Tourism management fundamentals

1. 1. TOURISM PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Unit I: Introduction to Travel and

Tourism
2. 2. The word Travel derived from the French word Travail All Tourism involves Travel;
but not all Travel involves Tourism
3. 3. Tourism is part of LEISURE. In modern times Tourism is only a recreational
activity is a MISCONCEPTION because participating in meetings, seminars conferences,
trade fairs, etc are also a tourism activity.
4. 4. Tourists The tourist market is divided into: 1. The leisure tourist 2. The business
tourist
5. 5. Visitors A visitor is any person visiting a country other than that in which he/she has
his/her usual place of residence, for any other reason than following an occupation from
within the country visited Visitors may be further categorised as excursionist and
tourists
6. 6. Excursionist A day visitor who stays for less than 24 hours at a place. There is no
overnight stay
7. 7. Tourist A tourist is a temporary visitor to a place. They stay at least for 24 hours
8. 8. TOURISM One of the first attempts at defining tourism was that of Professors
Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University in 1942. They held that tourism should be
defined s the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay
of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not
connected to any earning activity.
9. 9. UNWTO definition Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year
for leisure, business or other purposes.
10. 10. Definition broken down Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people
to destinations outside the place where they normally live and work includes the
activities they indulge in at the destination as well as all facilities and services specially
created to meet their needs. Tourism does not only mean travelling to a particular
destination but also includes all activities undertaken during the stay. It includes
excursions.
11. 11. Domestic Tourism It involves residents of a country travelling within the borders of
that country.

12. 12. International Tourism It involves people travelling from one country to another
country, crossing national borders International tourist may be inbound or outbound
13. 13. Domestic and international tourism
14. 14. Tourism Regions of the World
15. 15. Constituents of the tourism industry Main constituents Transport industry Hospitality
industry Entertainment industry Travel agents and tour operators Guides and escorts
Tourism organizations Secondary constituents Shops and state emporiums Arts and crafts
Local transport Banks Insurance companies Communication services- Media Performing
artists Publishers Advertisers Hawkers and coolies Agents and brokers
16. 16. Tourist Motivation and Behaviour 16
17. 17. Tourist motivations and typologies Why do people go on holiday? What factors
influence their choices? An understanding of the above can be used to create tourist
typologies helps in tourism marketing, planning and development Macleod, 2010 17
18. 18. Motivation a state of need, a condition that exerts a push on the individual
towards certain types of action that are seen as likely to bring satisfaction The tourist as
a consumer of tourism products, places and experiences 18
19. 19. TRAVEL MOTIVATORS The underlying motive for almost any type of tourist
activity is escape sometimes physical, sometimes mental. However, tourists can have
multiple motives for travel. For example, a business traveller extends his trip to visit his
conference destination to get rid of the stress he underwent. In fact, one destination can
see different travel motivation by different groups. For example, one group of tourists can
be visiting Guwahati for spiritual purposes to visit Kamakhya Devi temple, another group
can be visiting it for its tea gardens and yet another to shop for Assam silk. It is this
multi-facetedness of destinations that has to be realised and used by marketers for
increasing sales keeping in view the motivators.
20. 20. 1) Non-Destination Motivators a) Business b) Visiting friends and Relatives (VFR)
c) Educational Travel
21. 21. 2) Destination Specific Travel Motivators a) The intellectual component b) The
social component c) The complete mastery component d) The stimulus avoidance
component
22. 22. HOME DESTINATIO N PUSH PULL 22
23. 23. Push and pull factors Factors that push people towards a holiday Why did you
travel? Factors that pull them towards a particular destination Why did you go to that
destination? Macleod, 2010 23

