PratikShankarAcharya

Regd.No.0601289222

TECHNICALSEMINAR
ON

TETRA

TERRESTRIALTRUNKEDRADIO

Atechnicalseminarreportsubmittedinpartialfulfillmentof
therequirementfortheDegreeofBachelorofTechnology
underBPUT

By
Name:PratikShankarAcharya
RegdNo:0601289222
Branch:Electronics&Telecommunication
Year:20092010

TRIDENTACADEMYOFTECHNOLOGY
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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222

BHUBANESWAR

DEPT.OFELECTRONICS&TELECOMMUNICATIONENGINEERING.

TRIDENTACADEMYOFTECHNOLOGY,BHUBANESWAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Pratik Shankar Acharya, bearing Regd. No.

th
0601289222, student of 7
Semester, Branch: Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering, Trident Academy of Technology,

Bhubaneswar have submitted seminar report on TETRATERRERSTRIAL
TRUNCKED RADIO. This is required for the fulfillment for Bachelors
Degree in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering under BPUT.

SeminarcoordinatorHeadoftheDept.

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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222

Itake this opportunity toexpressmyheartythankstoallthosewhoindividually

aswellascollectivelyhelpedmeinthesuccessfulcompletionofthisseminar.

I would like to express my immense gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Md.
Rizwan Khan, whose cooperative guidance has helped me in successful
completion of

this seminar on TETRA TERRESTRIAL TRUNKED

RADIO. I am very much thankful to Professor Mrs(Dr).Sakuntala

Mahapatra(HOD, Dept. of Electronics) and Project coordinator Asst Prof.
Rabindra Bhojray

for helping me to complete the seminar successfully.

I express my deep sense of gratitude and appreciation to the entire faculty

members in Dept. of Electronics& Telecommunication for their valuable and
scholarly guidance, constant supervision and timely advice and nonteaching
staffof the Dept. of Electronics&Telecommunicationandmyfriendswithout
whommyendeavorswouldnthavebeensuccessful.

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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222

Name:PRATIKSHANKARACHARYA
Branch:ETC
RegdNo:0601289222

ABSTRACT:

TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (

TETRA
) (formerly known as
Trans European Trunked
RAdio
) is a specialist
Professional Mobile Radio and twoway transceiver (colloquially
known as a
walkie talkie
) specification. TETRA was specifically designed for use by
government agencies, emergency services, (
police forces,
fire departments
,
ambulance
), rail
transportationstaff,transportservicesandthe
military
.
TETRA is an
ETSI standard, first version published 1995. TETRA is endorsed by the
EuropeanRadioCommunicationsCommittee(ERC)andmandatedforuseinEurope.

Name:PRATIKSHANKARACHARYA
Regd.No.:0601289222

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PratikShankarAcharya
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CONTENTS:

1.Description
2.AdvantagesofTETRA
3.DisadvantagesOfTETRA
4.Propagation
5.RadioFrequencies
6.Radioaspects
7.CellReSelection(orHandover)inImages
8.InitialCellSelection
9.CellImprovable
10.CellUsable
11.CellRelinquishable(Abandonable)
12.RadioDownlinkFailure
13.AVirtualMMIforTETRAradioTerminals
14.RATPTETRAMMI
15.References
16.Conclusion

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1.Description

Thecommonmodeofoperationforthemisina
groupcallingmode
inwhichasingle
buttonpushwillconnecttheusertotheusersinaselectedcallgroupand/ora
dispatcher
.It
isalsopossiblefortheterminaltoactasaonetoonewalkietalkiebutwithoutthenormal
rangelimitationsincethecallstillusesthenetwork.IfenabledbytheSubscriber
ManagementTETRAterminalscanactas
mobilephones
(
cellphones
),witha
fullduplex
directconnectiontootherTETRAUsersorthe
PSTN
.Emergencybuttons,providedonthe
terminals,enabletheuserstotransmitemergencysignals,tothe
dispatcher
,overridingany
otheractivitytakingplaceatthesametime.
TETRAuses
TimeDivisionMultipleAccess
(TDMA)withfouruserchannelsononeradio
carrier
and25kHzspacingbetweencarriers.Bothpointtopointandpointtomultipoint
transfercanbeused.Digitaldatatransmissionisalsoincludedinthestandardthoughata
lowdatarate.
TETRAMobileStations(MS)cancommunicateDirectModeorusingTrunked
infrastructure(SwitchingandManagementInfrastructureorSwMI)madeofTETRABase
Stations(TBS).Aswellasallowingdirectcommunicationsinsituationswherenetwork
coverageisnotavailable,DirectModeorDMOalsoincludesthepossibilityofusingone
(orachain)ofTETRAterminalsasrelaysforasignal.ThisfunctionalityiscalledDMO
gateway(fromDMOtoTMO)orDMORepeater(DMOtoDMO).InEmergencysituations
thisfeatureallowsdirectcommunicationsundergroundorinareasofbadcoverage.
Inadditiontovoiceanddispatchservices,theTETRAsystemsupportsseveraltypesofdata
communication.Statusmessagesandshortdataservices(SDS)areprovidedoverthe
system'smaincontrolchannel,whilePacketDataorCircuitswitcheddatacommunication
usesspecificallyassignedtrafficchannels.

