems or fire
alarms may turn on.

DO NOT use the elevators.

If outdoors

Stay there.

Move away from buildings,

streetlights, and utility wires.

Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest danger
exists directly outside buildings, at exits, and alongside exterior walls. Ground
movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of death or injury.
Most earthquake-related casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and
falling objects.

If in a moving vehicle

Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping
near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires.

Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges,
or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake.

After an Earthquake
Expect aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less violent
than the main quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to
weakened structures and can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even
months after the quake.

Listen to a battery-operated radio or television. Listen for the latest

emergency information.

Use the telephone only for emergency calls.

Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.

P a g e | 27

Stay away from damaged areas.

Stay away unless your assistance has
been specifically requested by police,
fire, or relief organizations. Return home
only when authorities say it is safe.

Help injured or trapped persons.

Remember to help your neighbors who
may require special assistance such as
infants, the elderly, and people with
disabilities. Give first aid where
appropriate. Do not move seriously
injured persons unless they are in
immediate danger of further injury. Call
for help.

Clean up spilled medicines,

bleaches, gasoline or other flammable
liquids immediately. Leave the area if
you smell gas or fumes from other
chemicals.

Inspect utilities
o Look for electrical system
damage. If you see sparks or
broken or frayed wires, or if
you smell hot insulation, turn
off the electricity at the main
fuse box or circuit breaker. If
you have to step in water to
get to the fuse box or circuit

P a g e | 28
breaker, call an electrician
first for advice.
o Check for sewage and water
lines damage. If you suspect
sewage lines are damaged,
avoid using the toilets and call
a plumber. If water pipes are
damaged, contact the water
company and avoid using
water from the tap.

P a g e | 29

LANDSLIDE /EROSION
In a landslide, masses of
rock, earth, or debris move down a
slope. Landslides may be small or
large, slow or rapid. They are
activated by storms, earthquakes,
fires, and steepening of slopes by
erosion or human modification.
Debris and mud flows are
rivers of rock, earth, and other debris
saturated with water. They develop
when water rapidly accumulates in
the ground, during heavy rainfall,
changing the earth into a flowing
river of mud. They can flow rapidly,
striking with little or no warning at
avalanche speeds. They also can
travel several miles from their
source, growing in size as they pick up trees, boulders, cars, and other materials.
Causes
A number of natural elements contribute to a landslide, however, human
impacts and activities alter its natural processes.
Natural causes include:

Elevation of pore water pressure

by saturation of slope material
from either intense or prolonged
rainfall and seepage.

Vibrations
earthquakes.

Undercutting of cliffs and banks

by waves or river erosion; and
volcanic eruptions.

caused

by

P a g e | 30
Human causes include:

removal of vegetation

interference with, or changes to,

natural drainage

leaking pipes such as water and sewer reticulation

modification of slopes by
construction of roads, railways,
buildings, etc

overloading slopes

mining and quarrying activities

vibrations from heavy traffic,

blasting, etc; and

Excavation or displacement of
rocks

It is important for engineers and

geologists to evaluate slope stability and
any landslide threat during development
assessments so that effective and
timely remedial measures can be
implemented.

Areas Affected
The erosion prone areas are the towns of Cabuyao, Los Banos, Alaminos,
Majayjay, Liliw, Siniloan, Santa Maria, Famy, Mabitac and Santa Rosa City.

P a g e | 31

Protective Measures
Before a Landslide or Debris Flow
Do not build near steep slopes, close
to mountain edges, or near drainage
ways.
Get a ground assessment of your
property.

Ask for information on landslides in your area, specific information on areas

vulnerable to landslides, and request a professional referral for a very detailed
site analysis of your property, and corrective measures you can take, if
necessary.

Minimize home hazards:

1.
Plant ground cover on slopes and
build retaining walls.

In mudflow areas, build channels

or deflection walls to direct the flow
around buildings.
2.

Recognize Landslide Warning Signs:

Changes occur in your landscape

such as patterns of storm-water
drainage on slopes (especially the
places where runoff water converges)
land movement, small slides, flows, or
progressively leaning trees.

Doors or windows stick or jam for

the first time.

New cracks appear in plaster, tile,

brick, or foundations.

P a g e | 32

Outside walls, walks, or stairs

begin pulling away from the
building.

Slowly developing, widening cracks

appear on the ground or on paved
areas
such
as
streets
or
driveways.

Water breaks through the ground

surface in new locations.

Fences, retaining walls,

poles, or trees tilt or move.

A faint rumbling sound that

increases in volume is noticeable
as the landslide nears.

The ground slopes downward in

one direction and may begin
shifting in that direction under your
feet.

Unusual sounds, such as trees

cracking or boulders knocking
together, might indicate moving
debris.

Collapsed pavement, mud, fallen

rocks, and other indications of
possible debris flow can be seen
when driving (embankments along
roadsides
are
particularly
susceptible to landslides).

utility

P a g e | 33
During a Landslide

Stay alert and awake. Many debris- flow

fatalities occur when people are sleeping.
Listen to a radio or portable battery-powered
radio or television for warnings of intense
rainfall. Be aware that intense, short bursts of
rain may be particularly dangerous, especially
after longer periods of heavy rainfall and damp
weather.

If you are in areas susceptible to

landslides and debris flows,
consider leaving if it is safe to do
so. Remember that driving during
an
intense
storm
can
be
hazardous. If you remain at home,
move to a second story if possible.
Staying out of the path of a
landslide or debris flow saves lives.

Be especially alert when driving.

Embankments along roadsides are
particularly
susceptible
to
landslides. Watch the road for
collapsed pavement, mud, fallen
rocks, and other indications of
possible debris flows.

Listen for any unusual sounds that

might indicate moving debris, such
as trees cracking or boulders
knocking together. A trickle of
flowing or falling mud or debris
may precede larger landslides.
Moving debris can flow quickly and
sometimes without warning.

P a g e | 34
What to Do if You Suspect Imminent Landslide Danger
Contact your local fire, police, or public works
department. Local officials are the best persons able to
assess potential danger.

Inform affected neighbors. Your neighbors may not be

aware of potential hazards. Advising them of a potential
threat may help save lives. Help neighbors who may
need assistance to evacuate.

Evacuate. Getting out of the path of a landslide or

debris flow is your best protection.

After a Landslide

Stay away from the slide area.

There may be danger of
additional slides.

Listen to local radio or television

stations for the latest emergency
information.

Watch for flooding, which may

occur after a landslide or debris
flow. Floods sometimes follow
landslides and debris flows
because they may both be
started by the same event.

Check for injured and trapped

persons near the slide, without
entering the direct slide area. Direct
rescuers to their locations.

Help a neighbor who may require

special assistance - infants, elderly
people, and people with disabilities.
Elderly people and people with
disabilities may require additional
assistance. People who care for
them or situations who have large
families
may
need
additional
assistance in emergency.

P a g e | 35

Look for and report broken utility

lines and damaged roadways
and railways to appropriate
authorities. Reporting potential
hazards will get the utilities
turned off as quickly as possible,
preventing further hazard and
injury.

Check the building foundation,

chimney, and surrounding land
for
damage.
Damage
to
foundations,
chimneys,
or
surrounding land may help you
assess the safety of the area.

Replant damaged ground as

soon as possible since erosion
caused by loss of ground cover
can lead to flash flooding and
additional landslides in the near
future.

Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for evaluating landslide hazards

or designing corrective techniques to reduce landslide risk. A professional will be
able to advise you of the best ways to prevent or reduce landslide risk, without
creating further hazard.

P a g e | 36

KINDS OF LANDSLIDES

Figure 2
Kinds of Landslides

P a g e | 37

Where To Go
Move immediately to lower place/ground. If you live in erosion prone areas, go to
the nearest municipalities in your area: San Pedro, Binan, Calamba, Bay,
Calauan, Victoria, San Pablo City, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Pila, Santa Cruz,
Pagsanjan, Lumban, Kalayaan, Paete, Pangil, and Magdalena.

Figure 3
Laguna De Bay Watershed

P a g e | 38
LAGUNA GEOHAZARD MAP
Source: DENR

Figure 4
Laguna Geohazard Map

P a g e | 39

DAM FAILURE

Dam Failure is a catastrophic event

characterized by the sudden, rapid, and
uncontrolled release of impounded water.
Dam failure or levee breeches can occur
with little warning. Intense storms may
produce a flood in a few hours or even
minutes for upstream locations. Flash
floods occur within six hours of the
beginning of heavy rainfall, and dam failure
may occur within hours of the first signs of
breaching.
Causes

Geological instability caused by changes to water levels during filling or

poor surveying

Spillway design error

Poor maintenance, especially of outlet pipes

Extreme rainfall

Effects

Effects of this catastrophe is disruption of the local and state economies

caused by damages to buildings and roads; the severance of communications;
the disruption of supply and delivery mechanisms.

Protective Measures
Before a Dam Failure
Knowing your risk, making sure an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) is in
place, and evacuating when directed by emergency response officials are the
most important steps you can take to staying safe from a dam failure.

P a g e | 40
Ways to Plan Ahead

Know your risk. Do you live downstream from a dam? Is the dam a highhazard or significant-hazard potential dam?

Make an emergency kit that includes essential items for the entire family.

Know who owns the dam and who regulates the dam. This information also
should be available from your municipality/city/provincial disaster
coordinating council.

Once you determine that you live downstream from a high-hazard or

significant-hazard potential dam and find out who owns the dam, see if a
current EAP is in place for the dam. An EAP is a formal document that
identifies potential emergency conditions at a dam and specifies preplanned
actions to be followed to reduce property damage and loss of life. An EAP
specifies actions the dam owner should take to take care of problems at the
dam. It also includes steps to assist the dam owner in issuing early warning
and notification messages to responsible downstream emergency
management authorities of the emergency.

If there is a dam failure or an imminent dam failure and you need to

evacuate, know your evacuation route and get out of harm's way. In
general, evacuation planning and implementation are the responsibility of
the state and local officials responsible for your safety. However, there may
be situations where recreational facilities, campgrounds, or residences are
located below a dam and local authorities will not be able to issue a timely
warning. In this case, the dam owner should coordinate with local
emergency management officials to determine who will warn you and in
what priority.

During Dam Failure

Keep informed about the situation by monitoring radio or TV.

If you are ordered to evacuate:

Take only essential items

Turn off gas, electricity, and water

P a g e | 41

Disconnect appliances

Make sure your car's gas tank is full

Do not walk in moving water.

Do not drive in flood water. As little as six inches of water can

cause loss of control and stalling of a vehicle.

Follow the designated evacuation plan, and expect a high volume

of traffic.

If you are NOT ordered to evacuate:

o

Stay tuned to an emergency station on radio or TV.

Listen for further instructions.

Prepare to evacuate to a shelter or neighbor's home if your home

is damaged.

P a g e | 42

After Dam Failure

Listen to news reports to make

sure water supplies are not
contaminated.

Stay clear of flood waters (standing

and moving) as they may be
contaminated or deeper than
expected.

Beware of downed power lines.

Avoid any roads where flood waters have receded as they may have
weakened and could collapse under the weight of a car.

Be extremely cautious when entering buildings and homes as there may be

unseen damage.

Clean and disinfect everything that was touched by water as it can contain
sewage and other contaminants.

P a g e | 43

LA NIA PHENOMENON

La Nia is a weather
phenomena characterized by
unusually
cold
ocean
temperature in the Equatorial
Pacific
which
causes
increased numbers of tropical
storms in the Pacific Ocean.

Effects

Disease related to contaminated

water due to flooding, such as
acute gastroenteritis, typhoid fever,
cholera and hepatitis A.
Disease related to wading in
floodwaters contaminated with
urine of infected animals, such as
leptospirosis.
Disease brought by mosquitoes,
such as dengue and malaria.
Accidents and injuries such as
contusions, lacerations, fractures,
electrocution.

Prevention

Wash hands before preparing food

and after using the toilet.

Boil your drinking water (Upon

reaching boiling point, extend
boiling for two or more minutes) or
do water chlorination

P a g e | 44

Clean-up all possible mosquito

breeding sites, such as vases,
empty coconut shells, old tires and
tin cans.

Avoid wading in floodwater. If you

must, wear rubber boots.

P a g e | 45

EL NIO PHENOMENON
El Nio is also known as the southern oscillation. The El Nio
phenomenon can be described as a type of abnormal warming that occurs on the
surface ocean waters in the part of the eastern tropical pacific that is known as
the southern oscillation.

The southern oscillation operates

in a type of see-saw pattern that occurs
when the surface air pressure between
the western and the eastern tropical
pacific is reversed. When this happens,
the surface pressure is reversed as well
as the ocean warming. When these two
reversals are reversed in a mostly
simultaneous manner, then weather
forecasters and meteorologists tend to
call this phenomenon as the southern
oscillation or the El Nio phenomenon.
Causes
The warming of the Pacific occurs as a result of the weakening of trade
winds that normally blow westward from South America toward Asia.
Effects/Impacts
The major impacts of El Nio are temperature anomalies, changes in
precipitation variability, uncontrolled forest fires, bad fisheries season, bleaching
of corals, extreme rainfall and mudslides, and floods and droughts throughout the
world.

Protective Measures

Conserve water and use it wisely.

Protect water sources from contamination.

Drink more fluids.

Listen to the updates on shellfish ban.

Wear light clothing.

Avoid strenuous physical activity.

P a g e | 46

GLOBAL WARMING

Refers to the increase in the

average measured temperature of
the earths near-surface air and
ocean, Earths atmosphere is
becoming warmer. Some scientists
think that global warming will cause
climate change. They think that
extreme weather such as droughts
and heat waves will become more
common. This will affect crops.
Scientists also think that sea levels
all over the planet will rise, causing
flood on land which is close to sea
level.

The cause of global warming is the greenhouse effect. It is the process

by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases
warm a planets lower atmosphere and surface.

P a g e | 47

Figure 5
Greenhouse Effect

Carbon dioxide is released by aircraft, factories, burning fossil fuels, and

vehicle exhausts.

Heat from the sun is absorbed by the Earth. The Earths surface gives off
heat which goes back into the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide traps the heat in the atmosphere.

P a g e | 48
Causes and Effects
The earths climate changes in response to external forcing, including
variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), changes in solar luminosity,
volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The
detailed causes of the recent warning remain an active field of research, but the
scientific consensus is that the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases due to
human activity caused most of the warming observed since the start of the
industrial era. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which
the most detailed data are available. Some other hypotheses departing from the
consensus view have been suggested to explain most of the temperature
increase. One such hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of
variations in solar activity.
Global warming has led to what we call climate change through
anthropogenic cause or human intervention.

These are:

Coastal communities could be

affected by accelerated sea level
rise, so that they are affected
through possibility of more frequent
floods and inundation, the possible
intrusion of saltwater into their
ground resources and also,
agricultural areas, more risks to
human settlements in these areas,
etc.

The beneficial effects of carbon dioxide fertilization on agriculture may be

negated by higher than threshold temperatures so that harvests could be
less.

More frequent incidences of

droughts and floods could lead to
health problems like increased
incidences of vector-borne and
water-related diseases

P a g e | 49

Increases in minimum (nighttime) temperatures, maximum (daytime)

temperatures, and increases in the global mean temperature.

Increase in sea surface temperatures, and

Changes in evaporation, and thus, changes in rainfall patterns among

others.

Changed patterns in rainfall and increasing temperatures could lead to a

change in the composition of forest species,

The fishing industry may also be

affected through the decrease in
fish
catch
if
sea
surface
temperatures continue to increase
as nutrients could become less,

More frequent floods/droughts could impact on the agricultural production,

and thus, the livelihood of the subsistence farmer.

P a g e | 50

Figure 6
Potential Impacts of Climate Change

Protective Measures
Before Global Warming

Be aware of global warming/climate change issues and help others know

about them.
Proper Use of Light Bulbs:

Replace regular light bulbs with

compact fluorescent light (CFL)
bulbs.

P a g e | 51

Replacing just one 60-watt

incandescent light bulb with a
CFL will save you Php30.00 over
the life of the bulb.

CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and use twothirds less energy.

Save energy by saving electricity through the use of energy

efficient lighting and appliances, biking/walking not very far distances and
carpooling.

Choose vegetarian or vegan meals

Livestock are responsible for
more greenhouse gas
emissions
than transportation is. This is due to
the large amounts in petroleum used
in creating ammonium nitrate fertilizer
( for the corn they are fed ) plus the
cost of shipping that corn to the cattle
and then shipping the cattle to
slaughter and grocery. If one eats
meat it should always be from a local
source. Choosing vegetarian foods
also drastically reduces agricultural
water consumption and land use, and favorably impacts biodiversity. Vegetarian
diets have been shown to promote good health and in most developed countries,
eliminating meat from ones diet is as easy as making responsible choices at
stores and restaurants. Other factor such as the means of production and
distance food travels can also influence the total impact of our food choices.
During Global Warning

Use public transportation. Taking the

bus, the train, the subway or other
forms of public transportation
lessens the load on the road and
reduces ones greenhouse gas
emissions.