24. 24. Travel motivation A variety of reasons for travelling which vary from person to
person, from one holiday to another Many types of motivation for travellers 24
25. 25. Type of travel motivation Description Business Travelling for work purposes MICE
Culture Travelling to learn about: architecture, food and drink, lifestyle, religion To
understand more about the culture and history of a destination Desire for adventure
Experience a new activity that cannot be found at home Includes active activities:
extreme sports, safari 25
26. 26. Types of travel motivation Description Escape (escapism) Escape everyday life; have
a change of scenery; usually involves relaxation on some level Education Learn a new
skill (language, art, study etc) Love and romance Travel to romantic or exotic places
Includes: honeymoons, weddings 26
27. 27. Types of motivation Description Physical reasons (R&R) Rest and relaxation; passive
activities Social reasons VFR; meet new people (18-30 Club); social activities 27
28. 28. Plogs Model In 1974, Stanley Plog developed a theory which allowed the US
population to be classified into a series of interrelated psychographic types. These types
range from two extremes: The psychocentric type is derived from 'psyche' or 'selfcentred' where an individual centres thoughts or concerns on the small problem areas of
life. These individuals tend to be conservative in their travel patterns, preferring safe
destinations and often taking many return trips. For this latter reason, market research in
the tour- operating sector labels this group as 'repeaters'. The allocentric type derives
from the root allo meaning varied in form. These individuals are adventurous and
motivated to travel/discover new destinations. They rarely return to the same place twice,
hence their market research label 'wanderers'.
29. 29. 29
30. 30. Allocentric Near-allocentric Mid-centric Near -psychocentric Psychocentri c Plogs
Tourist Types 30
31. 31. Allocentric Explorers of new destinations/activities Independent travellers
Need to see and do new things Above-average incomes Wanderlust Explorers but
visit new destinations once theyve already been discovered by allocentrics Desire new
experience and to learn Near-Allocentric 31
32. 32. Mid-Centric The majority of tourists Like adventure but enjoy luxuries and
organised activities/travel 32
33. 33. Near-Psychocentric Not interested in local culture and attractions Want an
environment similar to their home one Same food, people, activities Only like
destinations like their home environment Destinations will not be too far from home
Not interested in local culture and custom Psychocentric 33

34. 34. Contemporary tourist typologies Sun lover Action seeker Anthropologist
Archaeologist Organized mass tourist Thrill seeker Explorer Jet setter Seeker
Independent mass tourist High-class tourist Drifter Escapist Sports tourist
Educational tourist 34
35. 35. Factors influencing tourist motivation Personal and family influences Age
Family life cycle Gender Disability Social and situational influences Nationality
and national identity Tourism and work Social class and income Page & Connell
(2006) 35
36. 36. Age Tourists are segmented according to their age People the same age may like
the same activities and holidays Age guide Type of holiday Younger tourists Active
holidays Entertainment Mature tourists Passive holiday Safer environment Secure
activities 36
37. 37. Family lifecycle Stage where a family is at can influence holiday choice Depends
on the age of people within the family Can also depend on activities a family enjoys 37
38. 38. Stage Characteristics Travel Consumer Behavior Bachelor Young: not living at home
Few financial burdens-some vacation purchase, highly recreation oriented Newly married
No children Initially financially well off-more vacation purchasing Full nest-stage 1
Youngest children under 6 Travel restricted Full nest-stage 2 Youngest children over 6
Finances improving-some family holidays Full nest-stage 3 Older married with
dependent children Vacations just one part of the purchasing mix Empty nest-stage 1
Older married-no children at home, still working Optimum financial position. Strong
vacation purchasing Empty nest-stage 2 Older married retired Vacations declinedepending on finances Solitary Survivor Still working Purchasing power high-may travel
Solitary Survivor Retired Package tour options-security sociability needs high How
tourism relates to life cycle
39. 39. Stage Characteristics Tourism behaviour Early childhood Entirely dependent on
parent 3S holidays Seaside/inland resort Children entertainment Early teenager
Dependent on parents still More influence on decision making Resort-based holidays
with nightlife Group-based holidays Young person Young, single, not living at home
Sunlust Wanderlust Adventure, backpacking 39
40. 40. Stage Characteristics Tourism behaviour Partnership stage Couples living together
Young professionals Time constraints All types Short breaks to fit around work Family
stage early Families, single parents Mass tourism (3S) and VFR Family stage late
Children in secondary school Holidays only outside of term time Mix of holidays
Children seek a little independence 40
41. 41. Stage Characteristics Tourism behaviour Empty nest Children leave home Parents
have more freedom and more income More expensive holidays Luxuries, long-haul,
cruises, several holidays a year Retired One or two people retired Fixed income Lots
of free time Passive Good quality holidays 41