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TETRAprovidesAuthenticationMechanismsofTerminalstowardsInfrastructureandvice
versa.Forprotectionagainsteavesdropping,overtheairencryptionandendtoend
encryptionisavailable.

2.AdvantagesofTETRA

ThemainadvantagesofTETRAoverothertechnologies(suchas
GSM
)are:

themuchlowerfrequencyusedgiveslongerrange,whichinturnpermitsveryhigh
levelsof
geographic
coveragewithasmallernumberoftransmitters,thuscutting
infrastructurecosts.

Highspectralefficiency4channelsin25kHzandnoguardbands,comparedto
GSMwith8channelsin200kHzandguardbands.

veryfastcallsetupaonetomanygroupcallisgenerallysetupwithin0.5seconds
(typicallessthan250msecforasinglenodecall)comparedwiththemanyseconds
(typically7to10s)thatarerequiredforaGSMnetwork.

Worksathighspeeds>400km/h.TETRAwasusedduringtheFrenchTGVtrain
speedrecordon3April2007at574.8km/h.

thesystemcontainsseveralmechanisms,designedintothe
protocols
andradio
parameters,toensurecommunicationsuccessevenduringoverloadsituations(e.g.
duringmajorpubliceventsordisastersituations),thuscallswillalwaysgetthrough
unlikeincellularsystems.Thesystemalsosupportsarangeofemergencycalling
modes.

TETRAinfrastructureisusuallyseparatefrom(butconnectedto)thatofthepublic
(mobile)phonenetworks,resultingin(normally)nocallchargesforthesystem
owners,substantiallymorediverseandresilientcommunicationsanditiseasyto
customiseandintegratewithdataapplications(vehiclelocation,GISdatabases,
dispatchsystemsetc).

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unlikemostcellulartechnologies,TETRAnetworkstypicallyprovideanumberof
fallbackmodessuchastheabilityforabasestationtoprocesslocalcalls.Socalled
MissionCriticalnetworkscanbebuiltwithTETRAwhereallaspectsare
failsafe/multipleredundant.

intheabsenceofanetworkmobiles/portablescanuse'directmode'wherebythey
sharechannelsdirectly(walkietalkiemode).

gatewaymodewhereasinglemobilewithconnectiontothenetworkcanactasa
relayforothernearbymobilesthatareoutofrangeoftheinfrastructure.

TETRAalsoprovidesapointtopointfunctionthattraditionalanalogueemergency
servicesradiosystemsdidnotprovide.Thisenablesuserstohaveaonetoone
trunked'radio'linkbetweensetswithouttheneedforthedirectinvolvementofa
controlroomoperator/dispatcher.

unlikethecellulartechnologies,whichconnectonesubscribertooneothersubscriber
(onetoone)thenTETRAisbuilttodoonetoone,
onetomany
and
manytomany
.
Theseoperationalmodesaredirectlyrelevanttothepublicsafetyandprofessional
users.

TETRAsupportsbothairinterfaceencryptionand
Endtoendencryption

Rapiddeployment(transportable)networksolutionsareavailablefordisasterrelief
andtemporarycapacityprovision.

Equipmentisavailablefrommanysuppliersaroundtheworld,thusprovidingthe
benefitsofcompetition

Networksolutionsareavailableinboththeoldercircuitswitched(telephonelike)
architecturesandflat,IParchitectureswithsoft(software)switches.

Furtherinformationisavailablefromthe
TETRAAssociation
(formerlyTETRA
MoU)andthestandardscanbedownloadedforfreefrom
ETSI
.