P a g e | 52

Ride a bicycle. Taking a bike instead

of the car is a very simple solution.
However, if you experience such
problem as lack of suitable bike
paths, having to deal with congested
traffic or hilly terrain, you are faced
with a few challenges. These are,
however, challenges that you as an
individual can overcome with a little
determination.

Reduce,
Reuse,
And
Recycle.
Recyclable products are usually made
out of things that already have been
used. It usually takes less energy to
make recycled products than to make
new ones. The less energy we use, the
better.

Buy locally made and locally grown

products. Buy locally to reduce the
energy required to transport your
goods. The consumable products
we all purchase represent over half
of the average familys carbon
footprint!
You
successfully
encourage neighbors to do this;
store owners will be encouraged to
stock local goods. Shop at farmers
markets.
After Global Warming
Promote Pubic Awareness

Educate yourself, you family, your friends, your co-workers and everyone
you meet.

P a g e | 53

Invest in projects that can generate carbon credits and generate more revenues

Landfill Gas Recovery

Reforestation

The more people are aware of the

issues the more likely they are to
make
decisions
that
will
be
constructive!

Be active - Speak up in a positive way

in your local community and
organization and help others to commit
to reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Drive Less and Drive Smart . Less

driving means fewer emissions. Besides
saving gasoline, walking and biking are
great forms of exercise.

Grow fast growing plants. Plants like bamboo grow

faster and produce 35% more oxygen than like oak
birch, and require fewer chemicals and care. Make
sure that the plants are appropriate for your area;
prefer native over introduced species and do not
plant problem species. Bamboo, for example, can
be very invasive in most of the US.

Replace appliances and reduce reliance on them.

Inefficient appliances such as fridge, washing machines
etc., waste energy. Save hundreds of pounds of carbon
and hundreds of peso per year by replacing them (and
having your old appliances recycled or disposed of
properly).Many countries have energy star ratings on
new appliances that allow you to assess the energy
usage of the appliance. You may even be able to check
online before you go shopping, to save time. If this isnt
an option, at least check the seals on your fridge or
freezer and replace them if they show signs of wear.

P a g e | 54
CARTOGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF GLOBAL WARMING
MITIGATION

Figure 7
Cartographical Representation of Global Warming Mitigation

P a g e | 55
Man-Made Sources of Greenhouse Gas

CARBON DIOXIDE - Burning of Fossil Fuels (Oil, Coal) by Powerplants,

Industries and Vehicles

METHANE - Decomposition of Garbage

and Agricultural Waste Materials, Leaks in
Coal Mining and Natural Gas Production
accounts for 20% of additional greenhouse
effects

NITROUS OXIDE:

Bacterial Breakdown of Nitrogen in Soils and Oceans

Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Pesticides in Agriculture

Biomass Burning

Combustion Process Vehicles

Acid Production

P a g e | 56

Humans are increasing heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere

Carbon dioxide: +31%

*itrous oxide: +17%

Methane: +151%

Table 1
Heat-trapping Gases in the Atmosphere over the past 1000 Years

P a g e | 57

MAN-MADE DISASTERS
Man-made disasters are events which, either intentionally or by accident
cause severe threats to public health and well-being. Because their occurrence
is unpredictable, man-made disasters pose an especially challenging threat that
must be dealt with through vigilance, and proper preparedness and response.

TERRORISM
Terrorism is the use of force or
violence against persons or property in
violation of the criminal laws of the country
for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or
ransom. Terrorists often use threats to:
Create fear among the public.
Try to convince citizens that their
government is powerless to prevent
terrorism.

Get immediate publicity for their

causes.

Acts of terrorism include threats of terrorism; assassinations; kidnappings;

hijackings; bomb scares and bombings; cyber attacks (computer-based); and the
use of chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological weapons.
High-risk targets for acts of terrorism include military and civilian
government facilities, international airports, large cities, and high-profile
landmarks. Terrorists might also target large public gatherings, water and food
supplies, utilities, and corporate centers. Further, terrorists are capable of
spreading fear by sending explosives or chemical and biological agents through
the mail.
Effects
Terrorism
affects
both
individuals
and
communities. Terrorism that targets tourism can be
viewed as a disaster for a destination and ensuing events
can create a serious tourism crisis.
Thoughts of terrorism can evoke strong emotions,
and the uncertainty associated with terrorism is
frightening because we are not sure when, where, or how
a future terror attack might occur. The trauma caused by

P a g e | 58
terrorism can bring about a wide range of normal and natural psychological
reactions such as nervousness, agitation or getting easily upset, sadness, feeling
fearful or scared, overwhelmed, helpless, irritable or having angry outbursts.
Dislocation of infrastructure, the non-productive use of resources and
infrastructure, economic and market distress (often lasting far after all physical
damage has been repaired), strategic dislocation (from the reassigning of
resources and the disorientation of government and business) and operational
disorientation (for example the loss of focus on a national and corporate or
organization) are the other effects of terrorism.

Precautionary Measures against Terrorism

Be aware of your surroundings.

Move or leave if you feel uncomfortable or if something does not seem right.

Take precautions when traveling. Be aware of conspicuous or unusual

behavior. Do not accept packages from strangers. Do not leave luggage
unattended. You should promptly report unusual behavior, suspicious or
unattended packages, and strange devices to the police or security
personnel.

Learn where emergency exits are located in buildings you frequent visit.
Plan how to get out in the event of an emergency.

Be prepared to do without services you normally depend on - electricity,

telephone, natural gas, gasoline pumps, cash registers, ATMs, and Internet
transactions.

Work with building owners to ensure the following items are located on each
floor of the building:
o
o
o
o
o

Portable,
battery-operated
radio and extra batteries.
Several flashlights and extra
batteries.
First aid kit and manual.
Hard hats and dust masks.
Fluorescent tape to rope off
dangerous areas.

P a g e | 59

BOMB EXPLOSIONS
Terrorists have frequently used explosive
devices as one of their most common weapons.
Terrorists do not have to look far to find out how
to make explosive devices; the materials needed
for an explosive device can be found in many
places including variety, hardware, and auto
supply stores. Explosive devices are highly
portable using vehicles and humans as a means
of transport. They are easily detonated from
remote locations or by suicide bombers.
Conventional bombs have been used to
damage and destroy financial, political, social,
and religious institutions. Attacks have occurred in public places and on city
streets with thousands of people around the world injured and killed.

Protective Measures
During an Explosion
If you are inside a building:

Get under a sturdy table or desk if

things are falling around you.
When they stop falling, leave
quickly, watching for obviously
weakened floors and stairways. As
you exit from the building, be
especially watchful of falling debris.

Leave the building as quickly as

possible. Do not stop to retrieve
personal possessions or make
phone calls.

Do not use elevators.

P a g e | 60

Once you are out:

Do not stand in front of windows,

glass doors, or other potentially
hazardous areas.

Move away from sidewalks or

streets to be used by emergency
officials or others still exiting the
building.

If you are trapped in debris:

If possible, use a flashlight to

signal your location to rescuers.

Avoid unnecessary movement so

you dont kick up dust.

Cover your nose and mouth with

anything you have on hand.
(Dense-weave cotton material can
act as a good filter. Try to breathe
through the material.)

Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers

can hear where you are.

If possible, use a whistle to signal rescuers.

Shout only as a last resort. Shouting can cause a person to inhale

dangerous amounts of dust.

P a g e | 61

BIOLOGICAL THREATS
A biological agent is a living micro-organism or biological toxin that can be
used to incapacitate or kill. It can be deliberately released into the environment
by aerosol spray, food and water contamination, or through infected vectors such
as mosquitoes and rats.
A biological agent attack is the deliberate release of biological agents to
make people sick. Biological agents may be ingested, inhaled or enter through a
skin cut to make you sick.

Classes of Biological Agents and their Effects

BACTERIAL AGENTS ( e.g. Bacillus Anthracis)

VIRAL AGENTS (e.g. SARS, Smallpox)

Viruses
are
simple
microorganisms that consist of a protein
coat containing genetic material.
Because viruses lack a system for
their own metabolism, they require
living hosts (e.g. cells of an
infected human) for replication.
Viruses are resistant to antibiotics.

Bacteria are small single-celled

organisms.
Under
special
circumstances,
some types of bacteria, for
example Bacillus anthracis, which
is the causative agent of anthrax,
can transform into spores that are
resistant to extreme conditions like
cold, heat, drying, chemicals and
radiation.
Bacteria that cause diseases in
humans can act in 2 ways: by
invading
human
tissue
or
producing poisons and toxins.

P a g e | 62

BIOLOGICAL TOXINS (e.g. Ricin)

Biological toxins are poisons

produced by living organisms (e.g.
Ricin extracted from castor beans).

Protective Measures
Before a Biological Attack

Check with your doctor to ensure all

required or suggested immunizations
are up to date. Children and older adults
are particularly vulnerable to biological
agents.

During a Biological Attack

In the event of a biological attack, public health officials may not
immediately be able to provide information on what you should do. It will take
time to determine what the illness is, how it should be treated, and who is in
danger. Watch television, listen to radio, or check the Internet for official news
and information including signs and symptoms of the disease, areas in danger, if
medications or vaccinations are being distributed, and where you should seek
medical attention if you become ill. You may be advised to stay away from others
or even quarantined. Use common sense and practice good hygiene.

CHEMICAL THREATS
A chemical attack is the
deliberate release of a toxic gas, liquid
or solid that can poison people and the
environment.

P a g e | 63
A chemical attack could come
without warning. Signs of a chemical
release include people having difficulty
breathing; experiencing eye irritation;
losing
coordination;
becoming
nauseated; or having a burning
sensation in the nose, throat, and lungs.
Also, the presence of many dead
insects or birds may indicate a chemical
agent release.

There are many different chemical agents that a terrorist could use as
a weapon, but we can make the following broad generalizations:

Although food or water contamination or absorption through the skin are

possible attack routes, most experts agree that inhalation of chemical or
biological agents is the most likely and effective means. Protection of
breathing airways is therefore the single most important factor in a situation
where chemical or biological agents may be present.

Many likely agents are heavier than air and would tend to stay close to the
ground. This dictates an upward safe haven strategy.

Basic decontamination procedures are generally the same no matter what

the agent. Thorough scrubbing with large amounts of warm soapy water or
a mixture of 10 parts water to 1 part bleach (10:1) will greatly reduce the
possibility of absorbing an agent through the skin.

If water is not available, talcum

powder or flour are also excellent
means of decontamination of liquid
agents. Sprinkle the flour or
powder liberally over the affected
skin area, wait 30 seconds, and
brush off with a rag or gauze pad.
(Note: The powder absorbs the
agent so it must be brushed off
thoroughly. If available, rubber
gloves should be used when
carrying out this procedure.)

Generally, chemical agents tend to present an immediately noticeable

effect, whereas agents will take days before symptoms appear. In either

P a g e | 64
case, medical attention should be sought immediately, even if exposure is
thought to be limited.

Most chemical agents that present an inhalation hazard will break down
fairly rapidly when exposed to the sun, diluted with water, or dissipated in
high winds.

No matter what the agent or its concentration, evacuation from the area of
attack is always advisable unless you are properly equipped with an
appropriate breathing device and protective clothing or have access to
collective protection.

Possible Signs of Chemical Threat

Many people suffering from watery

eyes, twitching, choking, having
trouble
breathing
or
losing
coordination.
Many sick or dead birds, fish or
small animals are also cause for
suspicion.

Protective Measures
Before a Chemical Attack
Check your disaster supplies kit to make sure it includes:

A roll of duct tape and scissors.

Plastic for doors, windows, and
vents for the room in which you will
shelter in place. To save critical
time during an emergency, premeasure and cut the plastic
sheeting for each opening.
Choose an internal room to shelter,
preferably one without windows
and on the highest level.

P a g e | 65
During a Chemical Attack
If you are instructed to remain in your home or office building, you should:

Close doors and windows and turn

off
all
ventilation,
including
furnaces, air conditioners, vents,
and fans.

Seek shelter in an internal room

and take your disaster supplies kit.
Seal the room with duct tape and
plastic sheeting.

Listen to your radio for instructions

from authorities.

If you are caught in or near a contaminated area, you should:

Move away immediately in a direction upwind of the source.

Find shelter as quickly as possible.

After a Chemical Attack

Decontamination is needed within minutes of exposure to minimize health
consequences. Do not leave the safety of a shelter to go outdoors to help others
until authorities announce it is safe to do so.
A person affected by a chemical agent requires immediate medical
attention from a professional. If medical help is not immediately available,
decontaminate yourself and assist in decontaminating others.

Decontamination guidelines are as follows:

Use extreme caution when helping others who have been exposed to
chemical agents.

Remove all clothing and other items in contact with the body.
Contaminated clothing normally removed over the head should be cut off to
avoid contact with the eyes, nose, and mouth. Put contaminated clothing and
items into a plastic bag and seal it. Decontaminate hands using soap and water.
Remove eyeglasses or contact lenses. Put glasses in a pan of household bleach
to decontaminate them and then rinse and dry.

P a g e | 66

Flush eyes with water.

Gently wash face and hair with soap and water before thoroughly rinsing
with water.

Decontaminate other body areas likely to have been contaminated. Blot

(do not swab or scrape) with a cloth soaked in soapy water and rinse with clear
water.

Change into uncontaminated clothes. Clothing stored in drawers or

closets is likely to be uncontaminated.

Proceed to a medical facility for screening and professional treatment.

P a g e | 67

FIRE

A rapid oxidation process that creates

light, heat, smoke, and releases energy in
varying intensities. It is commonly used to
describe either a fuel in a state of combustion
(e.g., a campfire, or a lit fireplace or stove) or
a violent, destructive and uncontrolled
burning (e.g., in buildings or a wildfire).

The common fire-causing sources of heat include:

sparks
another fire (such as an explosion)
a fire in the oven or fireplace
a lit match, lighter or cigarette
sources
of
intense
thermal
radiation (such as sunlight or an
incandescent light bulb)
Joule heating, friction or exhaust
gas from mechanical or electrical
machinery

Causes of Fire

ELECTRICAL
The over warming of hot plugs
and sockets and blown fuses may start
a fire.
SMOKING
Most cigarettes related fires start
because the cigarette is not put out
completely. Additional common causes
include falling asleep with a cigarette
and using improper ashtrays.

P a g e | 68
CANDLES
Even a tiny candle flame can
have upsetting consequences. Many
candle related fires start due to draughts
that lead fire to catch burnable items
and tilting candles that are not placed in
suitable holders.

Room by Room Causes of Fire

THE KITCHEN
The kitchen contains many
hazards that can cause fires. The
common combination of open fire,
grease, electricity, and water is very
dangerous. Grease fire is a common
cause for fires in the kitchen and is
usually caused by fry pans. This type is
dangerous as it can set the whole
kitchen on fire. Additional fires are dry
cooking fires and oven fires. These
types are easy to control and they are
not likely to cause damage. Kitchen
appliances may also cause fire if not
maintained well.
BEDROOMS
Bedroom fires are usually caused
by misuse of electrical devices.
Electrical fires can start due to
overloading extension cords and the
use of electric blankets and warmers
with no lab-approval.

P a g e | 69
ATTICS, BASEMENTS AND GARAGE
Popular as storage areas these
places usually contain fire hazards such
as gasoline and other flammable liquids.
Old clothes, papers and other
combustible items are also hazardous
and should be stored safely. Many of
the electrical fire hazards are also
located in these areas. Worn cords,
electrical boxes and other signs of
electrical trouble should be treated
immediately.

HEATING
PLACES

DEVICES

AND

FIRE

These are planned to generate heat

and may be hazardous if not maintained
well. Operating the fireplace without a
screen will allow sparks to fly into the
room and cause fire. Other causes of
fire are combustible items such as
wallpaper, curtains, and clothing that
are left without maintaining adequate
clearance around the heater.

P a g e | 70

Protective Measures
Before a Fire
SMOKE ALARMS

Install smoke alarms. Properly

working smoke alarms decrease
your chances of dying in a fire by
half.

Place smoke alarms on every level

of your residence. Place them
outside bedrooms on the ceiling or
high on the wall (4 to 12 inches
from ceiling), at the top of open
stairways, or at the bottom of
enclosed stairs and near (but not
in) the kitchen.

Test and clean smoke alarms once

a month and replace batteries at
least once a year. Replace smoke
alarms once every 10 years.

ESCAPING THE FIRE

Review escape routes with your

family. Practice escaping from
each room.

Make sure windows are not nailed

or painted shut. Make sure security
gratings on windows have a fire
safety opening feature so they can
be easily opened from the inside.

Consider escape ladders if your

residence has more than one level,
and ensure that burglar bars and
other antitheft mechanisms that
block outside window entry are
easily opened from the inside.

P a g e | 71

Teach family members to stay low

to the floor (where the air is safer in
a fire) when escaping from a fire.

Clean out storage areas. Do not let

trash, such as old newspapers and
magazines, accumulate.

Keep matches and lighters up high,

away from children, and, if
possible, in a locked cabinet.

Never smoke in bed or when

drowsy or medicated. Provide
smokers
with
deep,
sturdy
ashtrays. Douse cigarette and
cigar butts with water before
disposal.

FLAMMABLE ITEMS

Never use gasoline, benzene,

naphtha, or similar flammable
liquids indoors.

