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pipy

.JAW . ^

*3

-3

TRUBNER & CO.,

! 60, Paternoster Bow,
LONDON.

AN

OF THE

KANNADA, OR CANARESE LANGUAGE ;

IN WHICH

AND

BY
THOMAS

HODSON,

WESLEYAN MISSIONARY.

SECOND EDITION.

BANGALORE :
PRINTED AT THE WESLEYAN MISSION PRESS,
1864.

PREFACE.

The Tamil, the Telugu, and the Canarese, are the three prin
cipal languages of Southern India. The Canarese is spoken by
several millions of Hindus who are living under the government
of Englishmen.
To the Servants of the Government in the Civil, Judicial, and
Educational departments, as well as to Missionaries, a knowledge
of this language is absolutely necessary in order to a right dis
charge of their respective duties.
When the Author commenced the study of Canarese, he felt,
as many others have done, the need of a short and plain intro
ductory grammar. He therefore arranged, for his own use and
improvement, the valuable but chaotic materials of McKerrell's
grammar ; and as he advanced in the language, he made various
notes and additions. This manuscript, which was for years laid
aside as useless, has now been carefully revised, and its contents
are offered in their present form, as an elementary guide to those
who wish to commence the study of this important language.
Bangalore,
May 1st 1859.
Every line of the Grammar has been carefully revised, and
many additions and improvements have been introduced into the
Second Edition.
Bangalore,
July 21st 1864.

CONTENTS.
ALPHABET
...
...
...
Pronunciation
Syllables
Union of Words
PAETS OF SPEECH
NOUNS.
...
Verbal Nouns
Deri vative Nouns
Compound Nouns
Nouns of Eelationship, List of ...
G-ender of Nouns .. .
Number of Nouns
Declension of Nouns
First Declension
Second Do.
Third Do.
Fourth Do.
Declension of Nouns of Eelationship
of Nouns of Quality ...
of Verbal Nouns
ADJECTIVES
PEONOUNS ...
Personal ...
Demonstrative ...
Eeciprocal...
Indeterminate ...
Numeral ...
of Quantity
Interrogative
VEEBS.
Conjugation, Affixes of...
Conjugation of isitJj iru, Be, ...
First Conjugation
Second Do.
...
Causal Verbs
Passive Verbs

Paragbaphs
)>
''
)>

H
H

))

>J
J)
>}

n
f>
n

16.
7 10.
11 14.
15 24.
25.
26.
27 29.
30.
31.
32.
33 39.
40 43.
44 47.
48.
49.
50 52.
53 54.
55 58.
59.
60 61.
62 68.
69101.
70 71.
72 82.
83 84.
85 89.
90 93.
94 97.
98 99.
102 129.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112113.
114.

vi.

Contents.

Irregular Verbs
...
...
Pabaraphs
tf7\o dgu, Become, & 5S,?Xj h6gu, go.
es^o^ annu, Say,
...

iaru, Come, ...

...

Defective Verbs. ...

...

Conjugation of e?t5 apa, Be able, .. .

...

8^ balla, Know,
...

a.e;o ollu, Be unwilling,

...

CO
erooKj
There is, ...

essoorfo ahudu, It is.

...

Verbal Nouns, List of ...

ADVEEBS, how formed

...
>.
Declinable
>
Indeclinable
...

POSTPOSITIONS.

CONJUNCTIONS ...
...
...
INTERJECTIONS
PABTICLES
...
...

115117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123124.
125.
126.
127.
12913131138.
140,141.
I42i43i44-

SYNTAX.
AETICLES
NOUNS, Nominative Case.
Accusative
Instrumental
Dative
Ablative
Genitive
Locative
Vocative ...
...
ADJECTIVES
PBONOUNS, Personal.
Demonstrative
Eeciprocal
Interrogative
VEEBS.
...
Gerunds.
Eelative Participles.

145146.
147148.
149150.
151155.
156169.
171172.
173193.
194197.
198201.
202203.
204208.
209210.
211212.
213-214.
217222.
223231.
232238.

Contents.
Infinitive Mood.
...
...
Imperative Mood .. .
...
Negative Mood
...
...
Affirmative Mood ...
...
Potential and Subjunctive Moods
CAUSAL VEEBS
PASSIVE VEEBS
AUXILIAEY AND IEEEGULAB
eJ7\o dgu, Be, become,
csfdo iru, Be,
eso^ annu, or ^So^ yennu, Say, ...
kollu, Take, .. .
...
...
eSrfo bidu, Put forth,
7st^o Mku, Throw,
e5i& Mki bidu,
gydo barn, Come, ...
...
T5rfo padu, Experience- ...
...
!^j857\j hogu, Q-o, ...
...
ADVEEBS.
...

POSTPOSITIONS ...
CONJUNCTIONS
PAETICLES

Pabagbapiis

...

...

...

239246.
247252.
253260.
261264.
265266.
267.
268.

VEEBS.

...

...
...

269281.
282283.
284288.
291293.
294.
295.
296.
297299.
300301.
302303.
304318.
319320.
321335.
336339.

APPENDIX
Grammatical Terms.
Cardinal Numbers.
Ordinal Numbers ...
Multiplicative Numbers
Fractions ...
Hindu Cycle of Tears .
Months ...
Day
Days of the Week

340.
341.
342.
343344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
349.
350.

TPu6lafie3 in owe Volume ociawo, 401^.0 pages,

A Dictionart, Canarese and English, by the Eev. -W. Eeeve, revised,
corrected and enlarged by D. Sanderson. Price in half calf, 12 rupees.
Half Eussia 13J Es. Other bindings at proportionate rates.
Also an Abridged Dictionary, containing, it is believed, all the words in
ordinary use, 276 pages. By D. Sanderson. Full cloth, 3 Es. Half roan
3| Es. Half calf, 4 Es.
Village Dialogues in Canarese, with an English translation and notes,
by E. Gr. Hodson; revised by D. Sanderson. One of the best books for a
learner. In cloth 1J Es. Interleaved for the use of students 2J Es.
Seventy Stories in Canarese
English and Canarese Vocabulary..-

6 As.
8 As.

Now ready in One Volume 8vo. 560 Pages, Price Five Rupees.
Katha Sangbaha or Canarese Selections; Prose. Compiled by
D. Sanderson. To Missionaries and Mission laborers, for their personal
use, half price. To purchasers of Ten Copies and upwards a discount of
Fifteen per cent allowed.

1. In the modern Canarese alphabet, there are fourteen Vowels, thirty

four Consonants, two letters which are either vowels or consonants, and
one Compound letter.
2. Vowels.
Short (3 a, net i, 00 u, Kb ri,
e, a, o.
Long (3d,
i, v\S> it- S&> ri, & e, o o.
Diphthongs
S3 ei,
o.
3. The following are either vowels or consonauts: o in, n or ny, ac
cording to position, and aha.
4. Consonants.
Twenty-Jive Classified Consonants.
Unaspirated
Aspirated. Unaspirated. Aspirated.
Nasal.
Guttural Class tf ka
SO kha
83 ^rna
X ya
gha
Palatal
^ cha
$ chha
(-SP nya
Si ja
d
tha
Cerebral
B fa
t da
TO a
Dental
& ta
# tha

na
ri da
Labial
ri pa
sio ma
z> ba
Nine unclassified Consonants.
ccfe ya, -6 ra, a la,
va, ^ sha, ^ sha, 7i sa, ha, $ la.
The Compound Letter g> AsAa, is compounded of * Aa, and *3. sA.

Initial
forms.

TABULAE VIEW OF THE ALPHABET.

5. Vowels.
Medial | CorresponPower of
Examples of Consonants
and final :ding English
the vowels.
and vowels united.
forms- j Characters.

es
eJ
psi
JO)
ean
Kb
S3
S3
Zo
>
0

=3

a
a'
i
t

M
rt
ri
e
e'
ei
o
6
ou

like a in about
a far
i him
- ee ,, deep
oo wool
oo cool

e ,, met
a mate
V my
o not
o note
ow owl
1

& and
*
X
ri _
3 _
n
&
ti3
ok
d

(S become
>J
>]
JJ
wo JJ
enr> >>
o& JJ
99
99
99
SJ
S3
99
_ Zj
J
8>
99
s5
jj

ka

%
^

gi
di
nu

o3j

ye

Consonants.

wit
msovnts ithe
nherent

vowel
wa.

6. Consonants.
a
.SuS
pdositomhine clerons

60
pondin
hCha-

nts.
Sound of the Consonants
with
Cor es Englis ract with the inherent vowel a. Forman whenc otl
v

EXAMPLES.

O
>
X
*3

$
*p
<^
S3

rf

iS

tJ
ti

ri
si

kha
ga
gha
gna
cha
chha
j*
jha
nya
ta
tha
da
dha
na
ta
tha
da
dha
na
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
sha
sha
sa
ha
la
ksha

ike ka in kalendar
*
,,
ga gander
* .,
gna magna
cha ,, chapter
#
ja jam
*
nya banyan
rta martaban
* ..
rda cardamom
*
ma carnal
tha thank
tha
# >>
na
pa
* >>
ba
*
ma
ya
ra
la
va ,,
sha
rsha,,
sa
ha
rla ,,
ksha,,

that
natural
parrot

b
so
A
J?
~
<>

, <>

"op
~5
0
a

rococo
_o
O
'<?
1

barrow
-s
matter
yam
rag
lack
van
sham
marshal
sat
ham
moorland
melksham

~s
J
CO
~s

ci
CO
f\V
Si
The preceding sound aspirated.
2

CO

oskara.
sk/talana.
kddgona.
udghdta.
shdrgna.
nishchaya.
ichchhe.
kubja.
jajhjhdra.
dgnye.
kashta.
koththadi.
baddi.
ashaddhdia.
patna.
samasta.
sthala.
tdldu.
drabdha.
patni.
anpu.
sphatika.
kilbisha.
adbhuta.
yugma.
hydge
prdna.
dhldda.
bilva.
matshira.
varsha.
vatsa.
dnhi.
katle.
tatkshana.

Pronunciation.
PKONUNCIATION.
7. 1st. Vowels.
The Vowels are pronounced according to the directions given in the
preceding tabular view of the alphabet, except b e, & e', & o, h 6, which,
when initial, are pronounced ye ye', wo wo ; as, qiera yelld, S&3j ye'nu- &orfo
wondu, (Eng. one,) Sjrfj wodu. In C& ri, &n ri, the * and i have the short
and long Bound of the French eu.
8. 2nd. Consonants.
The following fourteen Consonants are pronounced like the English let
ters by which they are represented:
ka, X ga, & cha, Si ja, 3 pa,
Z> ba, rfo ma, odo ya, xi ra, & la, wa or va, -4 sha, 7j sa, So ha.
9. The remaining Consonants do not correspond with the letters of the
English alphabet. The following are Dental letters ; they must be pro
nounced with the tip of the tongue between the front teeth: ^ ta, tjS tha,
Ci da, tji dha, na.
If the learner be not careful in giving the Dental sound to the above
five letters, his Canarese pronunciation will be like the English of a ne
gro, who says, dis, dat, dees, and ddze, instead of this, that, these and those.
10. The following are Cerebral letters:
63 fa,

tha, zi da, 7$ dha,

na, S( sha, $ la,

There is a dot below the English representatives of these cerebral let

ters, to distinguish them from the dentals. They are pronounced with the
tip of the tongue turned upwards, so as to touch the roof of the mouth, as
far away from the front teeth as possible. This causes every letter of the
cerebral class, especially when preceded by a long vowel, to commence
with a slight sound of r. See the examples in the tabular view of the
alphabet.
Unless the learner bo careful to make a wide difference between the den
tal t and the cerebral f, the dental d and the cerebral d, &c. his pronunci
ation will be decidedly bad; he will often be unintelligible, and very
frequently make the most ludicrous mistakes.

TABLE SHEWING THE ALPHABET WITH THE

.2 a
3 ka
Si kha
7< ga

& d
.sz ltd
:T) khd
JVa gd
t!3 ghd
CCD gnd
ess chd
<D chhd
ara _;'a'
yArf
nyd
&D fa
3D thd

83 gna
So- cha
$ chha
Xja
Cop jha
cg> nya
S3 fa
ij fha
Ti da
z$ dha ZD rfAa
f3 na P3D na1
& ta
ST)
# tha tjTa thd
rf da
T$ dha ^3 rfAa
jS na
~S nd
rf pa
-rs pd
$pha t>T) phd
S3D bd
<J> ba
Q bha
bhd
rfj ma rfcre md
CCu ya CC?T3 ya
TO ra'
d ra
w la
BD a
Aa D Aa
5^ sAa I3^> sAa
To a
<\h> sd
5o ha
55D Ao'
1 !

H i
.5 ki
& Mi
% gi
o^yAi
&? yni
el cAi
$chhi
e3
&p>A?
dip nyi
8 fi
8 fAi

^ i
Af
AAi
yi
yni
el? cAi
sj5> cMi
e3?>'
ccp? _/Ai
<^(; nyi
8? fi
&? fhi

$ rfAi
rfAi
F ni pS ni
s 8? <i
^> <Ai
thi
& di &?
dhi .? ?Ai
$ ni
ni
h pi & pi
?) pAi ?)? phi
63 6i e5v> 6i
sp 6Ai e?? 6Ai
So mi Sere mi
03i yi OSJS) yi
0 ;-i e ri
D ii S? /i
& oi S? i
5 shi 5j sAi
t\ shi l\ sAi
h si ^)j '
Co hi Ss? Ai
9 ft
3;' ^a 2^ AsAi 3;? AsAi

ou w
S'j ku
a>j AAw
7\3 ya
%Mghu
SP gnu
sdi chu
clihu
&ju
tfjpijhu
nyu
Bo fa
tio fAa

W> u
$Ji> ku
SDjs khu

SS ri
^^s) Ari
AAn 0^1) AAri
gfi

.?WvO #Au
er.fi) chu
tfiji chhu
Si" ju
cCpv/a^'Ai
nyw
Bja fit
.tfvrt) fAw

rfAw z^v/b dhu

fSi nu
Mi<
Mw
rfJ3
rfi<
Ho rfw
dhu
Z^j rfAu
nu
pw 7^(3
|5/3 ^Aw
ew 6?/
$3 6Aw ^jjs 6Aw
t^jo mu S5cj3 JB!i
odjjB y;|
"djd ru
&Jd lu
VU
A?/
shu
aj sAw
sAi?
Ea> Aw
Aw
^ /w
^J8 lu
kshu I^js ^-sAi/'
4

Kg, ynri eo^i) ynri

e^^e) cAri
t^g) cAAn ^5g^> cAAri
x&jn
ags jrl
Ctp^^'An rL^^tjhri
rgfid nyrt
Bg) fri B^e) fri
.^s) fAri .d^a fAri
4i> dhrt
fOJe) nri
Sge) tri
Mri
rfg) </ri
rfri
t^g) rfAn dgs) rfAri
nn
tige) pri
phi
&>^s) 6ri
2,3ge> 6Ari
rfojj nrt rfogt) wri
cdog?) yri
tifid rri
v^s lri
rfg, vri ^^t) vri
#Ari .^^t) An
^s) sAri
shri
T3^ sri
<v^B sri
Sog) Ari
!fi
ki
AsAri
fSgj nri

COMBINATIONS OF THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS.

^ e
e'
5? ou
|o a>
% aha
S3 ei
&j o
$ ke ^ ke ^ Aei ^/b ko ^ja' A:o sPS kou roo Aam S kaha
5? khe 3?? khe'v
khei S3ja /c/iO s?ja? kho SD^S Mo?< soo kham s>% khaha
-R ge ^?
7^ja yo 7^ja? yo' 7f3 yow ao yam 7\g yaAffi
to ghe\ ^? yW t^lghei^ iJ>XlS yAo] .?X)ja? ghri^py**) ghou &o gham ^J0 ghaha
$ gne
ye
5?ja? ynJso'3 ynoa E0o gnara Kg gnaha
gnei
chaha
S che
cA<? ^ chei S&ja cho
EjO cAam
$ chhe
chhe\ cAAee iS?oa cAAo ^oajcMo'cvPSeAAo'f^o chham, chhaha
&g _/aAa
2r? _;'ow &o ^'anj
,;'AoAa
&&jhe
&Wa?,;'Ao xi^T^jhouTO,oo ^'Aam
^Sl
nyaha
^ nyet
nye'|
nyou CoO nyam
nyo ^ja? nyo'
&33
<0M &3o few Kg .^rAa
8 te S3? #
63ja?
<o
3ja to
t5 the 3? <Ae' ^ thei 'Sjs tho j^jaj <Ao'
.rfo tham dg fhaha
zf de it? de
.J?jaj do a3^ rfow xio dam rfg rfaAa
$ dhe $Z dhe' ^ rfAet ~?ja rfAo ^ja? rfAo' zft) dhou t<q dham ^ rfAaAo
Me
T% ne
nei yja no Ptjao ny re"^ nou ^pso nam reg naAa
<e
3^?
L0 <om ^g ^a//a
4 te
%
4 the
0*2
thou&o
tham ^g thaha
jfja?
tho
^ thei i^v/a tho
-& de tS> de 'fSj^ dei .zSjs avo i"zoja' rfo' U*2 dou zic dam XL% daha
??jaj dhdTf^> dhou r o dham t^g dhaha
tf> dhe
$1 dhei
jj3*) noM i^So nam jSg naAa
$ ne
^Sja no
ifs) pou ?5o |>ai tg jjaAa
^P?
jso'
pe
_po
^ P
iy*iiphou-^o pham ^5g phaha
$ phe ^? phe ^ ^>Ae?
he
bou Ljo 6am Jog 8aAa
S3 be
|?3ja?
6o'
sSja 6o
Me'
4 bhe
c^ja 6Ao ^ja 6Ao'j ^p"3:) bhoufio bham ^Sg bhaha
.dS^ mou rfoo mai rfjg !aAa
c!ta me
^ mei i^v/a mo
o3j ye
03^ yei o3ja yo o5ja? yo' a57t) you O&o ya! ctfig yaAa
ro tr'S rou .do ram |tig raha
S re |tS^ re
rex i^oa ro
sj% laha
S> le ? le
^ia /o 'ja W ei^S /ok &io /am
sS ve 3 I'e'
DO ^/s? vo jPS rou rfo am s>g aAa
.bjs? Ao'
sAow .^o Aam .^g shaha
. she ^ sAe' ^ shei j^
?3^Je?
sAo
sAe'
^S^
sAej'^Ja
sAo|
Xif? shou tip sham 5a g shaha
sAe
-^'jaj o> kPS ou ?do am
\ saha
5oO
ham
Eog
AaAa
^ja?
h6
S3?
hou
Eo Ae 5c? he' 5c^ Ae Scja Ao
Jow $o lam ^g /aAa
j^ja io
^ja AsAoj
AsAo'[ ^Skshou^p ksham\ sg kshaha
5

Syllables.
SYLLABLES.
11. The short vowel a, is inherent in the initial or complete form of
every consonant ; so that every letter is capable of being a complete syllable.
Thus, rf^ a-va-na, of him:
a-va-la, of her; eSrfd a-va-ra, of them ;
(SZiti a-dt-ra, of it.
12. The inherent vowel may be cut off by placing the mark e- on the
upper part of the consonant ; thus, ti ra becomes 6 r, rf va becomes 5 >
&c. The consonant so deprived, is called a half-letter.
The inherent vowel is also cut off when its consonant is placed below
the line, or under another consonant, in the formation of a syllable ; thus,
tfj pra, /< gla,
dwa,
sna, &e.
13. . When a syllable is formed of two or more consonants, and one vowel,
the vowel is always joined to the first or uppermost consonant, but sounded
after the last or lowest one ; thus, ^ kli,
tyu, f^j? stri.
14. The half-letter s- r, is pronounced before the letter or syllable
which , in writing and printing precedes it ; thus, rfXs- warga, tf^s-jSj kartanu, 5;sBT)s-?\ hortdgi.
SANDHI, OR THE UNION OF WORDS.
This occasions the elision, insertion, and permutation of letters.
A VOWEL CUT OFF, Oil A HALF LETTER INSERTED.
The following observations will save the learner some perplexity in the
compounding of words, the declension of nouns, and the conjugation of
verbs.
15. When a word ending in a, r9 i, s i, tro u, or
e, is followed
by an affix commencing with a vowel, euphony requires the following
changes ; viz.
16. Eirst, The terminating a, is cut off. Thus j-d>a> kuruba, and the
plural affix sstb aru, become ^doeydj kurubaru, shepherds. See 1st Declen
sion. ^Jaizkl^ mddutta and
e'ne, become rfJsirfo^ $8 mddutt/ne, I do.
See 1st Conjugation.
17. Second, The terminating es a may either be cut off, or <o y may
be inserted. Thus, ifTe>^o^ mddutta and <-srfTSj iddanu, become ^TOrfj
0
d yiddanu, he was doing.
erf^o mdduttiddanu, or rfJBrfosra
osorfTSo mdduttd
See 1st Conjugation.
6

Changes in Consonants.
18. Third, The terminating i may either be cut off, or d53 y may be
inserted. Thus, rfro& mctdi and
iddhdne, become rfTS&CP ^ madiddhdne, or rfjs>& 0sjcts^ mddi yiddhdne, he has done. See 1st Conjuga
tion. Bb0 kuri, and the affix SA) , become Bbeodjo kuriyu, &c. See 3rd
Declension.
19. Fourth, The terminating & i requires the insertion of d53 y before
a rowel. Thus,
stri, and the termination rsoft inda, become r^j^osjo
cS striyinda, by a woman. See 3rd Declension.
20. Fifth, The terminating CO is cut off before many affixes in the
conjugation of verbs. Thus, rfjsrfo mddu and tro^ utta, become rfrorfj^
mddutta, doing, (See 1st Conjugation.) ^^Too kusu, and the accusative ter
mination Ss?^ anna, become jSKItSj^ kttsannu, a child. See 4th Declension.
Sometimes 5 is inserted ; as Tisdo ^ur and the accusative termination
tsp^ annu, become Xo.dorf^^ guruvannu, a priest. See 1st example, 4th
Declension.
21. Sixth, The terminating <i e generally requires the insertion of oSj y.
Thus, j^jatS dhore and ^oft iWa, become tfjvdozzozS dhoreyinda, by a
master. See 3rd Declension.
Changes in Consonants.
22. -When a word ending in any vowel is followed by a word or affix
commencingwith 5* ka, or ^ ta, the * Aa often becomes T\ ga- and the
t ta becomes rf da. Thus, ^jtI wara and mm kdlu, become sfcdTreeo
maragdlu, a wooden leg. CooS huli and ^jaX&o togalu, become 2ooI)-zSje>Xe>:>
hulidogalu, a tiger's skin.
The letter da is inserted between *h>SW sdcira, a thousand and an
other numeral. See 341.
23. When a relative participle ending in da, is compounded with the
pronoun K><3j adu, it, the final es a of the participle, and the initial K> a
of the pronoun are both cutoff, thus,
kelida who or which heard,
and est*> atfu, it, become #??zi> Middu, that which (any one) heard.
tfrf Marfa, who or which did not hear, and erfo arfu, become
keladdu, that which (any one) did not hear.
When the past relative participle is irregular, and ends in jj tta, the
final or inherent > a of the participle, Jfnd the initial es a of the pronoun
are both cut off, and the rfa of the pronoun is doubled. Thus, tS&Jj ^a/fa,
who or which experienced, and esrfo
become ^Kjtk paftaddu, that
which (any one) experienced or suffered.
7

Parts of speech.
24. The same rule applies when BoD^ kurita, the irregular past partici
ple of 5o0 kuri, to aim at, is followed by sn5:>. The union becomes tfoO^
kuritaddu, that which is aimed at, or concerning that.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
25. There are eight Parts of speech, viz. Noun, Adjective, Pronoun,
Verb, Adverb, Postposition, Conjunction and Interjection.
NOUN
2G. There are, 1. Common nouns ; as, Sojs^ hilvu, a flower. 2. Pro
per nouns ; as,
Timma, a man's name. 3. Verbal nouns ; as, Borlcdw
>Cfc kuniyuwadu, the act of dancing. 4. Derivative nouns ; as, tfoozzvd
kumbdra, a potter. 5. Compound nouns ; as, rfo^ kiaw mane'-bdgalu, a
house door. 6. Nouns of relationship ; as,
appa, father.
27. Verbal Nouns are formed by adding to the roots of all verbs, erorfrfo
uvadu, ^rio vudu, or SjfQ dna ; thus from anS bare, write, are formed &>t3
odj^rfo bareyuvadu, &t3^;<A> barevudu, or -aScSjii^ bareydna, the act of
writing.
28. Others are formed by adding rJf?? ike to the root, with the changes
required by sandhi ; as, rfjarfo mddu, to do, ?J3rfoS^ mdduvike or steE^
mddike, the act of doing. 537>rtj Aa'rfu, to sing, So^rfoS^ hdduvike or
hddike, the act of singing. 3>do Sara, to come, toiio&S baruvike, the act of
coming.
7. to rule, e?^jS^ dluvike, e?^$ a7iA<?, or
We, the
act of ruling, dominion. A few verbal nouns are formed by adding the
nillakadi, the
rparticle 5& kadi to the root, as, CO nillu to stand, CO
act of standing.
29. Some roots are used as verbal nouns without change, as SockBj 6a/uAk, to live, the act of living, or livelihood.
30. Derivative Nouns are formed by adding certain affixes to the crude
form of nouns.
(1.) e?d dra, and ff^d kdra or 7\v6 gdra, denote the agent, doer or con
stant practice; as, #oo& kumba, an earthen vessel, jostetJ kumbdra, a pot
ter; .Sjb^ mdsa, deception, 3^Kj7VBt3 mdsa-gdra, a deceiver; ^^8^63 tola,
a garden, ja&3s^d tdla-gdra, a gardener.
(2.) rfosJ wanta and ^tiS sWZi, denote possession ; as,
buddhi,
wisdom, 2>o&rfo^j buddhi-wantanu, a wise man; Tfip dhana, wealth, ^^S^o
dhana-wantanu, a rich man. ifo5ijr/sA5 pardkrama, power, TSuti^rekFBS
8

Nouns.
pardkramashdli, a powerful man, a hero.
The affixes
dli, and Xoty
guli, denote a person's habit or practice : and XiS guli, denotes the killer of
a thing; as,
tinndli, a glutton; e?BXotf dfaguli, a person whollydevoted to play ; JSBOSjXoS ndiguli, a dog-killer.
(3.)
tana, and ra*? ike, form neuter and abstract nouns ; as, ^2^.
huchchu, foolish, 5&e>
huchchutana, foolishness ; 5oot4)X huduga, a boy,
SojrfoX^S hudugatana, boyhood. 8w&t$o^ buddhiwanta, wise, SwfrrfoS^
buddhiwantike, wisdom.
31. Compound Noras may be formed by the union of two nouns j as,
tS 3ors belli-hana, a silver fanam,
achchu-Mfa, a printing
office. A'so by affixing a pronoun to the genitive case of a neuter noun
ending in a ; as f?3 kelasa, work, t?aTJrfrf^o kelasadavanu, a labourer.
Nouns are also formed from participles, by affixing the pronouns tD&$3
avanu, he, d^j avalu, she, rfi arfw, it, rfdj avaru, they, (mas. and fem.)
and
avugalu, they (neut.), to the relative participles. Thus sy3odud
bareyuwa, who or which writes, and rfjSo avanu, he, form ay3odwrf^jk 6areyuwavanu, a writer ; Eourforf hdduwa, who or which sings, and ts^o avalu,
she, Eoaii^rf^/j hdduwavalu, a songstress. ^J^rforf mdduwa, who or which
makes, and rfijj avaru they, sfcrarfirfrf'do mdduwavaru, makers ; rfjadj^S
maVwico, which are sold, and ^jX^j avugalu, they, sije>'dirf^iX^/o mdruwavugalu, things which are sold. ScJS^rf Wrfa, who or which went, ^J8?
tfe^j hddavanu, he who went, ^js^rfrf^i hodamlu, she who went, &c.
32. LIST OF NOUNS OF RELATIONSHIP.
Masculine.
^'"S^b' ttajs7^, rfooS^ mutt-appa,
mut-tdta, muttajja, great grandfa"
ther.
^ hett-appa, tdta, ajma, grandfather.
iSy &o-8 appa, tande, father.
?3,/8rf ^ dodd-appa, father's elder
brother ; mother's elder sister's
husband.
E^3^^ chiM-appa, father's younger brother ; mother's younger
sister's husband.
esf anna, elder brother.
ISAj tamma, younger brother.
9

Feminine.
tjjo^^Oj, rfjoi^e^ mutt-amma, n.uttajyi, great grandmother,
^f^j^.
hett-amma, ajji, grand
mother.
^O5-3 amma, tdyi, mother.
T&jarf^b) dodd-amma, mother's elder
sister ; father's elder brother's
wife.
t fl^,
chi k k-a mm a, mother's
younger sister ; father's younger
brother's wife.
akka, elder sister.
&oJ\ tangi, younger sister.
b

Nouns.
Masculine.
^jsrf mdva, father-in-law.
Xorf ganda, husband.
rfj7\ maga, son.
es^odj aliya, son-in-law.
^jB'rfjjX mom-maga, grandson.
t5je^7\ mari-maga, great grandson.
&17\ biga, son's wife's father ; daugh
ter's husband's father.
Tv^Eto^cd) sodar-aliya, sister's son;
wife's brother's son.
siriEr shaddaka, wife's sister's husa
band.
bhdva, husband's elder brother;
wife's brother; paternal aunt's
son; maternal uncle's son.
.itixZ> meiduna, husband's younger
brother; wife's elder brother;
paternal aunt's son ; maternal
uncle's son.

