Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English

Chapter 1

GS 302

Population Growth And Changes

Unit 1 : Population
Implication

1.

Distribution,

Structure,

And

The world population has been increasing since our forefather roamed the earths
surface. The table below indicates the population by its specific years:

Year

Population

Year

Population

AD 1
1000
1500
1800

250 Millions
300 Millions
425 Millions
900 Millions

1900
1997
2000
2020

1.6 Billions
5.8 Billions
7 Billions
8.5 Billions

2.

The population growth is disturbing for the following reasons:

a. The world population has increased geometrically
b. The world is unevenly populated
c. There is a disparity in population figures of the continents
d. Population varies from continents to continents.

3.

Population density refers to the number of people living in a unit are of land. It can
be calculated by the following formula:
!"#$%&!!"!!"#!$"
!"#$%&'(")!!"#$%&' = !
!"#$!!"!!!!!"#!
= Number of people per sq. km

4.

The population density of an area or country changes periodically as a result of

births and deaths, and immigrant and emigrant. Generally speaking, small
countries with large population always have a very high population densities

5.

Characteristics of the regions:

a. The most densely populated regions:
Intensive farming regions
Heavy industrialized regions
Highly accessible regions
b. The moderately populated area:
Temperate coastland where farming is well developed
Tropical coastland good access to port that enables the export of
tropical plantation crops or minerals
Temperate grassland extensive livestock farming and cereal
cultivation
Tropical savanna land has been cleared for estate

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GS 302

c. The sparsely populated areas:

The mountainous regions
The arid deserts
The dense tropical forests
The freezing polar regions
6.

The factor that influence the distribution and density of population are
a. The physical and natural factors
Relief and drainage good accessibility and ideal conditions for
farming and settlement.
Climate
Natural vegetation suitable for animal grazing rather than dense
human inhabitation
Soil
Water supply
Mineral and powers drill for oil and natural gases, generate
electricity
Natural disasters
b. The human and economic factors:
Agriculture people rely on farming (labor-intensive occupation)
Industry densely populated with large scale manufacturing
industries
Commerce development of modern port facilities, banking
industries, shopping complex
Accessibility (road, railway or rivers)
Politics governments role to encourage citizen to move to a new
area in order to relieve socioeconomic problems posed by over
populations
Culture and religion to escape repression or to be able to practice
their religion safely.
Historical

7.

Population structure characteristics of the population and takes into consideration

the demographic aspects of population including:
a. Natural population increase the annual growth of population obtained by
subtracting its death rate from its birth rate.
(!"#$%&!!"!!"#$ !"#$%&!!"!!"#$)100
!"# = !
1000
b. Net population increase - the adds in the difference between the natural
population increase and the net migration.
Net migration = sum of immigrants sum of emigrant
c. Infant mortality rate the number of babies, who die before reaching the age
of 1 per 1000 babies born alive within that year.
!"#$"%!!"#$%&'$(!!"#$ = !

!"#$%&!!"!!"#$"%!!"#$!!!1!!!
!"#$%&!!"!!"!#$%!!"#$!!"#$%

d. Life expectancy- the average age at which people die

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Department of English

GS 302

e. Dependency ratio the number of dependents for livelihood to the number of

working population in the country to support them.
!"#$%&!!"!!"#"$!"$%&!(0 14!!"#$%)
!" = !
!!"
!"#$%&!!"!!"#$%&'!!"!#$%&'"(!(15 60!"#$%)
f. Sex ration the proportion of male over female
8.

The stages of demographic transition model:

a. High stationary population stage:
Feature:
High amd fluctuating both birth rate and death rate
Small population growth
Reasons:
Birthrate:
o Lack of family planning
o Desire for more children
Death rates:
o High infant mortality rate
o Inadequate medical facilities
o Undernourishment
o Poor hygiene
o Diseases
o Famine
b. Early population expanding stage:
Feature:
Remaining high birth rate
Rapidly falling death rate
Rapid population growth
Reasons:
Birthrate:
o Improved medicine
o Improved hygiene
o Reduce infant mortality rate
o Better transportation facilities
o Increased food productions
c. Late population expanding stage:
Feature:
Rapidly falling birthrate
Stable death rate
Slow population growth
Reasons:
Birthrate:
o Widespread use of contraceptive
o Improved standard of living
o Increase mechanization and industrialization (reduced
child labor)
o Modern medical facilities

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GS 302

d. Low population fluctuating stage:

Feature:
Low birth rate
Steady population growth
Reasons:
Birth rate:
o Enforced prudent family planning
o Modern couple marry late
o Preferred small family
Death rate:
o Excellent medical facilities
o Hygiene environment
o Clean water
o Modern sewerage system

9.

Population$ pyramids$ are$ graphs$ that$ show$ the$ age$ structure$ of$ a$ population$
by$age$&$gender.$Population$pyramid$comprises$
a. A$vertical$scale$in$the$center$(age$group)$
b. A$horizontal$scale$(percentage$or$total$number$of$people)$

10.

Population$pyramids$are$divided$into$3$different$groups$
a. Child$(aged$0G14)$
b. Adult$(aged$15G60)$
c. The$aged$(aged$60+)$

11.

The$causes$of$population$composition$of$different$countries$to$vary$due$to$the$
differences$of$birth$rate,$death$rate,$annual$growth,$infant$mortality$rate,$life$
expectancy,$sex$ratio$and$age$group.$

$
12.
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
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The$4$typical$types$of$population$pyramids$are:$rapid,$slow,$zero$and$negative$
growth.$

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$
13.

The$characteristics$of$population$pyramids$
a. Developed$country:$
The$narrow$base$of$the$bottom$of$the$pyramid$indicates$a$falling$
birth$rate$and$a$slow$population$growth$
The$ broader$ apex$ at$ the$ top$ of$ the$ pyramid$ indicates$ high$ life$
expectancy,$a$slow$death$rate$and$an$increasing$aged$population$
The$ average$ adult$ make$ up$ the$ majority$ of$ the$ working$
population$
More$ source$ are$ needed$ to$ meet$ the$ need$ of$ young$ adult$
population$in$terms$of$education$and$more$fun$are$needed$to$take$
care$medical$expense$and$welfare$of$aged$people.$
b. Developing$country:$
Broad$base$and$narrow$top$
The$very$broad$base$of$the$pyramid$suggests$a$large$population$of$
children.$It$indicates$high$birth$rate$and$fast$growing$population$
Narrow$ top$ suggests$ that$ it$ has$ high$ death$ rate,$ low$ expectancy$
rate$and$fewer$elderly$folk$in$the$country.$

$
14.

They$type$of$population$growth:$
a. A$ rapid$ growth$ population$ pyramid$ $ (broad$ base$ and$ narrow$ top)$
indicates$a$large$young$population$and$few$elder$folk$
b. A$slow$growth$population$pyramid$$(narrow$base$and$broad$top)$large$
proportion$of$children$and$increasing$aged$population$
c. A$zero$growth$population$pyramid$$(rectangularGshape)$approximately$
equal$number$of$people$in$all$the$age$group.$
d. Negative$ growth$ population$ pyramid$ $ (narrow$ base$ and$ broad$ top)$
depopulation.$

15.