Store
flammable
liquids
in
approved containers in wellventilated storage areas.

Never smoke
liquids.

Discard all rags or materials that

have been soaked in flammable
liquids after you have used them.
Safely discard them outdoors in a
metal container.

near

flammable

MATCHES AND SMOKING

P a g e | 72

ELECTRICAL WIRING

Have the electrical wiring in your

residence
checked
by
an
electrician.

Inspect extension cords for frayed

or exposed wires or loose plugs.

Make sure outlets have cover

plates and no exposed wiring.

Make sure wiring does not run

under rugs, over nails, or across
high-traffic areas.

Do not overload extension cords or

outlets. If you need to plug in two
or three appliances, get a ULapproved unit with built-in circuit
breakers to prevent sparks and
short circuits.

Make sure insulation does not

touch bare electrical wiring.
OTHERS

Sleep with your door closed.

Install A-B-C-type fire extinguishers

in your residence and teach family
members how to use them.

Consider installing an automatic

fire sprinkler system in your
residence.

Ask your local fire department to

inspect your residence for fire
safety and prevention

P a g e | 73

During a Fire


If your clothes catch on fire, you should:


Stop, drop, and roll - until the
fire is extinguished. Running only
makes the fire burn faster.

To escape a fire, you should:

Check closed doors for heat
before you open them. If you are
escaping through a closed door, use
the back of your hand to feel the top
of the door, the doorknob, and the
crack between the door and door
frame before you open it. Never use
the palm of your hand or fingers to
test for heat - burning those areas
could impair your ability to escape a
fire (i.e., ladders and crawling).

Hot Door

Cool Door

Do not open. Escape

through a window. If you
cannot escape, hang a
white or light-colored sheet
outside the window, alerting
fire
fighters
to
your
presence.

Open slowly and ensure fire and/or smoke is

not blocking your escape route. If your escape
route is blocked, shut the door immediately and
use an alternate escape route, such as a
window. If clear, leave immediately through the
door and close it behind you. Be prepared to
crawl. Smoke and heat rise. The air is clearer
and cooler near the floor.

Crawl low under any smoke to your exit - heavy smoke and poisonous
gases collect first along the ceiling.

Close doors behind you as you escape to delay the spread of the fire.

Stay out once you are safely out. Do not reenter

P a g e | 74
After a Fire
The following are guidelines for different circumstances in the period following a
fire:


If you are with burn victims, or are a burn victim yourself, cool and cover
burns to reduce chance of further injury or
infection.


If you detect heat or smoke when
entering a damaged building, evacuate
immediately.

If you are a tenant, contact the

landlord.

If you have a safe or strong box, do
not try to open it. It can hold intense heat
for several hours. If the door is opened
before the box has cooled, the contents could burst into flames.

If you must leave your home because a building inspector says the
building is unsafe, ask someone you trust to watch the property during your
absence.

P a g e | 75

POLLUTION
Pollution is contamination
by a chemical or other agent that
renders part of the environment
unfit for intended or desired use.
These uses also and very
importantly include all wildlife and
ecological
requirements
to
sustain life in all its natural forms.
Pollution damages the
Earth's land, water and air. It
results in contamination of the
earths
environment
with
materials that interfere with
human health, the quality of life,
and the natural functioning of ecosystems (living organisms and their physical
surroundings).
It is usually caused by human actions, but can also be the consequence of
natural disasters. Pollution can also occur from disruption or damage to
wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure due to severe natural events
like flooding. Most types of pollution affect the immediate area surrounding the
source, and reduce as you move away from the source.
Pollution exists in many forms and affects many different aspects of the
Earths environment. Some main types of pollution are:
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the
human introduction into the
atmosphere
of
chemicals,
particulate matter, or biological
materials that cause harm or
discomfort to humans or other
living organisms, or damages
the environment. It causes
deaths and respiratory disease,
and is often identified with
major stationary sources, but
the
greatest
source
of
emissions is mobile sources,
mainly automobiles. Gases
such as carbon dioxide, which

P a g e | 76
contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by
climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for
plant life through photosynthesis.
The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is
essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air
pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the
Earth's ecosystems.

Causes - Rapid industrialization and modernization have led to the worsening

air pollution problem over the years. Industries, vehicles, continuous increase in
the population and urbanization are some of the major factors responsible for air
pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of
pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries,
petrochemicals and mines. Air pollution results from a variety of causes, not all of
which are within human control. The source of pollution maybe in one country but
the impact of pollution maybe felt elsewhere.
Effects

Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health. Health
effects range anywhere from minor irritation of eyes and the upper respiratory

P a g e | 77
system to chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, lung cancer, and death. Air
pollution has been shown to cause acute respiratory infections in children and
chronic bronchitis in adults. It has also been shown to worsen the condition of
people with preexisting heart or lung disease. Among asthmatics, air pollution
has been shown to aggravate the frequency and severity of attacks. Both shortterm and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality
and reduced life expectancy.
Air pollution exposure has been associated with compromised pulmonary
immune defense mechanisms in both animals and humans. Tobacco smoking
has also been shown to cause depressed immune system responses. Of the
specific air pollutants, exposure to respirable particulate matter has been shown
to induce a systemic inflammatory response involving stimulation of the bone
marrow, which can contribute to cardiorespiratory morbidity. Other evidence
indicates that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons especially
benzo[a]pyrene can cause immune suppression and can increase the risk of
infection and disease. Benzo[a]pyrene, a known carcinogen, also can increase
the risk of lung and other types of cancers. Acute exposures to oxides of nitrogen
and sulfur have been associated with increased bronchial reactivity and
susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections.
Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin,
which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and can contribute to
anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, low
birth weight, and early infant mortality.

Protective Measures to Avoid Air Pollution

Plant more trees.

Carpool or use public

transportation.

When air quality is healthy,

bike or walk instead of driving.

Combine errands to reduce

vehicle trips.

Limit engine idling.

P a g e | 78
Water Pollution
Water is essential for life.It
covers 71% of the earth's surface
and makes up 65 % of our bodies.
Everyone wants clean water-- to
drink, for recreation, and just to
enjoy looking at. If water becomes
polluted, it loses its value to us
economically and aesthetically,
and can become a threat to our
health and to the survival of the
fish living in it and the wildlife that
depends on it.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes,
rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities. Although some
kinds of water pollution can occur through natural processes, it is mostly a result
of human activities.
Causes of Water Pollution
Although certain natural processes may cause some of the water
pollution, however, human activity is
the largest cause of our seas, rivers
and lakes getting polluted. We need to
use water everyday both in our
industries as well as our homes. We
get this water from groundwater
sources, rivers, and lakes, and after
using it, and often contaminating it,
most of this water gets back into the
rivers, lakes, and oceans.
The used water from agricultural and industrial practices, and household
use create wastewater, also referred to as sewage. If this is allowed to flow back
into water systems without being treated, it causes pollution, which results in
harming both humans as well as animal life. Water also gets polluted when there
is a runoff of rainwater from industrial, agricultural, and urban areas, which flow
directly through storm water drains into water systems without any treatment.
The disposal of sewage is a major problem where there isnt adequate
sanitation in large areas, thus carrying disease causing bacteria and viruses into
sources of water.

P a g e | 79
Some of the other causes of pollution are oil spillages and dumping in
oceans, dumping litter into streams, rivers, and oceans such as cardboard,
newspaper, foam, Styrofoam, plastic packaging, aluminum, glass, and others.
Some of these take a very long time to degrade, e.g., plastic packaging can take
400 years, Styrofoam takes 80 years, foam takes 50 years, and aluminum takes
200 years.
Nuclear waste, atmospheric deposition, and underground storage
leakages are some of the other causes of water pollution.
What are some different types of water pollution?
MICROBIOLOGICAL
Disease-causing (pathogenic) microorganisms,
like bacteria, viruses and protozoa can cause
swimmers to get sick. Fish and shellfish can become
contaminated and people who eat them can become
ill. Some serious diseases like polio and cholera are
waterborne.
CHEMICAL
A whole variety of chemicals from industry, such as metals and solvents,
and even chemicals which are formed from the breakdown of natural wastes
(ammonia, for instance) are poisonous to fish and other aquatic life. Pesticides
used in agriculture and around the home-- insecticides for controlling insects and
herbicides for controlling weeds-- are
another type of toxic chemical. Some
of these can accumulate in fish and
shellfish and poison people, animals,
and birds that eat them. Materials
like detergents and oils float and
spoil the appearance of a water
body, as well as being toxic; and
many chemical pollutants have
unpleasant odors.
OXYGEN-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES
Many wastes are biodegradable, that is, they can be broken down and
used as food by microorganisms like bacteria. We tend to think of biodegradable
wastes as being preferable to non-biodegradable ones, because they will be
broken down and not remain in the environment for very long times. Too much
biodegradable material, though, can cause the serious problem of oxygen
depletion in receiving waters.

P a g e | 80

Like fish, aerobic bacteria that

live in water use oxygen gas which is
dissolved in the water when they
consume their "food". (The oxygen in
the compound H2O, water, is
chemically bound, and is not
available for respiration (breathing)).
But, oxygen is not very soluble in
water. Even when the water is
saturated with dissolved oxygen, it
contains only about 1/25 the
concentration that is present in air.
So if there is too much "food" in the
water, the bacteria that are
consuming it can easily use up all of the dissolved oxygen, leaving none for the
fish, which will die of suffocation.
Once the oxygen is gone (depleted), other bacteria that do not need
dissolved oxygen take over. But while aerobic microorganisms-- those which use
dissolved oxygen-- convert the nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon compounds that are
present in the wastewater into odorless-- and relatively harmless-- oxygenated
forms like nitrates, sulfates and carbonates, these anaerobic microorganisms
produce toxic and smelly ammonia, amines, and sulfides, and flammable
methane (swamp gas).
NUTRIENTS
The elements phosphorus and
nitrogen are necessary for plant growth,
and are plentiful in untreated wastewater.
Added to lakes and streams, they cause
nuisance growth of aquatic weeds, as well
as "blooms" of algae, which are
microscopic plants. This can cause
several problems. Weeds can make a
lake unsuitable for swimming and boating.
Algae and weeds die and become biodegradable material. If the water is used
as a drinking water source, algae can clog
filters and impart unpleasant tastes and
odors to the finished water.

P a g e | 81
SUSPENDED MATTER
Some pollutants are dissolved in wastewater,
meaning that the individual molecules or ions
(electrically charged atoms or molecules) of the
substance are mixed directly in between the
molecules of water. Other pollutants, referred to as
particulate matter, consist of much larger-- but still
very small-- particles which are just suspended in
the water. Although they may be kept in suspension
by turbulence, once in the receiving water, they will
eventually settle out and form silt or mud at the
bottom. These sediments can decrease the depth of
the body of water. If there is a lot of biodegradable organic material in the
sediment, it will become anaerobic and contribute to problems mentioned above.
Toxic materials can also accumulate in the sediment and affect the organisms
which live there and can build up in fish that feed on them, and so be passed up
the food chain, causing problems all along the way . Also, some of the particulate
matter may be grease-- or be coated with grease, which is lighter than water, and
float to the top, creating an aesthetic nuisance.

How do we prevent water pollution?

Don't throw litter into rivers, lakes or

oceans. Help clean up any litter you
see on beaches or in rivers and lakes,
make sure it is safe to collect the litter
and put it in a nearby dustbin.

Toxic products like paints, automobile

oil, polishes, and cleaning products
should be stored and disposed off
properly. As a matter of fact, it is better
to use non-toxic, products for the house
as far as possible. Also, never dispose
off such products by throwing them into
your toilet or sink.

P a g e | 82

Dispose off your trash in a

proper manner and try and
incorporate the recycling habit
as far as possible. Nondegradable
products
like
tampons, sanitary napkins, and
diapers should not be flushed
down the toilet, for these can
end up damaging the process of
sewage treatment, and usually
end up as litter on beaches.

Try using environmentally friendly household

products like toiletries, soap-based household
cleaning material, and washing powder as far as
possible.

Try using natural fertilizers and pesticides as far

as possible, or if not, do not overuse them or
over-water gardens and lawns. This will help in
reducing the pollutants that get into water systems
due to runoffs.

Automobile oil should be re-used as far as possible. Also, it is important to

keep your automobile well maintained in order to prevent leakages of toxic
fluids like antifreeze and oil.

Conserve water by turning the tap off when you do not need running
water, such as while brushing teeth. Apart from preventing water shortages, it
lessens the amount of water that needs to be treated.

Land Pollution
Land pollution is the degradation of
earth's land surfaces often caused by human
activities and its misuse. It is where our land
may be as far as being contaminated. All
of the bad toxic chemicals and waste,
that is left or dumped on our land,
causes it to become polluted. All types of
waste can be found on land. Some is left

P a g e | 83
behind after human activities and some is washed ashore from boats
and sewage outlets.

Land pollution is the

addition of undesirable matter to
the land that damage the
terrestrial organisms, reduce the
uses of the land by man for
agricultural,
residential,
recreational or other purposes or
increase the risk of health
hazards to man.

Causes of Land Pollution

DOMESTIC WASTES
These are wastes produces everyday at
home. These include: garbage, metal cans and
plastics, detergents, and wastewater.

INDUSTRIAL WASTES
These are wastes produced by
industrial activity, a by-product of any
industrial process or operation, such as
that of factories, mills and mines.

P a g e | 84

NUCLEAR WASTES
Nuclear waste is the radioactive waste left over from nuclear reactors,
nuclear research projects, and nuclear bomb production.

HUMAN SEWAGE/ HUMAN WASTES

Improper disposal of human wastes
(feces, urine, et al) can add up to a growing
number of pollutants that damages nearby
rivers as well as lands.

LANDFFILLS
A landfill, also known
as a dump, is a site for the
disposal of waste materials.
It may include internal waste
disposal sites (where a
producer of waste carries
out their own waste disposal
at the place of production)
as well as sites used by
many
producers.
Many
landfills are also used for
other waste management
purposes, such as the
temporary
storage,
consolidation and transfer,
or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).
Landfills are also the source of many chemical substances entering the
soil environment (and often groundwater) that pollute the soil.

P a g e | 85
Other Causes of Land Pollution
We are creating too much
waste due to in particular to much
unnecessary packaging. In addition
to this, we do not adequately recycle
the waste we create. Many of the
resources we use in our everyday
lives are disposed of quickly. Food is
wrapped in paper or plastic bags,
drinks are in throw-away bottles or
cans, batteries are disposed of after
a short life. With the rising
standards of living, we are
throwing away more things and
there is an increase in the
quantity of solid waste.
The accumulation of waste threatens the health of people in residential
areas. Waste decays, encourages household pests and turns urban areas into
unsightly, dirty and unhealthy places to live in.
Other pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants,
oil refineries, nuclear waste disposal activity, large animal farms, metals
production factories, plastics factories and other heavy industry.
Effects of Land Pollution
Nowadays, there is
an excess of waste being
dumped. The long term
effects of this could be the
pollution of new building
ground. People live or
work in nearby areas,
could suffer from health
problems. The amount of
toxic chemicals, coming
from this waste, are going
to cause, are health issues
such as deformities or
cancers.
The effects of land pollution are far-ranging in the industrial age. The
nature of the industrial revolution and the lack of a sustainable development
model for industrial progress have allowed the creation of chemicals and

P a g e | 86
products which may serve the idea of convenience or productivity or efficiency,
however, the concept of environmental stewardship is largely an afterthought.
This has led to long-lasting chemicals which persist in the environment and are
potentially toxic to life.
The effects of pollution on the land are not limited to the terrestrial
ecosystem, because the synthetic chemicals are not degraded by the normal
processes of life. From there, the pollution can travel through the roots of plants
into any herbivore which consumes the plant and on and on and on until it
reaches the highest organisms in the food web: humans.

Figure 8
Potential Contamination Areas

Environmental Liability
In the 21st century, the concept of environmental liability is evolving
towards a polluter-pay model in which the generator of the pollution is
responsible for costs of cleanup and in certain cases, the costs of health effects
that can be directly proven to have resulted from the cause of the environmental
problem.

P a g e | 87
Eliminating Liability and Risk
Thus, removing environmental pollution from the land not only removes
the contamination from the land, it removes contamination from the food web, it
aids in the mitigation of adverse health effects like cancer, and it removes
potentially costly liability. Eliminating the liability, now effectively removes the
risk to future earnings and worth. It will mean a short term capital investment to
minimize the effects environmental pollution, to maximize any health effects
mitigation which may occur, and to maximize the value of the land. In an age
where business increasingly has to consider greater risk to do business, the
opportunity exists to minimize or eliminate a potential risk factor against the
continued success of your business. It is prudent business planning to minimize
the amount of risk and the overall effect of that risk on the current and future
earnings of that business. That is the promise that remediation brings to any
business.

Figure 9
Land Contaminants and Corresponding Landfill Setup

Land pollution can have sustained and damaging effects to the ecosystem
and the current and future utilization of the parcel of land. Thus, it is beneficial
and arguably imperative that steps be taken to improve all aspects concerning
forms of environmental pollution and health effects mitigation by quickly
eliminating contamination on the land.