<vLiajrftWcrarf sodara-mdva, maternal

uncle.

Feminine.
ei atte, mother-in-law.
SootiS hendati, wife.
ikX^o magulu, daughter.
Ajja^ sose, daughter-in-law.
A/a ^ 7\^imo m-m a g alu, grand
daughter.
rfoCskX^/o mari-magalu, great grand
daughter.
e3??\S blgiti, son's wife's mother;
daughter's husband's mother.
"&Ji>$zixSi&ji>ci sodara-snse, a man's
sister's daughter ; a woman's
brother's daughter.
^Z> nddini, a wife's or husband's
sister.
T^3S savati, husband's other wife.

nvd^S wdrogitti, husband's broth

er's wife.

tsS^ attige, husband's elder sister;

~ wife's elder sister; paternal
aunt's daughter ; maternal un
cle's daughter.
<3jB^iii sodar-atte, paternal aunt ;
maternal uncle's wife.

GENDEE OF NOUNS.
33. Nouns are of three genders, Masculine, Feminine and Neuter.
34. Men and gods are masculine; women and goddesses feminine;
animals and inanimate objects, neuter. The word Xorfj gandu, male, is
often prefixed to shew the male sex ; as, 7\orfj *jaToo gandu kusu, a male
infant ; Xotfc 5ooD gandu huli, a tiger : Xon'a^/o ganddlu, i. e.
gandu dlu, a male servant or labourer.
35. The word
hennu, female, is often prefixed to shew the female
sex ; as Sof^i BNiaTfo hennu kusu, a female child ; lofso 5ojD hennu huli,
a tigress ; sfis^o henndlu, i. e.
^v0 hennu dltty a female servant or
labourer.
10

Nouns.
36. The following are exceptions : ^tft) kalatra, and ZftTi ddra, wife ;
Bvsro.> ku.su, tijajB1 toka, tIToj^ pasule, sSoXo magu, s3jaXj mogu, and 3^o
shishu, all signifying child ; also
^.an, a person or people, are neuter ;
as, ?rja?fc E&feS^o a child is born ;
ao^o the people have come.
37. The names of inanimate things
are of the gender of those divinities ;
the god of wind ; XTiorf^o garudanu,
vehicle of Vishnu, are masculine,
wealth, is feminine.

personified, or regarded as divinities,

as, es>e> anila, sreodw vdyu, wind, or
the brahmany kite, a deity and the
5/^ shri, wealth, or the goddess of

38. Masculine Derivative nouns ending in eso anu, become feminine

by changing es^j arm, into ^3 iti, as
rd^T>-d^ mosagdranu, a deceiver
(mas.) sja^T\tioS mosagdriti, a deceiver (fem.)
39. The gender of the following nouns is denoted by different words.
guli, a bull ;
5\ia?e Aon, a steer ;
^ja?PB Aona, a he-buffalo ;
&37\-do tagaru, ob^X yelaga, a ram ;
Eojosa hunja, a cock ;
Sojb^ Ao'fa, a he-goat ;

t$&$o dkalu, a cow.

izi7io kadusu, a heifer.
^%^ yemme, a she-buffalo.
Aun, a sheep.
EjoSS hente, a hen.
e?rfc <tai/, a she-goat .

NTJMBEB OF NOUNS.
40. Nouns have two numbers, Singular and Plural.
41. The plural is formed by inserting es5 ar, 7< gal, or esdjAf arugal,
between the crude noun and the affix for each case ; so that the nominative
plural may end in es-do aru,
galu, or
arugalu .
42. Plural nouns of relationship terminate in esoKij andiru, or esoS-do
undirugalu ; as es^sofotfj annandiru, or
o&doX^o annandirugalu,
elder brothers. i&7\ may, a son, is an exception ; its plural is
makkalu, sons.
43. When the cardinal numbers are used in reference to persons, the
word Sip jana, may be added to 2orfo wondu, one ; and either Sip jana, or
iko} mandi, t all the other numbers; thus, fc-ocjo
wondu jana, on
person; i'dlk SS^ yeradu jana, or idrfo s)o> yeradu mandi, two persons.
For the ordinal and multiplicative numbers, See Appendix, 3423.
11

Nouns.
DECLENSION OF NOTJNS.
44. There are four Declensions, which are distinguished from each other
by the gender of the nouns and their terminations in the crude state.
45. Masculine nouns terminating in the
First Declension ; Neuter nouns in 85 a,
All nouns in ^ i, ^t, o5 e, or ei, are
nouns in vo u, and all other terminations,
are of the Fourth Declension.

crude state in 55 a, are of the

are of the Second Declension.
of the Third Declension. All
except those above mentioned,

CASES OF NOUNS. (147.)

46. Nouns have eight cases, which are formed by adding the following
affixes to the Crude State of the noun.
The state of a noun without any affix is called its crude state. (148.)
The same affixes are added to pronouns. (70.)
Cases.
1. Nominative

Affixes.
Signs.
cro u,
a
See 147.
' a, *
.)
2. Accusative
anna,
149, 150.
fSo^ annu,
1*
rs|orf inda,
3. Instrumental
by
151--155.
/*lst. Declension 'Vft ige, or 7? ge
ts^ akke,
j
156--170.
* ge,
| to
(.4th.
rsrt ige,
^)
(Dat.pl.all Declensions) ?of\ ige
5. Ablative
Ti^oSiOZi deseyinda,
from
171, 172.
6. Genitive
> a,
173--193.
of
7. Locative
D alii,
in
194--197.
8. Vocative
198, 199.
0!
&c.
47. As the crude state of the Noun generally ends in a Vowel, and all
affixes for the cases, except one form of the dative, begin with a vowel, it
is necessary, in the declension of nouns, to insert certain letters between
the noun and its affixes: these are made according to the Declension, Gen
der, Number, and Case of the noun. Thus,
ts a, becomes 5> an, before a vowel in the Sing. num. of the 1st. Declen.
6s a, becomes es5 av, and 5 ad
do
do
2nd.
tto u, may become <^ in,
do
do
4th.
instead ofthese accusative affixes, tbe final vowel of the crude noun Is sometimes lengthened. See 150.
12

Declensions.
The following table exhibits, at one view, all the letters and syllables
which have to be inserted, both in the Singular and Plural numbers.
Singular.
Nominative,
Vocative,
Accusative.
1st Declension]
Masculine

5 n,

2nd Declension!
Neuter

5 v,

Dative.

Instrumental,]
Ablative,
GenitiveLocative. '

$ n, *
lor nothing

n,

es5 ar,
7\ gal or
Odortf arugal

5 d,

3rd Declension
Any Gender

[4th Declension
Any Gender

Plural.
All Cases.
Masculine
and
I Neuter.
Feminine.

7v$ gal.

es5 ar,
tff- gal, or
esfjoX^ arugal.

1
Y *f galJ
J

^ in, J

gal.

48. FIEST DECLENSION, or Masculine Noun ending in B .

Crude noun, tfj-dj&> kuruba, a Shepherd.
Singular.
No. tfoTijByjSo kurubanu, a shepherd.
Ac. tfjdosa^S kurubana, a &c.
Bb-djaijS^ kurubananna,
tfjcte^j} kurubanannu,
In. tfo-do^orf kurubaninda, by or

Plural.
tfjtJo&Tjo J kurubaru, shepherds.
B'jTjjaoTj kurubura,

tfjdj8JTj^^ kurubaranna,
Bodo&T^So^ kurubarannu,
tfodo&ecrf kurubarinda, by, from, &c.

from, &c.
Da. tfjtfoa)?^ kurubanige, to, &c.
tfo-dj&7^ kurubage,

Ab. tfo.dj&^tSfSoajorf kurubana-deseyinda, from, &c.

G-e. tfotfra^ kurubana, of, &c.
Lo. tfodo&^ kurubanalli, in, &c.
Vo. tfo-do>^? kurubane', O, &c,

tfj-djKotn^ kurubarige, to, &c.

tfo-d;8)-d.i3^03ooc5 kurubara-deseyinda, from, &c.
tfo-dj&-d kuntbara, of, &c.
tfjrjosvdl) kurubaralli, in, &c.
cr
tfatfjaytS? kurubare, O, &c.

The insertion In this case is optional. If inserted- the affix for the dative case must be urt i"; If omitted- the
affix is f\ ff*.
t This syllable may be inserted or omitted at pleasure.
J or Nom. *0ti>UCiJritfj trSartra!,
Aco. *>A>UtSlrttfi*^ iamtanifotauui- 4c.
13

Declensions.
49. SECOND DECLENSION, or Neuter Noun ending in es a.
Crude noun, sfrd mara, a Tree.
Singular.
Plural.
No. skd^j maravu, a tree.
rbdX^/o maragalu, Trees.
Ac. :&>drf marava, a, &c.
sfodX^ maragala,

rfo-drf^ maravanna,
rfo-dX^;} maragalanna, ,,
tio-j-dp^ maravannu, ,,
sk-dX^o} maragalannu, ,,
In. si>-dtorf maradinda, by or from, skdX^orf maragalinda, by or from,
&c.
&c.
skdX^, maragalige, to, &c.
Da. skd^ marakke, to, &c.
Ab. rfodcfrS^O&icc> marada-deseyin- s&dX^tSroOSocrf maragala-deseyinda,
from or by, &c.
da, from or by, &c.
skdX^ maragala, of, &c.
G-e. sbdrf marada, of, &c.
sk-dX^s^ muragalalli, in, &c.
Lo. 3j.dEs<j maradalli, in, &c.
rfodX^? maragale, O, &c.
Vo. skd^ marave', O, &c.
N. B. The names of animals, &c. terminating in the voweles a, are
declined like skd; except Xd.>rf garuda, a kite; forSd basava, an ox ; ^v/a?P3
AjW, a he-buffalo ; and Sskd kamatha, a tortoise ; which are declined like
nouns of the
declension.
50. THIED DECLENSION.
1st Example. Masculine Noun ending in i e.
Crude noun, i&s8 dhore, a Master.
Singular.
Plural.
No. ZjkisfSodjo dhoreyu, a master, &c. 3jWSX^o dhoregalu, masters.
Ac. (^jadodj dhoreya, a, &c.
jJLiatfX^ dhoregala,

^jat3crfo^ dhoreyanna,
zJW<3X^S;j dhoregalanna,

TjLretfcdoT^ dhoreyannu,
Z$jatfX^o} dhoregalannu,
In. zjjjstfosjorf dhoreyinda, by or zJijatfX^orf dhoregalinda, by or from,
from, &c.
&c.
Da ^Jiitf^ dhorege, to, <fec.
$jcftfX^ dhoregalige, to, &c.
Ab. zfSjatfodrzS^jasoozj dhoreya-dese- J^jstfX^^Osoorf dhoregala-deseyinyinda, from or by, &c.
da, from or by, <fec.
Ge. zjwatfodo dhoreya, of, &c.
z|tatfX$ dhoregala, of, &c.
Lo. $Jdtfod}c^ dhoreyalli, in, &c.
jJSjat3X^ dhoregalalli, in, &c.
Vo. ^jatfod^ dhoreye", O, &c.
&s6X^ dhoregaU, O, &c.
14

Declensions.
51. THIED DECLENSION.
2nd Example. Feminine Noun ending in
Crude noun,

i.

strt, a Woman.

SlNGTTLAE.
No. ^j^odjo stnyu, a woman.
Ac. ^j?odo striya, a, &c.
^od^ striyanna,

ft^odo^o} striyannu,
In. ^osoorf<rij/inrf, by or from,
&c.
Da. ^j^R strige, to, &c.
Ab. R^odjt3r?oaoorf striya-deseyinda, from, or by, &c.
Ge. fc^odo s^nya, of, &c.
Lo. f^J?0^ ttrlyalli, in, &c.
Vo. ftj?o5->?
O, &c.

PlUEAL.
R^odoxb striyaru, women.
fc^odod striyara,

?^j?od^^ strlyaranna,
^odj-d^ striyarannu,
^j?cd>t>orf striyarinda, by or from,
Ace^odoe7* striyarige, to, &c.
fc^ododzSTSosjorf striyara-deseyinfrom or by, &c.
^odjd striyara, of, &c.
^j^odjd^ striyaralli, in, &c.
f^odo-iS? striyare, 0, &c.

52. THIED DECLENSION.

3rd Example. Neuter Noun ending in <S| i.
Crude noun, tf^S kuri, & Sheep.
SrNGTTLAE.
PhTBAL.
No. tfoeodjo kuriyu, a sheep.
tfjfcX^o kurigalu, sheep.
Ac. tfoeodo kuriya, a, &c.
#>eX$ kurigala,

tfoeodj^ kuriyanna,
tfoeX^^ kurigalanna,
tfoeodj^ kuriyannu,
In. BbeOfloorf kuriyinda, by or
from, &c.
Da. #5B7^
to, &c.
Ab. tfoeodj^TvOSoorf kuriya-desepinda, from or by, &c.
Ge. Soeodj kuriya, of, &c.
Lo. tfoeodjpo kuriyalli, in, &c.
Vo. tfjeodjj kuriyi, 0, &c.

*oeX^^ kurigalannu,
tfoeX^orf kurigalinda, by or from,
&c.
tfjeX^ kurigalige, to, &c.
goeX^-jSrSosjcrf kurigala-deseyinda,
by or from, &c.
^jSA^ kurigala, of, &c.
BbeX^ kurigalalli, in, &c.
tfoBX.f? kurigalj, 0, <fcc.

15

Declensions.

No.
Ac.

In.

Da.
Ab.

Ge.
Lo.
Vo.

No.
Ac.

In.

Da.
Ab.

53. FOUETH DECLENSION.

1st Example. Masculine Noun ending in Crt) .
Crude noun, XoTfc guru, a Priest.
Singular.
Plubal.
Xo.dj.^) guruvu, a priest.
Xj.d.oX^o gurugalu, priests.
Xo.dorf (juruva, a, &c.
XodoX^ gurugalu,

XjtJjrf^ guruvanna,
7WoX$3} gurugalanna,

Tkdjrfo} guruvannu,
XjdoX$o3 gurugalannu,
XJdo&ori guruvinda, by or from, 7taft7^o73 gurugalinda, by or from,
&e.
&C.
7ktfj&>orf guruvininda,
Xo-djJ)^ guruvige, to, &c.
XotfcX^ gurugalige, to, Ac.
KoZ^ZtZoso0zSguruva-deseyin- XydoX^TSrSosjorf gurugala-deseyinda, from or by, &c.
da, from or by, &c.
T\otJjS^^OSoorf guruvina-deseyinda,

TJjdjrf guruva, of, &c.

XydoX^ gurugala, of, &c.
TCjujD^S guruvina,
Xjdj^e^ guruvalli, in, &c.
XoTjoX^e^ gurugalalli, in, &c.
Xjcta&p^ guruvinalli,
XodjS? guruve', O, &c.
XjifcTv^? gurugale, O, &C.
54. FOUETH DECLENSION.
2nd Example. Neuter Noun ending in
.
Crude Noun,
Ai*sk, an Infant.
Singular.
Plubal.
?\ffir\b Auu, an infant.
^jaTooX^o Msugalu, infants.
tfjSro Aua, an, &c.
&j&&37.$ kusugala,

tiji>Tipy kdsanna, ,,
^jtirooX^1^^ kusugalanna,
tfjjKi^Sja kusannu,
tfjaTdjX^o^ Msugalannu,
5\js>?JocS kusinda, by or from,
JeiTooXVo^ kusugalinda, by or from,
&c.
&c.
tfA&4tarf kusininda,
jsTj-oX^rt kutugalige, to, Ac.
tf/s&rt Msige, to, &c.
SfjBTotSt^osjo.rf kusa-deseyinda, tfjS^jX^tSosoori kusugala-deteyinfrom or by, &c.
da, from or by, &c.
^ji&^iS^O&oorf kutina-deseyinda,

16

Nouns.
Pltjral.
tfjaTo^X^ Msugala, of, &c.

SlNGTTLAE.
G-e. ^J5>rj kusa, of, &c.
?\rJ^ kusina,
Lo. tfjaTo^ kusalli, in, &c.
^JSoJ?3S kusinalli,
CO
Vo.
Ae, 0, &c.

^jarkX^I^ kusugalalli, in, &c.

^jaToja.^o Msugale, O, &c.

NOUNS OP EELATIONSHIP.
55. Nouns of relationship require the insertion of eso&5 andir, in the
plural, between the crude noun and all other insertions and affixes. In
other respects the nouns of relationship ending in 8s a, are declined like
nouns of the 1st declension, and those ending in ^ i, or b e, like nouns
of the 3rd declension.
56. Crude noun, esrij appa, a Father.
Singtjlab.
Pltjbal.
No. Orf\j^j appanu, a father.
ts^o&dj appandiru, fathers.
Ac.
appanannu,
es^oEcd^j^ appandirannu,
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
57. Crude noun, t^ja^ sose, a daughter-in-law.
No. (Sjaroodjj soseyu,
njjafSo&o&dj soseyandiru,
Ac. (?jE?3odo^o^ soseyannu,
^ja^odjo&dj^ soseyandirannu,
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
58. sk>7\ ma^, a son, is an exception, and is declined as follows :
No. rfo/"^So maganu,
sbtf^/j makkalu,
Ac. tkX^o} maganannu,
makkalannu,
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
NOUNS OF QUALITY.
59. Nouns of quality of the Neuter G-ender, like the Neuter Pronoun
Krfj arf, (see 76,) require the insertion of S>5 ar, before the affixes for
the Instrumental, Ablative, Genitive, and Locative cases. Thus,
^erfo karidu, a black thing.
SnrouLAE.

Pltjbal.
Sreo&^y kariyavu,
^Dcrfj^o^ kariyavannu,
^eodo^Borf kariyavarinda,
tfeodj^^ kariyavakke,

No. tf&rfj karidu,

Ac. tfcrf^i>} karidannu,
In. tf&rfeorf karidarinda,
Da.
karidakke,
17

Acbectivee.

Ab.
Ge.
Lo.
Vo.

SlNGTTEAE.
tfe'rfd'^^osjoZj karidara-deseyinda,
tferfd karidara,
TJ'erf'dS)
CO karidaralli,
Se^s karide'.

^eod^TftScSosjoli kuriyavara-destyinda,
^Oodjrf-rf kuriyavara,
S^Bcx5orf'rfj kariyavaralli,
2rBoi>s3 kariyave'.

VERBAL NOUNS.
60: Verbal nouns ending in Wsftij uwadu, like the preceding example;
require the insertion of 5 ar, before the affixes for the Instrumental,
Ablative, Genitive and Locative cases in the Singular number. They
have no- plural.
61. oiJarforfrfi mdduwadu, the act of doing.
No.
Ac.
In.
Da.
Ab.
Ge.
Lo.

jjjDrfjsrfj mdduwadu,
lijarfjv'rf^o^ mdduwadannu,
3jarforfirfeorf mdduwadarinda,
mdduwadakke,
siretiiJ&JtfzSNOaocrf mdduwadara-deseyinda,
iJe>tkrfd'd mdduwadara,
^Jsdo^rfdS) mdduwadaralli.

ADJECTIVES. (202.)
62. Adjectives generally precede the nouns to which they belong.
Thus,
hosa batte, a new cloth ; e#t^
chikka gida, a small
shrub.
63. rbB man, a young animal, is affixed to express the young of quadru
peds, birds, fishes and insects ; &c. as, e?;3? ^JQ ae mari, a young ele
phant; Sorfjt?^ ^je kudure' mari, a colt;
^71' Mart, a chicken;
^sS? rfoB itf mari, a young rat ; Sjs^j rfoe minu raori, a young fish ; mt^s\
hdvu mari, a young serpent. Xoo;3 gunne, young, is also affixed ; as
BooSi Xoo^S handi gunne, a young pig.
64. ?Wj Aarw, a calf, is added to denote the young of cows and buffaloes
only; as,
Stfo a'Aa/a karu, a calf; ob^? ^tfj yemme' karu, a young
buffalo.
18

Aaijectives.
65. Eelative Participles are used, before nouns, like adjectives, and
in them the Relative Pronouns who and which are implied. Thus, Scja^Xirf
rfjb as~ hoguwa mdrga, the going road, the way in which he, &e. goes, or
will go.
&orf rfo^tofi^Tk banda manushyanu, the arrived man, the man who has
come.
jirerfrf eiTd mddada kelasa, the unperformed work, the work which
he, &c. has not done, or will not do.
66. There are not many Adjectives in the Canarese language ; the defect
is supplied by affixing to Nouns the irregular participles e?rf dda, * and
Wtf ttlla. tro2 antha, such, is frequently added to these participles, as
in the following examples:Saa bula, strength; &>V2T>Ti balawdda, &sjJKi3o;j5
balawddantha,
balawulla, &i^^o? balawullantha, strong, pos
sessing strength. 65rs hana, money ; 2of3^;# hanaiouUa, &?VK>$g0$ hasiawullantha, rich, possessing riches.

COMPARISON OP ADJECTIVES.
67. There is nothing in Canarese corresponding with the English er and
.est, more and most, by which adjectives can be compared. Comparisons
are generally made by
inta, added to the dative case. The word
inta, signifies than; as
tfjrfotf^og 3^ SjzS.tS Sjsfti* nanna
Jcudureginta ninna kudure doddadu, your horse is larger than mine.
oie/s ^jrfjtSXy?o^
iS&TiTii yelld kuduregaligmta
,kudure doddadu, your horse is the largest of all. '(161.)

ninna

68. Comparisons may be expressed by the dative and locative cases

without the addition of
inta. Thus,
tfsarftf Scto Sirijtf Sjitiz!o,
nanna kudurege ninna kudure doddadu, to my horse your horse (is) a
large one ; or, your horse is larger than mine.
"^co ^^^^^
rfj yelld kuduregalalli ninna kudure
doddadu, of, or among, all the horses, your horse .(is) a large one ; that is,
your horse is the largest of all. (195, 196.)

* e?rf dda, who or which became, or has become, is the past relative
participle of the verb
dgu, to be, become, &cV0$ ulla, who or
which is, or possesses, is the past relative participle of the ^defective verb
craoi.^ un>u, there is. (119 and 127.)
19

Pronouns.
PRONOUNS.
69. There are seven sorts of Pronouns, viz. 1. Personal. 2. Demon
strative. 3. Beciprocal. 4. Indeterminate. 5. Numeral. 6. Of quantity.
7. Interrogative.
N. B. There are no Relative pronouns in Canarese : they are implied in
the relative participles. See paragraph 232. There are no Possessive
pronouns. Possession is expressed by the genitive case. (205.) Pronouns
are declined like nouns.
I. PEESONAL PEONOUNS.

(204208.)

70. Crude state, ^ nd, I, (irregular.)

SlNGTTIiAB.

PlTTBAL.

No. cTSc& ndnu, I.

Ac. c$jS} nanna, me.
<?c^c^ nannanna,
pfS^^b^ nannannu, ,,
In. ^J^orf nanninda, by or from
me.
Da.
nanage, to me.
Ab. jSj>yzSo3soz3 nanna-deseyinda,
from or by me.
Gre.
nanna, of me, my.
Lo. ?c^|^ nannalli, in me.
71. Crude state,
No.
Ac.

In.
Da.
Ab.
Ge.
Lo.

^o3^j ndvu, we.

c^*^ namma, us.
^sb 'jSa nammanna,
^S^^^j^ nammannu, ,,
jSSj^orf namminda, by or from us.
$&~R namage, to us.
jSrf^'zS'Sosjorf namma-deseyinda,
from or by us.
jSrfjj namma, of us, our.
TSrfo,
-TiCO nammalli, in us.
ni, thou, (irregular.)

ninu, thou.
ninna, thee.
>c^c^ ninnanna,
}jSoa ninnannu,
>>3rf ninninda, by or from
thee.
3^ ninage, to thee.
>^TS<?0S3orf ninna-deseyinda.
from or by thee.
ninna, of thee, thy.
t#^f0 ninnalli, in thee.

niw, ye or you.
nimma,

Jbrfo^S^ nimmanna,
JJ^i^Sj} nimmannu,
>bjcZ3 nimminda, by or from you.
nimage, to you.
firf.yS<^QS.3orf nimma-deseyinda, by
or from you.
>;d^ nimma, of you, your.
>'^f0 nimmalli, in you.
20

Pronouns.
II. DEMONSTRATIVE PEONOUNS. (Eemote.)
72. Crude state, es> ava, He, that man. (209.)
(used when speaking of an equal, or inferior.)
Setouxar.

Plural.

No. esrf^j avanu, he.

Ac. es>^ avanannu, him.
&c. &c.

es^do avaru, they.

essW^ avarannu, them.

like nouns of the 1st declension.

73. esrftfo aa/M, (feminine of esrf^j) She, that woman. (209.)

(used when speaking of an equal, or inferior.)
No. esd^o avalu, she.
essfcto avaru, they.
Ac. esrf^jSj^, avalannu, her.
esrf-d^ avarannu, them.
&c.

&c. like the preceding example.

74. Crude state C?3 dta, He, that man. (210.)

(used when speaking of a superior.)
No. O^j dtanu, he.
Ac. e?^So^ dtunannu, him.
&c.

&c.

e?^X^/j dtagalu, they.

e?^X^^ dtagalannu, them.

like nouns of the 1st declension.

75. es^, die, (feminine of 3?b) She, that woman. (210.)

(used when speaking of a superior.)
No. e?^cdu dkeyu, she.
Ac- e?^o3jj^ dkeyannu, her.
&c.

&c.

e?^o&cdj dkeyara, they.

e?^odjd^ dkeyarannu, them.

like nouns of the 3rd declension.

76. esrfo a^u, It, that thing.

The syllable es5 ar, must he inserted
in the Instrumental, Ablative, Genitive and Locative cases singular.
No.
Ac.
In.
Da.
Ab.

adu, it.
esrf^o^ adannu,
esZjeorf adarinda, by it.
KZ5^ adakke, to it.
es>I&jt3?Soso3rf adara-deseyindu, from it.

esvb. es^.tf-) . avugalu, they.

Wit^, es^X^j} avannu, avugalannu, them.
O^X^orf avugalinda, by them.
Od^, es^)X<?X aaMe, avugalige, to them.
es^X^zSrSoaoorf avuga}a-deseyinda, from
them.
21

Pronouns.
Ge. cSd adara, of it, its.
Lo. esrftlS) adaralli, in it.
CO

W&7t$ amtgala, of them, their.

ri , rfjtftf 3 aucrWi, avugalalli, in them.
CO
0 CO

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. (Proximate.)

SlNGUXAB.
77. "SV^Sj ivanu, he, this man.
78. ^rf^/j ja/w, she, this woman.