The$shapes$of$the$population$pyramid$influenced$by$the$migration$factors:$
a. Rural$depopulation:$
Broad$base$depicts$the$large$number$of$children$who$still$remain$in$the$
rural$area$even$when$their$parents$and$adult$sibling$have$migrated$to$
cities$to$look$for$jobs$or$to$settle$down.$
Narrow$ section$ in$ the$ centre$ indicates$ that$ most$ of$ ableGbodied$ adult$
have$left$the$village$to$work$in$the$city$leaving$only$women$behind.$
Narrow$top$indicates$high$death$rate,$low$life$expectancy$and$few$old$
folk$in$the$village.$

b. Rapid$urban$growth:$
Narrow$ base$ shows$ the$ children$ population$ is$ small$ because$ of$ low$
birth$rate$or$high$infant$mortality$rate.$
Broad$middle$section$of$the$pyramid$shows$that$the$city$has$an$influx$
of$immigrants$from$rural$district$
A$slightly$broader$top$shows$a$high$life$expectancy.$

$
16.

Factors$which$influence$the$natural$increase$in$population:$
a. Cultural$and$religious$factors:$

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GS 302

Farmers$prefer$more$children$to$have$extra$hand$for$works.$
Having$more$children$mean$more$collective$income$for$the$family$
In$ India,$ the$ family$ of$ the$ bride$ has$ to$ give$ dowry$ to$ the$
bridegrooms$ family.$ Therefore,$ having$ male$ children$ is$
something$that$all$parents$look$forward$to.$
Muslims$are$allowed$to$have$four$wives$
Hindus$and$many$Christian$groups$forbid$birth$control.$
$
b. The$standard$of$living:$
People$ who$ enjoys$ standard$ of$ living$ are$ only$ those$ who$ have$
better$education$background.$They$tend$to$have$small$families,$so$
they$ could$ enjoy$ the$ benefit.$ They$ marry$ late$ or$ practice$ birth$
control.$
Some$prefers$to$remain$single.$

c. Government$policies:$
Government$ plays$ an$ important$ role$ in$ controlling$ birth$ rate$
through$ measures$ such$ as$ strict$ population$ control$ programme,$
late$marriages,$free$sterilization$contraceptive$and$abortion$
$

17.

18.

$
19.

The$ reason$ why$ Indias$ effort$ to$ slow$ down$ its$ population$ has$ met$ little$
success$are:$
a. Their$religious$forbid$birth$control$
b. Their$population$are$too$large$to$reduce$unless$they$become$a$communist$
just$like$China$
c. Illiteracy$of$women$are$still$high.$
d. Most$couples$still$believe$in$having$large$families$
e. Shortage$of$fund.$
$
The$consequences$of$countries$having$a$rapidly$increasing$population:$
a. Overpopulation$$too$many,$great$strain$on$countrys$natural$resources,$
food$supplies,$health$and$medical$care$housing,$transport.$
b. Overcrowding$$density$of$a$place$is$too$high,$congestion$is$unavoidable.$
c. Environmental$deterioration:$
Air$pollution$(smokes$from$vehicles.)$
Water$pollution$(throw$garbage$into$the$river)$
Noise$pollution$(drilling$construction$sites)$
Urban$sprawl$(made$way$of$farmland$for$more$high$way,$high$rise$
building)$
d. Unemployment$ $ insufficient$ jobs$ available$ for$ jobseekers.$ Uneducated$
youth$ are$ unemployed.$ Many$ do$ several$ kinds$ of$ job$ to$ make$ both$ ends$
meet.$
e. Slum$ and$ squatter$$cannot$afford$high$rental$charges.$Such$places$are$a$
health$and$fire$hazard,$breeding$ground$for$gangsterism$and$prostitution.$
Measurement$to$control$rapid$population$growth:$
a. Reduce$the$rate$of$population$growth$
One$child$policy$

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GS 302

Punishment$$
Leaders$are$required$to$set$an$example$by$adhering$to$the$rule.$
Rewarding$benefits$for$couples$that$pledge$to$have$one$child$such$
as,$ larger$ pension,$ extra$ food$ and$ given$ free$ tuition$ for$ their$
children,$
$
b. Increasing$food$production:$
Creating$more$farmland,$large$scale$drainage,$making$great$use$of$
marginal$land$for$crop$cultivation$
Making$use$of$the$existence$farmland$by$increasing$its$crop$yield$
with$ extensive$ use$ of$ fertilizer,$ pesticides,$ modern$ scientific$
farming$techniques$
$
c. Lowering$ the$ per$ capital$ consumption$ of$ resources$ $ conserve$
whatever$available$non$renewable$resources$that$the$country$has,$recycle$
used$material,$modern$techniques$in$energy$saving$
$
d. Migration$
Transmigration$ within$ a$ country$ $ transferring$ people$ from$ a$
congest$part$to$a$sparsely$populated$area$
International$migration$for$better$living$condition.$

$
20.

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$
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$
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$
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$

Greying$ population$ happens$ when$ the$ proportion$ of$ the$ people$ in$ the$ age$
group$ of$ over$ 60$ continues$ to$ grow.$ This$ will$ increase$ the$ dependency$ ratio$
and$ put$ a$ great$ stain$ on$ the$ working$ population,$ natural$ resources$ and$ the$
government$ to$ support$ them.$ In$ order$ to$ tackle$ this$ problem,$ governments$
have$to:$
a. Raise$retirement$age$
b. Facilities$are$needed$by$the$aged$folk$
c. Introduce$ greater$ automation$ to$ do$ the$ work$ for$ human$ being$ as$ the$
number$of$worker$dwindle$

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Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English
$
Notes:'
$

GS 302

$
$
$

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Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English

Chapter 1
Unit 2 :

GS 302

Population Growth And Changes

Migration

1.

Migration involves the movement of people from one place to another for the
purposes of settlement. Migration can be voluntary or by force.

2.

Migrants :
of settlements.
Emigrants :
Immigrants:

People who move from one place to another in the purpose

People who leave his/her country to reside another.
People who come to live in a new places.

3.

Types of Migration:
a. Rural-Urban Migration:
Rural folks of a country move into the city
from the nearby villages for economic or social reasons.
b. Internal Migration:
Voluntarily movement within the country.
Most of these movement are temporary in nature, but there are also those
who seek for a permanent settlement.
c. International Migration:
People who have decided to leave their own
country to seek permanent residence in another country.

4.