P a g e | 88

Measures to Avoid Land Pollution

RE-USE, REDUCE AND RECYCLE
We can try to prevent land pollution by
disposing of some waste correctly.
RE-USING is using an item more than once.
This includes conventional reuse where the item is
used again for the same function and new-life reuse
where it is used for a new function.
REDUCING is waste prevention, or "source reduction." It means
consuming and throwing away less. It includes:

purchasing durable, long-lasting goods;

seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxics as possible;

Re-designing products to use fewer raw

materials in production, have a longer life, or be
used again after its original use.

Source reduction actually prevents the generation of

waste in the first place, so it is the most preferred
method of waste management and goes a long way
toward protecting the environment.
RECYCLING is the breaking down of the used item into raw materials
which are used to make new items
Anti-litter campaigns can also be used as strategy to educate people
against littering, resulting to a clean and healthy environment.

P a g e | 89

Appendices
How to Conduct an Earthquake Drill in School
It is important to orient people on earthquake preparedness in order to be
informed of what to do before, during and after an earthquake. During an
earthquake, school children are one of the most vulnerable. It is important for
school administrators and teachers to be informed on how to properly conduct an
earthquake drill. Teachers are the ones who will teach the students how to
protect themselves.
The conduct of an earthquake drill is different from that of a fire drill. In a
fire drill, the sound of a siren/bell means that a fire is ongoing and all occupants
of the building are to immediately evacuate to ensure their safety. In an
earthquake drill, the sound of a siren/bell indicates that a strong shaking is
ongoing and the level of ground shaking prevents people to stand and move
around. To do so can cause more injury to the person as debris can fall and hurt
him/her. One is not supposed to get out of the building while the ground is
shaking.

Earthquake Drill Objectives:

Ensure the safety of parents, students, teachers and staff before, during
and after an earthquake

Help school administrators and their disaster action groups to design a

specific response plan of the school for earthquakes

Train teachers, school staff and students on how to practice proper action
and response during earthquakes; and

Test various elements of the response plan designed by the School

Disaster Control Group (SDCG)

What to do Before an Earthquake Drill:

A. Creation of a School Disaster Control Group (SDCG)
The School Disaster Control Group shall be composed of the following teams:
Security Team
Supply Team
Transportation Team

P a g e | 90
Communication Team
Warning Team
Evacuation Team
Fire Brigade Team
Rescue Team
Medical Team
Damage Control Team
The School Disaster Control Group shall be headed by an over-all coordinator
who shall lead the member teams in the evaluation of the school in terms of its
vulnerability to earthquake hazards. The SDCG shall perform the following:

Annually gather school statistics needed in the formulation of School

Earthquake Evacuation Plan:

Total number of students, teachers and staff for the current school year

Total number of students occupying each room, each floor and each
building

Total number of students and teachers with special needs (sick, old,
differently-abled) and their location

Acquire the most recent school ground layout/map/plan. Use this to

identify open spaces and determine the total area of available space that
can be utilized as area of temporary refuge that will be designated for
the occupants of each building. Determine how many persons can occupy
the open space and whether such space can accommodate all potential
evacuees of the designated building.

Obtain building layout/plan for each building that shows the room,
corridors, staircases and exit points. Use this information to determine
whether the exit points can accommodate the flow of traffic during an
emergency.

Identify all the safe and unsafe spots in the school area.

Once the school has been assessed of its earthquake vulnerability, the
SDCG may now proceed to the formulation of a School Earthquake Evacuation
Plan (SEEP). The SDCG should perform the following functions in order to have
a comprehensive SEEP:

Provision to utilize all available open spaces nearest the building that are
evaluated as safe from falling debris and other materials that may cause
injuries to students, staff and teachers

P a g e | 91

Determine the sufficiency of open space for all school evacuees. Areas to
be occupied should be computed assuming four to five students would
occupy a one square meter area. The SDCG must also consider the
number of students in each building and should designate a specific open
area for each class as their area of temporary refuge.

Create evacuation procedure for each room using available school map.
Initially, all exit points nearest the room of occupants should be suggested
as their exit routes, assuming that these are passable after the
earthquake.

Determine of the flow of traffic from each room along the corridors using
the information on actual number of occupants per room and their
designated evacuation area

Indicate by arrows the flow of student evacuation coming out of each room
up to their designated evacuation site. This will be the suggested
evacuation route for the students.

Inclusion of final evacuation route that is known by all students, teachers

and school staff.

Ensure provision of first aid and earthquake survival kits which include
flashlights, battery-operated radio, water, rope, blanket, candle, matches,
tissue paper, tools like wrench, pliers and hammer

Students should be prepared a week before the scheduled earthquake drill.

The SDCG should do the following for a successful earthquake drill:

Allot a specific time for lecture on earthquake what it is, how and why
they occur, what to before, during and after the earthquake. The teachers
must also discuss the following articles to the students:
o Phases of an Earthquake Drill
o Protective Measures before, during, and after an Earthquake

Determine whether all students have evacuated their classroom by

performing a headcount during the headcount phase of the drill.

Prior to the scheduled drill, inform the neighborhood regarding the conduct
of the drill.

Identify and assign observers for each exit points of the building and
evacuation areas. They will give their comments and observations during
the evaluation of the drill.

P a g e | 92

Conduct a classroom observation activity:

o Draw floor plan of classroom (desks, teacher table, cabinet, etc.)
o Identify the safe spots in the classroom (tables, desks, doors, etc.)

Identify danger zones (e.g. windows and glass, book shelves, machinery,
cabinets and furniture that may topple or slide inside the classroom as
well as all hanging and heavy objects)

When the dangerous areas within the classroom have been identified, ask
the students to stay away from such areas during an earthquake and
encourage the school administration to take actions that may reduce and
or eliminate such hazards.

Introduce to the students the suggested evacuation route prepared by the

SDCG and show to them the assigned open area where they will
evacuate after an earthquake

Assign somebody who will be in charge of making sure the door is open
during the shaking

What to do During the Earthquake (Signified by a 1-minute bell ring)

1. Take cover under a study table or strongly supported doorway.
2. Watch out for falling objects.
3. Keep calm and dont panic.
What to do After the Earthquake (After the 1-minute bell ring)
1. Be alert.
2. Listen to the instruction of the teacher in the classroom.
3. Walk out of the classroom in a quiet and orderly manner.
4. While walking along the corridors to the nearest exit of the building, be alert
and look out for falling debris.
5. Dont run, dont push, dont talk, dont return and dont bring your things.

P a g e | 93
6. Quietly but quickly proceed to the designated evacuation area and wait for
further instruction from the teacher.
7. Never go back to the building once you are outside. Buildings should be
inspected by engineers for possible damage after an earthquake. Students are
prohibited from returning to their classrooms upon reaching the evacuation area.
Everyone should stay in the open area and wait for further instructions.
8. For the teacher in charge of the headcount, make sure all students under your
responsibility are accounted for once the designated evacuation area has been
reached.
Assumptions during the Earthquake Drill
1. One (1) minute siren/bell signifies a minute of strong shaking.
2. Individuals cant stand during an earthquake.
3. Buildings may be damaged but would not collapse.
4. There is always a possibility of falling debris and other objects.
5. No immediate assistance will be available for at least seven hours. Self help
sustenance is required.
6. Possible injuries, fear and panic among the participants
7. Participants during this 1 minute siren should perform the DUCK, COVER and
HOLD.
8. After the one minute siren, everyone should quietly go out of their rooms and
proceed to the pre-designated evacuation sites.
9. A headcount must be performed by the teacher when the evacuation area has
been reached.
Phases of an Earthquake Drill
Phase 1: Alarm
A pre-arranged signal such as siren/bell should be known to all. During
the drill, the siren/bell indicates earthquake/shaking.
Phase 2: Response

P a g e | 94
While the siren/bell is ongoing, everyone should move away from
windows, glass or light fixtures. In this phase, everyone should perform duck,
cover and hold under desk tables or chairs. Remain in this position until the
shaking stops.
Phase 3: Evacuation
Once the shaking stops, everyone should evacuate the building and
proceed using pre-determined routes to go to the identified evacuation areas.
Phase 4: Assembly
At the designated evacuation area, individuals must be grouped together
according to the section where they belong.
Phase 5: Headcount
The teacher should check and make sure that all students are accounted
for.

Phase 6: Evaluation
An evaluation of the drill must be conducted to identify problems
encountered during the drill and how this can be corrected in future earthquake
drills.

Protective Measures before, during and after an Earthquake

Protective Measures before an Earthquake
1. Practice duck, cover and hold. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting
under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking
stops.
2. Know the safest places in your classroom.
Safe spots as well as danger zones in the office must be identified in order to
protect the employees from danger during and after an earthquake. Danger
zones include windows, glass, book shelves or any furniture that may topple as
well as all hanging and heavy objects. Make sure to identify gas, water, electricity
main switch and know how to turn them off in order to prevent further disaster.
3. Store emergency supplies

P a g e | 95
Make sure emergency supplies are located in a safe and readily available place.
Inform your students where these supplies are placed inside your classroom.
Check whether your emergency supply kit contains items such as flashlights,
batteries, an A-B-C-rated fire extinguisher, a battery-operated radio, a first-aid kit
and a handbook.
Protective Measures during an Earthquake
1. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other
piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there isnt a table or
desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside
corner of the building.
2. Stay inside until shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Research has
shown that most injuries occur when people inside buildings attempt to move to a
different location inside the building or try to leave.
Protective Measures after an Earthquake
1. Expect aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less violent
than the main quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to
weakened structures and can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even
months after the quake.
2. Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.
3. Stay away from damaged areas. Stay away unless your assistance has been
specifically requested by police, fire, or relief organizations. Return home only
when authorities say it is safe.
4. Help injured or trapped persons. Remember to help your neighbors who may
require special assistance such as infants, the elderly, and people who are
differently-abled. Give first aid where appropriate. Do not move seriously injured
persons unless they are in immediate danger of further injury. Call for help.
5. Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches, gasoline or other flammable liquids
immediately. Leave the area if you smell gas or fumes from other chemicals.
6. Look for electrical system damage. If you see sparks or broken or frayed
wires, or if you smell hot insulation, turn off the electricity at the main fuse box or
circuit breaker. If you have to step in water to get to the fuse box or circuit
breaker, call an electrician first for advice.

P a g e | 96

AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OF THE MGB RAPID GEOHAZARD ASSESMENT
OF BARANGAYS IN THE PROVINCE OF LAGUNA
In line with the recent Presidential Directive and NDDC resolution following
the February 17 Southern Leyte landslide incident, and the need to fast tract the
geohazard mapping program along the eastern seaboard of the Philippines,
seven (7) geologists from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) Central
and Regional Offices conducted a geohazard assessment of the barangays in
the municipalities of Pakil, Pangil, Famy, Paete, Siniloan, Sta. Maria and Los
Baos in Laguna province From November 28 to December 4, 2006. From April
11 to 30, 2007, the barangays of San Pablo City and the municipalities of
Alaminos, Bay, Calauan, Cavinti, Kalayaan, Liliw, Luisiana, Lumban, Mabitac,
Magdalena, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Pagsanjan, Pila, Rizal, Sta. Cruz, and Victoria
were assessed by six (6) geologists from of the MGB Central Office.
The rapid geohazard assessment focused on both side of landslide and
flooding susceptibilities of the barangays. In terms of landslide susceptibility,
each barangay was rated low, moderate or high. The rating parameters are as
follows:
High
Presence of active and/or recent landslide
Presence of numerous and large tension cracks that would directly affect the
community
Areas with drainage that are prone to landslide damming
Steep slopes
Nearness to faults
Moderate
Areas with indicative and/or old landslides
Presence of small tension cracks and are located away from the community
Moderate slopes
Low
Low to gently sloping
Absence of tension cracks

The rating of each barangay unless specified, generally refers to the

barangay proper since the majority of the population is located there. The
barangay was presented with a Landslide Threat Advisory, when appropriate.
The advisory informs the barangay of their susceptibility to landslides and have
the corresponding recommendations particular to the barangays.
In terms of flooding and susceptibility, the appropriate barangays were
defined in terms of the flooding depth and frequency.

P a g e | 97

Laguna Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 98
The earlier field assessments (November-December period) presented the
landslide and flooding assessment results in different tables. Whereas the
second field assessments (April period) presented the result in single table.
Table 1. City/Municipalities Assessed and the Number of Barangays
Municipality / City
1. San Pablo City
2. Alaminos
3. Bay
4. Calauan
5. Cavinti
6. Famy
7. Kalayaan
8. Liliw
9. Los Baos
10. Luisiana
11. Lumban
12. Mabitac
13. Magdalena
14. Majayjay
15. Nagcarlan
16. Paete
17. Pagsanjan
18. Pakil
19. Pangil
20. Pila
21. Rizal
22. Sta. Cruz
23. Sta. Maria
24. Siniloan
25. Victoria
TOTAL

Total Number
of Barangays
80
15
15
17
19
20
3
33
14
23
16
15
24
40
52
9
16
13
8
17
11
26
25
20
9

Barangay
Assessed
62
15
15
17
19
19
3
32
14
23
16
15
24
38
47
9
16
11
8
14
11
23
25
20
9

540

505

P a g e | 99
Table 2. Number of Barangay per Landslide Rating
Municipality
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

San Pablo City

Alaminos
Bay
Calauan
Cavinti

6. Famy
7. Kalayaan
8. Liliw
9. Los Baos
10. Luisiana
11. Lumban
12. Mabitac
13. Magdalena
14. Majayjay
15. Nagcarlan
16. Paete
17. Pagsanjan
18. Pakil
19. Pangil
20. Pila
21. Rizal
22. Sta. Cruz
23. Sta. Maria
24. Siniloan
25. Victoria

High
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0

Moderate
3
0
1
2
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
4
0
4
6
4
1
6
2
0
0
0
3
1
0

Low
17
5
0
2
13
7
1
16
0
10
2
5
2
28
19
1
3
1
2
0
4
0
7
7
0

None
42
10
14
13
6
10
1
14
9
13
14
6
22
5
22
4
12
3
2
14
74
23
14
11
9

P a g e | 100
SUMMARY OF THE ASSESSMENTS:
1. San Pablo City

There are no barangay with high landside susceptibility.

There are (3) three barangays with moderate

susceptibility (Atisan, San Mateo, and San Miguel).

There are seventeen (17) barangays with low landslide

susceptibility (Sto. Nio, San Isidro, Santisimo Rosario, Sta. Ana,
San Antonio II, San Antonio I, San Vicente, Sta. Cruz (Putol), Sta.
Elena, Bautista, Santiago II, San Cristobal, Conception, San
Lorenzo, San Buenaventura, Sta. Maria Magdalena and III-C).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no

landslide susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to
flooding

landslide

P a g e | 101

San Pablo City Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 102
Table 3. Results of Assessment of the Sixty-two (62) Barangays
Barangay

1. Sto. Nio
2. San isidro

3. Santisimo
Rosario

4. Sta. Ana
5. San Antonio II

6. San Antonio I
7. San Vicente

8. Sta. Cruz (Putol)

9. Sta. Elena

10. Bautista
11. Atisan

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating

Low

Remarks/ Recommendations

Purok 2 has low susceptibility to

flooding.
Low to None Purok 1 has high flood susceptibility.
Purok 2 has moderate flood
susceptibility
Purok 5 & 6 becomes flooded when
Gugulmin Rivers overflows; water level
rises to > 1 meter depending on rain
intensity.
Low to None Sheet flooding along the area of
Paragusan Bridge reaches 1 meter
high. Galanum Ibaba becomes flooded
when Kaybaho Creek overflows.
Low to None
Low to None Purok 5 has informal settlers along the
riverbanks that are flood susceptible
areas
Low to None Localized flooding in certain areas due
to drainage problems.
Low to None Residents along riverbank in Purok 6
experience flooding
Residents near the bridge in Purok 1
experience flooding
A private owner had blocked a canal
with concrete fence resulting to the
flooding of area in Purok 5.
Drainage outflow direction of Maryland
Homes Subdivision is towards Purok 4.
Low to None
Low
(Sitios
Tubigan &
Bungahan)
Low
Moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement
(Purok 2)
(e.g.
landslide,
tension
cracks).
Observe for presence of mass
movement. Develop an early warning
device/system. Observe for saturated
ground or seeps in areas that are not
typically wet. Observe for sunken or

P a g e | 103
displaced road surface.
12. Santiago II
13. San Cristobal

14. San Jose

15. Sta. Isabel
16. San Diego
17. Sto. Angel
18. San Francisco
19. Sto. Cristo
20. Sta. Elena
21. San Ignacio

22. Sta. Maria

23. San Joaquin
24. San Roque

25. Soledad

26. Santiago I
27. San Gabriel

Low
Low to None Flooding in the barangay is due to
drainage problem (no outflow).
Purok 7 flood prone area is caused by
ponding of water due to lack of
drainage
system.
Sitios
Calo,
Balagtasin and Caang have moderate
to high susceptibility to landslides
(accumulation zone).
None
Low, seasonal sheet flooding (depths
of 0-0.5 meter)
None
Low sheet flooding (depth of 0-0.5
meter) with rate frequency
None
Low, seasonal sheet flooding (depth 00.5 meter)
None
Low, Seasonal sheet flooding (depth of
0-0.5 meter)
None
Low sheet flooding (depth 0-0.5 meter)
with rare frequency
None
Low, seasonal sheet flooding (depth of
0-0.5 meter)
None
Low sheet flooding (depth 0-0.5 meter)
with rare frequency
None
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
People living in the riverbank should be
cautioned of the flood hazard.
None
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
of rare frequency
None
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
of rare frequency
None
In Bongkayo Park Subdivision, the
reclamation of Balatuin River caused
the narrowing of drainage channel.
None
Puroks 1 6 experience low, seasonal
sheet flooding (depth 0-0.5 meter)
Purok
7
experiences
seasonal,
moderate depth sheet flooding (0.5 1
meter)
None
Moderate depth sheet flooding (0.5-1
meter) of rare frequency in Purok I
None
Sitios 3,4,5,8,9, & 10 experience low,
seasonal sheet flooding (depth 0-0.5
meter)
Vila Antonio experiences moderate
depth, seasonal sheet flooding (0.5 1

P a g e | 104
meter)
28. San Miguel
29. San Bartolome

None
None

30. San Nicolas

None

31. San Crispin

None

32. San Rafael

33. Sta. Veronica

None
None

34. Sta. Monica

35. Conception

36. San Lucas I

37. San Lucas II

38. San Pedro
39. Dolores
40. San Lorenzo

Purok I experiences low depth sheet

flooding (0-0.5 meters) of rare
frequency.
Purok 3 & 4 experience moderate
depth (0.5 1 meter) of rare frequency.
Sitios
Dagatan,
Bagong
Silang
experience moderate depth sheet
flooding (0.5 1 meter).
Purok 1 experiences high depth,
seasonal sheet flooding (> 1 meter)
Purok 1, 2, 3 & 5 experience low depth
sheet flooding (depth of 0 0.5 meter)
of rare frequency.
Purok 6 experiences moderate depth
sheet flooding (0.5 1 meter) of rare
frequency.

