Lecture 3 - Hydrographic Surveying Part1

3/3/2015
Objectives
Identify the use, operations and applications
of hydrographic surveying.
Familiarize with different sounding methods.
Solve point fixing problems.
Perform volume and discharge computations.
Department of Geodetic Engineering

Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry
GE 12 General Surveying II
3/3/2015
Outline
Hydrography, Hydrographic Surveys, and Maps
Operations in Hydro-Survey
Tides, Tidal Datums, and Tide Stations
Soundings
Point Fixing
Volume Computation
Discharge Measurement

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Hydrography
Hydrography the art and science of compiling and
producing charts/maps, of water-covered areas of the
Earths surface; includes charting of water column
parameters, geology of the seabed sediments and
positioning issues.
Hydrology - the study of the
movement, distribution, and
quality of water throughout
the Earth.
Hydraulics - deals with the
mechanical properties of liquids.
Branch Overview
Nautical
Charting
Remote
Sensing
Military
Hydrography
Coastal Zone
Management
(dredging)
Offshore
Construction
Offshore
Seismic
Inland Waters
Hydrography
(dredging)
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Hydrographic Surveys
Process that determines depths and terrain configuration
of the bottoms of water bodies, used to prepare
hydrographic maps.

Hydrographic Surveying
Hydrographic surveys are those done on

bodies of water such as a rivers,
reservoirs, bay, harbor, lakes or oceans.
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Purposes
1. Determination of channel
depths for navigation
2. Determination of
quantities of bottom
excavation
3. Location of rocks, sand
bars, wrecks, coral reefs
4. Measurement of areas
subject to silting
Purposes
5. Offshore structure
positioning
6. Construction of water
supply, bridges,
pipeline crossings,
underground cable
crossings and water
storage
7. Flood control and
management
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Some Project Types Related to

Hydrography
1. Oil/Gas Development
2. Dredging
3. Sea Defences
4. Deep Sea Mining
5. Marinas
6. Outfalls
Display of Hydrographic Data

Boat Sheets hydrographers
worksheet used in the field to
plot the details of the survey
while it is still in progress.
Smooth Sheets office plots
of all data gathered during
survey. These represent the
data after all corrections have
been applied.

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Hydrographic Chart

Bathymetric Map

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Digital Elevation Models

Operations in Hydro-Survey
Reconnaissance
Establishment
of Horizontal
Control
Establishment
of Vertical
Control
Topographic
Survey
Hydrographic
Survey
Hydrographic
Chart/Maps or
other products
Other products:
a. Water volume in a body of water
b. Amount of dredged material
c. Discharge of a stream
d. Fluctuation of level in a body of water
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International Hydrographic
Organization (IHO)
Sets hydrographic
standards to be agreed
upon by the member
nations.
As these standards are
uniformly adopted, the
products of the world's
hydrographic and
oceanographic offices
become more uniform.
What do we do?
Hydrographic Procedures:
Determination of depths
Determination of positions
The techniques used for these tasks depend on the water
bodys size, required accuracy, equipment and personnel.
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Equipment for Hydrography

Sounding Craft
Fathometer
Sounding Pole
Signals
Leadline
Tide Gauge
Sounding Machine
Sextant

launches,

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Sounding Party
Chief of Party
Coxswain
Instrument Man Lookout

Recorder
Signalman
Leadsman
Fathometer Attendant
Range lines well-defined lines on courses whose position

are known and along which soundings are taken.
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Tides

Tidal Definitions
Tide
High Water
Tidal Current
Low Water
Flood Tide
Tide Range
Ebb Tide
Tidal Day
Slack Water
Stand
Set and Drift
Tidal Waves

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Tides

Types of Tides

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Neap and Spring Tides

Minimum Tide Range
Maximum Tide Range

Neap and Spring Tides
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ldeo/v
1011x-1/jcm/Topic2/Topic2.html
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Co-tidal Charts
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/M2_tidal_constituent.jpg
Tidal Datums
Specific tide levels used as surfaces of reference for
depth measurements in the sea and as a base for the
determination of elevation on land (localized).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Mean lower low water (MLLW)

Mean low water (MLW)
Mean sea level (MSL)
Mean high water (MHW)
Mean higher high water (MHHW)

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Tidal Datums
A tidal benchmark is
a fixed vertical
monument used to
reference a local
tidal datum.

Tide Stations
To facilitate the process
of establishing tidal
datums, tide stations
are operated at various
locations.

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SOUNDING
Soundings
The process of measuring the depth of a body of water
at a particular point.