PlITBAL.
f^'di iuara, these men.
rsidtfj ivara, these women.

(used when speaking of equals or inferiors.)

79.
itanu, he, this man.
itagalu, these men.
80. #s#cdM i'Aeyw, she, this wo- ^^crfj'do ikeyaru, these women.
man.
(used when speaking of superiors.)
81.
irfw, it, this thing.
rs^i), f^X^/o ivu, ivugalu, these
things.
82. The above five pronouns are declined exactly like the five preceding
ones. The Demonstrative proximate commence with rS| i, and
i; and the
remote with a, and eJ a. This is the only difference between them.
III. RECIPROCAL PRONOUN.
83. SD^o tdnu, himself, herself, itself, is declined like JTOFfc ndnu, I.
SlNGTTLAB.
No. ST^o tdnu,
Ac.
tannannu, &e.

&c.

PlTTBAL.
sx^j tdvu,
^zh^^ tammanmt, &c. &c.

84. This pronoun is used with reference to some other noun or pronoun
of the 3rd person preceding it. (211.)
The plural is used honorifically in the second person singular, in the
sense of "your honor," "your Lordship," &c. when speaking to a person
of rank. (212.)
IV. INDETERMINATE PRONOUNS.
Singular.

Plural.

85. Io"d^> heranu, another man.

^'ddi heraru, other men.
(declined like s^j avanu, he.)
86.

herulu, another woman.

Eo'd'do heraru, other women.
(declined like rf^k avulu, she.)
22

Pronouns.
87. Sod^i heratu, another tiling.
Scri*y heravu, other things.
(declined like rfs adu, it.)
88. The following have no Singular ; they are declined like rfdo avaru,
they.
=$<y&5* kelavaru, some persons.
Bo&irfdj halavaru, several persons.
^srdj yellaru, all persons.
89. Their neuters are declined like ^) avu, or O^rttfj avugalu, those
things.
i?e^j kelavu, some things.
Eoe/^) halavu, several things.
yellavu, all things.
V. NUMEEAL PEONOUNS.
Singular.
Plural.
90. a^yk wobbanu, one man.
ibbaru, two men.
(declined like e5s^o avanu, he.)
91.

wobbalu, one woman.

rs^Ti's ibbaru, two women.

(declined like rf^o aa?w, she.)

92. &.orfj woudu, one thing.

ob'drfo yeradu, two things.

(declined like zi) arfw, it.)

93. Other Numerals are declined in the same manner, viz. the Mas
culine and Feminine like Orftfj avaru, they ; and the Neuters like
adu, it.
VI. PEONOUNS OF QUANTITY.
94. Eemote ;
ashtaru, so many persons as those, \ declined like
95. Proximate; ^T&gi* ishtaru, so many persons as these. J rftfr avaru.
96. Eemote; t*S,^ashtu, so much, or so many things as those, \ declined like
97. Proximate; ^szi^ishturso much, or so manythings a&these. )
esrfo adu.
VII. INTEEEOGATIVE PEONOUNS.

(213.)

98. o3jd-d ydva, who, which, what ?

odTS^o ydcanu, or OT>rfjSj ddvanu, who, what man ?
odJe>^o ydvalu, or nt^-: ddvalu, who, which woman?
23

Pronouns.
odrorfrfo ydvadu, or nti^rfo ddvadu, which thing ? with their plurals,
are declined like es^o avanu, esrf^/j avalu, and srfo adu.
i^-dj yeshtaru, how many, (mas. and fem.) is declined like esrfdo.
o^Aoj yeshfu, how many, (neut.) is declined like esrfj arfu.
99. oi^j ye'nu, what ?
No.
Ac.
In.
Da.
Ab.

0^o ye'nu,
tii^^o^ yenannu.
&3tood ye'tarinda.
or
ye'tmkke or ye'A<?.
t^TjtSrSo3ooz3 yetara-deseyinda.

Ge. e>sW ye'tara.

Lo. 'S&Ti&^yeta.ralli.
e?c&ja ddaru, soever, is frequently added to interrogative pronounsas
odjsirf^ti.Eteja ydvanddaru, whosoever, any one soever. cdJsrfcsrftf>/B ydvadddaru, whatsoever. (327.)
100. Some of the Demonstrative, Numeral, Local and other pronouns
are abbreviated, or changed, when they form the first member of a com
pound word, and the abbreviated forms of one, two, and three, double the
Consonant which follows them ; (341.)
eJ a.
escfc adu, that, becomes
f^rfo idu, this,
odjs^rfo ydvadu, which,
Zj o.
S^orfo wondu, one
oWrfo yeradu, two,
^ms or i m or mu, rfjojj mw,
cijjB.do muru, three,
ja na, ^tb5 ndl.
trsvoy ttdlku, four,
eirf, five.
e?tJj rfru, six,
yelu, seven,
obo&3j
eight,
s^o^e!^ wombhattu, nine,
Eo&o hattu, ten,

C?5 tfr. esTj ara.

obri yen. oiojS yemb.
So^ Aaw, or
Aacft. 5o^
ha fta, S..&cJ hadin.

As an affix sitfj Aa***- sometimes becomes 3^ waefa; as sj.\ m*- and sitf^ tca*fK; Thirty &c. See 841.
24

Verbs.
jS53 naf.
me.

naduvu, middle,
sSoXi mtgu, upper,
kelagu, under,
IoJS'dXj horugu, outside,
skiorfj mundu, front,
ZjtfXi wolagu, inside,
3oori> hindu, hinder,

5Sja'd hora.
jkoo mure or mum.
3^ wola.
Soo Aere or him.

Examples
rfo adu, and sb;3 mane, become
Zuorfj wondu, and tfpss kannu,
Cosio, hattu, and EuOEk wondu,
5o^j_ hattu, and ^js^o m/in/,

& rfo^ a mane, that house.

M^f9 wokkannu, one eye.
So^os^orfj hannondu, eleven.
3o&rf30S'dj hadimuru, thirteen.

VERBS.
102. Verbs are divided into Active, Passive, Neuter, and Causal.
The root of the verb is generally the same as the 2nd per. sing. Im
perative.
103. The roots of verbs generally terminate in V0 u, ^ i, i) e, or & e.
104. There are two Conjugations, distinguished by the ending of the
root of the verb. The 1st conjugation ends in V0 u, and the 2nd in *q i,
b e, and other vowels.
105. There are four Simple Moods ; viz. the Infinitive, the Imperative,
the Negative, and the Affirmative. The Potential and the Subjunctive are
compounds.
106. In the Affirmative mood there are four simple, and six compound
Tenses.
107. The Infinitive mood is impersonal. The other simple moods and
tenses are formed by adding certain personal affixes to the Boot, to Gerunds,
or to Participles.

25

Root.
added
the
toare

andrfo.
gerund
in
past
^

rel.
future
fthe
part,
en-

ouj^in
gerund
present

d.
in
rel.
part,
past
|
erosi.
in
ding

Verbs.
of
conjugation
affixes
the
in
used
personal
following
the
The
108.
are

3n.
av

tsft

dv

eft

dve

a'rw

"do

are

&f.
3m.
av

inthe2nda{1)TemNfphxaoassergicxsaomend,psv.t,e

tS-3

awhi'Itfthepcidoofft.anditctoraupibuxne,sftgadu,plajre,

'US'ING.U_v
2

ari

esa

(2)Samethens1stFin3rdeiuaspntxegucresl.poa,tnr lthei(3)Intaeofvpastnfhoaregiewtnhsixelanesd. fiiscaofthe(4)The-ohne..atrodfuanitaxuogenlrasd

m
*maybe{ofCtinthee2munixdtncusi2eronpd)a,lt
1

ev

3n.

adu

3ft

eve

e'v

KtScr^i

adeore
itu
++
f3.

alu

dlu

die

#*anu

dnu

dne

aitf
afrandierxgeusl.ar
3m.

#3o3j
^3or
lye
ior

iore
2

PS!
or

* enu

e'ne

e'nu

1
Mood.
Negatite

FC(3)
oundtiutiroena.l
T^(1)
Future
1st
ense. .
Tense
(2)
Past

<

Auxiliary Verb.
CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIAEY
IREEGULAR VEEB ^ iru. *
109. Eoot, rsido iru, Be, exist, reside, remain &c. (281.)
Gerunds, or verbal participles.
Present- rsnkl^ irutta, being.
rsnios3 iruttd,
_o
Past.
<^Ek iddu, having been.
Negative. %xizi trade, not being, or not having been

The root- and

CA)^a utta.
CA)3ti
c uttd.
Irregular.
estS ade.

Eelative Pabticiples.
Pres. & Fut. fsi-do^ iruva, who or which is, or will be
rsirf idda, who or which was.
Past
rq-dcS irada, { wn0 or which is not, was not,
Negative
' \ or will not be.

Pres. &
Future
Past.

The root- and

Irregular.

Compound Eelative Participles.

-)
Presentgerund
and
1 ^^^ri^ iruttiruva, who or which is, or will be. present
relative par
ticiple.
Presentgerund
and
rStkS rf iruttidda, who or which was.
past
ple. relative partici

Perf. & -1
Fut. perf. J
Pluperfect

(who or which has been,

\ or will have been.
iddidda, who or which had been.

The pastgerund
and
sresent
relative par
ticiple.
Thepast
pastgerund
and
the
relative par
ticiple.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
The root- and
rSjd ira,.
es a.
Vieo iralu,
j.tobe
^rsao alu^rfSffi iralikke,.... J
Lese>#^. alikke.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
( Root and personal affixes. )
Let me, &c. be.
SlNGULAE.
1st. per. ^de) irali, let me be.
2nd.
rsi-do iru, be thou.
3rd.

FlUBAL.
rSdS irali, let us be.
rSS iri, be ye.

rsiTjS irali, let him be.

<wi?) irali, let them be.
VT\t}
to become- ia conjugated like
27

Auxiliary Verb.
NEGATIVE MOOD.
( Root and personal affixes. )
I, &c. am not, was not, or shall not be.
Singular.
1st per. f^^j irenu, I, &c.
2nd.
raft ire, thou &c.
3rd mas. rsitffSj iranu, he, &c.
3rd fem- tqdftfo iralu, she, &c.
3rd neut. rSfdrfo iradu, it, &c.

Plural.
r3tf^ irevu, we, &e.
rSC^e irari, ye, &c.
rsrtfdo irar, they, &e.
fSfddj irar,

rsi'd^) iravu,

AFFIEMATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense. 1st Form.

I am, &c.

(Present Gerund rsrdo^ irutta, and personal affixes.)

1st per.
2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.

^-do^S irutte'ne, I am.

rsitfjS p irutti, thou art.
^tfoasT^S iruttdne, he is.
fti-dos-s ^ iruttdle, she is.

rsrdo^3 irutteve, we are.

f^doS ?e iruttiri, ye are.
rGrdj3rS iruttdre, they are.
^tfosD t3 iruttdre,

3rd n.

^tJo^ tS iruttade, it is.

<Vd^ 3 iruttave,

Present Tense. 2nd Eorm.

I am, &c.

(Irregular rStrf iddha, and the same personal affixes as the preceding form .)
*r
1st per.
iddhene, I am.
'^S* iddhe've, we are.
2nd.
f^a ^ ic?c?Ai, thou art.
?e iddhiri, ye are.
3rd m. ^dd^S iddhdne, he is.
rstf3titf iddhdre, they are.
9
<?
3rd f. ^rrs^ iddhdle, she is.
rSiC-JtS iddhdre,

or esrf

it is. j &w*d

Past Tense.

esScn*, jlgular.

I was, &e.

(Past relative participle <Vrf tWa, and personal affixes.)

1st Per. f3cjjk iddenu, I was.
^zS ^ iddevu, we were.
28

Auxiliary Verb.
Pluhal.
^1 6 iddiri, ve were.
o

Singular.
<tl> iddi, thou wast2nd.
o
<<9t3a idde,
,,
3rd m. rsiri ^Sj iddanu, he was.
3rdf. oq^^j iddalu, she was.
3rd n. fl^o_ ittu, it was.

rS.ri tJo iddaru, they were.

rsirfdo iddaru,
a
^rfA iddavu,

1st Future Tense. I shall or will he, &c.

(Future relative participle fordorf iruva, and personal affixes.)
1st per. <vtfo3po iruvenu, I, &e.
2nd.
^tJjS imi, thou, &c.

f^doS^] irMiiet'M, we, &c.

rsidoSO iruviri, ye, &c.

3rd m. ^-dorf^lj iruvanu, he, &c3rd f. rsi-dorf^o iruvalu, she, &c.

3rd n. rsrdo^rfo iruvadu, it, <fcc.

<ladorf-do iruvaru, they, &c.

farSfdorfdo iruvaru,

2nd or Contingent Future Tense.

I shall perhaps, or, I may be.

(Past gerund rsjCk iddu, and personal affixes.)

1st per.
2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.
3rd n.

HtS^o idde'nu, I, &c.

<S&^o3oj iddiye', thou, <fcc,
(SiBtj^Sj iddanu, he, &c.
^nx^o idddlu, she, &c.
rsi&j^j idditu, it, &c.

rsi-z3 ?^$) iddSvu, we, &c.

rsi> ?e iddiri, ye, &c.
fqo^dj iddaru, they, &c.
rsinr^Tb iddaru,
^CJ^) iddavu,

,,

COMPOUND TENSES.
Present Tense. I am existing, &c.
(Present gerund f^dos^ iruttd, and the second form of the present
tense of <-|do iru.)
Singulab.
1st per. ratbsrsOSoTS^ iruttd-yid-

2nd.

<^Ti>3aOSojS

dhhie,
or "si.doS $3 iruttiddhene .
^djssOSjk^ iruttd-yiddhi,
or <t|-djSap iruttiddhi.
29

Plural.
iruttd-yiddMve,

or isiTkS -5 ps3 iruttiddhe've .

rsido S^OSj&^t> iruttd-yiddhiri,
or rsnioS&ee iruttiddhiri.

Auxiliary Verb.

3rd m.

3rd f.

3rd n.

Singular.
<S|do3> O&jETbtS iruttd-yid-

Plubal.
rSTb3^0ME>a.S iruttd-yiddhdre.

dhdne,
or ^diS 73Ti ^ iruttiddhdne,
"sfdja^osocro ^ iruttd-yiddhdle,
or ^doSn^l? iruttiddhdle.
rscdjsti osj^S iruttd-yide,
J
or <^CoStS iruttide.

or
3 J3T> 6 iruttiddhdre.
rSi.dosD OSoCT3t3 iruttd-yiddhdre.
*
-
<?
or ^djS -tf iruttiddhdre.
rS.do 3^OSo;3 iruttd-yive.
or rSfdoli3 iruttive.

Past Tense. I was, or would have been, living &c.

(Present gerund ^-dos^ iruttd, and the^as^ tense of
tru.
rado3T> osotS rfi iruttd-yiddevu.
_o O

1st per. rsfdos^oayc^o iruttd-yiddenu,

or rsnkS
j-zSotSj iruttiddenu.
2nd.
f3dj3^O3j& iruttd-yiddi,
3rd m.

3rd f.

3rd n.

or osiTjjSTS.rf)
j o iruttiddevu.
rstd-ss^OS^e iruttd-yiddiri.
or <VdjS
j >o e iruttiddiri.
^djs-sosjrfdo iruttd-yiddaru.

or rsicoS
& iruttiddi.
jo
<-srdo3-s
o&jrf
j o3.j iruttd-yidJ
danu,
or f'adoSri^j iruttiddanu.
JO
^-dosD OSjd efc iruttd-yiddalu,
or <5rdj8.ritfj
JO1 iruttiddalu.
^djsr;Oosj^j0 iruttd-yittu,
or ffd^S
iruttittu.
J _o
Future Tense.

or rsidjSrfdo
jo iruttiddaru.
rSjdos^asjrf Tij t.rttd-yiddaru .
or r5TijS.rf-dj iruttiddaru.
JO
<3-do^>
jOSjrfoA iruttd-yiddavu.
or rsi-djSriri)
JO iruttiddavu.

I shall or will be living, &c.

(Present gerund rsfdjs^ iruttd, and the/tare tense of ^-do i>.)

1st per. rsrd.5s^03odosSo iruttd-yi-

rqtfi&T^oSoxSoiS^) iruttd-yiruvevu.

2nd.

ruvenu,
or ^^Bri^^iruttiruvenu.
^doB^O3jdo&t>a-yt>0i,

or iwkStfjiS^ iruttiruvevu .
rsidosraOsydoSe iruttd-yiruviri .

3rd m.

or ^doS-d^S irut.tiruvi.
rSKfosreosjdos^j iruttd-yi-

or ^doSdo&S iruttiruviri.
^-djs^osj-d^do iruttd-yiruvarv.

ruvanu.
80

Auxiliary Verb.

3rd f.

SlNGTOAE.
or rj.dj3 do^o iruttiruvaD
n.
f-adj3^aso-do>$j iruttd-yi-

Pl/UEAL.
or ^-doS xta^do iruttiruvaru,
D

3rd n.

ruvalu,
or cQtfj&rSo-di^oiruttiruvalu,
.sidjs^Osydo^rfo iruttd-yi-

or fSdoSdoTi-dj iruttiruvaru.
<^djs^OSj.djrf^j iruttd-yiruvavu,

ruvadu,
or rsrdoS djtJrfo iruttiruva-

or ri-djS dj^A iruttiruvavu.

^rJjS^OSotijrfdj iruttd-yiruvaru,

du.
Perfect Tense.

I have been, &c.

(Past gerund rs.ti> iddu, and the secondform of the present Tense of <-Std.j iV.)
^.rf^OSo.zS ^ iddu-yiddhe've,
or a;&T>?:3 iddiddheve.
aQ
f^ctaaosj&cf-c-e iddu-yiddhiri,
J
or fE&i&oQ iddiddhiri.

1st per. <VJoOSrtS $5 iddu-yiddhe'ne,

orrs&T3p73 iddiddhene.
a^
2nd.
<^ro osjSi? iddu-uiddhi,
or f 6 & ? iddiddM.
a^
3rd m. ^Z^osjn^ iddu-yiddhdne,
or re>0.5'^3 iddiddhdne,
3rd f. fsrf^osjjjs-^ iddu-yiddhdle,
or "S&cse? iddiddhdle.
3rd n.

rsirf> osjcST> tS iddu-yiddhdre,

a
q>
3
or r3&>D3-!3 iddiddhdre.
a <p
r.rijOS;t3:"5 iddu-yiddhdre,
a
t?
*
or rs.&nti.cf iddiddhdre.
a Q
rsti^OSos3 iddu-yive,

os-jtS iddu-yide,
^BtS iddide.
a

or "si&.S iddive.
o

Pltoeetect Tense.

I had been, &c.

(Past Gerund <^zi> Ma, and ^>as tense of ^o tr.)

1st per. fs-Z^OSo5^o iddu-yiddenu,

rst^03o.^^) iddu-yiddevu,
or
iddiddevu.
'Slrfj O3o& 8 iddu-yiddiri,
a a
*
or fs.> & e iddiddiri,
aa
OSjrf do iddu-yiddaru,
o o
or ^fttSdo iddiddaru.
aa
rStfi ooorf t3j iddu-yiddaru,
or ^si&rfd.} iddiddaru.

or fs>.<5^j iddiddenu.
^Eo^oajfo iddu-yiddi,
or
iddiddi.
ao
3rd m. ^.Cj^ Osorf 3o iddu-yiddanu,
o a
or rS&rfTio iddiddanu.
a or
3rd f. ^Etaosjtf^j iddu-yiddalu,
or rS&rft/o iddiddalu.
2nd.

31

Auxiliary Verb.
PLTTKAL.
Singular.
fCtrfj 09o^o iddu-yittu,
"S.rfo OSoCj^Sj iddu-yiddavu,
Q
o
*
f8&^o iddittu.
or <^i&rf^j iddiddavu.
a -o
Future Perfect Tense. I shall or will, or would have been, &c.
(Past Gerund rstf^ iddu, and thefuture tense of
int.)

3rd 11.

1st per.

2nd.
3rd m.

OSoTk^Sj iddu-yiruve-

o$li^0S-ydo3^) iddu-yiruvevu,

or pi>.dj3^o iddiruvenu.
a
f.s.Cooa.j.doS iddu-yiruvi,
or r^i.djS iddiruvi.
a
Wodowo iddu-yiruvanu,
or ^ftdj^o iddiruvanu.

or rsi&.d^S^ iddiruvevu.
^d^OSo.doSO iddu-yiruviri,
or fa&.dofie iddiruviri.
a
rsfrf^asod^dj iddu-yiruvaru,

3rd f.

rsiukoKdojJ^o iddu-yiruva-

3rd n.

lu,
or rsj&tbrf^o iddiruvalu.
^Eb^oaydosfck iddu-yiruvadu,
or rsi&do^rfj iddiruvadu.
a

or caft-dj^Tio iddiruvaru.
a
rsiCo OSodo^do iddu-yiruvaru,
or <-Sj>do:3do iddiruvaru.
a
rs$:> osxtaft^) iddu-yiruvavu,
or f^&dj^Jrfi iddiruvavu.

POTENTIAL MOOD. (265, 266.)

The Potential mood is formed by adding certain auxiliary verbs (see 123 ,
124, 129.) to a principal verb in the Infinitive mood.
Mat be.
(Infinitive in es a, and the impersonal verb ajSoorfo bahudu.)
<^-d ajS&rfo ndnu ira-bahudu,
JTB^J rSti 8>looti> >ta ira-bahudu,
I may, &c.
we, &c.
>^o <^-d 3)5ojrfj m'w ira-bahudu,
^-d ajSoorio m ira-bahudu,
thou &c.
ye, &c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
Mat not be.
(Infinitive in e5 a, and the impersonal verb Wffdrio bdradu.)
jSK^i) rcd EPdrfo Ma'ntt ira-bdradu,
^tJ ETCTftk na ira-bdradu.
I, &c.
??^3 ^-d KT5-dck ninu ira-bdradu,
thou, &c.
&c.
&c.

we, &c.
rsfd sJB-drfo nivu ira-bdradu,
ye, &c.
Ac.
&c.

Auxiliary Verb.
Mat be.
(Infinitive in e3 a, and the impersonal verb ^ja?i>^Ek kudnwadu.
SlNGULAB.
nSflj tfjstksftk ndnu ira-kuduwadu, I, &c.
<^d S\fc?i)^rfs ninu ira-kuduivadu, thou, &c.
&c.
&c.

PLUEAL.
^6 S^zk^rfj ndvu ira-kuduw>arfw, we, &c.
Ptfi) <"s,Ti S\je>rfo^rfo ntvu ira-kuduwadu, ye, &c.
&c.
&e.

May not be.

(Infinitive in 5s a, ana the impersonal verb S\rfzi> kudadu.
jrs^j oq'd ffjstftk narau ira-kudadu,

JjD^j rS.'d ^j&tfck wabw ira-kudadu,

I, &c.
^5JSj ^'d tfjerfdi RtnN ira-kudadu,
thou, &c.
&c.
&c.

we, &c.
Jl^^j <srd S\j>rfzi> jh'uk ira-kudadu,
ye, &c.
&c.
&c.

Must be.
(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb sS^o

.)

?T5^j ratf sS^o nanw ira-beku, I

?rs^) r3'd sS^j >iaua ira-beku,

must be, &c.

Ji^^o rsiti ?5^j kjW ira-be'ku,

we, <fec.
^ So^tfj mew ira-beku,

thou, &e.
&c.

ye, &c.
&c.

&c.

&c.

Must not be.

(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb >^rf be'da.)
f^ti sSjrf

ira-be'da, I, &c.

TTb^j ^d

sS^rt niM ira-be'da,

thou, &c.
&c.
&c.

ndvu ira be'da, we, &c.

JJ^J]
sS^rf
ye, &c.
&c.

ira 6eVff,
&c.

Ought to be.
fInfinitive in a, and the impersonal verb ^^Eb * takkaddu.)
* Cjjj !(, not, affixed to
takkaddu, ought, is the usual mode of forming the negative, thus
MkaMnlIc, ought not. <arj Sf^ri ira-takkaddalla, ought not to be.
33

^
13

Auxiliary Verb.
SlNGULAB.
JJbJSo ^std
rfo ndnu ira-takkadI, &c.
J^jSj rtfd ^^jrfo
ira-takkaddu, thou, &c.

PLTTEAL.
^rsrfi fSfd
zi>
ira-tukkaddu, we, &c.
JS?^) ^ ^tf^rfi ntVu ira-takkadrfw, ye, &e.

Can be.
( Infinitive in ts a, and the defective verb &>ei 6a//a. (124.)
1st rper. <^ti a>CO3i ira-ballenu, I
can be, &c.
2nd.
&
co ira-balli, thou, &c.
3rd m. oscd &>e;^j ira-ballanu,
CO
he, &c.
3rd f.
rscd 25^3 ira-ballalu,

csid 8)^
CO A ira-ballevu, we can be, &c.
^d 2>
coe ira-balliri, ye,
-1 &c.
reed
tfj ira-ballaru, they, &c.
CO
^.d a>^J ira-ballaru, they, &c.

she &c.
3rd n.

<srd

co
it &c.

ira-balladu,

^ro^) ira-ballavu, they, &c.

Cannot be.
(Infinitive in fio /w, and the defective verb e art. (125.)
1st per. tWdtjtcSspi iral-ariyenu,
rSfdaCoS.^ iral-ariyevu, we, &c.
2nd.
3rd m.

I cannot be, &o.

f,)'d<lieoSjt>a/-an'ye,thou &c.
rsrdeieod^j iral-ariyanu,

^'deieoSie iral-ariyari, ye, &c.

fsfdaeo&d.i iral-ariyaru, they, &c.

3rd f.

he, &c.
^-daieodj^ iral-ariyalu,

cqdvZoinSs iral-ariyaru, they, &c.

3rd n.

she, &c.
oscdeieodorfo iral-ariyadu,

<'Si'deitiod^ iral-ariyavu, they, &c.

it &c.
Can be.
(Infinitive in Co lu, and the defective verb e?ri apa. (123.)
1st per. ^de/tfS^k iral-dpenu, I

'"Si'dewS^j iral-dpevu, we can be, &c.

2nd.
3rd m.

can be, &c.

rsfdereb iral-dpi, thou, &c.
rSltfe/s^o iral-dpanu,

rSj-dawt>e iral-dpiri, ye, &c.

^tfarciStfi iral-dparu, they, &c.

3rd f.

he, &c.
rsrde^Tj^/j iral-dpalu,

<vderasSd.j iral-dparu, they, &c.

3rd n.

she, &c.
<^.dcsTirfj iral-dpadu,\t &c.

fSi'dfi'DTj^j iral-dpavu, they, &c.

34

Auxiliary Verb.
Cannot be.
(Infinitive in

lu, and the defective verb e?-d ara. (123.)

1st per. rsnis/stf^j iral-drenu, I

Pujbal.
^daretf^ iral-drevu, we, &c.

2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.

cannot be, &c.

isrderae iral-dri, thou, &c
^-ds/tid.j iral-dranu, he, &c
cqdirsritf} iral-dralu,

rsi.df-s-d-d-3 iral-draru, they, &c.

rsCdwdlio iral-draru, they, &c.

3rdn.

she, &c.
rspjara-dcfc iral-dradu, it, &c.

rSTCJeraT^) iral-dranu, they, &c.

rsrderaee iral-driri, ye, &c.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. (265, 266.)

Aorist Tense; (Impersonal.) If I &c. am, was, shall, should, or would be.
(Past relative participle
?rao
Jieo
art, &c.

idda, and the affixes S re, Tiga ru, and

'ddare, If I am, &c.

mnM iddare, If thou

JS9^/

iddare, Ifwe are, &c.

nfoa iddare, jf ye

are, &c.
&c.

&c.

^rs^o r^rftija warn* iddaru, although

I, &c.
rsjrf-d^ ninu iddaru, plthough
thou, &c.
&c.
&c.
?so rStO^Xja^j waw idddgyd,
although I, &c.
^OTTJjb^j bimm idddgyu,
although thou, &c.
&c.
&c.

&c.

&c.