The major causes of Rural Urban Migration:

a. Push Factors: (rural district)
i. Lack of farmland: There is so little to farm that they to terrace the
hill slopes to create extra land to raise more crops. Moreover,
farming is seasonal; thus, youth are jobless during some months of
the year.
ii. Little job opportunities: There are no factories or offices in rural
areas. Most parents prefer their grown up kids to seek employment
elsewhere.
iii. Limited income: Farming has always been the least paying
pursuit.
iv. Rural poverty: Villages in developing countries mostly have
minimum facilities such as hospitals, shopping complexes,
government offices
v. Natural disasters
vi. Epidemic and diseases: Because of the polluted water, poor
sanitary systems and health services, people are having epidemics
and diseases. They have to walk long distance to seek for medical
treatment.
vii. Dislike of Rural Life: Villages make life extremely boring.
b. Pull Factors: (urban district)
i. Greater job opportunities: various kind of employment that are
not available in the country.
ii. Better medical and health facilities

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GS 302

iii. Higher education available

iv. Better social and welfare care
v. Hope of wealth: Opportunities of becoming rich could always be
found in the city. A hard working man could earn in a day far more
than he can make in a week or month in the village.
vi. Exciting urban life style (recreational attractions, restaurants)
5.

The consequences of Rural Urban Migration

Rural districts
Rural depopulation
Few able-bodied men
Rural
farms
will
be
cultivated by old, women and
children.
Less productive
Widespread of rural poverty

Urban districts
Urbanization will be hasten.
Rapid population growth
Greater urban congestion
Decline healths standard
Slums and squatters will be
widespread.
Crimes, gansterisms
Unemployment

6.

Examples of Internal Migration:

a. Daily commuters:
people who travel a long distance daily in their own cars
from their homes to their places of work.
b. Seasonal tourists
c. Seasonal harvesting: During peak harvest seasons which require more labors,
people travel from their home to worm and stay for a few weeks until the crops
are fully harvested.
d. Nomadic pastoralists: Nomads who move over hundreds of kilometers in
search of water and pastures. Migration by nomads worldwide has declined, as
many countries do not permit them to cross their boundaries. Moreover, part of
their routes is now occupied by farmers.
e. Transhumance: The herders and their animals usually move up to the
mountains in spring and summer for green pasture, then return back to lowlands and foothills in the winter when snow falls and grass withers.
f. Permanent migration within the country: People move to a new area after
having accepted new jobs or after being transferred to another branch by their
employers.
g. Transmigration: It is a kind of voluntary resettlement carried out by the
government. The aims are to:
i. Relieve population pressure
ii. To expedite the economic development.

7.

Consequences of Internal Migration:

a. Altering statistically the total population of an area.
b. Decrease the congestion of the source region, but increase the number of
people in the receiving region.
c. Impact on the once unpopulated or very sparsely populated region,
d. Deforestation needs to be done for settlement.
e. If not properly done, deforestation may lead to soil erosion.
f. Destruction of natural habitats.

KCS$&$HMK$

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Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

GS 302

Immigrants have to make great effort in adjusting life style.

Immigrants have to build up their new circle of friends
Experience Culture Shock
Discriminate in jobs, education and other aspects of life,
Inter-marriage with local folks.

8.

International Migrations:
o Takes place when people are not satisfied with their existing way of life,
venture into somewhere far or near.
o Come through a sequence of events known as Chain Migration. Even
though, they had the intention of returning home when their contracts
expired, they found their new work places much better than those in poor
villages. Therefore, they went to fetch their families and established their
permanent homes there.
o The 2 greatest pressure trigger off much of the worlds past and present
international migration come from the population pressure or the
economic pressure.

9.

The types, motives and consequences of International Migration:

Hope of wealth:
Many migrant risks their lives to go to the
country with strange environment in the hope to get rich quick
Search of farmland:
Farmers who are unable to make a living in their
own country due to scarce farmland, poor soil, pests and diseases, take risk
integrated internationally to other parts of the world where land is plentiful.
Search of employment: They are either unemployed or underemployed in
their own countries. Many earn 3-4 times the wages they would get back
home. Most countries encourage their people to work overseas.
Search of religious freedom: In history, many people have been
persecuted because of religious belief. They prefer to leave to escape this
kind of repression and to find a place where they can freely practice their
choice of religion.
Search of political freedom:
They move because they are not satisfied
with their governments. Wars may ruin their home and force them to move
to a more favorable place.
Force migration

KCS$&$HMK$

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Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English

GS 302

Notes:

KCS$&$HMK$

$$Page$4$

Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English

Chapter 1
Unit 2 :

GS 302

Population Growth And Changes

Migration

1.

Migration involves the movement of people from one place to another for the
purposes of settlement. Migration can be voluntary or by force.

2.

Migrants :
of settlements.
Emigrants :
Immigrants:

People who move from one place to another in the purpose

People who leave his/her country to reside another.
People who come to live in a new places.

3.

Types of Migration:
a. Rural-Urban Migration:
Rural folks of a country move into the city
from the nearby villages for economic or social reasons.
b. Internal Migration:
Voluntarily movement within the country.
Most of these movement are temporary in nature, but there are also those
who seek for a permanent settlement.
c. International Migration:
People who have decided to leave their own
country to seek permanent residence in another country.

4.

The major causes of Rural Urban Migration:

a. Push Factors: (rural district)
i. Lack of farmland: There is so little to farm that they to terrace the
hill slopes to create extra land to raise more crops. Moreover,
farming is seasonal; thus, youth are jobless during some months of
the year.
ii. Little job opportunities: There are no factories or offices in rural
areas. Most parents prefer their grown up kids to seek employment
elsewhere.
iii. Limited income: Farming has always been the least paying
pursuit.
iv. Rural poverty: Villages in developing countries mostly have
minimum facilities such as hospitals, shopping complexes,
government offices
v. Natural disasters
vi. Epidemic and diseases: Because of the polluted water, poor
sanitary systems and health services, people are having epidemics
and diseases. They have to walk long distance to seek for medical
treatment.
vii. Dislike of Rural Life: Villages make life extremely boring.
b. Pull Factors: (urban district)
i. Greater job opportunities: various kind of employment that are
not available in the country.
ii. Better medical and health facilities

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Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English

GS 302

iii. Higher education available

iv. Better social and welfare care
v. Hope of wealth: Opportunities of becoming rich could always be
found in the city. A hard working man could earn in a day far more
than he can make in a week or month in the village.
vi. Exciting urban life style (recreational attractions, restaurants)
5.

The consequences of Rural Urban Migration

Rural districts
Rural depopulation
Few able-bodied men
Rural
farms
will
be
cultivated by old, women and
children.
Less productive
Widespread of rural poverty

Urban districts
Urbanization will be hasten.
Rapid population growth
Greater urban congestion
Decline healths standard
Slums and squatters will be
widespread.
Crimes, gansterisms
Unemployment

6.

Examples of Internal Migration:

a. Daily commuters:
people who travel a long distance daily in their own cars
from their homes to their places of work.
b. Seasonal tourists
c. Seasonal harvesting: During peak harvest seasons which require more labors,
people travel from their home to worm and stay for a few weeks until the crops
are fully harvested.
d. Nomadic pastoralists: Nomads who move over hundreds of kilometers in
search of water and pastures. Migration by nomads worldwide has declined, as
many countries do not permit them to cross their boundaries. Moreover, part of
their routes is now occupied by farmers.
e. Transhumance: The herders and their animals usually move up to the
mountains in spring and summer for green pasture, then return back to lowlands and foothills in the winter when snow falls and grass withers.
f. Permanent migration within the country: People move to a new area after
having accepted new jobs or after being transferred to another branch by their
employers.
g. Transmigration: It is a kind of voluntary resettlement carried out by the
government. The aims are to:
i. Relieve population pressure
ii. To expedite the economic development.