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3.DisadvantagesOfTETRA

Itsmaindisadvantagesare:

requiresa
linearamplifier
tomeetthestringentRFspecificationsthatallowittoexist
alongsideotherradioservices.

handsetsaremoreexpensivethancellular(about750EURin2003,about600EURin
2006).Thisisduetothemoredifficulttechnology,smallereconomiesofscale,and
differentbusinessmodel(eg:needforsecurity,highpowersandrobustness).
Howevercheaperthanmain(PMR)competitortechnologyAPCOwherepricesare
>$3000perhandset.TETRApricesexpectedtofallfurtherasfareastern
manufacturersstartproductionin2007.

datatransferisefficientandlongrange(manykm),butslowbymodernstandardsat
7.2kbit/spertimeslot(3.5kbit/slotnetpacketdatathroughput),althoughupto4
timeslotscanbecombinedintoasingledatachanneltoachievehigherrateswhilst
stillfittingintoasingle25kHzbandwidthchannel.Latestversionofstandard
supports115.2kbit/sin25kHzorupto691.2kbit/sinanexpanded150kHzchannel.

duetothepulsednatureofTDMAemployedbytheprotocolandhigherpowersthan
cellular,handsets(only)cansometimesinterferewithbadlydesigned(usuallyold)or
sensitiveelectronicdevicessuchasbroadcast(TV)receivers.Thishaspromptedsome
concernsfromusersofsensitivedevicessuchasheartpacemakersbutthereareno
documentedreportsofproblemseventhoughusedregularlybymanyambulance

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crews.Asaprecaution,usersoftheseequipmentsshouldtakecarewithanyRF
transmittingequipmentwhenusedincloseproximity(e.g.<1metredistance.)

4.Propagation

TheTETRAsystemisinusebythepublicsectorinthefollowingcountries

Continen

Countr

Name

Agency

Status

Asia

Pakistan

MinistryofInterior

Police

InuseNationwide

India

AD100.

KeralaPolice.

Inusebypolice
Trivandrumcity.

Israel

MilitaryCollegeof

IndianArmy

InuseatMhow,

Telecommunication

Indore,Madhya

Engineering(MCTE)

Pradesh

MountainRose.

HongKong HongKongPolice

IsraelDefense

InusebyIDF,

Forces(IDF).

countrywide.

Police,FireService, Inuse.
Ambulance

KowloonCanton

Transport

Inuse.

RailwayCorporation

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PratikShankarAcharya
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(KCRC)/MassTransit
Railway(MTR)

Macao

ForasdeSeguranade

AllEmergency

Macau

Services

Inuse.

Africa

Sudan

MinistryofInterior

Police

InuseNationwide

Europe

Belgium

A.S.T.R.I.D

Austria

Police,Fire,

Inuseinallstates

Ambulance,Local

exceptTyroland

TrainCompany

Vorarlberg(still
rollout)

Britain

Airwave

Police,Fire,

Inusebypoliceall

Ambulance,Armed overthecountry.
Forces,Highways
Agency

Ireland

TETRAIreland

Police,Fire,

Nationwide

Ambulance,

rolloutnetwork

DefenceForces,
CivilDefence,
SecurityofState
services

Finland

VIRVE

Police,Fire,

Nationwide

Ambulance,

network

Customs,Defence
Forces,Security
guards,Border
guard

Germany

BOSNetz

Police,Fire,

Rollout

Ambulance,
Customs

Greece

OTE

Police,Fire,Coast

Atticaregion

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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222

Guard

Netherland

C2000

Norway

Ndnett

Police,Fire,

Nationwide

Ambulance

network

Police,Fire,

Rollout

Ambulance

Sweden

RAKEL

Rollout

Portugal

SIRESP

Police,Fire,

Nationwide

Ambulance

Rolloutinuse
since2007

Romania

STS(Special

Police,Fire,

Telecommunications

Search&Rescue

Nationwide

Service)
Table4.1

5.RadioFrequencies

InSouthAmerica,TETRAusesfrequencies:

Emerge

ncy
Systems
Numbe
r

Frequenc

yPair
(MHz)
Band1

Band2

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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222

380383

390393

383385

393395

Table5.1

Civil

Numbe

Frequen

cyPair

Syste
ms

(MHz)