42. 42. Nationality and national identity Language barriers Can discourage people to visit
a particular destination Legal requirements Visas may be required and some
nationalities may not be allowed to a destination 42
43. 43. Significance of tourism Global phenomenon Worlds largest and fastest growing
industry Creates 250 million jobs globally 10% of worlds GDP 5000 trillion $
industry 1.5 billion tourists Benefits are not proportionately distributed. UNWTO and
WTTC collects, compiles and disseminates tourism data
44. 44. Most visited countries in the world
45. 45. International tourism receipts in billions (USD)
46. 46. Reasons for rapid pace of growth Greater disposable incomes Women entering the
workforce Leave travel allowance (LTA) facility Availability of low cost carriers
Greater awareness about travel and tourism Discretionary time and money available
Double income no kids (DINK) policy An unquenchable thirst or desire to travel
Stress and strain of routine work
47. 47. Most visited tourist attractions
48. 48. The worlds top 15 cities in 2007 with world ranking
49. 49. History of Travel & Tourism
50. 50. Evolution of Tourism Prehistoric period Early Civilizations Imperial Era
Pilgrimage Renaissance The Grand Tour The Industrial Era Advent of Technology
Impact of World Wars Modern Tourism
51. 51. Developments in History Humans travelled for Survival Trade Conquests
Curiosity
52. 52. Prehistoric Period 40,000 BC to 10,000 BC No written records exist Travel
undertaken in search of food Or to save ones skin
53. 53. Early Civilizations 10,000 BC to 500 BC Settlements were formed Farming
techniques developed Domestication of Animals to hunt for food and to pull sledges
Trade began Sail boats were used Invention of wheel
54. 54. The Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization was the earliest civilization
recorded in 3000 BC Remains of modern cities and seals of trade have been unearthed
which show that people indulged in trade
55. 55. The Sphinx Sphinx and all major pyramids were built between 2800 BC and 2175
BC by the Egyptian Pharaohs

56. 56. The Imperial Era Established during the early empires of Egypt, Persia, Rome,
China, and India Road networks Accommodation Wells Security pickets
57. 57. Imperial Era Aristocrats travelled in style Sporting events Performing events
Performing arts Pilgrimage Bathing in Mineral springs
58. 58. Gladiators battle to death in an arena in Ancient Rome to entertain spectators
59. 59. The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka was responsible for the spurt in development of
formal travel facilities
60. 60. India Mauryan Emperor Ashoka was responsible for spurt of travel facilities Grand
Trunk Routes with Trees and Ashoka Pillars Caravanserais by Akbar Schools and
colleges established Summer Retreats for royalty
61. 61. The old Silk Route ran over 9700 kilometers, connecting China with Rome and preChristian Europe
62. 62. Dark Ages ?
63. 63. European Renaissance The Renaissance or rebirth was a period of change and
revival of Greek and Roman cultures (1300 to 1600 AD)
64. 64. The Grand Tour The Grand Tour was a tour of the principal cities and places of
interest in Europe, the focus of the tour being cultural enrichment Queen Elizabeth I
encouraged
65. 65. The Industrial Era (1800s) Human or animal power was replaced by steam power
created by burning coal The Industrial Revolution, which occurred in the late eighteenth
and early nineteenth century, was a period when major changes occurred in agriculture,
manufacturing and transportation The development of the steam engine affected tourism
66. 66. Thomas Cook In 1841, Thomas Cook, the pioneer travel agent organized a special
train to carry 570 passengers from Leicester to Loughborough to attend a meeting 3000
students from Leicester to Derby
67. 67. The worlds first successful airplane The Wright Brothers Flyer
68. 68. INDIA POST INDEPENDENCE Facilities created by the Britishers were used to
develop tourism Hill stations Beaches Circuit houses Dak bungalows Railway
network
69. 69. MODERN TOURISM Air travel Affordable for the masses Reduction in travel
time Tourism Organisations formed Private sector encouraged to invest in tourism.
70. 70. An inter-disciplinary perspective of tourism