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How Depth is Measured

A. Acoustic Techniques using Transducers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Singlebeam Echosounder
Multichannel Echosounder
Scanning Sonar/Profiler
Side Scan Sonar
Multibeam Echosounder
B. Other Non-acoustic Inspection Techniques

1. Lead Line
2. Sounding Pole
3. Wire and Bar Sweeps
Acoustic Techniques
using Transducers
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Transducers
The antenna in the
Sonar converts the
electric energy from
the transmitter to
high frequency
sound.
Sonar (SOund Navigation
And Ranging)
Acoustic Techniques using

Transducers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Side Scan Sonar

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Side Scan Sonar

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Multibeam Echo Sounder

Applications:
1. Dredging for control on construction projects where a high
resolution combined with a 100% coverage is needed.
2. Offshore used for inspection of pipelines, fall pipe projects,

inspections of structures with ROVs.
3. Pre-design surveys associated with pipeline and cable

routes.
4. Charting used in areas where 100% coverage of the bottom is
needed.; required by IHO for harbors, shipping channels and
shallow areas with high traffic density.
5. Government used in inspection of dams, dikes and harbors. If
used for inspection works, the multi-beam is often used in surface
looking mode.
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Non-acoustic Techniques
Lead Line

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Sounding Pole

Wire and Bar Sweeps
Wire Drag
Wire Sweep
Sweep Bar
To be continued next meeting

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FW group designations

LOCATING SOUNDINGS/
POINT-FIXING
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Locating Soundings
The process of measuring the horizontal position of a
depth of a body of water at a particular point.

Locating Soundings
1. Time Intervals Along a Range Line
2. Range Line and an Angle from Shore
3. Intersecting Range Lines
4. One Angle and Stadia Distance from Shore
Intersection Problem
5. Two Angles from Shore
Resection Problem
6. Two Angles from Boat
7. Distances Along a Cross Rope or Wire
8. Direction and Vertical Angle
9. Electronic Positioning Systems
10. Land-Based Positioning Systems
11. GNSS
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Time Interval Along

a Range Line
Limited accuracy
Known range line length
Known, uniform speed of the boat
Soundings are taken at regular intervals (echosounder)
Locate positions of soundings by proportioning the
time intervals

Range Line and an

Angle from Shore
flags
range line
range line
range line
range line
s h o r e a r e a
range line
For short range lines

(e.g. small lakes)
Theodolite/transit at
one end of the base
line on shore is used to
measure the angle from
the base line to the LOS
of the boat
base line
instrument
marker buoys
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Intersecting Range Lines

flags
base line
s h o r e a r e a
base line

One Angle and Stadia

Distance from Shore
Theodolite/transit
set up on shore, stadia
rod on the boat
Upper and lower
stadia hair readings
(HD)
Read the azimuth
from a reference line

instrument
s h o r e a r e a
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Distances Along a
Cross Rope or Wire
(Tag-line Method)
Stretching a graduated
wire or cross rope along
a narrow stream (for
profiles)
Employs a calibrated
wire rope stretched
perpendicular from
hubs on a baseline to
the survey boat
Direction and Vertical Angle

Observe the
depression angle from
the instrument on a
higher ground to the
boat
The horizontal
distance is computed
by using the
trigonometric formula
instrument
HD
DE
l a n d a r e a

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Electronic Positioning Systems

Designed to measure the time of transit or difference
in transit times of electromagnetic waves in the

atmosphere
Consists of: transmitter from the ship; 3 triangulation
stations on the shore with known position; relay
station on the shore with a transmitter, receiver and
an amplifier; reference transmitter on the shore
EPS tradenames for hydrographic surveys:
Shoran, Loran, Raydist, Del Norte
Short-range Navigation (Shoran)

Method of short range electronic positioning for
rapid determination of position even under adverse

weather conditions
Originally developed for blind bombing by the
military and aerial reconnaissance
Ships position is determined with respect to two
previously established shore stations which transmit
and receive signals simultaneously
80-120 km
Low frequencies
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Long-range Navigation (Loran)

The principle employed in long range navigation,
similar to Shoran, except for the use and transmission

of high pulses electromagnetic energy
Follow curvature of the Earth better than low
frequency signals
Greater distances

Electronic Position Indicator (EPI)

Method in hydrography which combines the principle
of Shoran and Loran

Developed by USCGS
500-800 kms
Accuracy of Shoran

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Radio Acoustic Ranging (RAR)

The method of control used to determine the position
of survey vessels
Time of the subaqueous sound from the ship to reach
2 receiving stations of known position is used to
determine the position
Can be used during night time
and even with low visibility

Land-Based Positioning Systems

All these systems use time difference and trilateration
techniques to determine a position.

Modulated light wave and
infrared spectrum electronic
distance measurement
instruments can be used over
relatively limited distances,
usually less than 3 to 5 miles
offshore.