^a^j <^rf.dv wa' iddaru, although

we, &c.
V>^)

nivu iddaru, although

ye, &c.
&c.
rsiC^Xja^ ndvu idddgyti,
although we, &c.
%>^) ^S^AJSjj n/ idddgyu,
although ye, &c.
&c.
&e.

Present and Ftjttjre Tense. (Impersonal.)

That I, &c. may or might be.
(Present and Future relative participle rSfdo.rf iruva, and ssa^ huge,
that, so that.)
jsajk rsidorf 55a^ ndnu iruva-hdge, jsa^j ^-djrf Soa^ Kara iruva-hdge,
that I, &c.
that we, >fec.
35

Auxiliary Verb.
Singular.
rSfdjrf
ninu iruva-hdge,
that thou, &c.
&c.

Plural.
^tkrf Soa?! nivu iruva-hdge,
that ye, &c.
&c.

&c.

&e.

Neqative. (Impersonal.) That I, &c. may not, or might not be.

(Negative Relative participle ^rtti irada, and Soa^ huge, that, so that.)
^tfrf ra^ ndnu irada-hdge,

ftnirf &s-R ndvu irada-hdge,

that I, &c.
rSidzj 55^ ninu irada-hdge,

that we, &c.

fVdzi eot^ niu irada-hdge,

that thou, &c.

&c.

that ye, &c.

&c.

&c.

&c.

The Subjunctive Compound Tenses are formed by adding the Sub

junctive Aorist Tense of rSi^o iru, to the present, past, and Negative Ge
runds of the principal verb.
Present Tense. Impersonal.
Present gerund nibsD and iruttd, rarftf iddare, ^rf'dje idiaru, or
f^D^XjBjj idddgyu.
^jTipi ^TbSrfiS ndnu iruttiddare,
If I am existing.
&c.
'zvi 'S'doS

JSD^) rSfdjSrftf waa iruttiddare,

If we are existing.
&c.

&c.

"d^> ndnu iruttiddaru,

JSDrfi rSfdjS

although I am existing.
&c.
&c.

&c.

Tija nu'ca iruttiddaru,

although we are existing.

&c.
&c.

JJDjk ^i3j5Z7\Jt> ndnu iruttidddgyii, although I am existing.

&c.
&c.

^tfjBn^ja^ ndvu iruttidddgyu, although we are existing.

&c.
&c.

Perfect tense. Impersonal.

(Past Gerund,
iddu, and
iddare, rS^tfja iddaru, or
fa.n^XjSjj idddgyu.
ttztSs rst&rf-cf ndnu iddiddare, If I
have existed.
&c.

jsri) rRorfiS ndvu iddiddare, If we

have existed.
&c.

<fee.
3fi

&c.

1st Conjugation.
SlNOULAE.
^re^fo rsi&rf-d>^> ndnu iddiddard,
aa
although I have existed.
&c.
&c.
jts^Sj rsi^OT Xda^ ndnu iddidddgyu
although I have existed.
&c.
&c.

Pltjbai-.
TiV^o) riE>ri.dje> ndvu iddiddard
although we have existed.
&c.
&c.
5^5) ^^JJsXjs^ ndvu iddidddgyu,
although we have existed.
&c.
&c.

Negative. Impersonal.
(Negative gerund rsrdzS trade, and
iddare, f^rf dja iddaru, or
rs)Ot^X\/^ idddgyu.
~T>^So rScdSVErS ndnu iradiddare, If jys^j ^TjZbEjTS ndvu iradiddare, If we
do not, did not, or shall not exist.
I do not, did not, or shall not exist.
&e.
&c.
&c.
&c.
cTb^j vsrdtid -dja ndnu iradiddaru, al
though I do not, did not, or shall
not exist.
&c.
&c.
cTbj rstf&zsvTljdfl ndnuiradidddgyu,
although I do not, did not, or
shall not exist.
&c.
&c.

jys^j ^Tj&rf.djei ndvu iradiddaru, al

though we do not, did not, or shall
not exist.
&c.
&c.
^d^j ^-dtizS^^ ndvu iradidddgyu,
although we do not, didnot, or
shall not exist.
&c.
&c.

110. 1st CONJUGATION, or a begtjlar Verb ending in cro u.

Eoot riJdTb mddu, Do. (102.)
Compounded of
Gterotds, or verbal participles. 223231.)
the root and
Present- rfjsrfj^ mddutta,
eru3 utta.
or rfjszi}^ mdduttd, doing.
erosa uttd.
i, *
Past.
dJe>& mddi having done. t
estS
ade.
Negative. rfJsH&S mddade, not having done.
Eelative Participles. (232238.)
Present &]^^ mdduva,{^ or which does> or
Future. $

\ will do.

The root and.

erorf uva.

Past.
SiJsi&rf mddida, who or which did.
rsirf ida.
Negative. Ararfrf mddada, i ^ or. which does not,
e>rf ada.
\ did not, or will not do.
* In the 2nd conjugation the affix is du.
t Thepw* gerund- followed by a final verb- must frequently be translated into English as ifit were a present gerund.
37

1st Conjugation.
Compound Relatiye Participles.
Present
& -)) _.
. , T3to
. , maduttiriwa,
, , ...
who -nor i.which
<f(or
j is,
h-n, uture.
J screws

will be doing.
zijsrfoSrf mdduttidda.l^1^0 0T w^c^ was
Past.
jo

' I J - -
1 doing.
JSfw I *nXnM mddiruva, \ who or which has done,
*ut. pert- j
' j or wdl have done.
Pluperfect. sbe>&rf mddidda, who or which had done.
INFINITIVE MOOD. (239246.)
sijsrS mdda,
~\
rfjDrteo mddalu,
C ^0 d0
^JBrfS^ mddalikke, \

The present
gerund and
^Sfdorf iruva. *
^rf idda. f
The past
gerund and
^-dorf iruva.
rsid idda.
a
The root and
es a.
eso^ alikke.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. (247252.)

(Eoot and personal affixes.)
Pi/ubal.
Singular.
s&rarfl)
mddali,
let us do.
1st per. rfJsirfl) mddali, let me do.
5jJs>&o mddiri, do ye.
2nd
rfjarfo J wa'rf, do thpu.
Sid mas. -^jg^g mddali, let him,
^JsrfS) mddali, let them do.
3rd fem. >
her or it do.
3rd neutj
NEGATIVE MOOD. (253.)
(Hoot and personal affixes.)
I, &c. do not, will not do, had not done, or would not have done.
1st per. tS^tS^ mddenu, I, &c.
2nd.
s&razS made, thou, &c.
3rd mas. ^Jsrf^o mddanu, he, &c.
3rd fem. sj3t3$o mddalu, she, &c.
3rd neut. rfjarfrfj mddadu, it, &c.

^Je>zf^j mddevu, we, &c.

rfjDrfe mddari, ye, &c.
rfjsrfrjo madam, they, &c.
^Tsrfdo mddaru,

rfjsrf^j madavu,

AEEIRMATIVE MOOD. (261264.) Simple Tenses.

Present Tense. I do, &c.
(Present Gerund rfjatfj^ mdduttd, and personal affixes.)
1st per. ^&&TiS$ mdduttene, I do. jdT&>&& mddutthe, we do.
*

iritcfl- who or which is- or will be- is the present and future relative participle of the verb fladj
iru- Be. See its conjugation- (100.)
t ft^rj idda- who or which was- is the past relative participle of fqrjo iru.
t The 2nd per. sing. Imperative is the root ofthe verb.
38

1st Conjugation.
Singular.
sirorfoS^ mddutti, thou, &c.
or ^JsrfjS^o3j^ mdduttiye',
3rd m. rf3s>iio3T^3 mdduttdne,he, &e.
3rd f. TSjszio&tiTl
_0 a mdduttdle,

. she-&c.
3rd n. s^Jairfj^ iSi mdduttade,it, &c.
g >
or sjszi>3
_o \madutte
2nd.

Plubal.
rfjeirfj^^B mdduttiri, ye do.
stoz&STrS mdduttdre, they do.
rfjb^oW>

__oS mdduttdre,
_. _-_,_ , ,
SJiiaja io maduttave,

Past Tense. I did, &c.

(Past relative participle ^J55rf mddida, and personal affixes.)
1st per. ^ts>JVzS^o mddidenu, I did.
2nd.
mddidi, thou didst.
or ^ijs>ci-i3 mddide, ,,
3rd m. rfje>&rfo mddidanu, he did.
3rd f. jJjaQrf^j mddidalu, she did.
3rd n. s&ei&^j mdditu, it did.
1st Futtjre Tense.

tSts&tS^) mddidevu, we did,

sire&&e mddidiri, ye did.
rfjs>&eW.j mddidaru, they did.
s5TsBrf-do mddidaru,
rfjs>&rf^5) mddidavu,
I shall or will do, &c.

(Future relative participle s>J3tfcrf mdduva, and personal affixes.)

1st per. ^Jsrfo.S^j mdduvenu, I, &c.
2nd. rfjarfoS mdduvi, thou, &c.

ziJsirfj^^) mdduvenu, we. &c.

rfjstfoSt> mdduviri, ye, &c.

or rfJsirfjj3 mdduve,

3rd m. ^jsrfo^^o mdduvanu, he, &c.

3rd f. ^jsrfjrf^j mdduvalu, she, &c,
3rd n. ^JBtSo^rfo mdduvadu, it, &c.

mdduvaru, they, &c.

rfjs&skk mdduvaru,

rfjsrforf^j mdduvavu,

2nd or Contingent Ftjture Tense. I shall perhaps, or, I may do.

(Past gerund

mddi, and personal affixes.)

1st per. s&7>&o3o^$j mddiye'nu, I, &c.

2dn. ^75&o3j mddiye, thou, &c.
3rdm. 3js>&odje>j mddiydnu, he, &c,
3rd f. rfjs>&cx5js>$a mddiydlu, she, &c.
3rd n. sire&^j mdditu, it, &c.

There are six

^J3&o3o^j mddiyevu, we, &c.

rfTsi&^t) mddiri, ye, &c.
siTB&oirsdo mddiydru, they, &c.
dra&odjsnjj mddiydru,

;Sje>&odjs>^), mddiydvu,

COMPOUND TENSES.
Compound Tenses in the Affirmative Mood ; three are

1st Conjugation.
formed by adding to the Presen t Gerund of any verb, the present, past and
future tenses of the verb ^'dj iru, Be. And three others are formed by
adding the same tcnaes to the Past Gerund.283.
Present Tense. I am doing, &c.
(Present gerund rfrorfis^ mdduttd, and the present tense of ^Sftfo iru.)
Singular.
sJje>7i33T>
?5 mdduttd-iddhe'ne,
_o
cy^
.
'
rfjsiijS
tS
p3
mdduttiddhe'ne,
&c.
&e.
_o q,^

Plural.
rfjarfjsD
osy&
_o q> mdduttd-iddheve,'
rfj^rfoS^P^
_o cy mdduttiddheve, &c. &c.

Past Tense. I was, or would have been, doing, &c.

(Present gerund ^to^os^ mdduttd, and the past tense of ^tfj iru.')
rfjsrfjgu OSjtStSo mdduttd-iddenu,
jrfjatfcS
?3
mdduttiddenu, &e. &c.
JO

sdje>rfjSD osjtS rf> mdduttd-iddevu,

^3jsrfoS'zSri)
_t o mdduttiddevu. &c. &c.

Future Tense. I shall or will be doing, &c.

(Present gerund sdrorfos^ mdduttd, and the future tense of rS'di iru.)
rfje>rfjS^OSj'di^^j mdduttd-iruvenu,
TJjairfoS^OSotio'^^j mdduttu-iruvevu,
^JsrfjB
mdduttiruvenu, &c. &c. rfoeirfoS tio^SA mdduttiruvevu, &c. &e.
Perfect Tense.

I have done, &c.

(Past gerund ^Jai5 mddi, and present tense of f^'do irw.)

^Je>QosotS^ mddi-iddhene,
o3je>S<3 ^ mddiddhene, &c. &c.

rfje>&QSo'zS 5^8 mddi-iddheve,

^Jmd&tS 5 5 mddiddheve, &c. &c.

Pluperfect Tense. I had done, &c.

(Past gerund

mail, and past tense of ^Sfdi iru.^

^JS&OSjtSjSj mddi-iddenu,
^Jsa^jSj mddiddenu, &c. &c.
Future Perfect Tense.

^jei&oa^zS iSj mddi-iddevu,

rfjs>&zS mddiddevu, &c. &c.
I shall or will, or would have done, &c.

(Past gerund r$Jt>'& mddi, and future tense of ^tk irn.*)

jijS&OSo'dj^o mddi-iruvenu,
rfcra&do^j mddiruvenu, &c. &c.

jira&OSjdosS^ mddi-iruvevu,
^TOSi'dj^^j mddiruvevu, &c. &c.
40

1st Conjugation.
POTENTIAL MOOD. (265, 266.)
The Potential mood is formed by adding certain Auxiliary verbs (See
123, 124, 129.) to a principal verb in the Infinitive mood.
Singular.
Affirmative. Mat. Impersonal.
(Infinitive in e. and
I, &c. may do ; or, am at liberty
to do.
sJjsrf sosdarfo mdda-bahudu,
(Infinitive in > and **sit*>.) Impersonal.
I, &c. may, or, am at liberty to do.
^JBrf ^jarfjrfrfj mdda-kuduvadu,
Must. Impersonal.
(Infinitive in , and d^tfj.)
I, &c. must, or need to do.
stesirf- sS^o mdda-beku.
Ought. Impersonal.
(Infinitive in and
I, &c. ought to do ; or, it is pro
per for me to do.
cirsrf a a mdda-takkaddu.
Can.
(Infinitive in , and u&tfJ, Ac. *)
I, &c. can do ; or, I know to do.
sirarf or3j mdda-ballenu.
(Infinitive in *> and
&c.)
I, &c. can, or, am able to do.
^jairffs^o mddal-dpenu.

Plural.
Negative. Mat not.
-(Infinitive in e> and tndti>.)
I, &c. may not do ; or, am not at
liberty to do.
rfjsrf eoidrio mdda-bdradu,
(Infinitive in > and *jaatSo.)
I, &c. may not, or, am not at
liberty to do.
s?3e>rf ^jarfrfo mdda-kudadu.
Must not.
(Infinitive in and
I, &c. must not, or, need not to do.
^Jsirf uS^rf mddd-beda.
The negative is formed by ^^.rf
takkaddalla.

Cannot.
(Infinitive in u>, and eSoJo^j- &c.)
I, &c. cannot, or know not to do.
jlrerSaSo3jj mddal-ariyenu.
(Infinitive in > and
&c.)
I, &c. cannot, am not able to do.
^JSrf6Ut3^o mddal-drenu.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. (265, 266)

Aorist Tense. Impersonal.
(Past rel. part- djs&rf mddida, and the affixes S re,
ru, and

dgyii.)

s5jsi&rftf mddidare, If I, &c. do, shall or should do.

rfjsBZjdja mddidaru,
-)
rfn&naX^ 'mddiddgyi, j AlthoUSh 1 do' shaU 0r should do> &c* This and the following auxiliary verbs take the personal affiles. 8ee conjugation of defective verbs. (122
128.) and the Subjunctive Mood of rsftt iru- 100.
41
r

2nd Conjugation.
Present and Future Tense. Impersonal.
(Present and fut. rel. part. Tjjsrforf mdduva, and 55a7^ huge, that, so that.)
s&rarfjrf ttif. mdduva-hdge, that I, &c. may or might do.
,
Negative. Impersonal.
(Negative Eelative participle ^JDrfrf mddada, and
huge, that, so that.)
^Jsirfrf EoD^ mddada-hdge, that I, &c. may not, or might not do.
Subjunctive Compound Tenses.
Formed by adding the Subjunctive Aorist Tense of ^o iru, Be, (See
109.) to the Present, Past, and Negative G-erunds of the principal verb.
Present Tense. Impersonal.
(Present gerund rfjarks^ mdduttd, and <^.QS iddare.)
bQ
mdduttd-iddare, )
- .
- a
yi I, &c. am doing.
ot3 mdduttiddare,
\
Perfect Tense. Impersonal.
(Past gerund
?$je>&1
mddi-iddare.
- o , ito.D madiddare,

mddi, and

iddare, &c.)

-)
lf I, &c. have done.
\

Negative. Impersonal.
(Negative gerund s5js>#zS mddade, and rsirftf iddare, &e.
titt.dS rqtiS mddade-iddare,
a
3jei?i>rf-S
a mddadiddare
'

If I, &c. do not, did not, or will not do.

111. 2nd CONJUGATION, or a verb ending in ^ e.

Root 'tis kare, Call.
Gerunds, or verbal participles. (223231.)
Present.

tfTJodoo^ kareyutta, calling.

^fiodoos^ kareyuttd,

Past.
Tsriziz karedu, having called.
Negative. *&-8a$y& kareyade, not having called.
* In the 1st Conjugation the affix is c$ i.
42

The root- and

Crt>^, utta.
0)3^ uttd.
t du, *
cde.

2nd Conjugation.
Eelative Participles. 232238.)
5g&Jrtodi kareyuva,

^Ueh calls' r

Past.

'tfxlzi kareda, who or which called.

Negative.

ttdrf far** { Se^ ^ no^all.

The root and

* w"*

Compound Eelatite Participles.

Present Gerund, and
Present &\
f wno or which
Future
p^OOooSdirf kareyuttirumA is, or will be
calling.
Past.
tftfodwSrf
kareyuttidda,
f
who
or which
JQ
y
{was calling.

Pluperfect. rj^&rf karedidda,

who or which had called,

INEINITIYE MOOD.
#tSo3o kareya,
"\
tf-rJodjao kareyalu,
L
tfrJodj^ kareyalikke, )

. lMa'

rsirf s.

(239246.)
The root and
S5 a.
so <i/w.
wS^alikke.

to call.

IMPEEATIVE MOOD.

f^'do^ (>wa.

(247252.)

(Eoot and personal affixes.)

Let me, &c. Call.
SlXGULAB.
PLURAL.
1st per. ^-3odiS kareyali, let me call. SiSo&l) kareyali, let us call.
2nd.
#tS * kare, call thou.
^tSc-soe hareyiri, call ye.
3rd mas. "I
kareyali, let
t3o&>S kareyali, let them call.
3rd fern. >,. ,
f. '
J
3rdneut. J hun> her> or lt; calL
NEGATIVE MOOD. (253.)
(Eoot and personal affixes.)
I, &c. call not, will not call.
1st per. ^tSo3j^o kareyenu, I, &c.
tfrJoSo^j kareyevu, we, &e.
2nd.
#3o3s kareye, thou, &c.
tftfodie kareyari, ye, &c.
3rd mas. r^-3odo^o kareyanu, he, &c.
tftSajttfc kareyaru, they, &c.
The 2nd per. sins. Imperative is the root of the verb.

2nd Conjugation.
Singular.
3rd fom. flWodi^i kareyalu, she, &c.
3rd neut. tftSoditii kareyadu, it, &c.

Plural.
^iSodotfj kareyaru,
tfodj^ kareyavu,

AFFIRMATIVE MOOD. (261264.) Simple Tenses.

Present Tense. I call, &c.

(Present Gerund ^odioS^ kareyuttd, and personal affixes.)

1st per. tf3odjJi^3 kareyutte'ne, I call. tftfodw^sS kareyutte've,-we call.
2nd.
iWodsoS^ kareyutti, thou, &c. fhSodwfi^e kareyuttiri, ye call.
#-3odjo8^o3J? kareyuttiye',
3rd m. #3odw3^3 kareyuttdne, he, &c. ?T3odoo2re6 kareyuttdre, they, &c.
3rd f. ^-3odJJ3D ^ kareyuttdle, she, &c. tf3oixJSratS kareyuttdre,
3rd n. tf"3odi vz5 kareyuttade, it, &c. tftfodMi^S kareyuttave,

Past Tense. I called, &c.

(Past relative participle tf-dzi kareda, and personal affixes.)
1st per. ^tStSjSj karedenu, I called.
2nd.
karedi, thou, &c.
^.5^ karede, ,,
3rd m. ^^rf^J karedanu, he, &c.
3rd f.
karedalu, she, &c.
3rd n. StSoso^j kareyitu, it, &c.

tftSiS^) karedevu, we called,

karediri, ye called.
tWrfdi karedaru, they, &c.
^iSrf'do karedaru,
STSrf^j karedavu,

1st Future Tense. I shall or will call, &c.

(Future relative participle ^tfodjirf kareyuva, and personal affixes.)
1st per. SiSodjn3^o kareyuvenu, I, &c.
2nd.
#3odw) kareyuvi, thou, &c.
tf-3od.w3 kareyuve,

3rd m. STSodojrf^o kareyuvanu, he, &c.

3rd f. S'tSodoorf^ kareyuvalu, she, &c.

^'3odo^'do kareyuvaru, they, <fec.

^"3odji^do kareyuvaru,

3rd n.

^tSodw^i^) kareyuvavu,

^tfodiorfzfo kareyuvadu, it, &c.

2nd or Contingent Future Tense.

?r-3odjj^j kareyuvevu, we, &c.

^tSodjOSe kareyuviri, yo, &c.

I shall perhaps, or, I may call.

(Past gerund StJzij karedu, and personal affixes.)

1st per. ^3zS^o karedenu, I, &c.

tf^^ karedevu, we, &c.

44

2nd Conjugation.

2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.
3rd n.

SlNGITLAB.
tfrS^cS^ karediye', thou, &c.
&$Z5V$i kareddnu, he, &c.
^tfnT)^ kareddlu, she, &c.
?r6^o kareditu, it, &c.

Plttral.
tf;5&5 karediri, ye, &c.
^tScstfo kareddru, they, &c.
tftfn3di kareddru,

^tSJ3t>^) kareddvu,
,,

COMPOUND TENSES.
There are six Compound Tenses in the Affirmative Mood.
in the 1st Conjugation.)

(See note

Present Tense. I am calling, &c.

(Present gerund ^tfo&os^ kareyuttd, and the present tense of ^'di iru.)
^tSo&oSBQ^tS^ kareyuttd-iddhe'ne, ^tfodwSj^OSj'zS ^3> kareyuttd-iddheve,
tftfodjiSTS $S kareyuttiddhe'ne, &c. &c. ^odjil^zS ^3 kareyuttiddhe've, &c. &c.
Past Tense. I was calling, &c.
(Present gerund S'tSo&js^ kareyuttd, and the past tense of

in< .)

tf-tfodjos^osyd^Ai kareyuttd-iddenu, tSo33^QS:>"zS^) kareyultd-iddevu,

#tfod.lh3^io kareyuttiddenu, &c. &c. tftfcrios^TS;^ kareyuttiddevu, &c. &c.
Euttjbe Tense. I shall or will be calling, &c.
(Present gerund ?WodbjB^ kareyuttd, and the future tense of ^"cb in/.)
#3oi>o3T>osoTb3jSj kareyuttd-iruvenu, S^odw^osodo^ kareyuttd-iruvevu,
^tJodoJ* dolS^J kareyuttiruvenu,
tftfodudlfe&^j kareyuttiruvevu, &c.

Perfect Tense. I have called, &c.

(Past gerund tftftl) karedu, and present tense of ^'do ira.)
?rtooSj75^ karedu-iddhene,
^&7S?^ karediddhe'ne, &c. &c.

tf-6zi)OS07|^ karedu-iddheve,
S^Erf^ karediddhe've, &c. &c.

Pxupebfect Tense. I had called, &c.

(Past gerund tf-3zi) karedu, and past tense of rsrdi iru.)
tf-tfrfooayzS^j karedu-iddenu,
^.tffrzS^j karediddenu, &c. &c.

ttziiOSiSti) karedu-iddevu,
#t3&t!^) karediddevu, &c. &c.
45

2nd Conjugation.
Future Perfect Tense. I shall or will, or would have called, &c.
(Past gerund
karedu, and future tense of ^-cb ir.)
Singular.
tfi5rioOSo-dj^j karedu-iruvenu,
tfiS&dj^o karediruvenu, &c. &c.

I, &c.
tfScdo
I, &c.
BTSodo

Plural.
^SzSzOSoTSziS.^) karedu-iruvevu,
^i3Eydos3^) karediruvevu, &c. &c.

POTENTIAL MOOD. (265, 266.)

(See notes in the 1st Conjugation.)
Affirmative. Mat.
Negative. Mat not.
(Infinitive in and unto*.)
(Infinitive in , and usSiSj.)
may call ; or, am at liberty
I, &c. may not call ; or, am not at
to call.
liberty to call.
T^Soiz sji.drfo kareya-bdradu.
&So^rfo kareyq-bahudu.
(Infinitive in e, and *UsS>.)
(Infinitive in and
may, or, am at liberty to call. I, &c. may not, or, am not at
liberty to call.
^jsrfo^rfo kareya-kuduvadu.
B^odo 5\ie>7irfo kareya-kudadu.

Must.
(Infinitive in e, and rf^o.)
I, &e. must, or need to call.
Bh3odo ?3B\> kareya-beku.

Must not.
Infinitive in <5> and
I, &c. must not, or, need not call.
BhJodo SE^rf kareya-beda.

Ought.
(Infinitive in - and
I, &c. ought to call ; or, it is pro
per for me to call.
#So& -dti^d^ kareya-takkaddu .

The negative is formed by

takkaddalla.

Can.
(Infinitive in , and
I, &c. can call ; or, I know to call.
B^odo ^l^c^ kareya-ballenu.

e^

Cannot.
(Infinitive in ">> and BOa^o.)
I, &c. cannot, or; know not to call.
tfTSodoaieoSo^j kareyal ariyenu.

(Infinitive in *>> and esSffo.)

(Infinitive in J- andt->.)
I, &c. can call ; or, I am able to call. I, &c. cannot, or, am not able to, call .
tf.dod.xire.S^o kareyal-dpenu.
?r-Sodj&DTSjSj kareyal-drenu.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. (265, 266.)
Aorist Tense. Impersonal.
(Past rel. part- tftfrf kareda, and the affixes re, tfja ru, and e?7v^j agyu.
tS-8tS-6 karedare, If I, &c. call, shall or should call.
46

Causal Verbs.
tf'3rf'dja karedard,
].i ?
&dzsu7(-ji> kareddgyu,

1
Although I call, &c. &c.
Ji

Present and Etttttbe Tense.

Impersonal.

(Pres. and fut. rel. part. ^tloS^ kareyuva, and

huge, that, so that.)

STSodosrf SoD^ kareyuva-hdge, that I, &c. may call.

Negative. Impersonal.
(Negative Eel. part. ^iSodjrf kareyada, and 55^ Aaye, that, so that.)
tWodorf

kareyada-hdge, that I, &c. may no< call.

Compound Tenses.
Formed by adding the Subjunctive Aorist Tense of <^tJo iru, Be, to the
Present, Past, and Negative Gerunds of the principal verb.
Present Tense. Impersonal.
(Present gerund SiSodjoj^ kareyuttd, and

iddare.)

tftSod.33 rqtiS kareyuttd-iddare,~\

, r*.J>,
)Ii I, &c. am calling.
vvcomSJov kareyuttiddare,
J
Perfect Tense.

Impersonal.

(Past gerund tfiSrfj karedu, and

iddare.)
^.tfziirsirf tS karedu-iddare, )
_
7. , ,
>.\ If I, &c. have or had called.
5i3qqt3 karediddare,
Q
J
Negative. Impersonal.
(Negative gerund tfdo&tfS kareyade, and ^Ejtf iddare.)
tf-da5i-$r$ti-8 kareyade-iddare, ") If j &c can no^ caJled not, or shall not
Sh3odj&rfi3 kareyadiddare,
y call.

CAUSAL VERBS. (267.)

112. Causal verbs are formed by adding the affix <^7ji isu, to the root of
any verb of pure Canarese origin ; as ^irsaoJo mddisu, cause to do ; ^osj
7\fo kareyisu, cause to call. The verbs so formed are conjugated like any
regular verb ending in VO u ; as in the following example.
47

Causal Verbs.
(113.)

Boot drs&rij mddisu, Cause to do.

GrEEUlTDS.

rfjsSTjo^ mddisutta,
-.)
-
J- Causing to do.
or oirsSTooBT>
mddisuttd,
I
o

^jsicinJ mddisi, having caused to do.