Purok 1 experiences moderate depth

sheet flooding (0.5 1 meter) of rare
frequency. Flooding limited to rice
fields and roads.
None
Purok 1, 3 & 8 experience moderate
depth, seasonal sheet flooding (0.5-1
meter).
Flood waters from Brgy. San Roque
causes flooding in Puroks 1 & 3.
Low (Purok / Purok 5 experiences high depth sheet
Sitio 1
flooding (> 1 meter) of rare frequency
Dagatan
(e.g. Milenyo)
Blvd)
None
Sampaloc Lake & Malinao Creek
bounds the barangay; Experiences
moderate depth, seasonal sheet
flooding (0.5 1 meter)
None
Flooding is caused mainly by drainage
problem.
None
Puroks 3 & 5 experience low depth,
seasonal sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
None
Low (Burol Low, seasonal sheet flooding (depth of
Mabilog,
0-0.5 meter)
Pulang
Lupa)

P a g e | 105
41. San
Buenaventura
42. Sta. Catalina
43. Bagong Pook
44. Del Remedio

Low(Purok 1 )
None
None
None

45. San Marcos

Moderate

46. San Mateo

Moderate

47. Sta Maria

Magdalena

Low
(Purok 4&7)

48. San Juan

49. Sta. Felomina
50. I-B
51. I-C
( Bagong Bayan)
52. II-A
53. II-B
54. II-C
55. II-E
56. II-F
57. III-C
58. III-D
59. III-F
60. IV-C
61. V-A
62. V-C

None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Low
None
None
None
None
None

Low, seasonal sheet flooding (depth of

0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Puroks 2, 4 & 5; low depth sheet
flooding (0- 0.5 meter).
Purok 3; moderate depth sheet flooding
(0.5 1 meter).
Purok 1 & 6; high depth sheet flooding
(> 1 meter).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension)
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g.
landslide,
tension
cracks).
Observe for presence of mass
movement.
Observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content).
Observe for saturated ground seeps in
areas that are not typically wet.
Observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces. Constant communication and
updates with MDCC on geohazard
situation.
Purok 1, 2, 3 & 7; Low depth, seasonal
sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter).
Purok 4; moderate depth, seasonal
sheet flooding (0.5 1 meter).
Low depth sheet flooding (0-.5 meter).
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
(Plaza)

P a g e | 106
2. Municipality of Alaminos

There are five (5) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(San Gregorio, Poblacion 4, Poblacion I, Palma I and Palma 2).

There are ten (10) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

(San Idelfonso, San Andres, San Juan, San Roque, Poblacion 3,
Sta. Rosa, San Miguel, San Benito and Del Carmen).

P a g e | 107

Alaminos Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 108
Table 4. Results of Assessment of the Fifteen (15) Barangays
Barangay

1. San
Gregorio

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low

2. Poblacion 4

Low

3. Poblacion 1

Low

4. Palma 1

Low

5. Palma 2

Low

6. Del Carmen

None

7. San Agustin

None

8. San Benito

None

9. Sta. Rosa
10. Poblacion 3

None
None

11. San Miguel

None

12. San
Ildelfonso
13. San Andres
14. San Juan
15. San Roque

None
None
None
None

Remarks/Recommendations

Observe for presence of mass

movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks)
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks)
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks)
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks)
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks)
Flood; moderate (0.5 1 meter high),
normally occurs during typhoon
season.
Flood; High (> 1 meter) barangay
proper and all 3 Puroks; occurs during
every rainy season
Flood; Moderate. Average 40% of the
barangay is flooded and dry creek
overflow during rainy season.
Flood; Low (<0.5 meter)
Flood; High (>1.0 meter) occurs during
time of heavy rain/typhoon and
aggravated by poor drainage.
Flood; Low (< 0.5 meter) measured at
barangay hall

P a g e | 109
3. Municipality of Bay

There is one (1) barangay with moderate landslide susceptibility (Bitin).

The rest of assessed barangays in the municipality have no landslide

susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to flooding.

P a g e | 110

Bay Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 111
Table 5. Results of Assessment of Fifteen (15) Barangays
Barangay

1. Bitin

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate

2. Tranca

None

3. Masaya

None

4. Paciano Rizal

None

5. Sta. Cruz
6. San Agustin

None
None

7. San Nicolas

None

8. San Antonio

None

9. Tagumpay

None

10. San Isidro

None

11. Dila

None

12. Sto. Domingo

None

13. Maitim

None

Remarks/Recommendation

Observe for presence of mass

movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks)
Flood; Moderate especially at Purok 1
where rain flood water from Makiling
affects Mababang Paaralan ng Bitin
(more than waist deep)
Flood; low (<0.5 meter), occurs during
rainy season/strong typhoon, easily
subsides.
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and
is rare (recorded waist deep at
Jubileeville Subd; flood also occurs
due to artificial damming of trees
along Ganbatoc river.
Flood happened during typhoon
Milenyo and reached up to neck high
(Approx. more than 0.5 meter)
Flood in 1998 (Typhoon Rosing
reached up to 2 meters, and during
Typhoon Milenyo, it reached also up
to 2 meters.
Flood recorded at 1 meter deep at
barangay
hall
and
happens
seasonally.
Flood is high (> 1 meter) and occurs
seasonally.
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and is
common.
Flood is high (> 1 meter) and occurs
seasonally.
Flood is high (> 1 meter) recorded and
measured at the market place (about
2 meters); occurs seasonally during
heavy rains/typhoon season.
Flood is high (deepest recorded at 2
meters)
Flood is moderate (deepest is measured
more that 1 meter along river, while about
0.2 0.3 meter at the barangay center).

P a g e | 112
14. Puypuy

None

15. Calo

None

Flood assessed to be low and occurs

during rainy season and strong
typhoon (flood at barangay hall was
about 0.5 meter deep during Typhoon
Milenyo)
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter deep
at barangay hall and occurs during
heavy rain).

4. Municipality of Calauan
There are two (2) barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility
(Imok and Limao)
There are two (2) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Perez
and Paliparan)
The rest of assessed barangays in the municipality have no
landslide susceptibility but varying degrees of susceptibility of
flooding.

P a g e | 113

Calauan Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 114
Table 6. Results of Assessment of Seventeen (17) Barangays
Barangay

1. Imok

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate

2. Limao

Moderate

3. Perez

Low

4. Paliparan

Low

5. Prinza

None

6. San Isidro

None

7. Silangan
8. Lamot

None
None

9. Lamot II

None

10. Sto. Tomas

None

11. Balayhangin
12. Mabakan

None
None

13. Kanluran
14. Danao

None
None

15. Bangyas

None

Recommendations

Report positive findings MDCC or

MGB RO4
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks);
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks);
Observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content)
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and is
common during strong and heavy
rain.
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter)
and common during typhoon
season.
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and rare;
flood was moderate (0.5 1 meter)
during Typhoon Milenyo
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and
common in Puroks 1,3, & 5
Flood is moderate (0.5 - 1 meter)
and common occurring seasonally
(Typhoon)
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) in Sitio
Central & Tubero, high in Sitio
Anscor especially along southern
banks of Mabacan river.
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter)
and common especially in Purok
Silangan, Ilaya.
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter)
and common

P a g e | 115
16. Hanggan

None

17. Masiit

None

Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter)

and common
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter)
and common in Purok 4; low in
Purok 3, high in Puroks 7, 2

5. Municipality of Cavinti

There are thirteen (13) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(Duhat, Labayo, Anglas, Poblacion, Sumucab, Banco, Layug, Udia,
Kanluran Talaongan, Silangan Talaongan, Mahipon, Inao-awan,
Tibatib).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no

landslide susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to
flooding.

P a g e | 116

Cavinti Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 117
Table 7. Results of Assessment of Nineteen (19) Barangays
Barangay

1. Duhat

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low

2. Labayo

Low

3. Anglas

Low

4. Poblacion

Low

5. Sumukab

Low

6. Banco

Low

7. Layug

Low

8. Udia

Low

9. Kanluran
Talaongan
10. Silangan
Talaongan
11. Mahipon

Low

Low

12. Inao-awan

Low

13. Tibatib

Low

14. Layasin
15. Bulajo
16. Cansuso
17. Paowin
18. Bukal
19. Sisilmin

None
None
None
None
None
None

Low

Recommendations

Monitor progress of mass movement

(e.g. landslide, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks).
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks).
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks).
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks).

Flood is (<0.5 meter) and rare

P a g e | 118
6. Municipality of Famy
-

There is one (1) barangay with landslide susceptibility (Mayatba).

There is one (1) barangay with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Cuebang Bato).

There are seven (7) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(Bacong, Balitoc, Kapatalan, Kataypuanan, Maate, Minayutan and
Salangbato).

There are ten (10) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

(Asana (Pob.), Bagong Pag-asa (Pob.), Banaba (Pob.), Batuhan,
Bulihan, Caballero (Pob.), Calumpang (Pob.), Damayan (Pob.),
Magdato (Pob.) and Tunhac).

There is one (1) barangay that was not assessed (Liyang).

P a g e | 119

Famy Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 120

Table 8. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Nineteen (19) Barangays

Barangay
1. Mayatba

Landslide
Susceptibility Rating
High

2. Cuebang Bato

Moderate

3. Bacong

Low

Remarks
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
Landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
Presence of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Develop an early
warning device / system; identify evacuation
site; Observe for saturated grounds or seeps
in areas that are not typically wet; Observed
for sunken or displayed road surfaces.
Constant communication and updates with
Brgy. Liyang / Kataypuanan on geohazard
situation.
Landslides are present in Puroks Centro,
Sapa and Kinamatian.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks); Develop an early warning
device/ system; Identify evacuation site;
Observe for saturated ground or seeps in
areas that are typically wet; Observed for
sunken or displaced road surfaces.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks) in other portions of the
barangay; Develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation site;
Observe for saturated ground or seeps in
areas that are not typically wet; Observed for
sunken or displaced road surfaces. Shallow
landslides are present along road cuts and
gullies. Activate the Barangay Disaster
Coordinating Council (BDCC).
Small/Shallow landslides are present along
road cuts. Although the barangay proper was
rated as low, the valley slopes are moderately
susceptible to landslide.

4. Balitoc

Low

5. Kapatalan

Low

Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,

P a g e | 121

6. Kataypuanan

7. Maate

8. Minayutan

Low

Low

Low

landslides, tension cracks); Observe for

presence of mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks); Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content). Small but active landslides are
present along valleys and road cuts.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks); Develop an early warning
device/system; Identify evacuation site;
Observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces.
Old landslide areas should be monitored.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks); Develop an early warning
device/system; Identify evacuation site;
Observe for saturated ground or seeps in
areas that are not typically wet; Observed for
sunken or displaced road surfaces.
The barangay proper has low susceptibility to
landslide. Upslope portion of the barangay
(without household) was affected by mass
movement during Typhoon Milenyo.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement e.g., landslides,
tension cracks); Develop an early warning
device/system; Identify evacuation site;
Observe for saturated ground or seeps in
areas that are not typically wet; Observed for
sunken or displaced road surfaces.
Although the barangay proper has low
landslides susceptibility, other areas
especially Purok 6 are highly susceptible to
landslide.

9. Salangbato

Low

10. Asana (Pob.)

None

P a g e | 122
11. Bagong Pag-asa
(Pob.)
12. Banaba (Pob.)

None
None

13. Batuhan

None

14. Bulihan

None

15. Caballero (Pob.)

None

16. Calumpang (Pob.)

None

17. Damayan (Pob.)

None

18. Magdalo (Pob.)

None

19. Tunhac

None

Sitio Lokong has low susceptibility to

landslide.

In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, all assessed barangays

were found to be susceptible to flooding.

Table 8.1 Results of Flood Assessment of the Nineteen (19) Barangays

Barangay
1. Asana (Pob.)

2. Bacong

3. Bagong Pag-asa (Pob.)

4. Balitoc
5. Banaba (Pob.)

6. Batuhan

Remarks
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper has low susceptibility to
flooding with depth of less than 0.5 m. Flashflooding with
moderate turbidity is common.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Flashflooding is rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Desilting of Ilog Bayan, Sahun and Inawasan
are recommended. The barangay proper is highly
susceptible to flood with depth of greater than 1 m. Flash
flooding with moderate turbidity is common.
Flash flooding is rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is moderately susceptible
to flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Flashflooding is
rare.
The barangay proper is moderately susceptible to
flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Flash flooding is

P a g e | 123

7. Bulihan

8. Caballero (Pob.)

9. Calumpang (Pob.)

10. Cuebang Bato

11. Damayan (Pob.)

12. Kapatalan
13. Kataypuanan

14. Maate

15. Magdalo (Pob.)

16. Mayatba

17. Minayutan

common.
The barangay proper is moderately susceptible to
flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Flash flooding is
rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is highly susceptible to
flooding with depth of greater than 1 m. Desilting of the
irrigation canal is recommended.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is moderately susceptible
to flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Desilting of Ilog
Inawasan is recommended.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river-water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Flashflooding is rare. Rivers are prone to
landslide damming.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is moderately susceptible
to flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Flashflooding is
common.
Flash flooding with moderate turbidity is rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay has low susceptibility to flooding.
Scouring also affect areas along the banks of the river.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Flash flooding with moderate turbidity is
common.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is highly susceptible to
flooding with depth of greater than 1 m. Desilting of
irrigation canal and widening of culvert are
recommended.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Flooding with depth of greater than 1 m affect
Puroks Centro and Sapa. Flashflooding with moderate
turbidity is common.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Rivers traversing the area prone to landslide

P a g e | 124
damming.
The barangay proper has low susceptibility to landslide
with depth of less than 0.5 m. Flash flooding is rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Tunhac 2 is moderately susceptible to flooding
with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m while Tunhac 1 is highly
susceptible to flooding with depth of greater than 1 m.
Flashflooding with high turbidity is very common.

18. Salangbato
19. Tunhac

7. Municipality of Kalayaan
-

There are no barangays with high landslide susceptibility.

There is one (1) barangay with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Longos).

There is one (1) barangay with low landslide susceptibility (San Juan).

The last of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no

landslide susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to
flooding (San Antonio).

P a g e | 125

Kalayaan Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 126
Table 9. Results of Assessment of the Three (3) Barangays
Barangay

1. San Juan

2. San Antonio
3. Longos

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low to None

None
Low (Sitio Lunao)
Moderate

Remarks/Recommendations

Rockslide.
Seasonal, moderate depth (0.5 1
meter) sheet flooding in Puroks 2, 3 & 4.

Monitor progress of mass movement

(e.g.
landslides,
tension
cracks).
Observe for presence of
mass
movement. Develop an early warning
device/system. Identify evacuation site.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in
creek/river
water
levels,
possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Observe for saturated round or
seeps in areas that are not typically wet.
Observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces.

8. Municipality of Liliw
-

There are no barangays with high landslide susceptibility.

There are two (2) barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Tuy-Baanan and Ilayan San Roque).

There are sixteen (16) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(Cabuyew, Bubukal, Bungkol, Palayan, Ibabang Taykin, Ilaya Taykin,
Silangan Bukal, Masika, Ilayang Palina, Ibabang Palina, Laguan,
Oples, Ibabang Sungi , Ilayang Sungi, Novaliches and Luquin)

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no

landslide susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to
flooding.