71. 71. The Tourism System Traveller generating region Transit region Tourist
destination region Tourists and Tourism industry
72. 72. NATURE OF TOURISM Leiper Model Transit route Region Traveller Generating
Region Tourist Destination Region Departing travellers Returning travellers
73. 73. Six Categories of Tourism 1. Ethnic Tourism 2. Cultural Tourism 3. Historical
Tourism 4. Environmental Tourism 5. Recreational Tourism 6. Business Tourism
74. 74. FIVE AS OF TOURISM Accessibility Accommodation Amenities Attractions
Activities
75. 75. Overview of Attractions Attractions Historical Sites Cultural Attractions Natural
Attractions Events Recreation Entertainment Attractions Archeological Sites Architecture
Cuisine Monuments Industrial Sites Museums Ethnic Concerts Theatre Landscape
Seascape Parks Mountains Flora Fauna Coasts Islands Mega- Events Community Events
Festivals Religious Events Sports Events Trade Shows Corporate Sightseeing Golf
Swimming Tennis Hiking Biking Snow Sports Theme Parks Amusement Parks Casinos
Cinemas Shopping Facilities Performing Arts Centers Sports Complexes
76. 76. Accommodation Primary Accommodation Hotels International Hotels Resort
Hotels Commercial Hotels Floating Hotels Capsule Hotels Airport Hotels
Heritage Hotels Boutique Hotels Supplementary Accommodation Motel Youth
Hostels Tourist Bungalows Camping sites Pension B&B Inns Holiday villages
Home stays Railway retiring rooms Forest Bungalows Farm Houses
77. 77. Characteristics of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry According to World Travel
and Tourism Council: Employer of 7.8 Percent of the Global workforce 10.6 percent Of
World GDP 5.5 million new Jobs per year Until 2010 Tourism Industry 24/h, 7 days/w,
52 weeks/year
78. 78. Tourism system Demand side of tourism Population Supply side of tourism
Transportation Attractions & resources Services Information (promotion &
interpretation)
79. 79. Travel and Tourism --- Worlds Largest Industry In 2001 it is estimated to account
for some: $3.5 trillion of Economic Activity 207 million jobs In 2011 it accounted
for : $7.0 trillion of Economic Activity 260 million jobs
80. 80. Share of world: % of Total (2000) GDP 11.0 Employment 8.0 Exports 7.9 Capital
Investment 9.4 A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth
81. 81. Slice 7 0% Americas 18% EAP 16% Europe 58% Middle East 3% Africa 4% South
Asia 1% Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

82. 82. Slice 7 0% Americas 29% EAP 17% Europe 49% Middle East 2% Africa 2% South
Asia 1% Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)
83. 83. Average Length of Stay in the Country Country India Canada Brazil France Hong
Kong/China Japan Malaysia Singapore(1997) Spain Thailand Days 31.2 5.22 13.00 7.31
3.38 8.80 5.50 2.60 12.9 8.4
84. 84. Worlds Top 10 Tourism Earners Intl. Tourism Receipts (US $ billion) 2001 1. United
States 72.3 2. Spain 32.9 3. France 29.6 4. Italy 25.9 5. China 17.8 6. Germany 17.2 7.
United Kingdom 15.9 8. Austria 12.0 9. Canada 10.7 (2000) 10. Greece 9.2 (2000)
85. 85. Benefits of Tourism - Economic Can be developed with local products and resources
Diversifies the economy Tends to be compatible with other economic activities
Spreads development High multiplier impact Increases governmental revenues
Provides employment opportunities Generates foreign exchange Increases Incomes
Increases GNP Can be built on existing infrastructure Develops an infrastructure that
will also help stimulate local commerce and industry
86. 86. TOURIST 100% HOME STAY 42% BEE FARM 4% LOCAL PEOPLE 4%
COCONUT FARM 4% LOCAL PEOPLE 4% SEA FOOD RESTAURANT 22% LOCAL
FISHERMEN 22%
87. 87. Benefits of Tourism - Social Broadens educational and cultural horizons Improves
quality of life - higher incomes and improved standards of living Justifies
environmental protection and improvement Provides tourist and recreational facilities
that may be used by a local population
88. 88. Benefits of Tourism - Cultural Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition
Visitor interest in local culture provides employment for artists, musicians and other
performing artists enhancing cultural heritage Breaks down language barriers, sociocultural barriers, class barriers, racial barriers, political barriers, and religious barriers
Creates a favorable worldwide image for a destination Promotes a global community
Promotes international understanding and peace
89. 89. Disadvantages of Tourism - Economic Develops excess demand Results in high
leakage Creates difficulties of seasonality Causes inflation Can result in unbalanced
economic development Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes
90. 90. Disadvantages of Tourism - Social Creates social problems Degrades the natural
physical environment and creates pollution Degrades the cultural environment
Threatens family structure Commercializes culture, religion, and the arts Creates
misunderstanding Creates conflicts in the host society Contributes to disease,
economic fluctuation, and transportation problems

91. 91. TOURISM PRODUCTS A tourism product can be defined as the sum of the
physical and psychological satisfaction it provides to tourists during their travelling en
route to the destination.
92. 92. The tourist product focuses on facilities and services designed to meet the needs of
the tourist. It can be seen as a composite product, as the sum total of a countrys tourist
attractions, transport, and accommodation and of entertainment which result in customer
satisfaction.
93. 93. Each of the components of a tourist product is supplied by individual providers of
services like hotel companies, airlines, travel agencies, etc. The three basic components
of a tourist product are: Attractions, Facilities, and Accessibility.
94. 94. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM PRODUCTS 1. Intangible 2. Inseparability
3. Perishability 4. Ownership
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