Past.
rfcra&rfoS
mddisade, not having caused to do.
Negative.

Present.

Compounded o
the root and
ero^0 utta,
s
Z2T> ade.

Eelative Pabticiples.
Present & i rfw&^rf ^ J**0 or wWch causes, or
( will cause, to do.
Future. j
Past.
s5je>cirjrf mddisida, who or which caused to do.
C who or which does not,
Negative. ^JD&rjrf mddisada, } did not, or will not
(. cause to do.
Compound Eelative Participles.
p
. .
fwho or which is,
present & ^5^3^ mddisuttiruvaJ or will be, causFuture- J
'
\ing to do.
Past.

t*ZffibS mddisuttidda, S who .or ^h was

-doI causing to do.

Perfect &1
mUis,7/.!W0 f who or which has, or
t ut. perf. J
' ( will have, caused to do.
Pluperfect. rf&!W mddisidda, S who f which had
1
o
( caused to do.

The root and

Crurf uva.
rsirf ida.

Theprwsni
gerund and
rqdl^i iruva.
^SCrf idda.
o
The past
gerund and
<Sfd^j iruva.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
djsi&po mddisa,
5jaSri<D mddisalu,
Je cause to do.
rfjsBooS^ mddisalikke,

The root and

es a.
esso alu.
esSr?^ alikke.

IMPEEATIVE MOOD. Let me, &c. cause to do.

(Boot and personal affixes.)
SlNOTJLAE.
PLUEAL.
1st per. ste>5e) mddisali.
jJja&EjS) mddisali.
2nd.
jSjs>&Tjj mddisu.
jSjb&RJQ mddisiri.
3rd.
^JB&7ol) mddisali.
dJ3&?ie) mddisali.
48

Passive Verbs.
NEGATIVE MOOD.

I, Ac. do not or will not, cause to do.

(Eoot and personal affixes.)

rfro&^j&j mddisenu, &c.
s4:ra&?S^) mddisevu, Ac.
AFFIEMATIVE MOOD. *
Pbesent Tense. I, &c. cause to do.
(Present gerund rfjaBTfo^ mddisutta, and personal affixes.)
rfre&Xki^ Pr3 mddisutte'ne - &c. &c. stei&TooiS ?3 mddisutte've, &c. &c.
Past Tense. I, &c. caused to do.
(Past Relative participle tja&&tf mddisida, and personal affixes.)
Tijs&rJ^j mddisidenu, &c. &c.
s&ys&cJzS^) mddisidevu, &c. &c.
1st Ftjtttre Tense. I, &c. shall or will cause to do.
(Future Relative participle ?3je>Brvos3 mddisuva, and personal affixes.)
^JBB.rtj^j mddisuvenu, &c. &c.

rfja&r&3^) mddisuvevu, &c. Ac.

2nd or Contingent FunmE. I shall perhaps cause to do.

(Past gerund s3ja&?J mddisi, and personal affixes.)
rfjs>a^o3o?^o mddisiye'nu, &c. &c. ?jjsBoJo3j^ mddisiye'vu, &c. Ac.

PASSIVE VERBS. (268.)

114. Any active verb may be made passive by cutting off the final vow
el of the Infinitive in 4o lu, and adding the irregular verb f>r&zpadu, to ex
perience, enjoy, suffer, &c., throughout all its moods, tenses, '&c. The pas
sive form of verbs is comparatively rarely used.
Eoot, tftfodow^ij kareyal-padu, [rtSaiovokareyalu, anixirbpadu,-] Be called.
Gerunds.
Present.

B^odje^rfjs^ kareyalpadutta, being called.

B^odj^tSos^ kareyalpadutta,

Past.
ttcdj^tt^fkareyalpattu, having been called.
Negative. tftfod^rftS kareyalpadade, not having been called.

The root- and

cu*^ utta.
CfOS^ uttd.
Irregular.
est3 ade.

' The compound tenses of this mood- as well as the potential and subjunctive moods- are formed like any other
regular verb of the 1st conjugation.
t Whenever the past gerund is irregular- or ends in iro v. the past relative participle is formed from it by chang
ing the final cv - into tf a.
G
19

Passive Verbs.
Relative Participles.
ESS

*^w-*{Sf

The root and

-

or

Past.

tf-Sod;><y^ kareyalpatta, who or which was called. Irregular.

rwho or which is not, orf (/a
Negative. ^tfo&ayirf kareyalpadada, < was not, or will not,
J
(.he called.
Compound Relative Participles.
Present Gerund- and
irUm-

luturt
Past.

#8o&evk3
rf kareyalpaduttidda,
^ ^a
J F

who
which was ^ . , ,
beingorcalled.
Pa** (?erund- and
Perfect & 1 . - _,_.
,
who or which
Put. perf. /
kareyalpatttruva, ha8 or win ^
^
been called.
Pluperfect, tftfodjeA&d kareyalpattidda, who or which had ^ zWa
1
aa
been called.
o
INFINITIVE MOOD.
?Wo&0^i kareyalpada,
ttcdzv\fia3 kareyalpadalu,
tftfodje^dfi)^ kareyalpadalikke,

The root- and

es a.
esw
^gj aZ,^.

\ t0 De called.
)

IMPEEATIVE MOOD. Let me, &c. be called.

(Root and personal affixes.)
Singular.
Plural.
1st per. tftfo&o^iS) kareyalpadali.
tftfoiotijiiS) kareyalpadali.
2nd.
^rSodo^Tk kareyalpadu.
B^odja^Se kareyalpadiri .
3rd.
tftfa&ej^S kareyalpadali.
tixloSwjit) kareyalpadali.
NEGATIVE MOOD. I, &c. am not, or shall not, be called.
(Root and personal affixes.)
Sodjfi^i^ kareyalpadenu, &c.
E?tfo&>e^zS^) kareyalpadevu, &c.
AFFIRMATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense. I, &c. am called.
(Present gerund ^Sai^ziot^ kareyalpadutta, and personal affixes.)
tftfodof}?!^^ kareyalpaduttene,
^TSodja^rf^^ kareyalpadut te've,
&e.

&c.

&c.
50

&e.

Passive Verbs.
Past Tense. I, &c. was called.
(Past rel. part. tfSaSivJii^ kareyalpaffa, and personal affixes.)
Singular.
tfdcdithitS^Si kareyalpattenu,
&c.
&c.

Plural.
??tfod>ft>^3j'^) kareyalpattevu,
&c.
&c.

1st,. Fijture Tense. I, &e. shall or will be called.

(Future rel. part. tf-doi3ajdiT& kareyalpaduva, and personal affixes.)
'&-doiiv^&y>-$i kareyalpaduvenu,
tf-3odoa^oiS^) kareyalpaduvevu,
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
2nd or Contingent Fttture. I, &e. shall perhaps be called.
(Past gerund ^Sod^feb^ kareyalpattu, and personal affixes.)
tf-SodoO^?jSo kareyalpattenu,
odoe^B^ kareyalpattevu,
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
Compound Tenses.
Present Tense. I am being called ; literally, being called, I am.
(Present gerund ^iScdx^rijsr^ kareyalpaduttd, and pres. tense of ^tft iru.)
Sing. ^iSodjej^&s^OSjiS ^ kareyalpaduttd-iddhe'ne.
Past Tense. I was being called; lit. Being called, I was.
[Present gerund as above, and the past tense of <^'rfj iruj]
S^odjayiisreosy^So kareyalpaduttd-iddenu.
Future Tense.

I shall or will be being called; lit. Being called, I shall

or will be.
(Present gerund as above, and the future tense of
iru.)
St3odj&^rfos3)0So'dojSi kareyalpaduttd-iruvenu.

Perfect Tense. I have been called ; lit. Having been called, I am.
(Past gerund ^ScS^ii^ii^ kareyalpattu, and present tense of ^Tb iru.^
^3odj^&S^OS.yj3 ^ kareyalpattu-iddhene.
Plttpebfect Tense. I had been called; lit. Having been called, I was.
(Past gerund as above, and past tense of
iru.)
^.SaS^i^^OsyS^Si kareyalpattu-iddenu .
Ftjttjbe Perfect Tense. I shall or will have been called ; lit.
Having been called, I shall or will be..
(Past gerund as above, and future tense of rSitfo iru.)
^tfod3<^S3jj0Sj"d3^J kareyulpattn-iruvenu .
51

Passive Verbs.
POTENTIAL MOOD.
(See notes in the 1st Conjugation.)
Affirmative. Mat,
(Infinitive in and u*oii>.;
I, &c. may be called.
tftfodoOjtS&Soirk kareyalpada-bahudu.
(Infinitive in t and *^*JScij.)
I, &c. may be called.
^-3odo^T&jatk'rfEk kareyalpada-kuduvadu.
Must.
(Infinitive in , and tft*>.)
I, &c. must be called.
tf-tJodoo^tfsfpBfo kareyalpada-be'ku.

Negative. Mat not.

(Infinitive in ( and u<ftt>.)
I, &c. may not be called.
tfiSodoayisrstfrf:) kareyalpada-bdradu.
(Infinitive in . and
I, &c. may not be called.
^iSodj^rf^jsrfcio kareyalpada-kudadu.
Must not.
(Infinitive in . and **>a )
I, &c. must not be called.
tftfodieiyiE^rf kareyalpada-be'da.

Ought.
(Infinitive in", and *V%0
The negative is formed by ^jZiti^
I, &c. ought to be called.
takkaddalla .
itf;So&>ii/^i^^l& kareyalpada-takkaddu.
Can.
Cannot.
('Infinitive in . and
(Infinitive in f, and wtaJjfc.)
I, &c. can be called.
I, &c. cannot be called.
^SoSitj^dz>irzS.i kareyalpada-bal&-8o3jtdt>i>o5i$3 kareyalpadal-aritenu.
yenu.
(Infinitive in and
(Infinitive in and
I, &c. can be called.
I, &c. cannot be called.
S'lJodjayiere'S^o kareyalpadal-dpenu . tf-doiw^dwdgj kareyalpadal-drenu.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Aorist Tense.
(Past rel. part. tftJodo^Bj kareyalpatta, and the affixes t3 re,

js> ru, and

S-fodj^MjiS kareyalpatfare, If I, &c. am called, was called, &c.

Present and Future Tense.
(Pres. and fut. rel. part. a^O&c^rfjrf kareyalpaduva, and 5cu7^ huge, so
that, &c.)
5i3odji^7ijrf5oS^ kareyalpaduva-hdge, that I, &c. may be called.
52

Irregular Verbs.
Negative.
(Neg. rel. part- tfiodo^rfri kareyalpudada, and ss.s.rt huge- so that, &c\)
?r6odje^t$ri3aa^ kareyalpadada-hdge, that I, &c. may not be called.
Compound Tenses.
Formed by adding the Subjunctive Aorist Tense of <w}o iru, Be, to the
Present, Past, and Negative Gerunds of the principal verb.
Present Tense.
(Present gerund a^odja^Eks^ kareyalpaduttd, and rs^^ iddare.}
kareyalpaduttiddare, If I, &c. am being called.
Perfect Tense.
[Past gerund tfrJodoe^Ktaj kareyalpattu, and
iddare.]
^^odj^Kjri kareyalpattiddare,
If I, &c. have been called.
Negative.
[Negative gerund tftSo&^TitS kareyalpadade, and ^Ej^ iddare.^
tf-8cdoz^TihTii kareyalpadadiddare, If I, &c. am not, or was not, called, &c.

IRREGULAR VERBS.
115. About one hundred verbs are irregular in the Past Gerund ; which
affects the Past Participle, the Past tense, and the Contingent Future.
In these verbs, the Past Gerund is formed by the addition of a syllable, or
by changing the final syllable of the root into
ftu,
tu,
du, tfo ku,
&c. Whether the verb be of the First or Second conjugation, the irregu
lar past Gerund always ends in
u, and the past participle is formed
from it by changing VO u, into 8s . From these, the past tense and the
contingent future are formed by cutting off the final vowels, and adding
the personal affixes, according to rule. Thus,
The root of the verb
Past gerund
Past participle
Past Tense [1st per sing.]
Contingent Future [1st per sing.]

tfjarfo kodu.
#jsKj, koftu.
kofta.
if^Sj^j kottenu.
tf/afiSj^Sj kotte"nu.

116. The 3rd per. sing. neut., past tense is also given in the following
list to remove all difficulty respecting it, out of the learner's way. But
the other personal affixes, as well as the past participle, being regular, are
not given in the following tabular form.
53

CJrS^^o,
dsat enu.
Con.future.

aledenu. >^?^j
letenu. (S.zSp^So
avitenu.
SS&^^i
aritenu. a)3p^o

CjSp^o
andenu.
^
at enu.
ptSj

SptSo
at enu.

(KrS^^i
uk enu. euAt)63e,nPu7.So undTeOn0uZ.057S0

t enu.
PS)Sj^3.
it enu. risdrzeSnpuj.So iptSo

iSS^
ddenu. eJ^o^j
dtenu.

idenu.
^tcSp^j

1stSPIEN'Gn.

3rdpee.nsienugt.

aleyitu.
ariyitu.
eosoSo ^qsoSj

desJaTtjli^teuo.

SosoSi
aviyitu.
o&Sj
anditu. ZSOSi^i
dyitu.
So
at itu.

eS.s'i
at itu.

IOVEEBS.
1E EGIFTLAE TPastense.

Gtidt
ukkitu. So
unditu.
8,
OV> COoSSo
wmVw.
^osoSo
fyiZu. b

'itSeiS.t^uj.

tS8&i
dtitu.

faS^j
it itu.
CO

CO

eJTo^TSj
dsat enu
aledenu. S^li
avitenu.
aletenu. <73o
o^^So
andenu.
aritenu. eSefco
esS^So
at enu. B^o
^
73j
at enu.
CJtS^j
ddenu. ejf^Sj
dtenu.
1stFSEI'NnG.

undenu.
JTOt?^o
ukkenu. UoB.tSz
ut enu. iroozS^i

id enu. ^^^3
ittenu.
rs(3^5j
ittenu. 'V^ck

^(SjSj
idenu.
CO

e?7i^3
dsattu.
GPasterund.

tros^
ukku.

aZecZw. >3o
2>S
aZeZu.j Srfi
avitu.
So
afZw.

eio,
attu.53
.

wnrfw.
tro rSa

r$So
ittU.

So
dtu.
o

#!OSi|
/,
(2nd
Imp.
sing.
per.
^jSo
bring
Yeanforth.znu,
rPropeCJ^o
clana,ine.
Be
dsaru,
tired.
Keep,
<3rf:>
irfw,
put.

Wander.
ale,
Cook.
adu,
Tso Know.
ari,
8

C>
avi,
onceal-

Becaya,
omce.

exist.
fsnfr
Be,
iS,

Throw.
o\)Xoujrw, urfw,
cnzii Eat.{wnnwTOpso
Dress.

o^
annu,
^b
Weep.
alu, Say.
Give.
iyi,}

P3

is^
yPTfo
echcltat e'nu.
^sJ^ptSo
kavalte'nu.
yese dnu. c^we^i
yesetenu.
obo'zSp^o
yendenu. i^w^ij^j
wPTSo
od enu. StS
kalitenu.
is&^i
yeddenu. &/z3
kptSj
ad enu. T^Sap^J

croa"
p;i>
ut enu.

<f?S{<&a
kalede'nu.

Futube.
Con.

kad enu. sfzSj^j

kd enu.

S'otf^J
kandenu. k#irsi\die7'nju?.^j .SRj^Pjjj
kisite'nu.

^i^3
kad itu. kdyitu.

tfocJ^o
kanditu.

kit enu.
k.S^ao^J
ltenu. .S^^j

sing.
1stper.
P
^et-?o^J
y&erJc5h&c3hyaetchechnaut. itu.
^OSoa'j
yeseyitu.
^0T3pi
yendenu.
o&ei
yenditu.

1stnper3rd
sing.
per.eut.

i&OSS&i
kadiyita. ^OSjsj
kaliyitu.
tfdSa'o
kavalitu.

wZjfo
od itu.
ob&a'j
yedditu. s'i

cm^^o
ouvtitSiestn'uj.

t^OS^o
kaliyitu.

.kisiyitu.
#rJOSj^J

33,
so

PaSITESE.
a

ti-d&Tii
kavaltenu.
^7?t5^o
yesedenu. br?^j
yesetenu. ^y&^ii
yeddemt. wa/zS^j
kalitenu.
od enu. kStXtSj
ad enu. ^Si^j

B^zS^.j
koledenu.
^zStSj
kad enu. kddenu.

o a

Soif^Sj
kandenu.

^^JtS^Sj
kisidenu. ^rJa^j
kisitenu.
kit enu,
Mtenu. .S'S'pi
^os^)

s'o
yie
echchati
yendu.
oJo j

PGEBUSTND.

obwrfo
yesedu. obyesetn.
'Kja'o

J^steo
kavaltu.
kalitu.
woddu. t$z!>}
kaddu. g'Sgo
^Zoo
yeddu. ZJ&>

tf^rfj
kaledu.
^orfo
kandu.

kaddu.
tfrfo

.SrJrfo
kisidu. 'SrJs'i
kisitu.
kittv.

D
a a

j
is&
with
Shoot
anayese,
r ow,
wobs^Tfr
yaetchcfhula,ru,
Be
Imp.
(2nd
wsosjst)per.
Sdejj
Branch,
kavalu,
fork.
fe'fe,
.s^j
up.
Become
#5
pus. Pluck
Plough.
ulu,
ero^i

oi^^
Say.
yennu

tj^j
Arise. wode,
ye'lu,
Kick. kadi,
Steal, tfD
kali,
Learn.w

Pkdyi,")
rotect,
Aa/e,
Lose. Steal.

See.f srsa
Grin.
kisi,

^jkson^a3r^tenu".7So
usitenu.
kurite'nu. rku^sjirdevniuS.^j k^jrJs^o
^Ss^o

koletenu.
tk?ojn3"0n^u7.5\) ^J30?7&
kondenu. t&^j'^^o

kot enu.
5\ja<^.j
kutenu. k5S^;3;>
et enu.

~R-&$3
geddenu.

talirtenu.
Sa^^^So
chalitenu. cZhsi-g7\u3r-e6n^ui.3 Sjs?^^3j
jo"enu. &oS%p}
tandenu.

Qor&^iz
tindenu.

^.jS^j
te'denu.

tanditu. ^Q^j
taliritu. SoEl^o
tinditu.
jolitu. go&^j

<te'yitu.
o0&i^j

FUTUEK.
COS.
sing.
1stper.

rkJuorCOiSyji^tou.

^vO^OSo^o
koleyitu.
^ja^Sf^j
konaritu. rkfojndoitius.o
r
k
f
o
v
n
O
d
i
o
t
Q
u
^
.
j
j&sl^
kot itu.

'kSuishoisyi^tiu.

3rd.
sing.
neper.ut.

E^O&j^j
chaliyitu. eIaoQ^j
chigu"tu.
7^&^j
gedditu.

kioitu.
^jsS^j ^e5.^
ket itu.

Tbhse.
v
Past
si
ao&"jS^o
chigurid.enu

^JS^as<?^
konartenu.
5o&5;oj
kuritertu. k^ursoidTeon^u.Sj ^JrJ^jSj
kusitenu.

koletenu.
^k.ojnsdoetnSu.^j ^jSOtS^j
kondenu. ^ja^^i

^jsS.^Sj
kot enu.
Sjs^j
hotenu. &3
keSjt enu.

^^fs-jSo
talirtenu.

E^j^j
chalitenu.

8^jS>|^&>
joldenu. ^ot^Sj
tandenu.

^^c&
geddenu.

So'zSjSj
tinden.u

eo^3
te'denu.

sing.
1stper.
a
^Jt/^^E"
konartu,
kusidu. 5ooJ^j
A usitu.
BbO^i
kuritu. So&rf.)
Past
Ge itnd.

^^^os<
talirtu.

^vO^^J
koletu.
^jiOtii
kondu. ^Jioxii
kondu.

TkottU.
?Je,s3i,

chalitu. ElXiB
S^^o
chiguri. S^fi^ew
joldu.
tandu.

.friz
geddu.

rfKi,
kettu.

Sorfj
tindu.

85

teyi,\
^OSJ
rub.
#5
imp.
sing.
(2nd
<e,
per. Grind,
Sprout.
konaru,
^jsjS'dj

Sprout.
cEhaiXfotuirou,

take.
Buy,
o/?k,

downSink
kusi,

tired.
Be
cftaft,
^jsrfo
Give.
Aorfw,

Kill.
kollu,
gellu,
05A:ofe,
Rot. Win.

Sit.
/r,
Tirjatjo T?rfo
Aerfw,
Spoil,
kuri.
Aim.
3\jS
CO

CO

Sprout.
taliru,
<^Tjo
zL&^tn
Swing.
jolu,
Bring.
^'63
taru,

Eat.
tinnu,

^ja^toyidenu.
oso'zSf^o
^jsSj?^
totfsnu.

jSg^jSo
nak enu. o(j5o
nintenu.

tp^o
et enu.

jSjaotS?^
nondenu.

jfc&lS^j
nusid nu. j?J$e^3
nusite'nu.
"^Jtii&o
nutenu. ^363^^
net e'nu. nitinu.

baside'nu. es&i^3
balitenu. air^JzS^o
basite'nu.
bandinu. 8iD^^3
&ie>?<?^
notinu. pa\tinu. asotSf^o
bik inu. 2343^i
ZStfS^p)
bdte'nu. sSrj^^ii
bif e'nu.

Ft/tube.
Con.
1stper.
sing.
v

;n5oursJiOy&it^Ju.

^jb^oso^o
toyitu.
3rd
sing.
nper.eut. tet itu. <Stjostfei3t,u&.3

asbSaolsijy^iotu.

^JSoEb^o
nonditu.

jS3^o
nak itu. o3^i
nintitu.

Sbasiyitu.
a&asj^o

^ja^S^o
notitu. TjBj^j
paftitu.

jSjsS^j
nutitu. ^85,^3
net itu. j3^S^o
netitu.

833^0
bik itv,
KjaS^j
bdtitu,
SjoSa
bantu.

ei

Past
Tense.

vO
^jtoyidenu.
s^OSoiS^a
tot enu.

nak enu.

^Jrjz3^5o
nusidenu. ^orJj^i
nusitenu.

^jsotS^j
nondenu.

basidenu. airJi^a
basitenu.
balitenu. aioJ^^So
SootS^o
bandenu. BiD^o

nutenu. 3e3,?i
net enu. ^^jSj
ndtenu.

tet enu.

rieS^j
paftenu.

bik enu. 83J3^o

bit enu.
EOT^i
bdtenu. eSrj^Si

sing.
1stper.

Jj^owck
tSyidu.
-$iVsd>3
nusidu. ;So?J<^o
nusitu.
.jS^j^,
nakku. $6&2
nintu.

Past
Gebund.
tettu.

^v/aotio
nondu.
bandu.
tSBjj
patfu. aiorfo

~$ji>ii
nutu. ;3&3jj
nettu. j3^o
ne'tfa.

basidu, ba&sNirtfu-.>
a>S^j
balitu. z^kdi)

83^^
vtt&s
bdtu. bikku.
03

'Sjado
todu,'.
Dress,
prepare.

;3
rcefoa,
Perform
j8^j
avow.
Become
6aft,
soe)
stout.

Elicfj
^jarfu,
xperience.
Pay
teru,
taxes.

j3ja^
Be
pain.
inno,
Xo
nct^a,
<<J,
Be
wet. Laugh.
Creep.
wui,
JJib^
Stop. jSj^)
raiWa,

^$S
ne'lu,
Swing.
;3zb
Plant. 2}
nedu,
jSjss/j
oy'.
mwZm,

forth.
Put
6irfw,
e3rfi
Come,
6arw,
8>tf3

eSXi
Swell.
bigu,

basi,
Strain.
z>ri
6<i,
Swell.
are

sbSirsbuSdoiSyjeP^nju
sSdsVp^i
bevartenu.
3Kh>3^o
bisdtenu.
ESO'zS^a
biridenu. sSe^pjSi
biritenu.

eSojjS^j
bisutenu.
r&p->
bid enu.

eS^iip^So
bitinu.

"diiSii
mPT&i
adalte.nu

Saris'
bP^J
e'sat enu.
sSt^^^j
besede'nu. besete'nu. sSotS^o
bendinu.

masede'nu. rfjrS^TSa
^jtSb^TSo
maretenu. tisSi^b
masetenu.
maletenu. tionf&^}
rfo^TSo
mat enu.

FtJTUKE.
COS.
sing.
1stper.
A

sSbrevfaSrtist'u.i
8b5i&raiSy3i^tj.u .

rmfaoswOeSyoi^tou.

skSi^o
mrfoB.^o
amt tietnu.

jSo>^j
benditu.

3jO3J^0
btyitu.
83^^j
Utenu.

sing.
3rd1stneut.per.

^mjatrSeoysi^tju. sbo3ilb
maleyitu.

^3rsS
mrforfU
e&
adtSj
altietnu.

sSpToS
j^
bSeps'Tatosit'e.tunI)

sSnOSo^j
beseyitu.

esST^sB^Si
bSiTsdudt&ieStnu^.o 3"^5^3
bEiSsuodiodtaeunT.S^j ebSisSnoS^j
rsiutsiSetanuj.
83sJo
bi^u.c

TPastense.
s3rf^s"^o
bevartenu.
sStStS^jo
besedenu.

eSbtS^j
biridenu. b8im0t6e3nu7.3

sStStSo
bid enu.

skTSs^j
maretenu. di^^^l)
masedenu. di^jSj
masetenu.
maletenu. sjoT&ST&i
bendenu.
S^s'TS'o
beseton u. eSotS^o

SS^os"
bevartu.
8b3i?s^dt>t8u3.j BSTfoS
e3?j3&3o
bisudi. bis"u.
biridu. e3B^j
biritu.
PGE OSTTD. ESerfj

83rfj
biddu.

madaltu.

A?oj^
bisat u.
SQrSrlj
besedu. sSwsk
besetu. sSorio
bendu.

masetu.
masedu. riow^o
maletu. rfj^cio
^JjtS^j
maretu. rfjgi^o

ik&b.
mat u.

j
Throw
bisudu,
3Kjoaway,
rfj

j
biri,
eSO
Split.
sbisddu,
SThrow
sforaway.
fa

bt,
(2nd
Imp.
sing.
e3?_
e3p,
per.
Myi,^
Be
bearing.
past
oso

Spread,
madalu,
^jrfao
asa
Ap_
ief,
(2nd
Imp.
sing.
per.
sSowtjj
bfaaru,
tired, Sskzi)
Be
nw*/,
trengthen,

tSrf-dj
bevaru,
Perspire.
eJo^/j
Pall.
bilu,

Eir?
Sese,
00
Solder.

rfoT?mare, mate,
Porget.
B^oS)
esist.

Boil.
beyi,)
O3o

cre per.

Whet.
rfowase,

Sj^^^s^j
milirtenu.
mddenu.
rfjB.zS^o

munid nu. riM^^i

dij^TS^J
munitenu.
mind nu.
SzozS^s

bi
mp3j
itUnu.

'mSojletie^n.ui.^i
mptSs
ed enu. &=tS^o
md enu.

sc!a)n0d-e&nu.$3

mikkd'.
Sj^pjSj

ap3j
I
d enu.
sotenu. hos^
7vsjuotS3e,nPu7.So tvje^^i
To^^So
sat dnu. TifB^z
sdtenu. li$&%$3
sitenu.

FCon.uture. sing.
1sper.t
or

tSo^j
rjoS^j
sanditu,
i$jd^osz.&3
moleyitu.

rmfujn^iJyOiSjt^ui.
milirtitu.
Sj^Sr^o
neut.
sing.
3rdper.

dmdyitu.
j?OS3^j S^^o
mik itu. mQ
it itu.

TPastense.

me'yitu.
eSo&sfo
med itu. -^03S&3

Sm)inodEitu&.3

sat itu. o sFhd)tli!tau!.o rJ^S^j

r^S
sititu.

rsuito&iSt.u^.j wjs^S^o
had i.tu
soitu. So&^j

&>^aV^i
milirtenu.

doj^tS^o
munidenu. z$x$&&
munitenu.
&o-&p3
mindenu.

smjd aernzuS.^j mik erm. )}i

mit enu.

