Access is the first and arguably most important phase of nonsurgical root canal treatment.

The objectives of access cavity preparation are

(1) to remove all caries,
(2) to conserve sound tooth structure,
(3)to completely unroof the pulp chamber,
(4) to remove all coronal pulp tissue (vital or necrotic),
(5) to locate all root canal orifices,
(6) to achieve straight- or direct-line access to the apical foramen or to the initial curvature of the canal,
and
(7) to establish restorative margins to minimize marginal leakage of the restored tooth.
Guidelines
1. Visualization of the Likely Internal Anatomy
One should check the internal; anatomy of the pulp chamber by viewing preoperative rgraph.
Depth o0f preparation should be checked by aligning the bur attached with handpiece against the
standardized radiograph .
--Position and depth of the pulp chamber
02. Evaluation of the Cementoenamel Junction and Occlusal AnatomiesLaw of centrality: The floor of the pulp chamber is always located in the center of the tooth at
the level of the CEJ.
Law of concentricity:The walls of the pulp chamber are always concentric to the external surface of
the tooth at the level of the CEJ,
Law of the CEJ:The distance from the external surface of the clinical crown to the wall of the pulp
chamber is the same throughout the circumference of the tooth at the level of the CEJ, making the CEJ is
the most consistent repeatable landmark for locating the position of the pulp chamber.
First law of symmetry:Except for the maxillary molars, canal orifices are equidistant from a line drawn
in a mesiodistal direction through the center of the pulp chamber floor.
Second law of symmetry:Except for the maxillary molars, canal orifices lie on a line perpendicular
to a line drawn in a mesiodistal direction across the center of the pulp chamber floor.
Law of color change:The pulp chamber floor is always darker in color than the walls.
First law of orifice location: The orifices of the root canals are always located at the junction
of the walls and the floor.
Second law of orifice location:The orifices of the root canals are always located at the angles in the
floorwall junction
3. Preparation of the Access Cavity Through the Lingual and Occlusal Surfaces-

 Never through proximal or gingival surface It can cause iatrogenic errors.

Place a safe ended bur in handpiece , complete the outline form , The bur is penetrated
into the crown untill the roof of the pulp chamber is penetrated.
Round ended carbide burs are used in case of cast restorations.
These burs has distinct tactile sense when Drop In to the pulp chamber.
Burs used No 2 or N0 4 high sped round bur for access opening.
4. Removal of All Defective Restorations and Caries , of Unsupported Tooth Structure Before Entry
Into the Pulp Chamber
5. Creation of Access Cavity Walls That Do Not Restrict Straight- or Direct-line Passage of
Instruments to the Apical Foramen or Initial Canal CurvatureAccess refining burs with coarse
grit , flame shaped ,diamonds.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Tapering of Cavity Walls and Evaluation of Space Adequacy for a Coronal Seal
Delay of Dental Dam Placement Until Difficult Canals Have Been Located and Confirmed
Location, Flaring, and Exploration of All Root Canal Orifices
Inspection of the Pulp Chamber, Using Magnification and Adequate Illumination-