Band1

Band2

410420

420430

870876

915921

450460

460470

385390

395399.9

Table5.2

6.Radioaspects

TosendinformationTETRAusesadigitalmodulationschemeknownas
/4DQPSK
,this
isaformofphaseshiftkeying.Thesymbol(baud)rateis18,000symbolspersecond,and
eachsymbolmapsto2bits,thusresultingin36,000bit/sgross.Asaformofphaseshift
keyingisusedtotransmitdataduringeachburst,itwouldseemreasonabletoexpectthe
transmitpowertobeconstant.Howeveritisnot.Thisisbecausethe
sidebands
,whichare
essentiallyarepetitionofthedatainthemaincarrier'smodulation,arefilteredoffwitha
sharpfiltersothatunnecessaryspectrumisnotusedup.Thisresultsinanamplitude
modulationandiswhyTETRArequireslinearamplifiers.Theresultingratioofpeakto

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mean(rms)poweris3.65dB.Ifnonlinear(ornotlinearenough)amplifiersareused,the
sidebandsreappearandcauseinterferenceonadjacentchannels.Commonlyused
techniquesforachievingthenecessary
linearity
includecartesianloops,andadaptive
predistortion.
Thebasestationsnormallytransmitcontinuouslyand(simultaneously)receivecontinuously
fromvariousmobileshencetheyareFrequencyDivisionDuplex.TETRAalsouses
TDMA(seeabove).Themobilesnormallyonlytransmiton1slot/4andreceiveon1slot/4
sotheyarebothTimeDivisionandFrequencyDivisionDuplex.
SpeechsignalsinTETRAaresampledat8kbit/sandthencompressedwitha
vocoder
using
atechniquecalledACELP(AdaptiveCodeExcitedLinearPrediction).Thiscreatesadata
streamof4.567kbit/s.Thisdatastreamiserrorprotectionencodedbeforetransmissionto
allowcorrectdecodingeveninnoisy(erroneous)channels.Thedatarateaftercodingis7.2
kbit/sthecapacityofasingletrafficslotwhenused17/18frames.
Asingleslotconsistsof255usablesymbols,theremainingtimeisusedupwith
synchronisationsequencesandturningon/offetc.Asingle
frame
consistsof4slots,anda
multiframe
(whosedurationis1.02seconds)consistsof18frames.Hyperframesalsoexist,
butaremostlyusedforprovidingsynchronisationtoencryptionalgorithms.
Thedownlink(i.e.theoutputofthebasestation)isnormallyacontinuoustransmission
consistingofeitherspecificcommunicationswithmobile(s),synchronisationorother
generalbroadcasts.Allslotsareusuallyfilledwithaburstevenif
idle
(continuousmode).
Althoughthesystemuses18framespersecondonly17oftheseareusedfortraffic
channels,withthe18thframereservedforsignalling,ShortDataServicemessages(like
SMSinGSM)orsynchronisation.TheframestructureinTETRA(17.65framespersecond
=18framesin1.02seconds),consistsof18000symbols/s/255symbols/slot/4
slots/frame,andisthecauseofthe
perceived
"amplitudemodulation"at17Hzandis
especiallyapparentinmobiles/portableswhichonlytransmitononeslot/4.Theyusethe
remainingthreeslotstoswitchfrequencytoreceiveaburstfromthebasestationtwoslots
laterandthenreturntotheirtransmitfrequency(
TDMA
).

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7.CellReSelection(orHandover)inImages

Fig7.1
RSSISRTFRTCellLimit(PropagationDelayExceed)
Thisfirstrepresentationdemonstrateswherethe
SRT
(SlowReselectThreshold)the
FRT
(FastReselectThreshold)andpropagationDelayexceedparametersaremostlikelytobe.
Thesearerepresentedinassociationwiththedecayingradiocarrierasthedistanceincreases
fromtheTETRA
BaseStation
.
Fromthisillustration,theseSRTandFRTtriggeringpointsareassociatedtothedecaying
radiosignalstrengthoftherespectivecellcarriers.Thethresholdsaresituatedsothatthecell
reselectionproceduresoccurontimeandassurecommunicationcontinuityforongoing
communicationcalls.

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8.InitialCellSelection

Fig8.1
CellInitialSelection

ThenextdiagramillustrateswhereagivenTETRAradioCellInitialSelection.