^-s^a^o
moletenu.
mi-S
e3.5
d e.nu &^tS^j
medenu.

hautenu.
sotenu. SotSjSj
TsoujtSen.u^o ^JS^^i

TootS^j
sandenu.
sdtenu.
sat enu. 7fo#o
Rj^i^Sj
sitenu.

sing.
1stper.
ae

&j^:>
milirtu.

fsi$lfc
munidu. (.^oo^-i
munitu.
Sjork
mindu.

Sj^j^ mittu.
sirocta mikku.
GPast
erund. mddu.

^oa^^o
moletu.
ikzS-i
meddu. jpzfo
Wdw.

ojorfo
sandu.

SoEk
haddu.

To^o
sattu.

a
debt.
in
be
Borrowsdlu,
Then,

Be
*aZ/w,
current,
ToSOj
pass.

Imp.
sing.
(2nd
otper.
Mi,

dso7m,
Be
efwja^eio
eated.
Bathe.
/niyi,)
Stsqsj
Thrive.
miliru,
Sb^tii

Beangry.
muni,

Exceed.
miffu,
3o7o

j!^
?o/e,
Sprout.

Chew.
/we/fo,
&
w
Heal.io,

Kill.
midi,

Ssinu,
nrJ;o
e ze. BurnTioA
sudu,

sS:>5
Graze.we,
cfc>
Die.a,
j
Or

Pare.
Aarfi,
c6S>

hSocsjebd^tnSu.o^o 3hosfeiU>nwu^.?^o
orate'nu.
hok e'nu. hod e'nu. h^jaTjS^a
8&Ati^(fo
&I8;t5;J&
hddenu. ^s^?^o
hotenu.
lhaojtB^ePnTuS.o

hSoj&tS^
usid"u. Soo&^^ii
husite'nu.
haside'nu. Soft<$&
Bo&ftS^J
hasitenu. h&frz3e7k
iside'nu. &?j$&J
hisitenu.
I3
bepjfc
t inu. So^^j
he'te'nu.
Cos.POTCBK.
sing.
1stper.

lhasiyitu.
g?JOSJ^J
3rd.
sing.
neut.per.

Ekhoseyitu.
i8<?QSaf^

5husiyitu.
oJpJOSo^o

J&h^o>rtafiSt^ui.
Zoja^^j
hok itu. ^jsS^o
hodotu.

Sahisiyitu.
rJOas^J

Shoyitu.
ojs^OSo^j
hot itu.
EojsS

^5>53^a
hvtitu.

loS
het itu. K^S^i
hititu.

tes e.

^hJo5frda(3e^nu>

3oOoJ^So
husidenu. SoJ&ii^o
husitenu.
ShoarsiJdieSn^ui.) SorJ^s
hasitenu. SopJtS^o
hisidenu. &>?J^j
hisitenu.

&n?3z;b
hosedenu. Tkj^^o
hosetenu.

Sojs^^o
hok enu. tS>js&i^3
hod enu.

^vO^Tij
hot enu.

hoMu. lohoddu.
SovSitfj^,
vfi rij Jh&ojrs>atJu&.3j

5JB^O
hottu.

^ja^ck
hodenu. s&ja$33
hotenu.

he'tenu.
Eo^3o
het enu. Eo^Jio
1stper.
sing.

Past
Gebund.

hufsidu. (h.uSsoiOptJu^.j
!o?jrio
hasidu.
r IsorJsk
hasitu. CihairsiZd&us. (.hSiosiJteuf.o SoJrJCk

^jBr3ti>
hosedu. lsoja?3^3
hosetu.
sSjb'Ts
hogi.

EoSj
bettu.
a

Ao<&,
5oj3&conover.
Put
clothes,

zJ-do
Bring
Aerw,
forth
children,
A^k,
Void
elo^eii
xcrement.

Bear
Aov,
burden.
a
Shoradu,
Set
out.
ovO'drio

KeBoja^eu
holu,
semble.

Be
hasi,
hungry.

Enter.
Ao-w,
!ojb7\3
'Gajsift
Twist.
hose,
So?J
hisi,
Split.

5&ft
Awsi,
Lie.
^vSi^Xj
"'
hUu,

Irregular Verbs.
117. The following verba are irregular in the 2nd per. sing imper. only.
2nd per. sing. Imperatitb.
Eoot.
{J-^odsj dreiyu, Search.
eJOSJ
eJodoo dyu, Select.
SuOdoo^ oyyu, Carry.
T)osj kdyi.
vu kd Guard.
.suodtf kdyu, Bear fruit.
t&^>QSj koyyi.
&cdw^ koyyu, Cut.
^7W0djj keigdyu, Protect. ^7TOOSo keigdyi.
.*&g*yu. )Make
tfofcij geyyu, J
&fe? to, Wet.
^odoo neyii, "]
,
) "Weave.
fiOZi neyi.
S^odw 6yw, Abuse.
rfje> wtf, Heal.
sSj? me, Peed.
Tjoo&jj suyyu, Sigh.
Eoso&o hdyu, Cross over,
^odwy hoyyu, Beat.

rfroosj mdyi.
TojOSj^j suyyi.
Ec^soaoj hoyyi.

118. The Irregular verb eJXo dgu, Become. * (269281.)

GebTJNDS, OE VeBBAL PabTICIPIES.
Present.
Past.
Negative.

e?X^ dgutta, becoming.

or e?X03^ dguttd,
SS% dgi, having become.
&7s& dgade, not having become.

The root and

A)^
_rj utta.
CA)3D
_o Ha.
<^ j.

Eelative Participles.
Pres. & ) W/<orf dguva, who or which becomes, or will
Future. J
become.
Past.
efirf ada, who or which became.
Negative. e?Xrf dgada, who or which becomes not, became]
not, or will not become.
*

**. t and trooinrl) Bt, happen &c. are conjugated like art).
61

The root and

{A)rf wea.
Irregular.

Irregular Verbs.
Cojipotwb Eelative Participles.
Present gerund and
Pres. & -) e?XoSrb^ dguttiruva, who or which is becoming.
^dorf iruva.
Future. )
or wjU De becoming.
Past.
ejXj^rf dguttidda, who or which was becoming.
<t(d idda.
o
Past Gerund and
Perf. & \ e??\-do^i dffiruva, who or which has become, or
r)Tjjrf iruva.
fut. per. j
will have become.
Pluperfect.
dyidda, who or which had become.
?QJ$ idda.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
e*X dga,
-i
dgalu,
> to become.
e?X^ dgalikke, J

Tho Root and

es a.
<&o alu.
esSrj^ alikke.

IMPEEATIVE MOOD. Let me, &c. become.

(Eoot and personal affixes.)
Lot me, &c. become.
SlNGTTLAE.

PlTJEAL.

1st Per. e?XS dgali.

2nd.
e?Xo dgu.
3rd m. f. n. e?XS dgali.

e?XS dgali.
dgiri.
tfXe) dgali.

NEGATIVE MOOD.
(Eoot and personal affixes.)
I. &c. do not, did not, or shall not become.
SlNGTJLAE.
Pl/DEAL.
1st Per.
dgenu.
5*7^ dgevu.
2nd
e?7^ dge.
e?Xe dgari.
3rd m. e?X^o dganu.
e?Xlfo dgaru.
3rd f. e?X#> dgalu.
e?X-do dgaru.
3rd n. e?Xrfj dgadu.
CJX^j dgavu.
AFFIEMATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense. I, &e. become.
(Present gerund CJXjs^ dgutta, and personal affixes.
1st Per. eJXj^^3 dgutte'ne.
2nd.
VX^dgutH,
OXo^ooj dguttiye.
62

e?Xj^ dgutthe.
,
"

Irregular Verba.
Singular.
3rd m. eJ7\j3ro^ dguttdne.
3rd f. eJXosD^ dguttdle.
3rd. n. eJXo<^zS dguttade.

Plural.
e?Xo3jy3 dguttdre.
O^os-rtf dguttdre.
&7b^ii dguttave.

Past Tense. I, &c- became.

(Irregular past relative participle e?rf dda, and personal affixes.)
1st Per. e?tS^j ddenu.
e?tS^ ddevu.
2nd.
<M.
3rd m. e?rfo ddanu.
3rd f. e?rf^j ddalu.
3rd n. e?osj^o dyitu.
1st Future Tense.

e?rf.do ddaru.
e?rfdj ddaru.
e?Ci^j ddavu.
I, &c. snail or will become.

(Puture relative participle ?Jajj5 dguva, and personal affixes.)

1st Per. e?Xo^^Sj dguvenu.
2nd.
e?rtoS Jhot,
__- ,

e?Xo^^) dguvevu.

3rd m.

e?Xo^o dguvanu.

(STi^Tio dguvaru.

3rd f.
3rd n.

e?X*5^o dguvalu.
e?^orfrfj dguvadu .

e?Xj^dj dguvaru.
e?Xj^^j dguvavu.

e?XjSe aquviri.

2nd or Contingent Future. I, &c. shall perhaps, or may become.

(e?rfo rfrfH, instead of
1st Per.
2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.
3rd n.

a^ri, the regular past gerund, and personal affixes.)

e?^^j dde'nu.
e?&^o3j ddiye.
ej<3^o dddnu.
e?jOT^/o rfrfa'fee?&^ rfdfru.

ddevu.
e?&?e
e?zya-do ddaru.
tfOWtk dddru.
e?cy:>^) dddvu.

COMPOUND TENSES'.
Present Tense. I am becoming, &c.
(Present gerund e?X>ST^ dguttd, and the^>resew tense of "Sfdo jV.)
e?Xo^soayjS^ dguttd-yiddhe'ne,
or e?Xofijrf ?$ dguttiddhe'ne, &c.

e?7\o3^O3.}tS ^ dguttd-yiddhe've,
or e?^oSt!?^ dguttiddhe've, &c.

N. B. Tor the uses of BSS iMare- and Btiljj> ddaru- See 834- 827.

Irregular Verbs.
Past Tense.

I was, or would have been becoming, &c.

(Present gerund e?/ks"^ dguttd, and the Past tense of fSi'do iru.)
SlNGtTLAB.
CJ^s^OSj^^j dguttd-yiddenu,
or e?Xo<?SjSo dguttiddenu, &c.
Puture Tense.

PiUBAL.
e?Xo33QSi"iS dguttd-ajiddevu,
or e?7sjSr^$) dguttiddevu, &c.

I shall or will be becoming, &c.

(Present gerund e?Xos7^ dguttd, and thefuture tense of <-Sfd,) j>w.)

C?XjS^OSo'dj^j dguttd-yiruvenu,
or eJXoSdosSjS.) dguttiruvenu, &c.

e?7o3J>0SJtf3s3^) dguttd-yiruvevu,
or e?Xjj^do^j dguttiruvevu, &c.

Perfect Tense.
(Past gerund

I have become, &c.

ajr, and ihe present tense of rSrdo iru.)

eSJ\03fZ$$ dgi-yiddhe'ne,
or CJ?\<3
dgiddhe'ne, &c.

(S'hOSi'S ^sS dgi-yiddheve,

or W^tS ^3 dgiddhhe, &c.

Plttperfect Tense.
(Past gerund

I had become, &c.

<fyi, and the Past tense of ^tfi tni.)

e?^OSJ^jSj dgi-yiddenu,
or e?"frc^i dgiddenu, &c.
Futtjbe Perfect Tense.

&%OSx$j& dgi-yiddevu,
or W^i) dgiddevu, &c.
I shall or will, or would have become.

(Past gerund e??\ dgi, and the future tense of ^tfj iru.)
efAosoTfoS^j dgi-yiruvenu,
or eJ7\d-^^J dgiruvenu, &c.

J?\OSjdo'S^) dgi-yiruvevu,
or eF?vd>;5;3) dgiruvevu, &c.

Potential Mood. (265, 266.)

The potential mood is formed by adding certain auxiliary verbs (See 123,
124, 129.) to a principal verb in the Infinitive mood.
Mat become.
(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb aJSojrfi bahudu.)
jsujSo e?X a>5djrfo nanu dga-bahudu,
I may become.
&c.
&c.

C?X asosdo n<fow dga-bahudu,

we may become.
&c.
&c.
64

Irregular Verbs.
Mat not become.
(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb are'drfj bdradu.)
SlNGULAB.
JTS^ e?X eTO'drfo ndnu dga-bdradu,
I may not become.
&c.
&c.

PLUBAIi.
C?a eOT'dcta ndvu dga-bdradu,
we may not become.
&c.
&c.

Mat become.
(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb ^jsrfjrirf^ Mduvadu.)
jya^fc e?7\ ^jarfs^tio nanw dga-kuduvadu, I may become.
&c.
&c.

?7\ ^jsrfi^rfo n<iM dga-kuduvadu, we may become.

&c.
&c.

Mat not become.

(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb ^jatftk kiidadu.)
;ya;So e?X tfjsrfrfo motw dga-kudadu,
I may not become.
&c.
&c.

e?X ^jarfrfo narw dga-kudadu,

we may not become.
&c.
&c.

Must become.
(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb ?S^i beku.)
jrsjSj ZS7( sS^tfj na'nw dga-be'ku, I
must become.
&c.
&c.

CJ7s sS^So naM dga-Mku, we

must become.
<fcc.
&c.

Must not become.

(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb sS^rf beda.)
^>jSj
jS^rf ndnu dga-beda, I
must not become.
&c.
&c.

c?X sS^rf nau dga-bida, we

must not become.
&c.
&c.

Ought to become.
(Infinitive in a, and the impersonal verb ^3^t&^ takkaddu.)
^t>^j eJX
ndnu dga-takkaddu, I ought to become.
&c.
&c.

jsb^j e?7\ ^^Ek

dga-takkad'
we ought to become.
&e.
&c.
65
i

irregular Verba
Can become.
(Infinitive in ts a, and the defective verb
SlNGTTLAB.
&7l teifi* dga-ballenu, I, &c.
&c.

balla. (109, 123.)

PlTTBAL.
dga-ballew, we, &e.

eJ7\

&c.

&c.

&c.

Cannot becqme.
(Infinitive in to /w, and tbe defective verb efe art. (109.)
e?Xi8o3j^3 dgal-ariyenuT I, &c.
e?Xaeo3o;) dgal-ariyevu, we, &c
&c.

&c.

&c.

&c.

Can become.
(Infinitive in to /w, and the defective verb CJtj apa, (122.
e?XereT^l> dgal-dpenu, I, &c.
&c.
&c.

e?Xera'S^ dgal-dpevu, we, &c.

&c.
&c.
Cannot become.

(Infinitive in to Jw and the defective verb e?d a>.a. (122.)

e?Xeratfj&i dgal-drenu, I, &c.
&c.

&c.

e?Xew3^) dgal-drevu, I, &c.

&c.

&c.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Aorist Tense. Impersonal. If I became, &c.
(Past relative participle e?rf dda, and the afiBxes tS re, '& ru, and
e?/v/ajj dgyu.-)
SlNGTTLAB.
PlTTBAL.
^bjSj ZSziti ndnu ddare, If I became.
?rfiS naw ddare, If we became.
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
jreTk eyrfdja nant* ddaru, although
CJZ^tija naw ddaru, although
I became.
we became.
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
jsb^j e?tJ5XJS.j ndnu dddgyu,
&Z&?(js> ndvu dddgyu,
although I became.
although we became.
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
Present and Futube Tense. Impersonal. That I &c. may or might become.
(Present and Future Relative participle eJ7k*> dguva, and 5oT>^ huge,
that, so that.)
66

Irregular Verbs.
SlNGULAB.
^3T)^3 WXotS ss7^ ndnu dguva huge,
that I may become.
&c.
&c.

PlUBAI,.
<3>J) ?J7\3'rf 5oS^ HaM dguva huge,
that we may become.
&c.
&c.

Negative. Impersonal. That I, &c. may not, or might not become.

(Negative Eelative Participle
dgada, and muf. huge, that, so that.)
TTS^Sj e?Xti So57^ wana dgada huge,
that I may not become.
&c.
&c.

e?7vrf
naw dgada huge,
that we may not become.
&c.
&c.

The Subjunctive Compound Tenses are formed by adding the Subjunc

tive Aorist Tense of ^"tij iru, to the Present, Past, and Negative gerunds
of the principal verb.
Present Tense. Impersonal.
(Present gerund SJTloa^ dguttd, and
iddare, ^"drSj^ iddaru,
or fS|n^Xjs^ idddgyu.-)
J3^j (S7\^Bji^3 ndnu dguttiddare,
If I am becoming, &c.
^rs^j C?XOj5rftfvi> ndnu dguttiddaru,
although I am becoming, &c.
^?^3j e?Xog^OTT^js^ ndnu dguttidddgyu, although I am becoming, &c.

(Past gerund

e?Xj^rf S ndvu dguttiddare, If

we are becoming, &c.
7^>\>) e?Xil^rfdja ndvu dguttiddaru,
although we are becoming, &c.
^^S) &TtiSnvTtjdg ndvu dguttidddgyu, although we are becoming, &c.

Perfect Tense. Impersonal.

dgi, and
^ iddare, rarf^js iddaru, or

<^ZSZ7\Ji> idddgyu)
JjTi^j &J<d$ ndnu dgiddart,
^s^j
n^vu dgiddare, If we
If I have become, &c.
have become, &c.
^tb^j WhErdja ndnu dgiddaru,
'djs ndvu dgiddaru',
although I have become, &c.
although we have become, &c.
^TD^j e?^n^Kra^ ndnu dgidddgyii, ?jT)^) t2J\ZF>7<jt)g ndvu dgidddgyu,
although I have become &c.
although I have become, &c
Negative. Impersonal.
{Negative gerund &7(zi dgade, and flirf-fl iddare, rsrhto iddaru,
or ^^^-^J idddgyu.)
67

Irregular Verbs.
Singular.
Plural.
J3ajk ZSXZxitf ndnu dgadiddare,
ifXfo'iii ndvu dgadiddare,
If I do not, did not, or shall not
If we do not, did not, or shall not
become.
become.
jys^j ZS/\ZiXixSjs ndnu dgadiddaru, jra^j CJA&rfr^ ndvu dgadiddaru,
although I do not, &c. &c.
although we do not, &c. &c.
become.
become.
ef?\CTXje^ ndnu dgidddgyu,
^\>j ZSJ\Z&7\S!> ndvu dgidddgyu,
although I do not, &c. &c.
although we do not, &c. &c.
become.
become.

119. The verbs es^^ annu, or ob^b^ yennu, Say ; and e^o^ tinnu, Eat, are
conjugated as follows. The Tenses not given below are formed accord
ing to rule.
Boot- es^ annu, Say. (284290.)
Gerunds.
Past- esorfo andu, having said.
Relative Participles.
Pres. & Fut. es^lj^ annuva, (regular,) or esos> amba, (irregular, who or
which says, or will say.
Past.
SSorf anda,
who or which said.
AFFIEMATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense. This tense is regularly formed ; but, in addition, the
word eso^ ante, " They say, " " It is said, " &c. is of very common use.
Past Tense. I said, &c.
(Irregular Past rel. part- esotfo andu, and the regular personal affixes.)
1st per. eso-zS^o andenu, I said.
2nd.
eso> andi, thou saidst.
eso-z$ ande,

3rd m. esoZj^j andanu, he said.

3rd. f. tStitifjo andalu, she said.
3rd. n. eso&^o anditu, it said.
1st Future Tense.

eso-zS^j andevu, we said.

eso&e andiri, ye said.
escdtk andaru, they said.
esorf-dj andaru,
Oorf^j andavu,
I shall or will say.

This tense may be regularly formed by adding the usual personal affixes
to the regular future relative participle,
annuva. Thus,

Irregular Verbs.
SlNGULAE.
PlTTEAL.
1st per. C^Sj^^o annuvenu, I shall say. es^S^.sS^ annuvevu, we, &c.
2nd.
es;3.^S annuvi, thou. &c.
es^^&e annuviri, ye, &c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
Or by adding the same affixes to the irregular {at. part- esoaj am5cr, Thus:
1st per. WolS^o ambenu.
2nd.
?soe3 <Z75.
3rd m. eso&^j ambanu.
3rd f. escajk ambalu.

esobS^j ambevu.
ambiri.
e9o&>xk ambaru.
esoaydj ambaru.

3rd n. eso&rfo ambadu.

eso&^) ambavu.

2nd or Contingent Futitre. I shall perhaps say.

(Irregular past gerund esorfo anrfM, and the usual personal affixes.)
1st per. esotS^j andcnu.
2nd. esoSb^oSj atidiye.
3rd m. esoot?j anddnu.
3rd f. Coot^o anddlu.
3rd n. eso>3o anditu.

eso-zSj^) andevu.
eso&e andiri.
esocjs.dj anddru.
eson.C.do anddru.
Coot^ anddvu.

120. The verbs

6an<, Come, and ^tk *aru, Bring, are conjugated as
follows. The tenses not given below are formed according to rule.
Eoot, 8)^o 6am, Come.

(297.)

Gerunds.
Past.
&orfo bandu, having come.
Negative. CT>d zS bdrade, not having come.
Eelative Participles.
Past.
&orf banda, who or which came.
Negative. era-drf bdrada, who or which comes not, came not,
or will not come.
IMPEEATIVE MOOD.
Singular.
Plural.
2nd. per. era bd, come thou.
banni,
banniri, come ye.
69

Defective "Verbs.
NEGATIVE MOOD.
1 come not, came not, or will not come.
1st per.
2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.
3rd n.

Singulab.
Z3?n3p3 bdrenu, I, &c.
K3Dt3 bare, thou, &c.
kjT)^o bdranu, he, &c.
KJTcd^o bdralu, she, &c.
zzftizi^ bdradu, it, &c.

Plural.
ejstS^) bdrevu, we, &c.
ecrsriO bdrari, ye, &c.
srs'ritJo bdraru, they, &c.
OTtfdj bdraru,

sycd^j bdravu,

AEFIEMATIVE MOOD.
Past Tense. I, &c. came.
(Irregular past. rel. part. 2)orf banda, and personal affixes.)
1st per.
2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.
3rd n.

&ozS^j bandenu, I came.

bandi, thou eamest.
SjocijSo bandanu, he came.
Eiorf^j bandalu, she came.
>o^j bantu, it came.

2nd or Contingent Future.

awzS^) bandevu, we came.

SioSe bandiri, ye came.
&orf'di bandaru, they came.
a>oT3t}o bandaru, ,,
a>orf^j bandaru,

I shall perhaps come.

(Irregular past gerund >orfj bandu, and personal affixes.)

1st per. bjo-jSo^j bandenu, I, &e.
awzS^j bandevu, we, &c.
2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.
3rd n.

&o&oSo bandiye, thou, &c.

bandiri, ye, &c.
8)OZ3T)^j bandanu, he, &c.
asonDTio bandaru, they, &c.
SiOOT^o banddlu, she, &c.
gaoc^tfj banddru,

&o^so banditu, it, &e.

&oct>^) banddvu,
,,

DEFECTIVE VERBS.
121.

A few verbs are defective as well as irregular.

conjugated as follows :

122.

eJtS dpa, is used as an auxiliary verb, to denote ability.

G-ertjnds.
Negative. C?'d'zS drade, not having been able.
70

They are

Defective Verbs.
Relative Participles.
Pres. & Fut.
dpuva, who or which can, or is able.
Negative.
e?rirf drada, who or which cannot, or is not able.
AFPIEMATIVE MOOD.
Present, Past, and Future Tense.
I, &c. am, was, or shall be able.
Singular.
Plubal.
1st per. e?'S^o dpenu, I, &c.
O'S^) dpevu, we, &c.
2nd.
Z5b dpi, e?& ape, thou, &c. L>e dpiri, ye, &c.
3rd m. ZStips dpanu, he, &c.
estrfj dparu, they, &c.
3rd f.
eJtS$j dpalu, she, &c.
e?ti'di dparu,

3rd n. e?ijrfi dpadu, it, &c.

CTrS^j dparu,

NEGATIVE MOOD.
I, &c. am not, was not, or
1st per. e?i3jS.> drenu, I, &c.
2nd.
Cfe a'ri, e?tS are, thou, &c.
3rd m. Jd;fc dram, he, &c.
3rd f. e^^J dralu, she, &c.
3rd n. Wtfrfo ararfw, it, &c.

123.

shall not be able.

e?-3^j drevu, we, &c.
eWe a'rort, ye, &c.
e?d-di draru, they, &c.
ejtftfo ararw,

e?tf^)

6a//a, is used as an auxiliary verb to denote ability.

Relative Participle.
Present &)J. co balla, who or which knows,
Future. S
can, or is able.
AFFIRMATIVE MOOD.
Present, Past, and Future Tense.
I, &c. know, can, am able, was able, or shall be able.

Singular.
Plural.
1st per. si^^3 ballenu, I, &c.
fo& ^allevu, we, &o.
2nd.
2>e> balli, zii> balle, thou, &c. 8>|> e balliri, ye, &c.
3rd m.
jSo ballanu, he, &c.
&Mjo ballaru, they, &c.
71

Defective Verbs.
Singular.
3rd f.
3rd n.

Pltjbal.

$o ballalu, she, &c.

co
COrfo balladu, it-' &c.

8>f tJj ballaru,

co
COrii
w ballavu,

124. This verb has no negative mood. The deficiency is supplied by

the negative of e9Q ari, know, (an irregular, but not defective verb,) which
is used as an auxiliary iu the potential mood of regular verbs.
I, &c. know not, cannot, am not able, was not able, and shall not be able.
1st per.
2nd.
3rd m.
3rd f.
3rd n.

125.

esCsSj^Sj ariyenu, I, &c.

eseofo ariye, thou, &c.
eseod^o ariyanu, he, &c.
eseoAj^o ariyalu, she, &c.
eseo&cS.> ariyadu, it, &c.

ollu, denotes want of consent.

only.

eseoSj^j ariyevu, we, &c.

eseO&e ariyari, ye, &c.
eseodjdo ariyaru, they, &c.
eseododo ariyaru,

eseodo^i ariyavu,

It takes the personal affixes

AFFIEMATIVE MOOD, Present, Past, and Future Tense.

I, &c. consent not, I will not, &c.
1st per. S^ck ollenu, I, &c.
2nd.
CO olle, thou,' &c.
3rd m. &v
CO ollanu, ho, &c.
3rd f.
Qj ollalu, she, &c.
co5
'
3rd n. Zjarfo
CO olladu, it, &c.

^cy^ ollevu, we, &c.

a.S
en e olliri,' Jye,' &c.
2uffl
they, &c.
CO -dj ollaru,'J'
a-<n do ollaru,

oo
tij ollavu,

co^

126. The following verbs are impersonal, as well as defective in

Tenses, &c.
crooyj tnfi<, there is, it exists, they exist, &c.

Negative.

Gebi'nds.
^fy^ Hlde, not existing, or not having existed.
Eelative Participles.

Pres. & Fut.

Negative.

ulla, who or which does, or will, exist.

rf illada, who or which does not, did not, or will not, exist.
72

Defective Verbs.
AFFIRMATIVE MOOD.
Present, Past, and Future Tense.
cruo&3o untu, It exists, they exist, there is, yes.
NEGATIVE MOODrae^ illa, It does'not exist, or, they do not exist, &c.
r94^ illa, is added to the Infinitive in fio lu, to denote negation in the
past tense ; as, esrf^j

avanu kelalilla, he did not hear.

127. essoorfo ahudu, or ss'Srfo houdu, from the ancient Canarese es^o
ahu, be, exist, &c. is used in the sense of yes, it is, or, they are, of that
nature and quality.
Gertjkds.
Negative.

Negative.

allade, not being of that nature, &c.

Relative Participles.
allada, who or which does not, did not, or will not be
of that nature, &c.
AFFIEMATIVE MOOD.