P a g e | 127

Liliw Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 128
Table 10. Results of Assessment of the Thirty-two (32) Barangays
Barangay

1. Daniw
2. Dita
3.Mal.
Kalantukan
4. Bayate
5. San Isidro
6. Cabuyew
7. Calumpang

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
None
None
None
None
Low
None

8. Dagatan
9. Mojon
10. Culoy
11. Tuy-Baanan

None
None
None
Moderate to
Low

12. Bubukal

Low

13. Bungkol

Low

14. Palayan

Low

15. Ibabang
Taykin

Low

Remarks/Recommendations

Riverbank erosion
Purok 6 affected by flooding from Lapad
River which experiences river during heavy
rains.

Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.

landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Identify
evacuation site. Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity
(soil
content).
Constant
communication and updates on geohazard
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates on geohazard
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates on geohazard
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates on geohazard
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates on geohazard

P a g e | 129

16. Ilaya Taykin

Low

17. Ilayan San

Roque

Moderate

18. Silangan
Bukal

Low

19. Masikap
20. Ilayang
Palina
21. Ibabang
Palina
22. Laguan

Low to None
Low to None

Low to None

23. Oples

Low to None

24. Ibabang
Sungi

Low to None

25. Ilayang
Sungi

Low

26. Pag-asa (Gat

Tayaw)
27. Rizal
28. BagongAnyo (Burgos)
29. Maslun
30. Kanluran

None

situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates on geohazard
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates on geohazard
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates with MDCC on
geohazard situation.

Low to None

None
None
None
None

River scouring affects the bridge in Laguan

River.
Flashflood from Mt. Banahaw in extreme
typhoons reaches more than 0.5 meter but
the pressure from the flow is very strong.
Low depth (0-0.5 meter), seasonal flooding
in Puroks 1,2 & 3.
Erosion along road cuts during strong
storms depositing sediments blanketing the
road. Flash flood along road which
transforms to a river during extremely
strong storms. Flashflood also occurs along
the banks of Liliw River.
Erosion along road cuts. The road
transforms to a river during severe storms
causing erosion along road cuts and
eroded sediments blanket the road when
water subsides.

P a g e | 130
Bukal
31. Novaliches
32. Luquin

Low
Low

9. Municipality of Los Baos

-

There are three (3) barangays with high landslide susceptibility

(Lalakay, Putho-Tuntungin and Bambang).

There is one (1) barangay with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Batong Malake).

There are nine (9) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

(Baybayin, Malinta, Mayondon, Bayog, San Antonio, Anos, Timugan,
Tadlac, and Maahas).

There is one (1) barangay that was already assessed by Region 4-A
(Bagong Silang).

P a g e | 131

Los Baos Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 132
Table 11. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Thirteen (13) Barangays
Barangay

1. Lalakay

2. PuthoTuntungin

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
High

High

Remarks

Monitor progress of mass movement

(e.g.,
landslides,
tension
cracks);
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g.,
landslides,
tension
cracks);
Develop an early warning device/system;
identify evacuation site; Observe rapid
increase/decrease in creek/water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); Observe for
saturated ground or seeps in areas that
are
not
typically
wet;
Constant
communication and updates with MDCC
on
geohazard
situation;
Relocate
residents living near/on critical slopes
and along river banks.
Typhoon Milenyo (end of September
2006) brought severe damage in the
barangay. Landslide occurred in Upper
Dampalit (Purok 3). In Libis, landslides
occurred along Libis Creek due to bank
erosion and undercutting.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g.,
landslides,
tension
cracks);
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g.,
landslides,
tension
cracks);
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in
creek/river
water
levels,
possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content); Observe for saturated ground or
seeps in areas that are not typically wet;
Constant communication and updates
with MDCC on geohazard situation.
Tension cracks in the form of terracets
are present. During Typhoon Milenyo,
recent/active landslides occurred in
Batong Bulo/Little Baguio (old PNR
quarry site) where approximately 40
families were affected and in Purok 5,
about 6 households were affected.

P a g e | 133
3. Bambang

4. Batong Malake

High

Moderate

Monitor progress of mass movement

(e.g.,
landslides,
tension
cracks);
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g.,
landslides,
tension
cracks);
Develop an early warning device/system;
Identify evacuation site; Observe for
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by
increased
turbidity
(soil
content);
Constant communication and updates
with MDCC on geohazard situation;
Relocate residents living near/on critical
slopes especially in Upper Dampalit.
During Typhoon Milenyo, active landslide
occurred in Upper Dampalit near the
quarry site where approximately 100
families were affected.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g.,
landslides,
tension
cracks);
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); Develop
an early warning device/system; Observe
for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by
increased
turbidity
(soil
content);
Observe for saturated ground or seeps in
areas that are not typically wet; Constant
communication and updates with MDCC
on geohazard situation.
Landslides along the roadcut leading to
the Jamboree site (BSP) were observed
as well as along the creek near UP
Forestry.

5. Baybayin
6. Malinta
7. Mayondon
8. Bayog
9. San Antonio
10. Anos
11. Timugan
12. Tadlac
13. Maahas

None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None

P a g e | 134
Typhoon Milenyo. Greater portion of the barangay had
floodwater depth of less than 0.5 meter but in Sitio
Ibaba, Sitio Potrero, and Purok 3, floodwater depth
reached more than 1 meter. Purok 3 and Sitio Ibaba
located along the riverside are seasonally flooded.

8. Malinta

9. Moyondon

10. Putho-Tuntungin

11. San Antonio

Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/water

levels in Malinta River, possibly accompanied by
increased
turbidity
(soil
content);
Constant
communication and updates with MDCC on geohazard
situation; Slope protection should be constructed along
portions of Maulawin River where erosion is active.
Almost whole barangay was affected by flooding due to
Typhoon Milenyo. 6 households were destroyed in
Purok 2 along the lakeshore. Purok 1 was the most
severely damaged. Deepest floodwater depth in the
barangay reached more than 1 meter (Puroks 1&2).
Portions of the barangay along the lakeshore are
seasonally flooded.
Identify
evacuation
site;
Observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/water levels in Malinta River,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content).
Puroks 1 and 5 near the lakeshore were most affected
by Typhoon Milenyo. Floodwater depth reached more
than 1 meter and approximately 200 households were
inundated. Sampaguita was also severely flooded due
to drainage problems (encompassed by 3 other
barangays namely Bayog, Maahas, and San Antonio).
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/water
levels in Malinta River, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content).
Portions of the barangay along Bitukang Manok Creek
are seasonally flooded, with floodwater depth of less
than 0.5 meter. However, during the recent Typhoon
Milenyo, almost the whole barangay was inundated.
Puroks 1 and 4 were affected the most, with floodwater
depth of more than 1 meter.
Almost the whole barangay was affected by
flooding/flashflooding due to Typhoon Milenyo. The
railroad along the boundary of Maahas and San Antonio
was blocked by uprooted trees, which caused damming
of water flowing therein. Purok 6 and portions of Purok 4
were inundated, with floodwater depth of more than 1

P a g e | 135
meter. Approximately 30 households were affected.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/water
levels in Maulawin River, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content).

12. Tadlac

13. Timugan

The whole barangay was flooded due to Typhoon

Milenyo. Floodwater depth reaches to more than 1
meter and approximately 362 families were affected.
Flashflooding with low turbidity (mud) also occurred.
Portions of the barangay along the lakeshore are
seasonally flooded.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/water
levels in Tadlac Creek, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content).
Not prone to flooding.

10. Municipality of Luisiana

-

There are no barangays with high landslide susceptibility.

There are no barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility.

There are ten (10) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (San
Isidro, San Pedro, San Rafael, San Roque, San Luis, San Jose, San
Diego, San Buenaventura, Santo Domingo and San Salvador).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no

landslide susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to
flooding.

P a g e | 136

Luisiana Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 137
Table 12. Results of Assessment of the Twenty-three (23) Barangays
Barangay

1. San Isidro
2. San Pedro

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low
Low

3. San Rafael
4. San Roque
5. San Luis
6. San Jose

Low
Low
Low
Low

7. San Antonio
8. San Diego

None
Low

9. Zone I
10. Zone II

None
None

11. Zone III

None

12. Zone IV
13. Zone V
14. Zone VI
15. Zone VII
16. Zone VIII
17. San
Buenaventura
18. Santo
Domingo
19. Dela Paz

None
None
None
None
None
Low to None
Low to None
None

Remarks/Recommendations

Low depth (0-0.5 meter) sheet flooding.

Overflow of Meapon River affects rice
fields only.
Low depth (0-0.5 meter) sheet flooding.
Low depth (0-0.5 meter) sheet flooding.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in
creek/river
water
levels,
possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Observe for saturated ground or
seeps in areas that are not typically wet.
Observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces.
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks). Develop
an early warning device/system. Identify
evacuation site. Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels,
possibly
accompanied
by
increased turbidity (soil content). Observe
for saturated ground or seeps in areas
that are not typically wet. Observe for
sunken or displaces road surfaces.
Flooding caused by clogged drainages
(garbage),
haphazard
construction
among others.
The barangay becomes isolated during
typhoon season because of the swelling
of Balanac River.

Flooding limited to palayan, niyugan.

P a g e | 138
20. San Pablo
21. Santo Tomas
22. San Juan
23. San Salvador

None
None
None
Low (Sitio
Labason)

Flooding limited to rice fields

Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks).

11. Municipality of Lumban

There are two (2) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Bagong
Silang and Balubad).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no landslide

susceptibility but have varying decrease of susceptibility to flooding.

P a g e | 139

Lumban Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 140
Table 13. Results of Assessment of the Sixteen (16) Barangays
Barangay

1. Bagong Silang

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low

2. Balubad

Low

3. Maytalang
4. Concepcion
5. Segunda Parang

None
None
None

6. Caliraya
7. Maytalang II
8. Salac

None
None
None

9. Primera Parang
10. Lewin
11. Primera Pulo

None
None
None

12. Sto. Nio

None

13. Wawa
14. Segunda Pulo

None
None

15. Balimbingan
16. Maracta

None
None

Recommendations

Monitor progress of mass movement,

e.g. landslide tension cracks
Observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces; report and upgrade riprap
along NPC River and riprapping of
Lumban River.
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and common
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and common
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and common
during heavy rain
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is moderate (0.5 meter) normally
occurs during release of water from
Botocan River in Caliraya/Kalayaan
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and
common for the rest of the barangay,
high in Purok 1
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and
occurs rarely which is normally caused
by overflow along riverbank of Lumban
River.
It is the first barangay to be affected if
Lumban River overflows, as it is the
lowest lying barangay in Lumban. Flood
is moderate for the rest of the barangay
and high along bank of Lumban river.
Flood is low (< 0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is moderate to high along
riverside and low in Tiwala.

P a g e | 141
12. Municipality of Mabitac

There are no barangays with high landslide susceptibility.

There are four (4) barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Masikap, Lukong, San Miguel and Amuyong).

There are two (2) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(Maligaya and Numero).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no

landslide susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to
flooding.

P a g e | 142

Mabitac Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 143
Table 14. Results of Assessment of the Fifteen (15) Barangays
Barangay

1.
2.
3.
4.

Pag-asa
Maligaya
Masikap
Lukong

5. Bayanihan
6. Paagahan

7. San Miguel

8. Amuyong

9. Libis ng Nayon
10. Lambac
11. Sinag-tala
12. Nanguma
13. San Antonio

Landslide
Recommendations
Susceptibility
Rating
None
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension crack).
Observe for presence of mass
movement.
Develop an early
warning device/system.
Identify
evacuation site. Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
Observe for saturated ground or
seeps in areas that are not typically
wet. Observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
None
None
Observe for presence of mass
movement. Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
Moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension crack).
Observe for presence of mass
movement.
Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
Moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension crack).
Observe for presence of mass
movement.
Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
None
None
None
None
None

P a g e | 144
14. Matalatala
15. Numero

None
Low

Observe for presence of mass

movement.
Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).

13. Municipality of Magdalena

There are no barangays with high landslide susceptibility.

There are no barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility.

There are two (2) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Buo at
Ilayang Atingay).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no landslide

susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to flooding.

P a g e | 145

Magdalena Geohazard Asessment

P a g e | 146
Table 15. Results of Assessment of Twenty- four (24) Barangays
Barangay

1.Buenavista
2.Cigaras
3. Tanauan
4.Ibabang Atingay
5. Buo
6.Ilayang Atingay
7. Halayhayin
8. Bucal
9. Ilog
10. Sabang
11. Balanac

12. Ibabang
Butnong
13. Maravilla
14. Malinao
15. Munting Abling
16. Banaan
17. Bungkol
18. Malaking
Ambling
19. Burlungan
20. Tipunan
21. Poblacion
22. Ilayang Butnog
23. Salasad

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
none
none
low
none
low
low to none
none
none
none
none
none

none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none

Remarks and Recommendations

Riverbank erosion
Riverbank erosion
Flooding of areas near Balanac
Flooding of areas near Balanac River
Barangay becomes isolated during
typhoon season because of swelling of
Balanac River.

P a g e | 147
14. Municipality of Majayjay

There is one (1) barangay (San Roque) with high landslide susceptibility.

There are four (4) barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Origuel, San Francisco, Sta. Catalina, Pangil, Panglan, Talortor, Munting
Kawayan, Olla, Pook, Banilad, Isabang, Bitaoy, Rizal, Tanauan, Bakia,
Piit, Botocan, Ilayang Banga, Gagalot, Balanak, Amonoy, Panalaban,
Malinao, Burgos, Taytay, Bukal, Ibabang Banga, and May-it).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no landslide

susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to flooding.

P a g e | 148

Majayjay Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 149
Table 16. Results of Assessment of the Thirty-eight (38) Barangays
Barangay

1. San Miguel

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate to low

2. Origuel

Low

3. San Francisco
4. Sta. Catalina
5. Pangil
6. Panglan
7. Coralao

Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate to low

8. Talortor
9. Munting

Low
Low

Remarks/Recommendations
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslide, tension cracks; observe for
presence of mass movement; develop an
early warning device/system; identify
evacuation sites, observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces; constant
communication and updates with MDCC on
geohazard situation; monitor, if possible,
evacuate/relocate several residents along
the slope and river channel in danger of
possible slope failure or landslide.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslide, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement; identify
evacuation site; constant communication and
updates with MDCC on geohazard situation;
monitor, if possible, relocate-10 houses
located near the slopes and river channel.

Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,

landslide, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement, develop an
early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces; constant
communication and updates with the MDCC
on geohazard situation; relocate 10
residents located near the cliff for possible
slope failure or landslide.

P a g e | 150
Kawayan
10. Olla
11. Suba

Low
None

12. San Isidro

13. Banti

None
Moderate

14. Pook

15. Banilad

16. Isabang

17. Bitaoy

18. Rizal

Moderate depth, seasonal sheet flooding (0.5

- 1 meter) near river channels.

Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,

landslide, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement; develop an
early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces; constant
communication and updates with the MDCC
on geohazard situation.
Low
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslide, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement, Observe for
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil contents). Observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces; constant
communication and updates with MDCC on
geohazard situation
Low (except
Observe for presence of mass movement
along foothills of a (e.g., landslides, tension cracks); observe for
small ridge which saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
is moderately
not typically wet.
susceptible to
landslides)
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks); observe for
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil contents); observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces; observe for
saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet.
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks); observe for
saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet; observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
Low
Landslide along slopes above irrigation
canals.

P a g e | 151
19. Tanawan

Low

20. Bakia

Low

21. Piit
22. Botocan

Low
Low ( Puroks
Kalyahon &
Acacia-high
susceptibility to
landslide

23. Ilayang
Banga
24. Gagalot

Low
Low

25. Balanak

Low

26. Burol

Low

27. Amonoy
28. Panalaban

Low
Low

Observe for presence of mass movement

(e.g., landslides, tension cracks).
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks); observe for
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil contents); observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces; constant
communication and updates with Brgy.
Botocan on geohazard situation
Observe for presence of mass movement;
develop an early warning device/system;
identify evacuation site; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil contents); observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces; observe for
saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet.

Observe for presence of mass movement

(e.g., landslides, tension cracks); observe for
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil contents); observe for saturated
ground of seeps in areas that are not
typically wet. Observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
Pangasayan high in flooding (depth of >1
meter).
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslide, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement; develop an
early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil contents); observe for saturated ground
or seeps in areas that are not typically wet.
Observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces.
Riverbank erosion along riverbanks.
Riverbank erosion along Dilitiwan River.

P a g e | 152
29. Ilayang
Bayucain
30. Ibabang
Bayucain
31. San Roque

None

High to Moderate

32. Malinao
33. Oobi
34. Burgos
35. Taytay

Low
None
Low
Low

36. Bukal
37. Ibabang
Banga
38. May-it

Low
Low

None
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslide, tension cracks); observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil contents); observe for saturated ground
or seeps in areas that are not typically wet.
Observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces.

Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.

landslide, tension cracks).

Low

15. Municipality of Nagcarlan

There are six (6) barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Cabuyew, Bangkuro, Wakat, Lawagin, Bukal and San Francisco)

There are nineteen (19) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(Silangan Ilaya, Bambang, Sulsugin, Buboy, Buenavista, Balayong, Abo,
Silangan Napapatid, Mayaquitos, Taytay, Banilad, Malaya, Yukos,
Silangan Lazaaan, Malinao Sinipian, Noples, Balimbing and Palina)

The rest of the assessed barangay of the municipality have no landslide

susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to flooding.

P a g e | 153

Nagcarlan Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 154
Table 17. Results of Assessments of the Forty-seven (47) Barangays
Barangay

1.Cabuyew

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate

2.Bankuro

Moderate

3.Wakat

Moderate

4.Lawagin

Moderate

5. Bukal

Moderate

6. San Francisco

Moderate

7. Silangan Ilaya

Low

8. Bambang

Low

9. Sulsugin

Low

10. Buboy

Low

11. Buenavista

Low

12. Balayong

Low

13. Abo

Low

14. Silangan
Napaptid

Low

Recommendations

Fund relocation for five (5) houses located

near landslide area preferably with same
barangay
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides,
tension
cracks);
identify
evacuation site; constant communication
with B/MDCC; request for thorough study
of the design of the slope degradation at
San Francisco Elem. Sch. (Purok 5).
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks)
Observe presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks)
Observe presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); monitor
and observe presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks)
Observe presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); monitor
and observe presence of mass movement

P a g e | 155

15. Mayaquitos

Low

16. Banilad

Low

17. Malaya

Low

18. Yukos

Low

19. Silangan
Lazaan

Low

20. Malinao

Low

21. Sinipian

Low

22. Balimbing

Low

23. Taytay

Low

24. Noples

Low

25. Palina

Low

26. Kanluran
Lazaan
27. Palayan
28. Talangan
30. Sta. Lucia

None
None
None
None

31. Nagcalbang

None

(e.g. landslides, tension cracks)

Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe
presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe
presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); develop an
early warning device/system; observe rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity-soil content; observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); develop an
early warning device/system; observe rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity-soil content; observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
Observe presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks)
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); constant
communication and update with Barangay
Sinipian on geohazard situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks).
Observe presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks)
Observe presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks)

Flood is low (<0.5 meter) at river side at

Puroks 1-6

P a g e | 156
32. Lagulo
33. Silangan
Kabuhayan
34. Kanluran
Kinabuhayan
35. Sibulan
36. Banca banca

None
None

None
None

37. Buhangian
38. Calumpang
39. Talahib
40. Alambrado

None
None
None
None

41. Maliit
42. Banago
43. Manaol
44. Maravilla

None
None
None
None

45. Sabang
46. Bunga
44. Tipakin

None
None
None

None

Flooding at barangay center due to poor

drainage

Flooding is confined at river banks

Flooding occurs during rainy season but
easily subsides

Flooding is confined at river banks

Flood reached up to 1.5 meters during
Typhoon Milenyo
Flood occurs rarely
Flood occurs rarely
Flood occurs rarely

16. Municipality of Paete

There is one (1) barangay with low landslide susceptibility (Ibaba del Sur),

There are four (4) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

(Ibaba del Norte, Ermita, Bangkusay, and Maytoong).

P a g e | 157

Paete Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 158
Table 18. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Nine (9) Barangays

Barangay
1. Bagumbayan

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate

2. Ilaya del Norte

Moderate

3. Ilaya del Sur

Moderate

Remarks
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks);
observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels,
possibly
companied
by
increased turbidity (soil content).
In the barangay proper and Sitio San
Isidro along the footslopes of ML
Kalusugan, evidences of mass
movement are present such as
old/inactive landslides, escarpments,
and debris flow. Based on historical
accounts the said events occurred last
August 15, 2002.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks);
observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system
for possible flash
flooding and occurrence of debris
flow;
observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content);
constant communication and updates
with Barangay Ilaya del Sur on
geohazard situation; informal settlers
must be prohibited in putting up
settlements along or within slopes.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks);
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system
for possible flash
flooding and occurrence of debris

P a g e | 159

4. Quinale

5. Ibaba del Sur

Moderate

Low

flow;
observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content);
constant communication and updates
with Barangay Ilaya del Norte on
geohazard situation; informal settlers
must be prohibited in putting up
settlements along or within slopes.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks) in
Pulong Cogon; observe of presence of
mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks); observe for rapid
increase/decrease in canal water
levels, possibly increased by turbidity
(soil content)
In
Sitio
Upper
White
Plains,
recent/active, old/ inactive landslides,
and escarpments are present.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks);
observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g., landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation
site;
observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content);
observe for saturated ground or seeps
in areas that are not typically wet;
observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces; constant communication and
updates with MDCC on geohazard
situation.
Rockfall occurred within the barangay
during severe storm in 2002.

6. Ibaba del Norte

7. Ermita
8. Bangkusay
9. Maytoong

None
None
None
None

P a g e | 160
In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, eight (8) out of the nine (9)
assessed barangays were found to be susceptible to flooding.

Table 18.1. Results of Flood Assessment of Nine (9) Barangays

Barangay
1. Bagumbayan

2. Bangkusay

3. Ermita

4. Ilaya del Norte

5. Ilaya del Sur

6. Ibaba del Norte

7. Ilaya del Sur

8. Maytoong

Remarks
The barangay proper is seasonally flooded with
floodwater depth of less than 0.5 meter. Flash
flooding with very high boulders and debris is
common.
Flash flooding with moderate turbidity is common
along Sintunis/Bayan River, which may directly affect
the barangay proper. Artificial damming of this river
also occurred in the past which caused flooding in the
barangay proper that reached more than 1 meter.
Develop an early warning device/system for possible
occurrence of flood
Flash flooding with moderate turbidity is common
along Sintunis River, which may directly affect the
barangay proper. Artificial damming of this river also
occurred in the past which caused flooding in the
barangay proper that reached up to 0.5 meter.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by turbidity (soil
content).
Flashflooding with very high turbidity is common.
Flashflooding with very high turbidity is common
along Sintunis/Bayan River, which may directly affect
the barangay proper and the barangay hall. Artificial
damming of the river also occurred in the past, which
caused flooding in the barangay proper that reached
1 meter.
Not prone to flooding
The barangay rarely experiences flooding. The most
recent account was during a severe storm in 2002
wherein flash flooding occurred (low to moderate
turbidity).
Madrian St. is seasonally flooded, with floodwater
depth of less than 0.5 meter.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content)

P a g e | 161
9. Quinale

The barangay is seasonally flooded due to

overflowing of Bambang Canal, with floodwater depth
of less than 0.5 meter.

17. Municipality of Pagsanjan

There are no barangays with high landslide susceptibility.

There is one (1) barangay with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Anibong).

There are three (3) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(Lambac, Poblacion I and San Isidro).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no landslide

susceptibility to flooding.

P a g e | 162

Pagsanjan Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 163
Table 19. Results of Assessment of Sixteen (16) Barangays
Barangay

1. Calusiche

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None

2. Magdapio
3. Pinagsanjan

None
None

4. Sampaloc

None

5. Daigin
6. Maulawin

None
None

7. Anibong

Moderate to low

8. Lambac
9. Sabang
10. Cabanbanan
11. Layugan
12. Buboy
13. Poblacion I

None
None
None
None
None
Low

14. Bian
15. San Isidro

None
Low

16. Poblacion II

None

Remarks/ Recommendations

Low (0.5 meter) to high (> 1 meter) depth

Seasonal flooding in Purok 1
Sitios affected by flooding: Cubao, Palengke,
Cordillera, Iningayan, Bagumbayan &
Tubingan.
Riverbank erosion.
Low depth (0 - 0.5 meter); seasonal sheet
flooding affects Jubillee Homes;
Moderate depth (0.5 1 meter) seasonal
sheet flooding affects Mabini Extension.
High depth (>1 meter), seasonal sheet
flooding affects Babilonia St.
Riverbank erosion
Flood affected areas: Balanac Bridge,
Lambac and Maulawin Roads, Gen. Luna to
Soriano St. and Purok 1.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement at Ibabang
Anibong, Puroks 1 & 2; about 15 houses are
located very near the footslopes.
Flooding occurs in the vicinity of Balanak
River near Brgy. Maulawin.

Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,

landslides, tension cracks).
Sitios 1,2 & 3 affected by flooding
Sitio Maligaya affected by flooding, the
source of which is Bumbungon River
Affected by flooding: Garcia St., Rizal St.
and Mabini St. mostly during typhoon/ heavy
rains.

P a g e | 164
18. Municipality of Pakil

There is one (1) barangay with high landslide susceptibility

(Casa Real).

There are six (6) barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility:

Bao (Pob.), Burgos (Pob.), Gonzales (Pob.), Rizal (Pob.), Taft
(Pob.) and Tavera (Pob.)

There is one (1) barangay with low landslide susceptibility

(Casinsin).

There are three (3) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

(Banilan, Kabulusan and Matikiw)

There are two (2) barangays that were not assessed (Dorado and
Saray).

P a g e | 165

Pakil Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 166
Table 20. Results of Landslide Assessment of Eleven (11) Barangays
Barangay

1. Casa Real

2. Bao (Pob.)

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
High

Moderate

3. Burgos (Pob.) Moderate

4. Gonzales
(Pob.)

Moderate

Remarks

Monitor progress of mass

movement (e.g. landslide, tension
cracks); observe for presence of
mass movement (e.g. landslide,
tension cracks); develop an early
warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for
saturated ground or seeps in
areas that are not typically wet;
observe for sunken or displaced
road surfaces.
Landslide in Susong Dalaga
towards the channel of Taal River
may cause damming and will
affect around forty (40) houses.
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g., landslide, tension
cracks); observe for saturated
ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet; observe for
sunken or displaced road
surfaces.
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g., landslide, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation
site; observe for saturated ground
or seeps in areas that are not
typically wet; observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces;
constant communication and
updates with Brgy. Taft on
geohazard situation.
The area is adjacent to the
footslope of very steep hill which
is susceptible to landslide.
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g., landslide, tension
cracks); develop an early warning

P a g e | 167
device/system; identify evacuation
site; observe for saturated ground
or seeps in areas that are not
typically wet; observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces.

5. Rizal (Pob.)

Moderate

6. Taft (Pob.)

Moderate

7. Tavera (Pob.)

Moderate

The barangay is relatively

adjacent to a steeply sloping hill
which is susceptible to landslide.
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g., landslide, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation
site; observe for saturated ground
or seeps in areas that are not
typically wet; observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces.
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g., landslide, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation
site; observe for saturated ground
or seeps in areas that are not
typically wet; observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces;
constant communication and
updates with Brgy. Bao and Rizal
on geohazard situation.
The barangay is on a footslope of
a steeply sloping ridge. A small
landslide occurred on the
midslope of the ridge on 2002
along the barangay proper.
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g., landslide, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation
site.
The area lies on footslope of
steeply sloping ridge making the
area susceptible to landslide and
rock fall.

8. Casinsin
9. Banilan

Low
None

P a g e | 168
10. Kabulusan
11. Matikiw

None
None

In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, all assessed barangays

were found to be susceptible to flooding.

Table 201.1 Results of Flood Assessment of the Eleven (11) Barangays

Barangay
1. Banilan
2. Bao (Pob.)

Remarks
Flash flooding is rare.
Develop an early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for rapid increase in
creek/river water levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with Brgy. San Jose on
flooding situation. Flashflooding with moderate
turbidity is common. During heavy rains, water from
Brgy. San Jose drains to the area.
3. Burgos (Pob.) Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). The area is affected by flashflooding with moderate turbidity (soil and pebbles).
4. Casa Real
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). Sitio Villa Cristina is highly
susceptible to flooding with depth of more than 1
meter.
5. Casinsin
Flash flood is rare
6. Gonzales
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
(Pob.)
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). The barangay is susceptible to
flashflooding with low turbidity.
7. Kabulusan
Purok Ilang-Ilang and Maligaya II have low
susceptibility to landslide with depth less than 1 meter.
Flashflooding with very high turbidity is rare.
8. Matikiw
Flashflooding is rare.
9. Rizal (Pob.)
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). The barangay is highly
susceptible to flashflooding with moderate turbidity.
River scouring is severe along the Pansol River.
10. Taft (Pob.)
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). The barangay is affected by
flashflooding with moderate turbidity.

P a g e | 169
11. Tavera
(Pob.)

Flashflooding with low turbidity is common during

heavy rains.

19. Municipality of Pangil

There is one (1) barangay with high susceptibility (Balian)

There are two (2) barangays with moderate landslide

susceptibility (Galalan, Mabato Azufre)

There are two (2) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(Sulib and Natividad)

There are two (2) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

(San Jose and Isla)

There is one (1) barangay that was already assessed by the

MGB-Region 4-A (Dambo)

P a g e | 170

Pangil Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 171
Table 21. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Eight (8) Barangays
Barangay

1. Balian

2. Dambo
3. Galalan

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
High

Remarks

Monitor progress of mass movement

(e.g. landslide, tension cracks) in
Pulong Cogon; observe for presence
of mass movement (e.g. landslide,
tension cracks); develop an early
warning/system; identify evacuation
site; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content);
observe for saturated ground or
seeps in areas that are not typically
wet; observe sunken or displaced
road surface; relocate house located
at the footslope of the steep ridge
along the highway in Purok 5.

In Pulong Cogon, an escarpment of

about 2 meters near the
transmission tower has been
identified. Old/inactive landslides are
also present along the slope of the
ridge in Purok 5.
Already assessed by MGB Region 4-A
Moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslide, tension cracks) in
Pulong Cogon; observe for presence
of mass movement (e.g. landslide,
tension cracks); develop an early
warning/system; identify evacuation
site; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content);
constant communication and
updates with Brgy. Sulib on
geohazard situation.
In Sitio Lalawinan, evidences of
mass movement are present in the
form of tension cracks, escarpments,
and old/inactive landslides. Soil

P a g e | 172

4. Mabato-Azufre

Moderate

5. Sulib

Low

6. Natividad

Low

7. San Jose
8. Isla

None
None

creeping is widespread.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g., landslide, tension cracks) in
Pulong Cogon; observe for presence
of mass movement (e.g., landslide,
tension cracks); develop an early
warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for sunken
or displaced road surface.
Recent/active landslides are present
in Puroks 3 and 4. Recent
escarpments are present in Purok 4.
The whole barangay experiences
patchy soil creeping.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease
in creek/river water levels, possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); observe for saturated
ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet; observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces; constant
communication and updates with
Brgy. Galalan on geohazard
situation.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease
in creek/river water levels, possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); constant
communication and updates with
MDCC on geohazard situation.

In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, all assessed

barangays were found to be susceptible to flooding.

Table 21.1. Results of Flooding Assessment of Eight (8) Barangays

Barangay
1. Balian

2. Dambo

Remarks
Portions of Purok 1 along Balian river experiences
flooding especially during typhoons and continuous
rains. Floodwater depth ranges from 0.5 to 1 meter.
Flash flooding is rare.
Already assessed by MGB-Region 4-A

P a g e | 173
3. Galalan
4. Isla

5. Mabato-Azufre

6. Natividad

7. San Jose

8. Sulib

Not prone to flooding

Puroks 2 and 6 are seasonally flooded, with floodwater
depth ranging from 0.5 to 1 meter. Puroks 5 and 6 are
seasonally flooded as well, with floodwater depth of
more than 1 meter. Flash flooding with moderate
turbidity is common.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content).
Based on historical accounts, the barangay had
experienced coastal flooding (1972) wherein the water
has advanced about 150 meters from the present
shoreline and floodwater depth reached more than 1
meter. In general, the barangay is seasonally flooded.
Flashflooding with moderate turbidity is common along
rivers and creeks.
The riverside portion of barangay is seasonally flooded
due to overflowing of Pangil River. Floodwater depth is
usually 0.5 meter but can reach more than 1 meter
during strong typhoons and continuous rains.
Flashflooding with moderate turbidity is common.
Establish protection along the banks (i.e. riprap) of
Pangil River to control riverbank erosion.
Almost one third of the barangay is seasonally flooded.
Floodwater depth is usually 0.5 meter but can reach
more than 1 meter during strong typhoon and
continuous rains. Flash flooding with moderate turbidity
is common.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); constant communication and
updates with MDCC on geohazard situation, particularly
flooding; strengthening of BDCC; establish protection
along the riverbanks (i.e. riprap) of Pangil River to
control riverbank erosion; maintenance of
drainage/irrigation canals.
River scouring is common along Pangil River in Sitio
Lakpan (near the 4-km post and boundary with Brgy.
Galalan) Flashflooding along Pangil River with
moderate turbidity is rare.

P a g e | 174
20. Municipality of Pila

There are fourteen (14) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

(Tubuan, Concepcion, Mojon, Pansol, Bulilan Norte, Sta. Clara
Norte, Bulilan Sur, Sta. Clara Sur, San Antonio, Bagong Pook,
Labuin, Pinagbayanan, Linga and Aplaya).