TheinitialcellselectionisperformedbyprocedureslocatedintheMLEandintheMAC.
Whenthecellselectionismade,andpossibleregistrationisperformed,theMS(mobile
station)issaidtobeattachedtothecell.
ThemobileisallowedtoinitiallyselectanysuitablecellthathasapositiveC1value,i.e.the
receivedsignallevelisgreaterthantheMinimumRxLevelforAccessparameter.
TheinitialcellselectionprocedureshallensurethattheMSselectsacellinwhichitcan
reliablydecodedownlinkdata,i.e.onamaincontrolchannel(MCCH),andwhichhasahigh
probabilityofuplinkcommunication.Theminimumconditionsthatshallhavetobemetare
thatC1>0.Accesstothenetworkshallbeconditionalonthesuccessfulselectionofacell.
Atmobileswitchon,themobilemakesitsinitialcellselectionofoneofthebasestations,
whichindicatestheinitialexchangesatactivation.

RefertoEN300392216.3.1ActivationandcontrolofunderlyingMLEService

Note18.5.12MinimumRXaccesslevel

TheminimumRXaccesslevelinformationelementshallindicatetheminimumreceived

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signallevelrequiredattheSwMIinacell,eithertheservingcelloraneighbourcellas
definedintable18.24.

9.CellImprovable

Fig9.1
CellImprovable

ThenextdiagramillustrateswhereagivenTETRAradiocellbecomesImprovable.

Theservingcellbecomesimprovablewhenthefollowingoccurs:

TheC1oftheservingcellisbelowthevaluedefinedintheradionetworkparameter
cellreselectionparameters,slowreselectthresholdforaperiodof5seconds,andthe
C1orC2ofaneighbourcellexceedstheC1oftheservingcellbythevaluedefinedin
theradionetworkparametercellreselectionparameters,slowreselecthysteresisfora
periodof5seconds.

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10.CellUsable

Fig10.1
CellUsable

ThenextdiagramillustrateswhereagivenTETRAradiocellbecomesUsable.

Aneighbourcellbecomesradiousablewhenthecellhasadownlinkradioconnectionof
sufficientquality.
Thefollowingconditionsmustbemetinordertodeclareaneighbourcellradiousable:
TheneighbourcellhasapathlossparameterC1orC2thatisgreaterthanthefollowing:
(FAST_RESELECT_THRESHOLD+FAST_RESELECT_HYSTERISIS)foraperiodof5
seconds,andtheservicelevelprovidedbytheneighbourcellishigherthanthatoftheserving
cell.Nosuccessfulcellreselectionshallhavetakenplacewithintheprevious15seconds
unlessMMrequestsacellreselection.TheMSMLEshallcheckthecriterionforservingcell
relinquishmentasoftenasoneneighbourcellisscannedormonitored.
ThefollowingconditionswillcausetheMStoratetheneighbourcelltohavehigherservice
levelthanthecurrentservingcell:

TheMSsubscriberclassissupportedontheneighbourcellbutnotontheservingcell.

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Theneighbourcellisaprioritycellandtheservingcellisnot.

Theneighbourcellsupportsaservice(thatis,TETRAstandardspeech,packetdata,
orencryption)thatisnotsupportedbytheservingcellandtheMSrequiresthat
servicetobeavailable.

Thecellservicelevelindicatesthattheneighbourcellislessloadedthantheserving
cell

11.CellRelinquishable(Abandonable)

Fig11.1
CellRelinquishable

ThenextdiagramillustrateswhereagivenTETRAradiocellbecomesRelinquishable
(Abandonable).

Theservingcellbecomesrelinquishablewhenthefollowingoccurs:TheC1oftheserving
cellisbelowthevaluedefinedintheradionetworkparametercellreselectionparameters,
fastreselectthreshold,foraperiodof5seconds,andtheC1orC2ofaneighbourcell
exceedstheC1oftheservingcellbythevaluedefinedintheradionetworkparametercell
reselectionparameters,fastreselecthysteresis,foraperiodof5seconds.
Nosuccessfulcellreselectionshallhavetakenplacewithintheprevious15secondsunless
MM(MobilityManagement)requestsacellreselection.TheMSMLEshallcheckthe
criterionforservingcellrelinquishmentasoftenasoneneighbourcellisscannedor
monitored.