7.

Consequences of Internal Migration:

a. Altering statistically the total population of an area.
b. Decrease the congestion of the source region, but increase the number of
people in the receiving region.
c. Impact on the once unpopulated or very sparsely populated region,
d. Deforestation needs to be done for settlement.
e. If not properly done, deforestation may lead to soil erosion.
f. Destruction of natural habitats.

KCS & HMK

Page 2

Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

GS 302

Immigrants have to make great effort in adjusting life style.

Immigrants have to build up their new circle of friends
Experience Culture Shock
Discriminate in jobs, education and other aspects of life,
Inter-marriage with local folks.

8.

International Migrations:
o Takes place when people are not satisfied with their existing way of life,
venture into somewhere far or near.
o Come through a sequence of events known as Chain Migration. Even
though, they had the intention of returning home when their contracts
expired, they found their new work places much better than those in poor
villages. Therefore, they went to fetch their families and established their
permanent homes there.
o The 2 greatest pressure trigger off much of the worlds past and present
international migration come from the population pressure or the
economic pressure.

9.

The types, motives and consequences of International Migration:

Hope of wealth:
Many migrant risks their lives to go to the
country with strange environment in the hope to get rich quick
Search of farmland:
Farmers who are unable to make a living in their
own country due to scarce farmland, poor soil, pests and diseases, take risk
integrated internationally to other parts of the world where land is plentiful.
Search of employment: They are either unemployed or underemployed in
their own countries. Many earn 3-4 times the wages they would get back
home. Most countries encourage their people to work overseas.
Search of religious freedom: In history, many people have been
persecuted because of religious belief. They prefer to leave to escape this
kind of repression and to find a place where they can freely practice their
choice of religion.
Search of political freedom:
They move because they are not satisfied
with their governments. Wars may ruin their home and force them to move
to a more favorable place.
Force migration

KCS & HMK

Page 3

Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English

GS 302

Notes:

KCS & HMK

Page 4

Institute of Foreign Languages

Department of English

GS 302

Chapter 2
Unit 1&2

Science & Technology

:

Science & Technology

1.

Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with observed facts and
the relationship among those facts.

2.

Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect

facts. They then work to develop theories that help them order related facts.

3.

A theory developed by a scientist cannot be accepted as part of scientific

knowledge until it has been verified by the studies of other researchers.

4.

Applied science is used to refer to scientific research that concentrates on the

development of technology.

5.

The importance of science to

a. Everyday life:
Beneficial:
Scientific and technological inventions (airplanes, automobiles,
computers, plastics, television)
The development of nuclear energy by nuclear physicists.
The development of antibiotics and other new drugs.
The invention of life saving machines (surgical techniques and
equipments)

Problems:
Environmental pollutions and fuel shortages
Weapons of mass destruction
Produce new diseases and allow bacteria to resist drugs
Destroy personal privacy

b. Philosophical thought:
Greatly affected the way we view ourselves and the world surround us
Gods and spirits
Ancient Greeks were the first people to begin to use systematic
observation and reasoning to analyze natural happening.
6.

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The branches of science:

a. Mathematical and logic are not based on experimental testing. They care
considering as science because they are essential tools in almiost all

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scientific study. Mathematic enables scientist to prepare exact statements of
their findings and theories and to make numerical prediction about what
will happen. Logic provides the basis for all scientific reasoning.
b. The physical science examines the nature of the universe. They study the
structure and properties of nonliving matters, from tiny atom to vast
galaxies.
The physical science includes: astronomy, chemistry,
meteorology, and physics.
c. The life science also called the biological sciences or biology, the study of
living organisms. There are 2 main fields: Botany (plants) and
Zoology(animals).
d. The social science deals with the individuals, groups and institutions that
make up human society. They focus on human relationship and interaction
between individuals and their families, religious or ethnic communities
7.

The major branches of mathematics:

a. Arithmetics the study of numbers and of methods of calculating numbers
b. Algebra involves solving equations
c. Calculus solve problems dealing with changing quantities
d. Geometry concerns with the mathematical relationship with lines,
shapes, angles, points, surfaces and solid in space,
e. Probability deals with the likelihood that events may occur
f. Statistics anlyze large amount of numerical information for significant
trends.

8.

The 2 types of logics:

a. Deductive logic deals with the using of reasons from known scientific
principles or rules to draw a conclusion relating to specific questions.
b. Inductive logic requires a scientist to make repeated observations of an
experiment or an event.

9.

Geology investigates the composition, structure and history of the earth. The
branches of geology include:
a. Petrology the study of rocks
b. Mineralogy the study of minerals
c. Seismology the study of earthquake
d. Geochronology determine the age and history of earth and its parts.

10.

The main branches of social sciences include:

a. Anthropology the origin and development of human cultures and of
human physical characteristics.
b. Economics how people produce goods and services, how they distribute
them among themselves, and how they use them.
c. Political science studies the form of government, political parties,
election and other aspects of politics.
d. Psychology investigation of mental process and behavior
e. Sociology studies the nature, origin and development of human society
and community life.

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11.

Technology refers to all the ways people use their inventions and discoveries to
satisfy their needs and desires. Technology has helped people gain degrees of
control over nature and build a civilized way of life. Industrial technology
could be defined as the technology that helped bring about our modern
technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the
development of steam power-driven machines, the growth of factories, and the
mass production of goods.

12.

Science attempt to explain how things happened. Technology is concerned with

making things happen. Not all technology is based on science, nor is science
necessary to all technology.

13.

Technology has also created serious problems. These problem have arisen
mainly because technologies were put to use without considering some possible
effects, most of which could not have been anticipated. There are 4 major
undesirable effects:
a. Environmental pollution (air, water, soil, noise pollution, the use of power
plants and fuel to generate electricity)
b. The depletion of natural resources: The rapid advance of technology
threatens the supply of resources. As power production increases, the
supply of fuel decreases.
c. Technological unemployment: resulted from advances in technology.
Mechanization: The replacement of human workers with
machine.
Automation:
Self-operating system.
d. The creation of unsatisfying jobs: Workers make only a part of finished
products. Therefore, they may lack the feeling of pride in their work. Many
factories job demand concentration, Although factor machines are safer
today than in the past, many are dangerious if not operated with extreme
caution.

14.