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GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) is a real-time,
all-weather, 24-hour,
worldwide, 3-dimensional
absolute satellite-based
positioning system
Two positioning services:
- Precise Positioning Service
- Standard Positioning Service
Two Angles from Shore

(Intersection Problem)
An offshore vessel or
platform can be
triangulated by transit
or theodolite angles
observed from base
line points on shore
instrument A

instrument B
s h o r e a r e a
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Two Angles from Shore

Given the ff. data for an intersection problem, compute for the coordinates of A:
STA.
EASTING (m)
NORTHING (m)
B
3,369.287
2,890.836
C
3,300.259
3,082.183
C
STA OCC.
STA. OBS
HOR. ANGLE (clockwise)
B
A
0 0010
C
811748
C
B
0 0010
A
643238
B
A
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Steps in solving the intersection problem:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B
A
Using the geometric property of triangles, the angles A, B and C
should have a total of 1800. Solve for the unknown angle at A.
Using the coordinates of the given points B and C, compute for the
length of the baseline.
Use sine law to determine the lengths of the other side/s.
Compute for the azimuth of line BC given their coordinates.
Given the interior angles, solve for the azimuths of the other line/s.
Determine the coordinates of A using the length and azimuth of a
line with one endpoint with known coordinates.
Use the other side to compute for the coordinates of A as a check.
***Refer to FOOTE and DAVIS to find the direct (but long)
formula for the intersection problem
Two Angles from Boat

(Resection Problem)
Involves simultaneous
observation of two
horizontal angles
between three known
objects from which the
position of an offshore
platform is resected
target A
D1
target B
target C
s h o r e a r e a
boat with sextant

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Two Angles from Boat

Three-point Resection
Principles of the Three-Point Fix:
1. The circumference of the circle can be described through any three
given points.
2. If two of the given points are fixed in position, the angle between
them measured at a third point will be the same for all points on
that part of the circumference of the circle on the same side of a
line joining the two fixed points.
3. If, in addition to the first angle, a second angle is measured from
the same unknown point to two points, one of which always, and
both of which occasionally, differ from the first two, the position of
the unknown point will also be defined by a second circle. Since
the unknown point lies on the circumference of two circles, its
position will be defined by their intersection.
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Strength of Three-Point Fix:
Depends on the angle of intersection of the two circumferences

defined by the two angles and the three known points.
Stronger fix if the intersection nearly approaches 90o.

General rules:
a.
The stronger fix is when the observer is inside the triangle formed
by three objects. In such case, the fix is strongest when the three
objects form an equilateral triangle, the observer is at the center,
and the objects are close to the observer.
C
B
O
A
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General rules:
b. The fix is strong when the sum of the two angles is equal to or
greater than 180o and neither angle is less than 30o. The nearer
the angles equal each other, the stronger will be the fix.
c. The sum of the angles should not be less than about 50o.
B
A
General rules:
d. The fix is strong when the three objects are in a straight line, or
the center object lies between the observer and a line joining the
other two and the center object is nearest to the observer.
C
A
B
O
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General rules:
e.
The fix becomes weaker as the two circles approach tangency.

There will be an indeterminate fix when:
Angle BAC + Angle BOA + Angle COA = 180o
C
Danger Circle
O

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Outline of solution for three-point resection problem:
1. Check for strength of fix and compute for R. ( + + ) >> 180o
Case I: R = 360o ( + + )
Case II: R = 360o ( + + )
Case III: R = ( - )
2. Compute for .
cot = cot R + [(b sin ) / (c sin sin R)]
3. Compute for .
=R
4. Solve for AO using b, and .
5. Solve for Angle CAO or BAO to determine the direction of AO.
6. Solve for OC and OB and determine the direction of CO and BO.
7. Compute for the coordinates of point O and perform a check.
Resection Problem
Given the ff. data for a three-point resection, compute for the unknown
quantities to locate point O. Since A, B, C are control points, set-up
the equations needed to compute for the coordinates of O.
c
B
b = 3805.40 m
c = 2034.30 m
= 152-23-22
= 20-05-53
= 35-06-08
O
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References
Anderson, James & E. Mikhail (1998), Surveying: Theory
and Practice 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Davis, Raymond E., et.al. (1981), Surveying: Theory and
Practice 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

La Putt, Juny P. (1987), Higher Surveying 2nd Edition,
Cacho Hermanos Inc.

Thank you for listening to the

1st PART of our Hydrographic
Surveying lecture!

44

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Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Hydrographic surveys are those done on

Some Project Types Related to

Display of Hydrographic Data

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Display of Hydrographic Data

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Display of Hydrographic Data

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Digital Elevation Models

Display of Hydrographic Data

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Equipment for Hydrography

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Equipment for Hydrography

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Equipment for Hydrography

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Equipment for Hydrography

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Equipment for Hydrography

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Equipment for Hydrography

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Instrument Man Lookout

Range lines well-defined lines on courses whose position

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Set and Drift

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Neap and Spring Tides

Maximum Tide Range

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Neap and Spring Tides

Mean lower low water (MLLW)

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

How Depth is Measured

B. Other Non-acoustic Inspection Techniques

Acoustic Techniques using

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Side Scan Sonar

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Multibeam Echo Sounder

2. Offshore used for inspection of pipelines, fall pipe projects,

3. Pre-design surveys associated with pipeline and cable

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Wire and Bar Sweeps

To be continued next meeting

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Department of Geodetic Engineering

Time Interval Along