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12.RadioDownlinkFailure

Fig12.1
RadioDownlinkFailure
WhentheFRTthresholdisbreached,theMSisinasituationwhereitisessentialto
relinquish(orabandon)theservingcellandobtainanotherofatleastUsablequality.Thatis
tosay,themobilestationisawarethattheradiosignalisdecayingrapidly,andmustcell
reselectrapidly,beforecommunicationsareterminatedbecauseofradiolinkfailure.When
themobilestationradiosignalbreachestheRxLevminimumtheradioisnolongerina
positiontomaintainacceptablecommunicationsfortheuser,andtheradiolinkisbroken.
Radiolinkfailure:(C1<0).Usingthesuggestedvalues,thiswouldbesatisfiedwiththe
ServingCellLevelbelow105dBm.Cellreselectionproceduresarethenactivatedinorder
tofindasuitableradiobasestation.
Infrastructure

TETRAParameters

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tobeVerified
TypeofRadioCover

Parameter

DistanceinKm TypeofCommunication

City

<4

<8

Pedestrian/Metro

SubUrban

10to18

20to36

Bus/Train

Countryside

18to31

36to62

InterRegionalTrain

InAir

>32

>64

InFlight

Table12.1

13.AVirtualMMIforTETRAradioTerminals

AnygivenTETRAradioterminalusing
Java
(
J2ME
/
CLDC
)basedtechnology,providesthe
enduserwiththecommunicationrightsnecessarytofulfillhisorherworkrollonanyshort
durationassignment.
ForDexterity,flexibility,andevolutionability,the
RATP
radioengineeringdepartment,have
chosentousetheopensources,JavalanguagespecificationadministeredbySunandthe
associatedworkgroupsinordertoproducea
transportapplicationtoolkit
.

14.
RATP
TETRA
MMI

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Fig14.1
RATPTETRA
KVM

MMI
Serviceacquisitionadmitsdifferentauthorisedagentstoestablishcommunicationchannels
betweendifferentservicesbycallingtheserviceidentity,andwithoutpossessingthe
completeknowledgeoftheISSI,GSSI,oranyotherTETRArelatedcommunication
establishmentnumberingplan.Serviceacquisitionisadministeredthrougha
communication
rightscentralisedservice
or
rollallocationserver
,interfacedintotheTETRAcorenetwork.
Insummary,theRATPTETRAMMIaimsareto:

Allowanygivenagentwhileinexercise,toexploitanygivenradioterminalwithout
materielconstraint.

ProvidespecifictransportationapplicationsoftwaretotheRATPenduseragents.
(ServiceAcquisition,FraudandAggressioncontrol)

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This
transportapplicationtoolkit
hasbeenproducedsuccessfullyandwithTETRA
communicationtechnologyandassuresfortheRATPtransportapplicationrequirementsfor
thefuturementionedhereafter.
TheHome(Main)menupresentstheenduserwiththreepossibilities:

a)ServiceAcquisition,

b)StatusSDS,

c)Enduserparameters

ServiceAcquisition
providesameansof
virtuallypersonalising
theendusertoanygiven
radioterminalandontoTETRAnetworkforthedurationtheenduserconservestheterminal
underhis/herpossession.
Status
SDS
providestheenduserwithamechanismforgeneratinga440Hzrepeatingtone
thatsignalsafraudoccurrencetocolleagueswhoarecurrentlywithinthesame(dynamicor
static)GroupShortSubscriberIdentity
GSSI
ortoaspecificIndividualShortSubscriber
Identity,
ISSI
forthedurationoftheassignment(anhour,amorningpatroloragivenshort
periodallocatedtotheassignment).Theadvantagebeingthateachoftheendusersmay
attachthemselvestoanygiventerminal,andgroupforshortdurationswithoutrequiringany
majorreconfigurationbymeansofradiosoftwareprogrammingtools.Similarly,the
aggressionfeaturefunctions,butwithahighertonefrequency(880Hz),andwithaquicker
repetitiousnature,sotohighlighttheurgencyofthealert.
TheParameterstabprovidesanessentialmeanstotheterminalenduserallowingthemto
preconfigurethetarget(preprogrammed
ISSI
or
GSSI
)destinationcommunicationnumber.
Withthispreprogrammeddestinationnumber,theendusershallliaisewiththedestination
radioterminalor
RollAllocationServer
,andmaycommunicate,inthegroup,orintoa
dedicatedservertowhichtheserviceacquisitionrequestsarereceived,preprocessed,and
ultimatelydispatchedthoughtheRATPTETRAcorenetwork.Thissimplifiesthe
reconfigurationorrecyclingconfigurationprocessallowingflexibilityonshortassignments.
TheParameterstabalsoprovidesameansofselectingpreselectedtonestomatchthework
grouprequirementsforthepurposesofFraudandAggressionAlerts.Apossibilityof
selectinganygivenkeyavailablefromthekeypadtoserveasanaggressionorfraudquick
keyisalsomadepossiblethoughthetransportapplicationsoftwaretoolkit.TheRATP