The challenge of technology:

a. Combating undesirable effects:

Some technologys undesirable effects are hard to remedy. With
the help of automation and mechanization, workers may then face hardships of
unemployment. But with the help from industry and government they can be retrained
to fill more highly skilled and possibly interesting jobs.
Industries can also combat environmental pollution. One way is by
developing substitute technologies for those that produce harmful effect. The
producer can also increase efforts to develop renewable energy sources, such as solar,
water and wind power. In addition, manufacturers can help conserve mineral and
timber resources by a process called recycling. Developing a substitute technology can
be costly. An industry might need to hire more experts and invest intensively on
expensive equipment. Substitute technologies may also have undesirable effects even
though scientists and engineers are working to solve these problems.
b. Preventing undesirable effects:
Some harmful effects can be prevented. Any large-scale technology
should be tested thoroughly and then evaluated before it is put into use. Such and
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evaluation is called Technology Assessment. The finding of technology assessment is
sometime published into detail reports called Environmental Impact Statement. The
purpose of this assessment is to discover in advance of all the possible good and bad
effects that a new technology may have on society and the environment.
c. Spreading the benefits of technology:
The benefits of technology are not evenly distributed. The developing
nations of the world enjoy few of technology benefits. Installing technology effectively
requires understanding the way it will affect a countrys economic, political and social
values. Without such awareness, the introduction of technology will increase
undesirable effects and endanger the quality of life.

Notes:

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Chapter 3

The Environment

Unit 1 :

Environmental Pollution

1.

Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways that human activity
harms the natural environment. Some kind of pollution does not actually dirty the
land, air or water, but they reduce the quality of life for people and other living
things.

2.

Ecosystem is the relationship among all the living and nonliving things in an
environment. Therefore, pollution that seems to affect only one part of the
environment may also affect the other parts.

3.

Some pollution comes from a specific point or location. Such pollution is called
point source pollution; whereas, pollution that comes from large area is called non
point source pollution.

4.

The types of pollution:

a. Air pollution is the contamination of air by such substances as fuel exhaust
and smoke. The atmosphere consists of nitrogen, oxygen, and smack amount of
carbon dioxide and other gases and particulate (tiny particles of liquid and
solid matters). Air pollution occurs when industries and vehicles release such
large amount of gas and particulates into the air that natural processes can no
longer keep the atmosphere balance. There are 2 chief types of air pollution:
i. Outdoor air pollution results from the burning of fuel to power motor
vehicles and heat building, from business and industrial process.
Smog brown, hazy mixture of gases and particulates
Ozone chemical om smog, toxic form of oxygen
Acid rain rain or other precipitation that is polluted by mainly
sulfuric acid and nitric acid
CFC (Chlorofluorocarbons) used in refrigerator and air
condition and to make plastic foam insulation
Green house effect warming that results when earths
atmosphere traps the suns heat
ii. Indoor air pollution occurs when building with poor design ventilation
systems trap pollutants inside (tobacco, smoke, gases from stoves,
household chemicals)
Radon decay of uranium in rocks within the earth that could
cause lung cancer
b. Water pollution contamination of water by sewage, toxic chemicals, metals,
oils or other substances. It happens when people put so much waste into a
water system.

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c. Soil pollution is the destruction of the earths thin layer of healthy, productive
soil, where much of our food is grown. Farmer may over use fertilizers, which
then damage their soils productivity. Also, the irrigation of soil in dry areas
with poor drainage can leave water standing in fields. Eventually, they
evaporate and leave salt deposit behind, making soil too salty to grow crops.
d. Solid waste disposal from homes, offices, stores
e. Hazardous waste is composed of discarded substances that threaten human
health and the environment. Hazard waste usually comes from hospitals,
industries and laboratories. The hazard waste that could harm the health of
living organisms are:
Radiation invisible pollutant that can contaminate any part of
environment usually comes from natural sources such as
minerals and suns ray or from laboratories, where scientists
produce radioactive elements.
Radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactors and weapons
factories
Pesticides
Heavy metal include mercury and lead
Noise pollution.
5.

Greenhouse effect is created by carbon dioxide, methane and other atmospheric

gases, which allow sunlight to reach the earth but prevent heat from leaving the
atmosphere. These heat trapping gases are called greenhouse gases. Fuel burning
and other humans activities increase greenhouse gases which resulted in increasing
temperature worldwide. This increase in temperature is called global warming.

6.

In a healthy water system, a cycle of natural processes that turns wastes into useful
or harmless substances begin when organisms called aerobic bacteria use oxygen
dissolved in water to digest wastes. This process releases nitrates, phosphates and
other nutrients. Algae and aquatic green plants absorb these nutrients. Microscopic
animal called zooplankton eat algae, and fish eat zooplankton. Larger fish or other
animals, in turn, may eat the fish. Those larger fish produce body waste and
eventually die. Bacteria break down dead animals and animal wastes, and the cycle
begins again.

7.

The process of eutrophication begins when large amount of nutrient flow into the
water system which will then stimulate excessive growth of algae. As more algae
grow, more also die. Bacteria in water use oxygen to consume the excess dead
algae. The oxygen level of water then drops, causing many aquatics plant and
animals to die.

8.

Solid waste becomes hazardous waste when it poses significant or potential

threats to public health or the environment. Hazardous waste can be flammable,
reactive, corrosive or toxic waste that can cause or greatly contribute to an increase
in mortality rate or increase serious illnesses.

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9.

The cause and effect of water pollution:

10.

Causes
Dumping solid wastes
and littering by humans into water
system
Business, farms, homes, industries
and other sources
Chemical and oil spills
Improper separation of sewer
waste water from cleaning
drinking water
Increasing of thermal pollution

Effects
Reproductive damage of wildlife
within water ecosystem
Increase the growth of algae
Depletion of oxygen
Skin and health problems
(cancers)

The cause and effect of water pollution:

11.

GS 302

Causes
Industrial activities - mining
and manufacturing that resulted
in industrial waste.
Agricultural activities
Waste disposal

Effects
Human health
Growth of plants
Decrease soil fertilities
Change in soil structures

Noise pollution comes from machines, motor vehicles, airplanes etc. Noise
pollution does not dirty air, but it can cause discomfort, frustration and irritation,
and hearing loss to human beings and other animals.

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Notes:

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Chapter 3

The Environment

Unit 2 :

More About Pollution

1.

Environment makes up of 3 key elements: air, water and land. A major threat to the
environment is called pollution. Pollutants can take the form of solid, liquid or gas,
excessive heat, unwanted noise or dangerous variation,

2.

Nature has provided man with an abundance of clean air, water and land for
millions of years. The way of life was simple, and there were no pollutants until
the sophisticated increasing demand of changes in way of life and of economic
activities. Forest was cleared to make ways for farms and settlements; mineral and
fossil fuels were extracted for industrial; vehicles and transportation were invented
to ferry a continuous flow of people and goods to various destinations. Over the
years, this has greatly disturbed the water cycle, the food chains, the natural
habitats, and the composition of water, air and land.

3.

Sources of pollution
Natural volcanic eruption
Man-induced the burning of solid fuels in factories.

4.