Present, Past, and Future Tensesessootfc ahudu, or s'Srfo houdu, he or it, &c. is, or will be, of that nature
or quality.
NEGATIVE MOODesa alla, he or it, &c. is not- was not, or will not be, of that nature or
quality.
128. The following verbs are used impersonally in forming the poten
tial mood, &c.
tfuarjo^rfo Mduwadu, May. Affirmative Mood, Future Tense, 3rd per.
sing. neut. of B\iarfo kudu, join.
tijhTttio kudadu,
May not. Negative Mood, 3rd per. sing. neut. of
B\ia?ij kudu, join, be united, <fec.
takkaddu,
Ought. From
takka, suitable, fit, proper.
73

Verbal Nouns.
SoSoorfo bahudu,

EOTdck bdradu,

May.

Ancient form of Affirmative Mood, Future

Tense, 3rd per. sing. neut. of the obso
lete word SoSoj balm, come.
May not. Negative Mood, 3rd per. sing. neut of
&-do baru, come.

5S^?rj be'ku,
"sSijrf be'da,
cd-BBo sdku,

Must.
Must not.
Enough.

129. VEEBAL NOUNS.

In addition to those affixes which may be added to all verbs for the
purpose of forming Verbal Nouns, (See para. 27.) there are others which
are generally added to particular verbs : and as these formations cannot
well be classified, they are, for the convenience of reference, given in the
following Alphabetical list.
The act or state of
esoa^ anju, to fear,
fearing.
esoa3$ anjike,
es7\^j agalu, to dig,
agalte,
digging.

esX^ agalike,
:}
chewing.
es^odjo agiyu, to dig, to chew, es7\^ agate,
esdo adu, cook,
OSa1 <ze%e,
> cookmg.
esrf^ adage,
6Se ari, | to cutj to grilld
sstf are, j on a slab,
ese ari, to know,

ffit>^ artfa,

j> knowing.

5SB$ arike,
to wander,
esrfrk avadu, to chew,
ej$v>j a/itw, to perish,
es^o /u, to cry,

es^S^ avadike,
es^^j a/tvu,

cutting, &c.

wandering.
chewing.
perishing.
crymg.

es^ aZe, to measure,

eJrl> (?!<, to play,
e?odoo
to select,
Cfc^odoo dreiyu, to search,

e5$ $ alike,
estf.S aZatfe,
?S3
rfiAe,
CJosj^ ayt'/te,
tfS^ dreike,
74

measuring.
playing.
selecting.
searching.

Verbal Nouns.
dlet, to govern,
*
>>

dldu, to dip,
rSB i>i, to stab,
f^tij (Vw, to be,
''
^

u
t descend,

^sod lyu, to give,

)>

inu, to yean,
ifOiio udu, to dress,

The act or state of

dlke,
>- governing.
e?^rf dlike,
dipping.
VQ* dldige,
stabbing.
irita,
^ti^j iravu,
being.
rSldj>^ iruvike,
rStfT? ilike,
s?aitf iyuw*e, J, descending.
J
ita,
giving.
&>S>) i'JU,
yeaning.
U01&)~R uduge,
n -\
dressing.
CTOtV/^ udige,

enws wnnw, to eat,

"3 ' '
efOQ wrt, to smart,
erotta^k urulu, to roll about,
J)
39
ulu, to plough,
'>
''
ye/e, to pull,

Jrop? unnike
c/Oe^ urita,
ODTk^ urulte,
A)dj^# urulike,

eating.

smarting.
\ rolling down.

>)j ploughing.
ob^^j yelevu,

),

pulling.

2/e7w, to rise,
rising,
woye, to wash a cloth,
Sj^Ij ivoppu, to consent,
ZuOdooj woyyv, to carry off,
&/3 wore, to rub,
o wJ, to form friendship,
>tk Wrfw, to run,
SotSo Wrfw, to read,
tforfj kandu, to fade,
Aarfi, to cut,
tfrfrfo kadadu, to mix,
tf-fl
to milk,

7^ wogeta,
2uSb^^ woppita,
ZvOS^ woyta,
3ut5s! woreta,

wodike,
&>Zf wodike,
ozi>7^ kanduge,
kadita,
Srfa^ kadadike,
tS^^i) karavu,
75

,>
',

washing.
consenting.
carrying off.

,, rubbing.
forming friendship.
^ running.
"J
reading.
fading.
cutting.
mixing.
milking.

Verbal Nouns.
! or gfate of
kali, to learn,
33
33
tf^j kalu, to steal,
SD /W, to protect,
wticd
to bear fruit,
wsrfo Aa'rfu, to torment,
33
33
to become angry,
dj H, to become pus,

kalike,
tfe)^ kalicike,
^st) kalavu,

^jpl Ani, to dance,

B\tk
to join,
j>
j>
^rfo Aerfu, to spoil,
t? AeZe, to abuse,

Bbpl^ kunita,

>>
t?o^j /le'/u, to hear,
j>
"
*#j>tk Aorfu, to give,
^jatS Aorfe, to excavate,
^jaodojj koyyu, to cut,
tfjs)1^ AoZZi;, to kill,
sfJa^ kollu, to take,
^e^ ^e^u, to win,

^odw

to do,

8JXj^j jagulu to slide,

j>
^X^o tagulu, to follow,
33
33
(^T^ tappu, to mistake,
sd or ^o
ar, to bring,
stidj an<, to become lean,
SD^o a/, to forbear,

>
"J

.,
,,

wsod^ kdyta,
5D&3 Aa'/a,
kudige,
S^no kinisu,

kudike,
'i^jio kedu,
keleta,
$<sj
o kelta,
B1^^ kelike,
*jado&S koduvike,
^jazf^ kodeta,
^jeiod^ koyta,
'tfjiiS kole,
^JZ^^S kollike,
-Rw> o5 qelluvi,
-Rzht gelluvike,
T\$po ge'mi,
-?\^&S ge'mike,
BaXj^ jagulte,
8iAo^^ jagulike,
&7(S^ tagulte,
^Xo^# tugulike,
^by^ tappita,
^doS^ taruvike,
3T>t>^ turike,
3D^^ tdlike,
76

learning.
stealing.
protecting.
bearing fruit.

J tormenting.
"J
u becoming angry.
becoming pus.
dancing.
"1V joining.
"J
T
spoiluig.
^ abusing.
"J
"1
} hearing.
"J
.> giving.
excavating.
cutting.
killing.
taking.
winning.

following.

mistaking.
bringing.
becoming lean.

) forbearing.
"J

Verbal Nouns.
3ti^j tdlu, to bear,
Srf) tiddu, to correct,
B^Kj tinnu, to eat,
Sa tiri, to- wander,
>>
"
S^f <i/i, to know,
>>
aft, to trample on,
<X^/j tegalu, to abuse,

^j*q ^moZrftf, to gather,

fere, to open,
^raiio orfu, to wear,

jSoli> nandu, to fade,

jio8w nambu, to trust,
;3Xj na^u, to laugh,
z3 narfe, to walk,

The act or (fare of

bearing.
3sO tdldike,
SrfriS& tiddvipadi, correcting.
,, eating.
3>Too tinisu,
3e3 tirita,
> wandering.
3tC^ tirivike,
"J
3^3t? tilivike,
tulivike,
^X^ tegalte,
tegalike,
&tSV ^ temaldige,
^rj^j teravu,
^vr&tfc^ toduge,
$ji>Trf- todige,
poZrf nandike,
oeS/^ nambige,

^ knowing.
"J
trampling on.
f abusing.
"J
gathering.
opening.
wearing.

,,

fading.
trusting.
laughing.

^zS^zS^ nadenadege,
^zSrf^ nadevalita,
/ walking.

e'o kZu, to form friendship,

^i^e^j ndchu, to be ashamed,
to stand,
^fcXo^o nugulu, to squeeze,
jSjBodoo nudiyu, to speak,
oToo^j nusulu, press through,
;3X$j negalu, to attempt,
^ ne^e, to leap,
j3rfo w?rfu, to plant,

tS&t? nadevike,
zS^ nadete,
fS@, nalme,
^iCct^ ndchike,
Sao t3 nilluve,
m
^ CO5^ nilluvike,
TfrXo^ nugulte,
^1)Xj^# nugulike,
oS^ nudita,
^oToj.jJ^ nusulte,
TfcXio^r? nusulike,
5X^ negalke,
;3X^?f negalike,
negeta,
j3rfo7^ neduge,
nedige,
77

"J
forming friendship.
being ashamed.
V standing.
"J
"1> squeezuig.
"J
J) speaking.
Ipressing through.
-)^ attempting.
")
leaping.
" > planting.

Verbal Nouns.
;3j> nene, to recollect,
$$ nere, to fill up,
jS^odoo ne'yu, to weave,
nolu, to precede,
>>
>i
^ja wo, to be in pain,
^js^xio nodu, to see,
pali, to calumniate,
pordu, to approach,
BoAo^j bagulu, to bark,
&5 Satft, to beat,
^S^odjj Jejyu, to abuse,
ayfi Sare, to write,
ea-^ o/e, to increase,
\ru, 1
to come,
bd, j
or std bet
EH> 6a, to swell,

^^yj nenepu,
j3-d?j; nerapu,
nege,
nolapu,
^Je>^?^ nolike,
jSjb^
^ja^&J noa,
^ajSi? nodike,
t<$^ palipu,
1fi>-R pordige,
SoXo-^^ bagulte,
8oao^ bagulike,
badita,
sS^X^o beigalu,
&T3-d$7\ barevanige,
syi3S^ barevike,
so-^S!>^ balevike,
aydoS)^ baruvike,

or rfafe of
recollecting.
filling up.
weaving.
preceding.
being in pain.
seeing.

calumniating.
approaching.

f- barkuig.
"J
beating.
abusing.
writing.

growing.

"I

> coming.
"J
>'-)V swelling.
"J

sjs^j 6d7u, to live,

i)
I9
f!)1\ biffi, to tie,
e3$j oz'/, to fall,

bJb^^ bdttke,
E3s^ bdlke,
>J<4 bigita,

tying.

iefe, to grow,
sS^tSo oe'cfoj to entreat,
sS^o o<?fo, to offer a burnt

83?^ bilike,
tS^Tio belesu,
sS^&.a' bMige,

1J- falling.
"J
growing.
entreating.

sacrifice.
rfjXj^j magulu, to return,

s3^^ belike,
sbXyf magulte,
do7\^^ magulike,

living.
-}

V offering, &c.

>3
"
skp mans, to prostrate,
rfo6 ?nare, to forget,

jkpS^ manita,
mareve,
rfyS&$ marevike,
78

returningprostrating.
0
> forgetting.
"J

Verbal Nouns.
The ac( or atate of
sbTfc^o masulu, to become pale,

rfjurfo mddu, to do,

5j5)do mdru, to sell,

>>
S)i7\i migu, toremaiu,
ot mi, to bathe,
jj
>>
^jjX0^3 mugtilu, to contract,

>>
jwugri, to shut up,
rfjjrfjtio mududu, to shrink,
.tisfe muni, to become angry,
rfooe muri, to break,
mu/t) to be angry,
^jjarfi mudu, to shut,
sSoe^ mechchu, to approve,
&>tS mere, to wander,
55jt3 mere, to jest,
&5 me', to graze,
sSv"3 more^ to complain,
sSjiifrfo tnodu, to beat,
5a sA/fft, to burst,
sfo'/w, to split,
>>
)>
r^s sd, to die,
Tfo&o a7w, to borrow,
oJS
to burst,
7i^f\ sugi, to fear,
Tkodoo^j suyyu, to sigh,
Tjydi^o surulu, to roll up,
TdoS
to rob,
7ds^p #u/i, to ramble,
sele, to pull,

jkTai^^ masulte,
rfordoV^ masulike,
rfja# mddike,
.dzsXif. mdrige,
rfjausfej mdrdfa,
S)37\jB miguti,
mina,
S)j^5o miha,
jjoXj^^ mugulte,
rfoiXo^ mugulike,
.rfoo?\^ mugita,
sJojrfa^ mudadike,
sko?>?fo munisu,
T&xfoU murita,
jSoj^Tjo mulisu,
siyjiZi-R mudige,
oSo&rj^ mechchige,
oSjtS^ mereta,
meravu,
3i?^|) mevu,
a>jsd-4 moreta,
~3>Ji>\& mddike,
shidita,
shilke,
3$>^ shilike,
T&s^) sdvu,
TfotJ sdla,
oJSs^ sidita,
TiSh^ sugita,
Toood^ suyta,
Tiid^ surulte,
ToJ'do^ surulike,
T&ih&S sidivike,
7&^^) sulivu,
r3^^j selecu,
79

becoming pale.
doing.
selling.

remaining.

>- bathing.
"J
f contracting.

1,
')
j,
,,
',
>'

,,

shutting up.
shrinking.
becoming angry.
breaking.
being angry.
shutting.
approving.
wandering.
jesting.
grazing.
complaining.
beating.
bursting.
splitting.

:}

>,

dying.
borrowing.
bursting.
fearing.
sighing.
rolling up.
robbing.
rambling.
pulling.

Adverbs.
So-dKo haratu, to prate,
Ec& hasi, to be hungry,
SoDodjj hdyu, to gore,
u
>>
So & A/cft, to grasp,
Scv^i^o hulu, to bury,
ij
>>
J^Toj AekM, to loathe,
Scjaorfo hondu, to obtain,
ocjaX^o hogalu, to praise,
>>
>>
oojsaj Ao^w, to enter by force,
Ecjatl Aorfe, to beat,
^jaodj^j hoyyu, to pour,
oojs.drfj horadu, to set out,
ofjBd^/o horalu, to roll over,
*>
>>
Ecja.do Aoru, to carry,
j>
,>
^jb^ AoZe, to shine,
Scja^o Ao/u, to split,
^re^eo Ao7j<, to resemble,

The act
ooTiSS harate,
oorJ^) hasivu,
hdyta,
55ti0j7^ hdyige,
8oS^ hidita,
Soje)^ hulke,
SojS^^ hulike,
^ri'i hesike,
&Si>or hondike,
^jbX^ hogalte,
5oj5>7\^# hogalike,
^jaAo^ hogute,
^<jstS^ hodeta,
ofy/aOdoj ^/j hoygulu,
^re.dSif horadike,
jfjeVd^ horalte,
oojad^^ horalike,
6oj.6 Aor,
ocjad&T? horavike,
6?ja^^ holepu,
b8v^i holke,
5c>^>^?? holike,
oo^S^ holike,

or Wafe of
pratingbeing hungry.
gonng.
grasping.
V buryi
burying.
"J
loathing.
obtaining.
"I> praising.

"J
entering, <fcc.
ii beating.
pouring.
setting out.
illing over.
'l rolli
carrying.

shining.
splitting.

ii

resembling.

ADVERBS.
130. Adverbs are generally formed by the addition of
ayi, to nouns
and adjectives ; as, eSorf anrfa, beauty, esorfs.sft andawdgi, beautifully ; <\io
<J5?^ santosha, gladness, ?io>^?5^;ra?\ santoshawdgi, gladly. Xo*^ gupta,
secret, XotS bOTv guptawdgi, secretly;
nifu, straight, $5&rs?\ nitdgi,
straightly.
131.

Some adverbs are declined like nouns in the singular number ; as,
e?7\ dga, then, that time.
Nom. c?X dga, tS7<a: dgalu, then.
80

Adverbs.
Ins.
Dat.
Gen.
Lo.

5J?$ot5 dgininda, e?X&orf dgalinda, thence.

e?7^j dgye, at that time.
e??^ dgina, eJXe> dgalina, of that time.
e??^!^ dginalli, &7\Zi)^ dgalalli, in or at that time.

In like manner are declined #!a iga, ^sXao /yaZu, now ; odjBnT>X
ydwdga, erfTsisreXStt ydwdgalu, when ; T^s^ sutta, 7i>^eo suttalu, around ;
es^
D
__U attaln, that side '; ^3D
__D mo t?a, this side 7: i&
_0
yetta, b3e yettalu, which side.

Nom.
Ac.
Ins.
Dat.
Gen.
Lo.

132.
ninne, yesterday.
<Z>^ ninne, yesterday.
SS^odjT^ ninneyannu, yesterday.
^^osjod ninneyinda, from yesterday.
?>;3^ ninnege, yesterday.
>;3}Od> ninneya,
ninnina, of yesterday.
^^odje^ ninneyalli, yesterday.

133. In like manner are declined

monne, the day before yesterday,
jts^ '/e> tomorrow, ScjaStizS hotdre, the morning time, ^JoooaiT>^ mnnjdne,
the first morning watch,
beligge, the morning, 8>OSo7? iayre, the
evening, &c.
134. jra^zij ndliddu, the day after tomorrow.
Nom. c^^k ndliddu, the day, &c.
Ac. ^^rf^Jo^ ndliddannu, the, &c.
Ins. ^^rf^Corf ndliddarinda, from the, &c.
Dat. ^r^'rf^ ndUddakke, to or for the, &C.
Al>. P.syritfzSroOSjocS ndliddara-deseyinda, from the, &c.
Gen. ^ti^tiri ndliddara, of the, &c.
Lo. JSTs^cSxJl) ndliddaralli, in the, &e.

No.
Ac.
Ins.
Dat.
Gen.
Loc.

135. 3>V
near, nearness.
6aft, near.
Eo^o&^j^ baliyannu, nearness.
aj^oaooci baliyinda, from, away from.
balige, to, towards.
Bj^OcJj baliya, near.
aj^odos^ buliyalli, near, at, with81

Adverbs.
136. KocSj andu, that day, then.
No. ts^zii andu, that day.
Ac. OoZli andu,
lass. eo&oz5 andininda, from that day, thenceforward.
Dat. esc&7^ andige, at that day.
Ab. o)7S"S'<?0Soorf andina-deteyinda, from that day.
Gen. c& andina, of that day.
Loc c&SD
co andinalli, in or on that day.
In like manner are declined ^.orfi indu, to day, ^ozi yendu, what day ?
137.

esD aW, there, in that place.

CO
No.
there.
CO
Ins. esD od allinda, thence.
CO
Dat. C,^ allige, to that place.
Ge. s^ods alliya, of that place.
Lo. 2^ affi, in that place.
In like manner are declined <^S> t//t, here, this place, and ^ yeW,
where, what place ?
138. ^ja'd/k horagu, outside.
No. ^si'dXo horagu, outside.
Ins. Soja'd^orf horagininda, from outside.
Dat. Sojitf^ horakke, "|
flora**, | to the outsideGe.
Lo.

horagina, outer.
^jsd^jS^ horaginalli, on the outside.

In like manner are declined ^rfo^j naduvu the middle ; Si^Xo wolagu,
the inside ; t?^/Xj kelagu, the underside ; ^j^Xj
the upper side ;
?JoZi> mundu, the front, and Soolli AinA, the back.
139. The following are some of the indeclinable adverbs.
o3 anta, o^au antalu, than, (as an affix.)
o^ anta, osD antd, oZjS antha, eroqy3 anthd, such (remote.)
e>o^j an<M, eso^v an<w, however, at any rate.
tsoU ante, like, as, such as.
efirz3 allade, besides, or, but, else, except, unless.
tra
co 3 allave.' or,' else.

Adverbs!
e?7\^ dgale, that instant, that very time.
e?T^A dgdga, e?7vs>^ dgdgye, from time to time, gradually.
efXjs^ dgyu, though, notwithstanding.
rS|o3 inta, rqo&t)> intalu, than, (as an affix.)
r90^ inta, rsjosx' intd, <^o7^ intha, ^ozpu inthd, such (proximate.)

<"ao^o intu, ^o^^ iniw, thus, so.

^?X? jya/i/, this instant, at this very time.
^as?\ i(/a^t, instantly, just now.
0Uo)?^3 usikkane, silently, softly, gently,
obos^ yenta, o^o^to yentalu, thus, so, that is.
>c& yenta, *>ot yentd, >o7$ yentha, ixxps yenthd, 0i what kind?
<^o^j yentu, how ?
obo^vis yentu, by all means, somehow or other.
oborfja yendu, ,bo)7\ja yendigu, ^oiSoaXja yendendigu, always, for
ever.
^ocsrftfja yendddaru, at any time, at some time.
^oZ& yenrfM, ^o&ot% yembaddgi, so saying, (used to mark a quota
tion of what another has said.)
isd^yi% yedurdgi, opposite to, in presence of.
^.Sj^ womme, once, one time.
>'&'37jO&s^ opddeyalli, like, as.
^oej^ Mdle, immediately, upon that,
tf^ei kevala, very much.
StiTs ftrtyt, again, once more.
'sv^sfh tdndgi, of himself, voluntarily.
^63,7^ nettage, directly, properly, in a straightforward direction.
jSop97^ nunnage,
nunnane, evenly, smoothly.
^#^3 phakkane, suddenly.
&trzS^ baride', merely, in vain.
&So$ bahala, much, many.
a55o$sn>?\ bahalawdgi, abundantly.
S3d|$ birrane, quickly.
beligye, in the morning.
Sj^X 6ejjra, sS^tJjS be'gane, quickly.
J&ttfc&y marukuli, -Astitfji marulu, again.
mattu,
matte, other, further, more, again, moreover.
83

Postpositions.
j1oe3 munche, j&woe^Sn.i'ft munchitatedgi, formerly, before, prior,
early.
.dnoTS3'K munddgi, in presence of, in front of.
5doorao3tf mukhdntara, by means of, through.
mellage, slowly, gently, softly.
-)jhS)&t!\ mulawdgi, by means of, through.
odJsnsTtej ydwdgalu, always, ever.
oiJs)OT7\Drftjja ydwdgddaru, o5ys>zu7(tizzit!jj) ydwdgalddaru, at any
time, at some time.
So7\rfnTi?\ vingadawdgi, separately, distinctly, apart.
%^$OjSut\ shighrawdgi, swiftly.
rdo7\d^ sangadaU, immediately.
Ti>rf^^3 summane, T\i-qR summage, only, merely, in vain, quietly,
without object or aim.
fdos^ sutta, since.
Bo^'d hattara, Go&) hatra, near, at hand.
huge, 55Tio7^ hdnge, so, in that manner, so that, in order that,
like as.
SoSTO'rf'dv/a hdgddaru, or, at least, even.
So?7^ hige, Sojo7^ hinge, thus, in this manner.
55^ hydge, Jo'bjo'a' hydnge, how, in what manner?
BS^Xjs hydgu, Eo^jTrarkki) hydgddaru, s^ato'Iaj^ hydgddugyu,
So'SjA^odoja hydgdgiyu, Eo5jo7rad'dda hydngddaru, S^otootXjs^
hydngdddgyu, Eot^oXvtf) hydngu, So^oTO'Jsodjja hydngdgiyu, however,
by whatever means, at any rate.

POSTPOSITIONS.

(321.)

140. The following postpositions govern the genitive case of

nouns and pronouns.
&,?$3 wodane, with, along with.
forthwith, directly.
2uoi^ wondige, with.
S'j.jrf Awrfa, tfjsot #wrfa, also, with (not instrumental.)
kelage, beneath, down, under, below.
^.djnuodj taruvdya, after. .4<fo\ afterwards.
<^t? tanaka, till, until, as far as.
84

Conjunctions.
giTiitf tusuka, for, in order to.
jjodos-o^ paryanta, TSodo^oSiti paryantara, until, as far as, up to.
&7^j bagye, for, on account of.
balika, after, afterwards.
sfc&SjT^ mattige, till, until, as far as.
^jjotS munde, before, in presence of.
<Sjf<S jnetfe, after, upon, over, above.
^Sj^ nimitta, ^Oo^nu'ft nimittawdgi, for, on account of, in order to.
Tia^ varige, s$e7\/a varigu, till, until, as far as.
>vS0i vishaya, St^odo3D?\ vishayawdgi, respecting, regarding, relating to.
rdoXrf sangada, 7io7TO^ sangdta, along with, in company with.
Tfon's'h salawdgi, for, on account of.
141. The following govern the dative case. (168170.)
SsKi'd osara, iici^d oskara, t>Ti^6su'h oskarawdgi, for, for the purpose of,
in order to, on account of.
.dxci& munche, skooal^s?^ munchitawdgi, before, as to time. (Seeadverbs.)
Ecjatf^j horatu, So^a^os" hortu, Gs&str'h hortdgi, except, besides, without,
may follow any case.

142. CONJUNCTIONS.

(322336.)

e?d-rfo ddaru, eJrfdja ddaru, (subjunctive of &7\i dgu, Become,) or, even,
any, at least, though.
Vdrd ddare, (subjunctive of SJXj dgu,) but, if, supposing it be so.
eJ7\D dgali, (Imperative of Xo dgu,) let it be, be it so, either, or.
&zsz7\<G>g dddgyu, however, notwithstanding, even, though.
&zi toZi dddarinda, e?rfrfeorf ddadarinda, therefore, because.
a
innu, more, yet, still.
tse^'z? allade, ^
efa 3 allave \ 0I> but' besides- (See postpositions.)
co
'J
OV) u, (in composition,) and, also, even.
ytno, (in composition,) whether it is or not, Is it so or not?
fd5o saha, with, even, also.
0\n r9^ u Ula, W) essk .& alla, (if repeated,) neither, nor.
85

Interjections.
143. INTERJECTIONS.
c8jdz ayyo,
tST&&3T> akatd,
tSooSjs^ kuyyo,

(See 198.)

eipressive of sorrow and pain.

^JStfjSI^ morro,
es ah,
ejg dh,
esSoSo ahaha,

expressive of surprise, pleasure,

admiration, jest, or reproach.

yele,
ob<^ yele',
yelege',
^ yelei,

\ 0 [ ,,1, '

obja^ yelo,
h 6,
cMt, <^ t*j expressive of disgust.
2S ashishi, expressive of dissent, dislike.

144.

PARTICLES. (337,338.)

eJ d, & e, Sj o, anp &ja^

denote doubt, question or interrogation.
& e, an emphatic particle denoting affirmation.
cad u, and, also, even.
S re, if.
ys? fofae, (fem.)
T are sometimes added to &*s>t5 houdu, yes, when
wsT^ja? kand, (mas.) C
addressing inferiors.

86

SyntaxNouns.
SYNTAX.
AETICLES.
145. There are no Articles in Canarese. The best substitutes for the
Indefinite Article are, 2uorfj wondu, one (thing.) and 2u8v^ wobba, one (per
son.)
146. The place of the Definite Article is supplied by the abbreviated
Demonstrative pronouns e? d that, and &i i, this.
CASES OE NOTTNS. (46.)
147. The Nominative case precedes the verb ; as,
Xodo^j Zo^rfo guruvu helidanu, The priest said.
essWo Soja^d.dj avaru hddaru, They went.
148. The crude form of the noun is often used for the Nominative case;as,
guru helidanu, The priest saids&ii 83^ mara bittu, The tree fell.
ACCUSATIVE CASE.
149. The Accusative case precedes the verb which governs it. The
usual order is, 1st, the nominative case, 2nd, the accusative, and 3rd, the
active Terb ; as, estJ<?Sj treajrf^o} &<$tZ$o arasanu rdjyavannu dlidanu,
The king governed the country.
150. The crude form of the noun is often used for the accusative. In
such case the final vowel is generally lengthened ; as, esp*} (es?>^>->})
Sorf^j annd tindana, He ate rice.
INSTKUMENTAL CASE.
151. The Instrumental case is used, First, as the agent of passive verbs ;
as, es.dTj^orf aj^-do d;|;rd^&3jTfr arasaninda janaru rukshisalpaitaru, The
people were protected by the king.
152. Second, to express the cause or instrument of an action ; as,
s3o0sjoz3 skd
EoJs^O^s^ benkiyinda mara suttu hoyitu, The
wood was consumed by fire.
tiSpsyxS es^jS^j^ ^^aorfj Soti-dz^o kattiyinda avanannu kondu-hdkidanu, He killed him. with a sword.

Syntax Nouns.
1 53. Third, to express the material of which a thing is composed ; as
skrl >oz3 iS&S.rf 7^'tf mannininda kattida gude, A wall built of mud.
154. Fourth, to denote motion from; as, jfc^3oMorf Sous'd&^J maneyinda
horatanu, He went out of the house.
Ss^eosjorf sjo^o kacheriyinda bantu, It came from the cutcherry.
1 55. Fifth, it is sometimes used to express comparison ; as, rfeorf tSjs
cb adarinda doddadu, Bigger than that.
DATIVE CASE.
156. The dative case is used, First, when the act of giving is expressed ;
as, jS^ ^j^* tfjszii nanage pustaka kodu, Give me a book.
157. Second, in denoting motion towards ; as, ^
na balige hogu, Gro to him.