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recommendusingthe
Asterisk
andthe
Hash
keysfortheFraudandAggressionquickkeys
respectively.ForthefraudandaggressiontonestheRATPalsorecommendusing440Hz
slowrepeatingtone(blankspace500milliseconds)and880Hzfastrepeatingtone(blank
space250milliseconds)respectively.
Thetoneoptionsareasfollows:440Hz620Hz,880Hz,1060Hz.
TheParameterspageonyetanothertabprovidesanAidorHelpmenuandfinally,thelasttab
withinparametersdescribesbrieflythetoolkittheversionandthehistoryofthetransport
applicationtoolkittodate.

15.References

[1]BOUCHER,N.
ThetrunkedradioandenhancedPMRradiohandbook
.JohnWiley&
sons,2000.
[2]
ASignallingStandardforTrunkedPrivateLandMob
.StandardMPT1327,
RadiocommunicationsAgency,1991.
[3]
TerrestrialTrunkedRadio(TETRA)
.ETSIEN3003922V2.5.2,European
TelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute,2005.
[4]
TerrestrialTrunkedRadio(TETRA)
.ETSIEN3003922v3.2.1,European
TelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute,2005.

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[5]
InternetprotocoldatacommunicationserviceIPpackettransferandavailability
performanceparameters
.RecommendationY.1540,InternationalTelecommunicationUnion,
1999.
[6]K.P.Ho,H.Dai,C.Lin,S.K.Liaw,H.Gysel,andM.Ramachandran,
Hybrid
wavelengthdivisionmultiplexingsystemsforhighcapacitydigitalandanalogtrunking
applications
,IEEEPhoton.Technol.Lett.,vol.10,pp.297299,Feb.1998.
[7]WilliamC.Y.Lee,
MobileCellularTelecommunicationSystem
,McGrawHill,1995.
[8]

ETSITCRES.
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16.Conclusion

TETRAisakeysolutiontobuildaPMRsystemandsatisfythemostcommonrequirement of
users. Services that require higher bit rates such as video or transfer of maps should use
TETRA Release 2 or analternativesystemsuchasoneproposedbySAFECOM.ThesePMR

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systems, when applied as emergency or public safety systems, are extremely inefficient in
terms of cost related to usage. Thesystemshouldbdimensionedinordertoworkproperlyin
front an emergency situation. This means thatduringthedailyoperationthesystemispoorly
used and in case of emergency it becomes easily congested. It is almost impossible to
dimension a system for an emergency situation since they are, by definition, not predictable
situations. Even if data is obtained from previous cases it is difficult tojustifytheamountof
expenses required and the design will present a significant uncertainty about the capacity to
deal with the next great emergency. As a compromise solution, a communication system
suitable for emergencies should be made as a mixture of infrastructure andadhocelements.
In case of emergency, the network should be easily extended in terms of coverage and/or
capacity according to the needs. TETRA does not fulfill this condition but it has some
elements and functionalities to extend the infrastructure solution based on the base station
and the mobile terminal. The usage of repeaters to extend coverage, the direct mode to
connect terminals to the infrastructure are some of the extensions. Unfortunately TETRA
standardization or even TETRA Release 2 proposal does not tackle the adhoc network
creationusingTETRAtechnology.
The introduction of TETRA, which utilizes digital modulation, has generated a number of
major challenges toTestandMeasurementmanufacturers.Specializedinstrumentshavebeen
developed in close consultation with the TETRA manufacturers. To assist workshops that
will need to reequip to cater for TETRA radios, a multipurpose, versatile radio test set is
now available for repair and maintenance of TETRA radios as well as traditional PMR,
trunkedradiosandcellularradios.
As a standard, TETRA should be regarded as complementary to GSM and DECT. In
comparison with GSM as currently implemented, TETRA provides faster call setup, higher
data rates, group calls and direct mode. TETRA manufactures have been developing their
products for ten years. The investments have resulted in highly sophisticated products. A
number of important ordershavealreadybeenplaced.Accordingtoestimates,TETRAbased
networkswillhave510millionusersbytheyear2010.

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