Sources and effects of air pollution:

Sources
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from
factories
Carbon Monoxide (CO) from
transport vehicles
Sulphur Oxides and Tri Sulphur
Oxides from burning fossil fuels
Nitrogen Oxide
Volatile Organic CompoundsMethane (CH4), Propane, Benzene
Suspended Particles dusts, soot,
lead, liquid droplets
Other pollutants

Effects

KCS & TMK

Human health
Reduce bloods oxygen carrying
capacity
Headaches, dizziness and nausea
Heart
attack
and
nervous
breakdown
Damage natural vegetation
Interfere
with
plants
photosynthesis process
Ozone pollution
High level of acidity and low pH
level harms aquatic life
Without fish, lakes are peril of
losing their capacity for supporting
life.
Discolor, tannish and corrode the
exterior paint coating

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5.

6.

7.

GS 302

Haze vs Smog
Haze a suspicious minute solid particle of dust, soot and smoke, which obscure
the atmosphere near the earths surface. This particle is so small that they could not
be seen individually, but collectively they may reduce visibility to well below 2
kilometers or less.
o Dry haze scatters or defects the suns ray making dark backgrounds
appear bluish and light backgrounds yellowish. When moisture condenses
on the particle, a dense haze is produced.
Smog a kind of fog often encounter in a smoky industrial countries. Factories
discharge large quantities of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides
into atmosphere. When the air is till and warm, and the humidity high, the smog
may envelop the entire city.
The cause of Acid Rain:
Factories spew forth sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides with the burning of fossil
fuels, This pollutants, when combined with water vapour, sunlight and oxygen in
the atmosphere, create a soup of sulphiroc acid and nitric acid. Sometimes, the
hydrogen chloride gases in the atmosphere also react to these pollutants and
produce hyrdrochloric acid. When this mixture is washed out of the atmosphere by
rain, it falls to the earth as acid rain.
It is estimated that 65% of acid rain is due to sulphuric acid, 30% to nitric acid and
5% to hydrochloric acid.
Acid Rain with pH lower than 5.1 produces these harmful effects:
Damages leaves and kills tress
Contaminates fish
Damages the root of trees
Can impoverish soil
Affects human respiratory system
Corrodes building.

8.

When men dumps waste into rivers, lakes and oceans, the water is contaminated.
Small amount of this waste may cause little harm to water, but when large
quantities are dumped repeatedly over a period of time, the level of pollution
increase. The water becomes polluted. Polluted water looks dirty, smells found and
contains harmful germs; and it is unsafe to drink.

9.

Sources of water pollution:

Industrial Waste (factories, toxic chemical..)
Waste Heat industrial that uses large quantities of water in their cooling process.
This heated water is released into nearby drains and rivers; thus, destroying a
stream ecosystem, killing fish and most marine organism.
Agricultural Waste
Solid Waste
Oil Spillage.

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10.

The sounds we hear with our ear causes by the vibrations in air, water, steels
Sounds can be of different tones. A tuning fork produces an almost pure tone,
which only 1 frequency. Musical instrument produces harmonic sound frequency.

11.

Any unwanted sound that upsets us in some way is noise. Unwanted sound causes
noise pollution. The sources of noise pollution are:
Vehicles
Construction sites
Factories and workshops
Domestic works (machine uses around the house)

12.
Sound has pitches or frequency. Scientists use a unit called decibels (db) to measure
the sound pressure, which will in term determine the harmful level of noise. The scale goes
from 0-150 db, and even beyond. (fig. 9.9)

12.

The effects of noise pollution:

Hearing loss
A persistence ringing in the ears medically known as tinnitus
A sudden noise is very annoying an unpleasant.
Rise in blood pressure, tense muscle and make heart beats faster
Higher cholesterol level
Permanent hearing loss or deafness.

13.

There are 3 types of wastes:

Domestic wastes produce in our home or office.
Agricultural wastes produce in our farms. Eg. Decay plants
Industrial waste discharged from factories.

14.

The toxic waste include:

Plant and building product
Cleaning products

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Automotive products
Industrial wastes
Others.

15.
In most countries, garbage is still being disposed of in landfills, i.e. being buried in the
ground. If it is not scientifically done, burying garbage in sanitary landfills has its hazards.
During decomposition, the waste produces methane, a volatile gas and also dioxins, poisons
released from burning of chlorinated hydrocarbon waste. These can leak into the soil, killing
plants and contaminating underground water. Our next generation will suffer the effects of
environmental deterioration,
Notes:

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Lecturer: VMK

Chapter 3

The Environment

Unit 2 :

More About Pollution

Q:
A:

What are the elements of environment? What is threat to environment called?

Environment makes up of 3 key elements: air, water and land. A major threat to the
environment is called pollution. Pollutants can take the form of solid, liquid or gas,
excessive heat, unwanted noise or dangerous variation,

Q:
A:

What are the sources of pollution?

Sources of pollution include:
Natural volcanic eruption
Man-induced the burning of solid fuels in factories.

Q:
A:

What are the sources and effects of air pollution?

The sources and effects of air pollution are:

Sources
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from
factories
Carbon Monoxide (CO) from
transport vehicles
Sulphur Oxides and Tri Sulphur
Oxides from burning fossil fuels
Nitrogen Oxide
Volatile Organic CompoundsMethane (CH4), Propane, Benzene
Suspended Particles dusts, soot,
lead, liquid droplets
Other pollutants

Khlork Vichet, Kay Chansotheara, Ok Sophort

Effects
Human health
Reduce bloods oxygen carrying
capacity
Headaches, dizziness and nausea
Heart
attack
and
nervous
breakdown
Damage natural vegetation
Interfere
with
plants
photosynthesis process
Ozone pollution
High level of acidity and low pH
level harms aquatic life
Without fish, lakes are peril of
losing their capacity for supporting
life.
Discolor, tannish and corrode the
exterior paint coating

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Q:
A:

GS 302
Lecturer: VMK

Differentiate between Haze and Smog.

Q:
A:

Haze a suspicious minute solid particle of dust, soot and smoke, which obscure
the atmosphere near the earths surface. This particle is so small that they could not
be seen individually, but collectively they may reduce visibility to well below 2
kilometers or less.
o Dry haze scatters or defects the suns ray making dark backgrounds
appear bluish and light backgrounds yellowish. When moisture condenses
on the particle, a dense haze is produced.

Smog a kind of fog often encounter in a smoky industrial countries. Factories

discharge large quantities of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides
into atmosphere. When the air is till and warm, and the humidity high, the smog
may envelop the entire city.

What is Acid Rain?

Acid rain refers to rain that has a high percentage of acidity, which affect man, animals
and plants. It becomes the most controversial form of air pollution in the world.

pH represents the acidity of substances in the water.

pH = 7 Neutral; pH > 7 Alkaline; pH <7 Acidic.
Q:
A:

Which countries are facing serious acid rain?

In most industrial areas such as Western Europe or Eastern USA, the pH value is about
4.3, which is 10 times more acid rain than normal precipitation in non-polluted
regions. In Japan, Central Europe, and North Atlantic coastland of USA, pH = 3.5,
which is 1000 times more acidic.