P a g e | 175

Pila Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 176
Table 22. Results of Assessment of the Fourteen (14) Barangays
Barangay

1. Tubuan
2. Concepcion
3. Mojon
4. Pansol
5. Bulihan Norte
6. Sta. Clara
Norte

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
None
None
None
None
None

7. Bulilan Sur
8. Sta. Clara Sur
9. San Antonio

None
None
None

10. Bagong Pook

11. Labuin

None
None

12 Pinagbayanan

None

13. Linga

None

14. Aplaya

None

Remarks/Recommendations

Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common

Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common;
measurement made in Puroks 4 & 3;
deepest during Typhoons Rosing &
Milenyo.
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood was measured at 0.5 meter in Purok
6 (rice fields)
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare; flood in
Puroks 4 & 2 is due to non-existence of
drainage system (excess water from
irrigation canal)
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare. In
Purok 1 flood reached up to more than 1
meter near the lake.
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare, easily
subsides; moderate (0.5 -1 meter) flooding
in rice fields.
Flood is high (> 1 meter) and very
common.

21. Municipality of Rizal

There are no barangays with high landslide susceptibility.

There are no barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility.

There are four (4) barangays with low landslide susceptibility

(Laguan, Pook, Pauli II and Entablado).

The rest of the assessed barangays in the municipality have no

landslide susceptibility but have varying degrees of susceptibility to
flooding.

P a g e | 177

Rizal Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 178
Table 23. Results of Assessment of the Eleven (11) Barangays
Barangay

1. Laguan

2. Pook
3. Pauli II

4. Entablado

5. East
Poblacion
6. West
Poblacion
7. Tala
8. Tuy
9. Pauli I
10. Talaga
11. Antipolo

Landslide
Remarks/Recommendations
Susceptibility
Rating
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); observe for
saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet.
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks).
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); develop an
early warning device/system; observe for
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); observe for saturated
ground or seeps in areas that are typically
wet.
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
High (Basiling (e.g. landslides, tension cracks); develop an
Area,
early warning device/system; observe for
particularly
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
along road
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
cut)
turbidity (soil content); observe for saturated
ground or seeps in areas that are typically
wet; observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces.
None
None
None
None
None
None
None

Low depth (0-0.5 meter) sheet flooding.

Low depth (0-0.5 meter) sheet flooding.

P a g e | 179
22. Municipality of Sta. Cruz

There are twenty three (23) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

namely, Labuin, Patimbao, Santo Angel Sur, Poblacion III, Poblacion IV,
San Pablo Norte, Santisima Cruz, Poblacion V, San Pablo Sur, Poblacion
II, Poblacion I, Pagsawitan, Santo Angel Central, Sto. Angel Norte,
Callios, Bagumbayan, Duhat, Gatid, San Juan, San Jose, Jasaan,
Oogong, Malinao

P a g e | 180

Santa Cruz Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 181
Table 24. Results of Assessments of Twenty-three (23) Barangays
Barangay

1. Labuin
2. Patimbao
3. Santo Angel
Sur
4. Poblacion III
5. Poblacion IV
6. San Pablo
Norte
7. Santisima
Cruz
8. Poblacion V

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None

9. San Pablo Sur

10. Poblacion II
11. Poblacion I

None
None
None

12. Pagsawitan
13. Santo Angel
Central
14. Santo Angel
Norte
15. Callios
16. Bagumbayan
17. Duhat
18. Gatid

None
None

None
None
None
None

19. San Juan

20. San Jose

None
None

21. Jasaan
22. Oogong
23. Malinao

None
None
None

None

Remarks/Recommendation

Flood is high (> 1 meter) and common

Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is moderate (0.5 - 1 meter) and
common
Flood is high (> 1 meter) and common
Flood is moderate (0.5 - 1 meter)
Flood is high (> 1 meter) and common
near coastal area
Flood is high (> 1 meter) and common
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and very
common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and
common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and
common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and
common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and
common
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is low (<0.5 meter) and rare
Flood is moderate (0.5 1 meter) and
common

P a g e | 182
23. Municipality of Siniloan

There is one (1) barangay with high landslide susceptibility (Laguio).

There is one (1) barangay with moderate landslide susceptibility (Llavac).

There are seven (7) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Halayhayin,
Kapatatalan, Liyang, Mactad, Magsaysay, Mayataba and P. Burgos).

There are eleven (11) barangays with no landslide susceptibility

(Acevilla, Bagong Pag-Asa (Pob.) Bagumbarangay (Pob.), Buhay, G. Redor
(Pob.), Gen. Luna, J. Rizal (Pob.), Mendiola, Pandeo, Salubungan and
Wawa).

P a g e | 183

Siniloan Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 184
Table 25. Results of Landslide Assessment of Twenty (20) Barangays
Barangay

1. Laguio

2. Llavac

3. Halayhayin
4. Kapatalan
5. Liyang
6. Macatad
7. Magsaysay
8. Mayatba
9. P. Burgos

10. Acevida
11. Bagong Pagasa (Pob.)
12. Bagumbayan
(Pob.)
13. Buhay

Landslide
Remarks
Susceptibility
Rating
high
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g. landslides,
tension cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation site; observe
for saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet; observed for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g. landslides,
tension cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation site; observe
for saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet; observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
low
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
low
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
low
low
low
low
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
low
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks) in hillside sitios such
as Quinale and Alas-as; develop an early
warning device/system.
none
none
none
none

14. G. Redor (Pob.)

none

15. Gen. Luna

none

Observe for presence of mass movement (e.g.

landslides, tension cracks). Develop an early
warning device/system.
Observe for presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Develop an early
warning device/system.

P a g e | 185
16. J. Rizal (Pob.)
17. Mendiola

none
none

18. Pandeo
19. Salubungan
20. Wawa

none
none
none

Observe for presence of mass movement (e.g.

landslides, tension cracks).

In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, all the twenty (20) assessed
barangays were found to be susceptible to flooding.

Table 25.1 Results of Flood Assessment of the Twenty (20) Barangays

Barangay
1. Acevida

2. Bagong Pag-asa
(Pob.)

3. Bagumbarangay
(Pob.)

4. Buhay

5. G. Redor (Pob.)

Remarks
Develop an early warning device/system;
strengthen the Barangay Disaster Coordinating
Council (BDCC); the entire barangay is
moderately susceptible to flood with depth of
0.5 m to 1 m. Riverbank erosion affect areas
along Siniloan River.
Identify evacuation site; strengthen BDCC.
Sixty (60) houses located near Ilog Romilo are
affected by flood with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m.
Areas along the banks of Ilog Romilo are
affected by erosion.
Observe rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by
increase turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with Municipal
Disaster Coordinating Council (MDCC) on
flooding
situation;
construct
riverbank
protection along Romelo River; flash flooding is
rare.
Observe rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by
increase turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with Municipal
Disaster Coordinating Council (MDCC) on
flooding situation; strengthen BDCC; one third
(1/3) of the barangay is susceptible to flooding
with depth of greater than 1 m. Flash flooding
is rare.
Constant communication and update with
Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council
(MDCC) on flooding situation; low lying
portions of the barangay are susceptible to

P a g e | 186

6. Gen. Luna

7. Halayhayin

8. J. Rizal (Pob.)

9. Kapatalan

10. Laguio

11. Liyang
12. Llavac

13. Macatad
14. Magsaysay
15. Mayatba
16. Mendiola

flooding. Flashflooding is rare.

Identify evacuation site; Malaking Punsak is
moderately susceptible to flooding with depth
of 0.5 m to 1 m. The main street (Sabang) is
highly susceptible to flooding with depth of
greater than 1 m. Riverbank erosion also
affects areas near Romelo River. The residents
request for riverbank protection along Romelo
River.
Observe rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by
increase turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with Municipal
Disaster Coordinating Council (MDCC) on
flooding situation,
Identify evacuation site; activate BDCC; ten
percent (10%) of the barangay is susceptible to
flood with depth of less than 0.5 meter. Roads
are inundated during typhoons.
Flooding due to drainage problem with depth of
more than a meter affects the Housing Project
in the barangay.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in
creek/river water levels, possibly accompanied
by
increased
turbidity
(soil
content).
Flashflooding is rare.
Flashflooding is rare
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in
creek/river water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
Flashflooding along Romelo River is rare.
Floodflooding is rare.
Floodflooding is rare
Develop an early warning device/system;
Identify evacuation site; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); constant communication and
updates with the MDCC on geohazard
situation; monitor the portion of the river where
riverbank erosion had been identified; desilting
of Romelo and Mayor River is recommended.
Flash flooding is rare. Most part of the
barangay is susceptible to flood. Houses
located near the river in Don Felipe Subdivision
are highly susceptible to flood.

P a g e | 187
17. P.Burgos

18. Pandeo
19. Salubungan

20. Wawa

Observe rapid increase/decrease in creek/river

water levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with MDCC on
flooding situation; monitor portions of Mayor
River where erosion has been identified;
possible relocation of around ten (10)
households near the riverbank should be done.
Most parts of the barangay are susceptible to
flooding. Flashflooding with moderate turbidity
is rare. Riverbank erosion also affects areas
located near the banks of Mayor River.
Roads are susceptible to flood with depth of
more than a meter.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in
creek/river water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with MDCC on
flooding situation; monitor portions of the river
where erosion occurs. Three sitios of the
barangay are highly susceptible to flooding.
Sitio Buladero has low susceptibility to flooding
with depth of less than 0.5 meter.
Develop an early warning system/device;
strengthen BDCC; The entire barangay is
highly susceptible to flood with depth of greater
than 1 m. Tidal flooding and storm surge also
affect the barangay.

24. Municipality of Santa Maria

There is one (1) barangay with high landslide susceptibility (Talangka).

There are three (3) barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility

(Tungkod, Jose Laurel, Sr. and Mataling-Ting).

There are seven (7) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Cambuja,
Cabooan, Calangay, Inayapan, Pao-o, Parang ng Buho and Santiago).

There are fourteen (14) barangays with no landslide susceptibility (Adia,

Bagong Pook, Barangay I (Pob.), Barangay II (Pob.), Barangay III (Pob.),
Barangay IV (Pob.), Kayhakat, Bubukal, Jose Rizal, Bagumbayan,
Coralan, Macasipac, Masinao and Cueva).

P a g e | 188

Santa Maria Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 189
Table 26.
Results of Landslide Assessment of the Twenty-Five (25) Barangays

Barangay
1. 1. Talangka

Landslide
Susceptibility
Remarks
Rating
high
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks) in other sitios of
the barangay; develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation site;
observe for rapid increase/decrease in
creek/river
water
levels,
possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content); observe for saturated ground or
seeps in areas that are not typically wet;
strengthen BDCC.

2. Tungkod

moderate

3. Jose Laurel,
Sr.

moderate

4. Mataling-Ting

moderate

Landslides are present in Sitios Daza and

Looban
(barangay
proper);
Active
landslides are also present along the
roadcuts in Sitio Mountainside.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks) in other sitios of
the barangay; Develop an early warning
device/system; Identify evacuation site;
Constant communication and updates with
Barangays Santiago and Parang na Buho
on geohazard situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); develop an
early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); observe for
saturated ground or seeps in areas that are

P a g e | 190
not typically wet; observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.

5. Cambuja

low

6. Cabooan

low

7. Calangay

low

8. Inayapan

low

9. Pao-o

low

10. Parang ng
Buho

low

Although the barangay proper is rated as

moderate
in
terms
of
landslide
susceptibility, Puroks Himaw, Bokbok and
Panagsagan are highly susceptible to
landslide and will possibly cause damming
to Calangay River (Brgy. Calangay).
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks) in
mountain sitios such as Matahimik and
Paang Bundok; develop an early warning
device/system; activate the BDCC.
Sitios Matahimik and Paang Bundok are
moderately susceptible to landslide due to
their topography. Houses located in the mid
and footslopes may be affected in case of a
landslide.
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks).
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks).
Although the barangay proper has low
landslide susceptibility (since it is situated
in a gently sloping area), Sitio Aguho is
moderately susceptible to mass movement
as evidenced by old landslides and soil
creeping in the area.
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); develop
an early warning device/system.
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); develop
an early warning device/system; landslides
are confined along roadcuts.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks) in Tatlong
Binatang area; observe for presence of
mass movement (e.g., landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; constant communication

P a g e | 191
and updates with Brgy. Santiago on
geohazard situation.

11. Santiago

low

Tatlong Binatang area has moderate

susceptibility to landslide as manifested by
the presence of old and recent landslides.
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); constant
communication
and
updates
with
Barangays Laurel and Parang na Buho on
geohazard situation.
Active landslide along Marikina-Infanta
Road in Centro B will possibly affect 10
houses. The road should be protected from
landslides.

12. Adia

none

13. Bagong Pook

14. Barangay I
(Pob.)
15. Barangay II
(Pob.)
16. Barangay III
(Pob.)
17. Barangay IV
(Pob.)
18. Kayhakat
19. Bubukal
20. Jose Rizal
21. Bagumbayan
22. Coralan
23. Macasipac

none
none

none
none
none
none
none
none

24. Masinao
25. Cueva

none
none

Observe for presence of mass movement

(e.g. landslide, tension cracks) in Sitio
Malatiki.

none
none
none

Observe for presence of mass movement

(e.g., landslides, tension cracks); develop
an early warning device/system.
Sitio Salulo, Nawasa Station has low
landslide susceptibility.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); develop an
early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for saturated

P a g e | 192
ground or seeps in areas that are not
typically wet; observe for sunken or
displaced
road
surfaces;
Constant
communication and updates with Brgy.
Santiago on geohazard situation.
Evidences of landslide are present in Sitio
Hagnaya. Some portions of Little Baguio
are highly susceptible to landslide.
In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, twenty-four (24) out of
twenty (25) assessed barangays were found to be susceptible to flooding.

Table 26.1 Results of Flood Assessment of the Eight (8) Barangays

Barangay
1. Adia

2. Bagong Pook

3. Bagumbayan
4. Barangay I (Pob.)

5.Barangay II (Pob.)

6. Barangay III (Pob.)

Remarks
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); develop an early warning
device/system; constant communication and
updates with Barangays Santiago and Laurel on
flooding situation. Flashflooding is common.
Riverbank erosion along Malatiki River affects
Sitios Isla and Malatiki.
The entire barangay is highly susceptible to
flooding with depth of greater than 1 m;
strengthen BDCC; Riverbank and channel erosion
is active along the rivers.
Flashflooding is rare.
Develop an early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; Flashflooding is rare with
moderate turbidity.
Identify evacuation site; Part of Burgos and Rizal
Streets are moderately susceptible to sheet
flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Riverbank
erosion is active in this area affecting residential
areas constructed along riverbanks. Riverbank
protection along Sta. Maria is requested by the
residents.
Develop an early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; the entire barangay is prone to
flooding with depth of not more than 1 m.
Riverbank erosion along Sta. Maria also affects
the barangay.

P a g e | 193
7. Barangay IV (Pob.)

8. Bubukal

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Talangka

24. Tungkod

25.

Identify evacuation site; constant communication

and updates with Brgy. III on flooding situation.
The entire barangay is susceptible to flooding.
The barangay proper, Sitios Pag-asa, Tagumpay
and Kalayaan have low susceptibility to flooding
while Sitio Liwayway has moderate susceptibility
to flooding.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); flashflooding with moderate
turbidity is common. Riverbank erosion also
affects houses near the banks of

The entire barangay is highly susceptible to flood

with depth of greater than 1 m. Riverbank erosion
also affects areas located along the banks of Sta.
Maria River, Daza, Bayubay, Mountainside and
Looban Creeks.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); quarrying along the river
channel of Tungkod River should be investigated
by MGB Region-4A due to worsening flooding
situation. The barangay proper is susceptible to
flood with depth of less than 0.5 m. Flashflooding
with high turbidity is common.

Municipality of Victoria

All nine (9) barangays have no landslide susceptibility.

P a g e | 194

Victoria Geohazard Assessment

P a g e | 195
Table 27. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Nine (9) Barangays
Barangay
2. 1. Banca-banca
2. Masapang
3. San Benito
4. Dariw
5. San Francisco
6. San Felix
7. Nanhaya
8. Pagalangan
9. San Roque

Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None

Remarks
Flood: low (<0.5 meter); Rarely occurs
Flood: low (<0.5 meter); Rare.
Flood: moderate (0.5 - 1 meter); Common.
Flood: high (>1 meter); Rarely occurs
Flood: low (<0.5 meter); Rare.
Flood: moderate (0.5 - 1 meter); Common.
Flood: low (<0.5 meter); Rare.
Flood: high (>1 meter); Rarely occurs
Flood: moderate (0.5 - 1 meter); Common.

It should be noted that these susceptibility ratings were arrived at as of

this field assessment. However, the rating could advance (e.g., from low to
moderate, moderate to high) due to changing physical conditions. Hence, the
MGB constantly recommends strict and continuous monitoring of the barangays.

Signed
SALVIO B. LASERNA
Supervising Science Research Specialist
MGB Rapid Geohazard Assessment Team Leader