Q:
A:

How is acid rain caused?

Pollutants, such as sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, burning of fossil fuels, combine
with water vapour, sunlight and oxygen, and then create a diluted soup of sulphuric
acid and nitric acid. Moreover, hydrogen chloride gases react to these pollutants and
produce hydrochloric acid. The rain to the earth as acid rain washes this mixture.
Acid rain occurs to where wind and cloud carry these polluted substances. For
example, the acid rain that falls in Norway and Sweden actually travelled across the
North Sea thousands of kilometers away from the industrial boilers, smelters and
electricity generating plants in Britain.

Q:
A:

What are the harmful effects of acid rain?

The harmful effects of acid rain include:
It damages leaves and kills trees, especially in coniferous forests.
It contaminates fish and other marine life in lakes and rivers.
It can damage the roof of trees and impoverish the soil by releasing soluble aluminum
ions and excess nitrogen.
It effects the human respiratory system, causing asthma and bronchitis.
It corrodes building, highways, bridges and priceless works of public art such as
statues and monuments.

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Q:

Q:
A:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

GS 302
Lecturer: VMK

What is water pollution?

The water is contaminated when men dump waste, such as human and animal excreta,
chemicals, metals, oils and other unwanted items, into the water source.
When large amount of waste is dumped into the water repeatedly over long period, the
level of pollution increases, then the water will become polluted.
The polluted water is unsafe to drink. It is said to kill 25 million people in the
developing countries alone every year, most of them are children.

What are the sources of water pollution?

The sources of water pollution are:
Industrial waste: the industrial waste such as cyanide, mercury, lead, oils, detergents,
pesticides, acids and alkalis are the hazard pollutants. Cyanide and mercury are the
chemicals that could kill fish and destroy the natural habitat of entire aquatic species.
Waste heat: the factories, for example, iron and steel works, use large quantities of
water of water in their cooling process. This heated water is released into the water
source that raises the temperature of the water.
Sewage: dumping the organic waste into the rivers will cause water pollution. When
the people bathe in this polluted water and drink the water, water-borne diseases such
as diarrhea, typhoid and cholera easily infect them.
Agriculture waste: when there is heavy rain, large amount of fertilizers, insecticides,
and pesticides used to increase the crop yield and farm wastes such as untreated pig
and poultry are carried into the nearby water sources and pollute the water.
Solid waste: unwanted materials like rusty cans scraps, used tyres, plastic bags,
cardboards etc. are often thrown into the nearest streams and pollute the water that kill
the fish.
Oil spillage: oil tanker collisions, shipwrecks, off-shore drilling rigs, discharge of oil
from ships at sea and industries along the coast, all either deliberately or accidentally
pollute the water.

Q:
A:

What is noise? What are the causes of noise pollution?

Any unwanted sound that upsets us in some way is noise. Unwanted sound causes
noise pollution. The sources of noise pollution are:
Vehicles
Construction sites
Factories and workshops
Domestic works (machine uses around the house)

Q:

How can scientist measure sound pressure?

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Lecturer: VMK

A:

Sound has pitches or frequency. Scientists use a unit called decibels (db) to measure
the sound pressure, which will in turn determine the harmful level of noise. The scale
goes from 0-150 db, and even beyond. (fig. 9.9)

Q:
A:

What are the effects of noise pollution?

The effects of noise pollution are:
Hearing loss
A persistence ringing in the ears medically known as tinnitus
A sudden noise is very annoying an unpleasant.
Rise in blood pressure, tense muscle and make heart beats faster
Higher cholesterol level
Permanent hearing loss or deafness.

Q:
A:

What are the types of wastes?

The types of wastes are:
Domestic wastes produce in our home or office.
Agricultural wastes produce in our farms. Eg. Decay plants
Industrial waste discharged from factories.

Q:
A:

What does toxic waste include?

The toxic waste include:
Plant and building products
Cleaning products
Automotive products
Industrial wastes and others

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Chapter 4

Wildlife Conservation

Unit 1 :
Unit 2:

Wildlife Conservation
Endangered And Extinct Species

1.

Wildlife$conservation$is$the$wise$management$of$natural$environments$for$the$
protection$ and$ benefit$ of$ plants$ and$ animals.$ Some$ species$ of$ plants$ and$
animals$have$become$extinct$because$of$natural$causes.$However,$in$modern$
times,$ the$ activities$ of$ human$ being$ and$ human$ population$ growth$ have$
increased$ the$ danger$ for$ wildlife.$ Therefore,$ some$ species$ have$ declined$
greatly$in$numbers$and$others$are$now$extinct.$

2.

Throughout$ the$ history,$ wildlife$ has$ suffered$ because$ of$ human$ beings$ and$
their$ activities.$ Increasing$ efficient$ weapons,$ deforestation,$ drained$ swamps,$
and$dammed$river$to$clear$way$for$agriculture$and$industry.$These$activities$
have$seriously$harmed$or$destroyed$large$areas$of$plant$and$wildlife$habitats.$

3.

Various$ species$ had$ become$ extinct$ even$ before$ people$ appear$ on$ the$ earth.$
Beginning$ in$ the$ late$ 1800s,$ growing$ concern$ for$ the$ worlds$ vanishing$
wildlife$ has$ led$ to$ increased$ conservation$ action.$ The$ governments$ of$ many$
nations$ have$ passed$ protective$ laws$ and$ set$ aside$ national$ parks$ and$ other$
reserves$ for$ wildlife.$ However,$ several$ hundred$ species$ of$ animals$ and$
thousands$of$species$of$plants$still$face$the$danger$of$extinction.$

4.

Wildlife$is$important$to$people$for$four$main$reasons$
Beauty$ $ beautify$ the$ nature.$ People$ believe$ that$ such$ beauty$ enriches$
their$ life$ and$ heightens$ the$ enjoyment$ if$ camping$ and$ other$ forms$ of$
outdoor$recreation.$
Economic- value$ $ the$ study$ of$ wildlife$ provides$ valuable$ knowledge$
about$ various$ life$ processes.$ It$ helped$ scientists$ understand$ how$ human$
body$ functions$ and$ why$ people$ behave$ as$ they$ do.$ They$ also$ gained$
medical$ knowledge$ and$ discovered$ important$ medical$ products$ by$
studying$ wildlife.$ By$ observing$ the$ effect$ of$ environmental$ pollution$ on$
wild$animals,$scientists$have$learned$how$pollution$affects$human$life.$
Survival-value$$every$wildlife$species$plays$a$role$in$helping$maintain$the$
balanced,$ living$ systems$ of$ the$ earth.$ Thus,$ the$ loss$ of$ any$ species$ can$
threaten$the$survival$of$all$life,$including$human$beings.$

5.

Wildlife$biologists$use$3$main$classifications$for$animals$and$plants$that$face$
possible$extinction:$
Endangered$ species$ face$ the$ most$ serious$ threat$ of$ extinction$ which$
require$direct$human$protection$for$survival$

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Threatened$ species$ are$ generally$ abundant,$ face$ serious$ dangers.$ These$

dangers$ may$ result$ from$ unfavorable$ changes$ in$ the$ environment.$ They$
also$ may$ be$ due$ to$ extensive$ hunting,$ fishing,$ and$ trapping$ or$ even$ to$
collecting$by$hobbyists.$
Rare- species$ $ have$ small$ population.$ They$ live$ in$ protected$
environments,$and$their$numbers$are$not$increasing.$

6.

The$ method$ used$ to$ protect$ wildlife$ depends$ on$ the$ source$ of$ the$ danger$ to$
the$species.$Ensuring$that$their$environment$provides$enough$food$water$and$
shelter$ can$ help$ much$ wildlife.$ This$ method,$ habitat$ management,$ involves$
such$ action$ as$ soil$ conservation,$ good$ forestry$ practices,$ and$ water$
management.$
$
Many$species$of$wildlife$are$threatened$because$people$have$destroyed$their$
habitats.$ Some$ swamps$ and$ marshes$ have$ been$ drained$ and$ converted$ into$
farmland.$Sedimentation,$toxic$chemicals,$and$insolation$from$wetlands$have$
further$degraded$wetland$habitats$that$are$remained.$Poor$farming$practices$
also$destroy$land,$or$the$spread$of$cities$or$industries$may$pave$over$former$
wildlife$habitats$Pollution$may$poison$the$air,$water$and$plants.$
$
An$animal$that$are$threatened$by$too$much$hunting$can$be$protected$by$laws$
that$forbid$or$regulate$such$killing.$Laws$may$specify$certain$species$may$be$
hunted$or$how$many$of$the$species$may$be$killed.$Laws$can$also$protect$plants$
endangered$ by$ overWcollection.$ If$ an$ entire$ habitat$ requires$ protection,$ the$
area$ may$ be$ made$ a$ national$ park$ or$ wildlife$ refuge.$ Predatory$ that$ kill$ an$
endangered$species$must$be$controlled$until$the$danger$animals$increased$in$
numbers.$ When$ a$ species$ may$ become$ too$ numerous,$ the$ animal$ may$
threaten$ its$ own$ survival$ $ or$ the$ survival$ of$ other$ species$ $ by$ eating$ too$
much$other$the$food$supply.$This$must$then$be$reduced,$either$by$controlled$
hunting$ or$ by$ restoring$ its$ natural$ enemies$ where$ they$ become$ scarce.$ If$ a$
species$can$no$longer$survive$in$its$natural$environment,$it$may$be$raised$in$
captivity$ and$ then$ released$ into$ a$ protect$ area.$ A$ species$ threatened$ by$
disease$may$be$helped$by$sanitation$measures$in$its$habitats.$Rare$plants$can$
be$maintained$in$botanical$gardens,$or$their$seeds$can$be$saved$in$seed$banks$
for$future$planting.$

7.

The$table$indicates$the$history$of$Wildlife$Conservation:$
$
DatesEventsPrehistoric$
$
1600s$&$1700s$ British$Colonies$passed$laws$to$protect$wildlife.$
Late$1800s$
Many$states$enforced$game%laws.$
1903$
Roosevelt$established$Pelican%Island%as$wildlife$refuge.$
1890s$
National$forest$system$protected$million$of$acres$of$forests.$
1916$
Set$up$National$Park$System$$
1900s$
First$Asian$and$South$American$National$Park$
1945$
Began$of$International$Cooperation$after$the$birth$of$UN.$
1948$
UNESCO$helped$establish$IUCN.$
Today$
$

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$
$

8.

History$of$wildlife$conservation:$
Early- efforts$ $ the$ first$ wildlife$ conservation$ probably$ occurred$ among$
prehistoric$ people.$ They$ may$ have$ limited$ their$ hunting$ to$ preserve$ the$
supply$ of$ wild$ animals$ they$ needed$ for$ foods.$ Certain$ forests$ were$
protected$for$religious$reasons,$and$others$were$preserved$for$their$value$
in$providing$timber$to$build$ships$
International-cooperation$in$wildlife$conservation$began$on$a$worldwide$
scale$ after$ the$ birth$ of$ $ the$ United$ Nations$ (UN)$ in$ 1945.$ The$ Food$ and$
Agriculture$ Organization$ (FAO)$ and$ the$ United$ Nations$ Educational,$
Scientifics$ and$ Cultural$ Organization$ (UNESCO)$ set$ up$ wildlife$
conservation$programs.$
There$ are$ more$ than$ 1200$ national$ parks,$ wildlife$ reserves,$ and$ similar$
protected$areas$throughout$the$world$today.$

8.$

In$spite$of$the$many$conservation$efforts,$the$future$remains$uncertain$for$the$
worlds$ wildlife.$ The$ continued$ growth$ of$ the$ human$ population,$ the$
distruction$and$disruption$of$wildlife$habitats,$and$the$spread$of$environment$
pollution$present$an$increasing$threat$to$the$survival$of$wild$species.$

9.

Endangered species are living things threatened with extinction that is the dying
off of all individuals of their kind. Most biologists consider a species endangered
if they expect it to die off completely in less than 20 years without special efforts
to protect it. Some species have small populations, but they are not endangered
because their population is not decreasing or threatened.

10.

The chief reasons that species become endangered include:

Destruction of habitats poses the greatest threat to the survival of wild species.
Most animals and plants are adopted to live and reproduce in a specific
environment or habitat and cannot survive when it is destroyed. People
damage wildlife habitats when they provide space for settlement, farming and
industry. Topical rainforests contain the greatest variety of animal and plant
life on earth, and they are being destroyed more rapidly than any other type of
wild habitats.
Wildlife trade includes the capture of animals for pets, zoos, and research and
the killing of animals for their fur, hides, tusks, or horns or other body parts.
Although some of these animals are now protected but law in the countries
where they live, they are still poached.
Overhunting
Competition with domestic and nonnative animals Native birds, mammals
and reptiles has become endangered after people introduced domestic animals.

11.

Laws and conservation programs are helping to reduce endangerment worldwide.

A growing number of animal species have become extinct in the wild and live
only in captivity. Some zoos and animal research centers conduct programs that
breed animals with the hope of returning their offspring to the wild.

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12.

Why animals become extinct is not always clear. Many scientists believe that a
balance exists in nature, so that the establishment of a new species results in the
loss or extinction of an existing species. They found that species tend to live for a
certain period of time and then they disappear.

13.

Scientist distinguishes several kind of extinction. Some species may become

extinct and leave no descendants. Other species evolve into extinction over many
generations, but leave descendant species that may differ only slightly form the
parent species. In other cases, great numbers of unrelated species of animals have
died out at a certain times. Such episodes of mass extinction have led to the rise
of new animal groups that dominated the environment of the earth for millions of
years afterward.

14.

The causes of extinction often raise an argumentation between scientists. Some

believe that most animal species died out because of changes in their environment,
such as cooling climate, the loss of their food source or the destruction of their
habitats. Others offer theories related to why dinosaurs disappeared.

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