^jsjaj ava-

^odjo^jae^ ^^orf'dj Tummukurige she'rida.ru, They arrived at Toomkoor.

158. Third, in expressing the distance between two places. Some
times one, but generally both places are put in the Dative case ; as, sSoX
$Ji>T>7\j2> ^^^jt>eXja
rfjB'd SengalurigA Meisurigu yeshtu dura, What
is the distance between Bangalore and Mysore ?
159. Fourth, in pointing out relative position ; as,
e?
^5 'jS'^^k rfjsTjntTvzS d desha i deshakke duravdgide, That coun
try is distant from this.
e?
& -zS^S^ Vti&Ti ^zfodj^ <$ d desha i deshakke uttara kadeyalli ade, That country is to the north of this.
rf^

adakke ache, Beyond that.

160. Fifth, in denoting property or possession ; as,

d^ a>5S^ ^rajTJ eroo&3j avanige bahala kopa untu, He is very angry.
aiSo^1 iS-i croo&fc nanage bahala dshe untu, I have great desire.
Jirfj7^ S3^odo="Sair's5 nimage eishvaryavillavo, Have you not wealth ?
161. Sixth, in comparing ; as,
ri^js^ re&tfvfo^ a>Soo
^S'3 udakku idakku bahu hechchu kadime,
There is a great difference betwixt that and this.

SyntaxNouns.
?>rto

?td^j ^zfo3ja? ninage nam kadeyo, Am I Laser than you?

eTja
nbiu yellarigu garvishthanu, Tou are prouder
CO
Q

than all.
162. Seventh, in stating relationship ; as,
avanu tammano, Is he your younger brother ?

esrf^o ^sfoj&tfi? wiKa^e

163. Eighth, in expressing end or purpose ; as,

cdra^^k &cn3 ydtakke bande, Why have you come?
vvKvi 8jotS kelasakke bande, I came on business.
5ojatS^ noduvadakke hodenu, I went to see.
164. Ninth, in denoting exchange ; as,
***ei h ^JS^^,?e yeshtakke koduttiri, For how much will you give it?
isrixh tJjs.&T>osj^ ^jarfjli^ yeradu rupdyige koduttene, I will give it
for two rupees.
165. Tenth, in expressing time ; as,
rS!o^ indige, Today.
cd-scd)05T><y^k sdyankdlakke, In the evening.
obdrfo rfdori^k yeradu varushakke, For two years.
s >oi<<$i\

&07\$z I tingalige dru tingalu, Six months this month.

166. Eleventh, with many verbs ; as,

JSJS^ S^a3orfj nanage tiliyadu, I know not.
esrfj^ Soo^j SoSosj^j avanige huchchu hidiyitu, He went mad.
S&^ja? nimage shikkito, Have you found it ?
K>rf??k ^rft> ^orfj adakke hedari kondenu, I was terrified at (or by)
it ; &c. &c.
167. Twelfth, when followed by certain postpositions ; as,
e? frrf"j^j sio- d divasakke munche, Before that day.
t^rf^^^r^Tj idakkuskara, Eor this purpose.
168. Thirteenth, in expressing liability or exposure to, worthiness of,
&c. ; as,
XoeodTO^n^ narakakke guriydgiddhdne, He is in danger of
(exposed to) hell.
89
M

SyntaxNouns.
rfofo^ &7>s^j dayakke pdtranu, -Worthy of kindness ; a fit object of
favour.
169.

Fourteenth, in nearly all cases represented in English by to, for,

&c.
ABLATIVE CASE.

171. This case is formed by adding the instrumental case of the word
-S^ dese, a point of the compass, condition or state, to the genitive of
other nouns. It is not in frequent use. It is generally used interchange
ably with the instrumental case, but in certain positions conveys a
slightly different meaning.
172. Its signification may be represented by from, away from, off from,
&c. ; as,
doTft3z3(3oworf Eofsgj 832^ marada-deseyinda hannu bittu, The fruit fell
down from the tree.
GENITIVE CASE.
173. The Genitive case is used to denote relation, connexion or pos
session ; as,
5d?ooS^ wtiVo hasuvina hdlu, Cow's milk.
?3B tj -R&^& patnada gode, The city wallesrfd ^oKdo avara nentaru, Their relatives.
174. Frequently the form ofthe genitive case is put for the accusative ; as,
ese3;S ^jaiSrfdo avana hodedaru, They beat him.
175. Many postpositions govern the genitive case ofnouns and pronouns
to which they are affixed ; as the following examples shew:
eso^ ante, like ; as, Wdtfo.i avalante, Like her.
176.
odane, with ; as,
JS^ja^S nannodane, With me.
ts-8jiiTi$ avarodane, -With them.
177. SsinzScd^ opddeyalli, like ; as,
esn-3ja^.&BtSa3oS) adaropddeyalli, Like that.
^TotfTSja^TjiSod-j^ pustakaddpddeyalli, Like a book.
90

SyntaxNouns.
178. ^JSTi kuda, With, along with ; as,
Mda hdguttiyd, Will you accompany me ?

Zo-jasXijB^odja nanna

179. tftfrt kelage, under, below ; as, #v&>od5

Under the earth.

bhumiya kelage,

180. ^dossodj taruwdya, after ; as, rf-rf ^ton^odo &^7SQSJ^o acfara

taruwdya ye'ndyitu, What happened after that ?
181.
taaAa, till, until, as far as ; as, erdj 3o7^jX$
galugala tanaka, Till six months.

dru tin-

182.
tusuka, ^y?o55T>?\ tusukdgi, for, on account of ; as,
^oToitf irfara tusuka, On this account.
183. ijOdjs-o^d paryantara, till, until, as far as ; as, ^3fio^ EVrfTdrf
iSodse-o^d naWie divasada paryantara, Till four days.
184. a>7^j bagye, for, on account of ; as,
On account of that work.
185.

sy^j d kelasada bagye,

a^S' balika, afterwards ; as, rfti a>^ adara balika, After that.

186. rfo&3j7^ mattige, till, as far as ; as, rf^ jkB^ avana mattige, To
the extent of his ability.
187.
mele, upon, above, after ; as,
&;32;3
mejina me'le, Upon the table.
^a^Kjifja^SSodo
^ja^eratf^ Soja?-zS^) Hosakoteya me'le, Kdldrakke
hodevu, We went by way of Oscotta to Colar.
rfd
adara mele, Upon (above, or after) that.
188.
nimitta,
30?* nimittawdgi, on account of: as.
^aiTorf JiSj^ a>orf-dj kelasada nimitta bandaru, They came on business.
189. sfo^ varige, until, as far as ; as,
3s &jSrf
J dinada varige, Till this day.
190. 7^^, sutta, 7iS&jZ)i suttalu, about, around ; as,
rf 7Sj^ patnada sutta, Around the city.
91

SyntaxNouns.
191. TjoXrf sangada, Tiot^ sangdta, with, along with ; as,
esrf'd TooXzi oojsXo avara sangada hogu, Go with them.
192. Jc^d hattara, by, close to, near, with ; as,
<3v>tSoi> oo^ti ofja^irf-d) dhoreya hattara hodaru, They went to the king,
oo^ ti tka nanna hattara duddilla, I have no money by me.
193. &ji>tl-R horage, without ; as,
t>hizi sLretf^ patnada horage, Without the city.

LOCATIVE CASE.
194. The Locative case is used, Eirst, to express situation ; as,
sk^odis^ ^E^-5 maneyulli iddanu, He was in the house.
j3'tfj Wtie>
'AspN avaru uralli illavo, Are they
co co^
J not in the town?
TSKSjTtodsjD
pettigeyalli shikkitu, It was found in the box.
195. Second, to denote possession ; as,
?i^OjS oops trooBvia? nimmalli hana unto, Have you any money ?
196. Third, to form degrees of comparison ; as,
e? ^3^tiS
SsS'-S d ibbaralli ivane' vice'ki, This man is the wiser of
the two.
z^Si ^'d|0 ^^ck avanu yellaralli shreshthanu, He is the greatest of
all.
odwrfrfS^ TodjtjSrTij yuddhadalli samarthanu, A mighty man in battle.
197. Eourth, to denote the instrument of an action, or the material of
which a thing is made ; as,
^js^S^S^ oojstfrf^J kolinalli hodedanu, He beat with a stick.
sktftjS)co siroari)o maradalli mddiddu,
Made of wood,
'
Toops Zit) B^B.rfo sunnadalli kattiddu, Built with lime.
N. B. To denote motion from out of, the affix of the instrumental case
is added to the locative ; as,
rf'dSorf o?v/s'd&3j &orfjSi avarallinda horafu bandanu, He came out
from among them.
^ps^fo0^ ^c^k ^a Jcja^rftij pafnadallinda janaru wddi hodaru, The
people ran out of the city.
92

SyntaxNouns .
VOCATIVE CASE.
198. The Vocative ease is generally formed as shewn in the Declensions
of Nouns, by lengthening the final vowel of the nominative, or adding & e',
to the nominative ; as,
7(&n gajd, or /<aio3j gajave', O elephant.
sktrs mard, or o&dS? marave', 0 tree.
Xotkt3^ gwnmi, O priest.
But in addition to these, the vocative particles, a, 5j 6, i&i yeU,
&c. are often prefixed to nouns without distinction of sex or rank.
esps? ane, and o^7?? yelege', are used in calling a female.
yelei- is used in addressing a superior.
cC>arc yeld,
yelo, in addressing an inferior.
199. In prose compositions, the vocative case generally, but not always,
begins the sentence ; as,
ft^tf?
janare', ke'liri, Hear, O people.
es^^
^>^h> rfjsrfc appd i kelasd mddu, Sir, do this workoie)^ Soj^XjS^doSjsj yellige hoguttirayyd, -Where are you going sir?
In poetry the situation of the vocative is a matter of choice or conveni
ence ; as,
7?e^ tSoAtsj Soeo8uaiSyfodj3 neclichan ayyd, hari oppan ayyd, He will
not believe, Sir; Hari will not approve, Sir.
Ctie o3j(;>rf^k d7TOe^
2o&od>Ebn5 ddri yen idakke, Murdri, ni
kei hidiyadiddare, How can I accomplish this, O Murari, except you aid me ?
200. The repetition of a noun or pronoun expresses each, abundance, and
excess in degree, quality, or quantity ; as,
esrfjrfJi^ 2ucr&jBorfo tijiitrsQS}
avanavanige wondondu rupdyi kodu,
Give a rupee to each.
y^3^ dinadinakke, Day by day ; every day.
^tfcsfcS.dos3^r varusha varushakke, Tear by year.
201. Sometimes &t\ dgi, is added to the repeated word ; as,
rfoo^j rfooiys>?\ mullu mulldgi, Thorny ; full of thorns.
Xjo^J) Xoo^d?\ gumpu gumpdgi, In crowds.
93

SyntaxPronouns.
ADJECTIVES.
202. The Adjective precedes the noun of which it expresses the qua
lity ; as,
xSjarf W)-do dodda uru, A large town.
83^ tfjrfoTS bill kudure, A white horse.
But a noun of quality, that is, an adjective with a personal termination,
follows the noun or pronoun with which it is connected ; as,
SV^odorf^o avanu wolleyavanu, He is a good man.
esrfdo ^SS.rf^j avalu kettavalu, She is a bad woman.
203. The repetition of an adjective denotes excess in degree or qua
lity ; as,
30-5^7^o clrikka chikka ha.kkiga.lu> Very little birds.
&/aoe ^08^ 5&fibj koncha koncha hullu, A very little grass.
zSjarf tSja^ sSSj^ dodda dodda patna, A very large city.

PEESONAL PKONOTJNS.
204. The crude state of pronouns is sometimes used for the nominative
case ; as,
jra SDfl nd kdne, I dont know.
^ Eoja?>odjs> nl hodiyd, Did you go ?
esrf a^^odorf ava wolleyava, He is a good man.
sowCO ita balla, This man knows.
205. Eelation or possession is expressed by adding pronouns of the
third person to the genitive of nouns and pronouns ; as,
es^^j gpyzS^ avanu nannuvanu, He is mine.
^rf^/j S^^ja? ivalu ninnavald, Does this woman belong to you ?
e? i&rftf ^S^rie^ d pustaka nannadalla, That book is not mine.
i^>2a C^JS>X^ * yettu ydradu, Whose ox is this ?
e? tfjeX^o >^/t>? d kurigalu ninnavd, Are those sheep yours ?
206. The plurals ^>^j ndvu, we, and
nlvu, ye, are very commonly
used in the singular, when a person of respectability speaks of himself, or
to an equal or superior ; as,
rfjarfSa^ ndvu mddalilla, I did not do.
94

SyntaxPronouns .
rfo&rfjs>& &-d sS^j nivu daya mddi bara be'ku, Tou (sing.) must
be pleased to come.
207. The singular >^o ninu, Thou, is disrespectful except when ad
dressing inferiors.
208. In addressing persons of very superior rank, the reciprocal pronoun
ss^j tdvu, themselves, is used for the second person singular ; as,
sD^j o^ts3tia rfodj rfjsB&e tdvu ydvdga daya mddidiri, When did you
(singular) arrive ? (lit. favour us.)
DEMONSTEATIVE PEONOUNS.
209. The singular esrf^j avanu, he, and esdi^o avalu, she, are used
when speaking of an equal or inferior. The plural esrf.do avaru, they, is
used as an honorific singular when speaking of a superior.
210.
dtanu, he, e?^o& dkeyu, she, with their proximates, ^i^j
Itanu, he, &?So3}o Uceyu, she, are used of an equal or superior when res
pect is intended.
EECIPEOCAL PEONOUN.
211. S^j tdnu, himself, herself, itself, is used with reference to a pre
ceding nominative of the third person, expressed or understood ; as,
rf^s-r/jSo
sIo^a1 oojS?rf^o wartakanu tanna manege hodanu, The
merchant went to his house.
tsd^o
r& Zizio^jiiozi^3 avalu tanna yede badukondalu, She beat her
breast.
ff.sS^orf ^.j^os^o dne avanannu tanna kdlininda tuliyitu, The elephant trampled him with its foot.
Z2$%<dt}} ^rfo,
enrdoX^ ScjS'Zidj janarellaru tamma tamma urugalige hddaru, All the people went to their several towns.
$2 B3DOSo ^tSosj^j tanna bdyi tereyitu, It opened its mouth.
sd^j ^ja^&rf 555^ rfjsikrf-do tdvu korida huge mddidaru, They did as
they wished.
In the last two examples the nominative is understood.
212. The plural, sd^j tdvu, themselves, is used as a second person sin
gular, in shewing the highest respect ; and is equivalent to "your honor,"
"your Lordship," &c ; as,
95

SyntaxPronouns.
^rfo7^
e3S\) tumage tilidira be'ku, Tour honor must be aware.
^skj tfksDjj&or! ttf&tis^^S tamma kaldkshadinda badukuttene, I live
by your lordship's favour.
rfo^SodjjS^ Eo^^To
<a'rw nanna manaviyannu chitteisa
be'ku, I beg your lordship to consider my request.
INTERROGATIVE PEONOUNS.
213. The singular odjsrf^o ydvanu, and odjsrf^j ydvalu, are seldom
used alone. The plural form odjsrio ydru, who, is used also for the singu
lar of the masculine and feminine genders ; as,
odjsdj ninu ydru, Who are you ?
^rfjSj odjeitfj ivanu ydru, Who is this man ?
Krf^j odjstfj aa/u ydru, Who is she ?
caQfto^ rfTe>arfrf'dj odjj-dj idannu mddidavaru ydru, Who are they who
did this ?
(f9 Soe'djsi SooXtWo odj^di
nintiruva hengasaru ydru, Who are
those women standing there ?
odjtjijj j/aVw, is used also with the singular neuter in the expression
erfo odJe>tk arfw yaVw, Who is that ? or, who is there ?
214. The crude form odrarf yat'a, is used with all the genders, aud
with both numbers ; as,
odje>rf $ji>-d ydva dhore, What king ?
orfjsrf
ydva stri, What woman ?
O&rarf isjOT$ ydva grantha, What book ?
odjsrf af^ds yara junaru, What people ?
odjeirf ScOAoJtb ya'pa hengasaru, What women ?
orerf Ti^X^I^
sthalagalalli, In what places ?
215. When two or more pronouns of different persons arc used together
in a sentence, if one of them be of the First person, the verb and pronoun
which refer to them must be of the first person plural ; as,
^a S>?7U n^v 5 rV&^\ s&^k
^^eg,
aanu
niu na'nu a/ft iddevu; mattu navu nadedaddelld nodidevu, He, thou and
I were there, and we saw all that took place.
216. If the nominatives be of the Second and Third persons, the verb and
pronoun which refer to them must be in the second person plural as,
96

SyntaxVerb s.

ri manushyanu ninii kuda iddiri ddare yenu mdduttiddiru nanage tiliyadu,

That man and you were together, but what you were doing I know not.
>o yenu, is frequently compounded with tsrfo adu, that, as &7St& yenadu, and tSr&^Si ade'nu, what is that ?
With the interjection j d, affixed it is used as a common exclama
tion ; thus
odjDOTX a^cnS? ye'no ? ydwdga bande. Well Sir ! when
did you come ?
"When
js? yeW, is uttered doubtingly in reply to a question, it
means, I dont know ; I cannot say ; it may he so, or it may not be so : as
eJ ^a7j3uosjfjs^, a kelasawuyitd? Is that work dor e ? &F>JS? yeno ? I
cannot tell.
Followed by e?rfdv ddaru, it means any thing whatsoever, something
or other, as &;rsrf'do 5>^o yenddaru he'lu, say something or other.
j/enw followed by a negative, denotes nothing, not even the least tiling.
tsl^ >^lra fse^;
ye/w illa, there is nothing whatever there. rfjSi t&^ja
ecxk avanu yenu ariya, he knows nothing.

VERBS.
217. The verb must agree with its nominative case in gender, number
and person ; as, ^su'jSo So^^^o ndnu Mlidenu, I said.
>?^o tfxlfo ninu karedi, Thou calledst.
es'doj^i zS^zi^ anasana dlidanu, The king reigned.
rf'dj &otys'dj ai>an banddru, They will probably come.
218. When the nominative is a collective neuter noun, the verb is fre
quently put in the singular number, even though the noun has the plural
form ; as, z3^7\J ssd&i danagalu bantu, The cattle came.
219. When there are several nominatives of different genders, if one of
the nominatives be masculine, the verb will be masculine, but may agree
with the last nominative ; as,
d<vjjs tfoJodojti e?j3cdjja &orftfo arasd arasiyu dneyu bandaru,
The king, the queen and the elephant came.
220. If the nominative consist of two or more personal pronouns, and
97
S

SyntaxGerunds.
one of them be of the first person, the verb must be of the first person
plural ; as,
avanu ninu ndnu meisurige
hodevu, He, thou and I went to Mysore.
221 . When the nominative is a personal pronoun, it is often omitted,
the person being determined by the termination of the verb ; as,
>zi>^;3 wodutte'ne, I read.
^>/a'aaodja nddidiyd Sawest thou ?
Bc?^$> hehwalu, She will say.
s&szftJo mddaru, They will not do.
222. In colloquial speech the termination
nu, is frequently dropped,
except in the second future tense ; as, &>oz$ bande, I came.
S^rf shikkida, He was caught. Eo3rfosS hdduve, I will sing.
GEETJNDS.
223. The gerund may be regarded as a suspensive tense, as its person,
gender and time are determined by the final verb, except where the nomi
native is expressed. It is used in relating a series of actions.
224. In expressing simultaneous or nearly connected actions, the present
gerund is used ; as,
5sDrfjsro^ 8>orf^j hdduttd bandanu, He came singing.
SojrfoX'do ^jajKrfD
v CO eSdorarfo^
D, rfo^Xe/^S
" ~ So^j
_0 3t>
_0', Sopso 33j;>53
~ O -, &>
hudugaru totadalli tirugdduttd, maragalannu hattuttd, hannu tinnuttd, wobbarannobbaru kuguttd, hesaru hididu kareyuttd, naguttd, dduttd iddaru,
The boys were rambling about the garden, climbing the trees, eating fruit,
shouting to each other, calling each other by name, laughing and playing.
If instead of <5)rf tJo iddaru, the final verb be in the present tense,
$ iddhdre, the whole ofthe actions become present, and the sentence would
read, " The boys are," &c.
If the future fSi'dj^'dj iruvaru, be used, the whole sentence is future, and
would read, " The boys toill be" &c. &c.
225. In relating a series of successive actions, the Past gerund is used ; as,
7^ tooTS^k holakke hogi, hullu koidu, hore katti, yettugala hididu kondu,
98

SyntaxGerunds.
manege bandenu, I went to the field, cut grass, tied it up in a bundle, took
the oxen, and came home.
If the final verb be a>dSo baruvenu, the whole of the actions will be
future, and the sentence read, " I will go," &c.
If the final jerb be of any other number or person, the whole sentence
will be altered accordingly. Thus,
If
bandevu, be used, it will read, " We went," &c.
If &>ozS& bandalu, " She went," &c.
If &da^do baruvaru, " They will go," &c.
226. When negative actions are related, the negative gerund is used ; as,
rf^JZo^j mathakke hogade, wodade, bareyade, pdfha woppisade, ye'nu kaliyade, d huduganu dhaddanddanu, That boy by not going to school, nor
reading, nor writing, nor saying lessons, learnt nothing, and became a dunce.
227. The repetition of the gerund denotes progress or continuance ; as,
^zSodjjjre^ ^zfodjJS^ enfle^ ^arftfj nadeyuttd, nadeyuttd urige she'ridaru,
By continuing to proceed they reached the village.
jSD^o rf^o} iStfg
FtatrsOSj^j ndnu avanannu ke'li ke'li sdkdyitu,
I am tired of asking him.
228. The past and negative gerunds sometimes express a cause ; as,
>fo jkdi^srf wodi wodi maruldda, He became crazed by study.
>^J8 Sorf'iS Zf!rf;3DrfjSo ye'nu wodade dhaddanddanu, By not studying any
thing he became a blockhead.
229. The gerunds may have their own nominatives ; as,
fSf^o^ J3Da^ B^7j ^do^eo rf^3 a>orf^i innu ndlku divasa iruttalu
avanu bandanu, He came four days before the time.
ts^i
^^b^o ^djsisrooej^o avanu sattu ippattu varushavdyitu,
It is twenty years since he died.
230. The gerunds are often used in the formation of compound tenses.
(See conjugations of verbs.)
231. They are used also informing compound verbs.
283, 291, 293296, 299, 302.)
99

(See 280, 281,

SyntaxParticiples
RELATIVE PARTICIPLES.
232. Relative participles admit of a nominative case before thcm, and
perform the office of verb and relative pronoun to nouns and pronouns
following them ; as,
rf^o ^TStrf g&Tj avanu metdida kelasn, The work which he did.
asorf DUO nam banda ddri, The way by which wo came.
>^jj ifv/s^ajrf ewdo nlni hoguva urn, The town to which you are going.
3oa7^j "Strf 5ie^ kurigalu idda hatti, The fold in which the sheep were.
233. These relative participles govern a preceding noun like a verb ; as,
rfo^odo^j^
rfj^jX^^So maneyannu kattida manushyanu, The man
who built the house.
tfoert^fc} ^odwrf SJtka>jSJ kurigalannu kdyuva kurubanu, The shep
herd who tends sheep.
234. The passive participle requires the instrumental case of the agent
or instrument ; as,
^js'SoSJorf i?v/e>3^k^
dhoreyinda kodalpatta bhumi, Land given
by the king.
^ja^Sosoorf ^aodoe^Kj .dxd kodaliyinda kadiyalpatta mora, The tree
which was cut down with an axe.
235. The participles of an intransitivo verb arc both preceded and fol
lowed by nominatives ; as,
^rs^j rsrdjrf irfo^ ndnu iruva mane, The house in which I reside.
rf'di ^ia7u;3 .sjK.rs avaru hdguva pattana, The city to which they
are going.
rf^/o eirf epxS avalu bidda bhdvi, The well iuto which she fell.
236. The relation expressed by the relative participle must often, accord
ing to the sense of the verb, be rendered in English by " in which, " " from
which," " with whom, " &c, &c. ; as,
^33
kallanu shikkida tdvu, The place where (or in which,)
the thief was caught.
zi^Ti &>ozi V\ntli davasa banda uru, The town from which (or to which,)
the grain came.
237. Sometimes the relative participle has both a preceding and follow
ing nominative, and governs au accusative or other case ;
100

SyntaxMoods
In such sentences this order is followed ; viz. 1st the agent in the no
minative case, 2nd the object generally in the accusative, 3rd the relative
participle ; and 4th the instrument, &c., in the nominative ; as,
CojSodjo >ijS^ ^ g*.^
hutiyu yettanmi kachchida hallu, The tooth
with which the tiger bit the ox.
(jozS ^pft ^a&Sj Sof tande nanage kotta hana, The money which my
father gave to me.
$^&> e9;$3^o^ B^rf Sord.dj ninu avanunnn kareda hesaru, The name by
which you called him.
238. Relative participles become nouns by the addition of pronouns,
according to the rules of sandhi ; as,
^^jrf heluva, who or which says, So^K&^So heluvavanu, he who says,
5o$$hs&$o Mluvavalu, she who says, &c.
Ec^d he'lida, who or which said, Soj^rfrf^o helidavanu, he who said,
Eo^rf^kk he'lidavaru, they who said.
helada, who or which did not say, 5o^rfrfo heladavanu, he who
did not say, &c. &c.
For the union of 8stk adu, with the past and negative participles, See
23, 24.
For the union of t3 re, dja ru, and e?Xja^ dgyii, with the past participle,
and 533^ hage, with the present participle, See the subjunctive mood.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
239. The infinitive mood is governed by the verb which follows it ; as,
z$Js>&zj7So nilla mddidanu, He made to stop.
^js>57\ ^^rf^o nannannu hoga Mlidanu, He told me to go.
240. Occasionally when the infinitive is followed by the present or
future tense of Soja^Xo hogu, go, futurity is denoted ; as,
?3^o3
a bridge.

5oja?7\o3^>.5 se'tuve katta hdgultdre, They are going to build

241 . When the infinitive is followed by the words rJjarfo kodu, give,
^jaSoij kodisu, and #?7oo isu, to cause to give, permission is denoted ; as,
rfjarf jsrio mdda kodu, Permit to do.
rfdo esrf^^o^ 5oj57< ^ja&TjSfi^ aar avanannu hoga godisalilla, They
did not allow him to go.

SyntaxMoods.
rfjSj <S^tSo^
.di'^'R &fde)t?i$i avanu nannannu tanna manege
baralisanu, He will not permit me to come to his house.
242. The infinitive in ta lu, followed by
wollu, is used to denote
unwillingness ; as,
^>^j jdjDrf^js^^j ndnu mddalollenu, I will not (am not willing to) do
SSOrfojafij^J hddalollalu, She will not sing.
243. The infinitive in t>i lu, followed by *at) illa, there is not, denotes
negation of a past action ; as,
?n>;k tf^S ndnu kelalilla, I did not hear ; or, I hare not heard.
244. When the infinitive is followed by a noun composed of ero^ ulla,
and a personal pronoun, obligation or responsibility is denoted ; as,
jszitJ^^dpi ndnu kodalullavanu, I must (am obliged to) give.
sS'dj ^ra^Xao^ -ridj avaru hogalullavaru, They are the persons who
must go.
245. In relating contemporaneous or closely successive actions of the
same or different agents, any number of infinitives in m lu, may be used
in succession, followed by the finite verb expressing the principal or con
cluding action. The infinitives would be rendered into English by as,
since, whilst, when, &c.

B^jrf^j Lankd pafnadalli rdkshasa se'negalu dukkhisalu, wdnara senegalu

santushisalu, devategalu Bdma jayavannu prdrthisalu, shri Sdmanu durjanandda Mdvananannu samharisidanu, Whilst the forces of the giants were
grieving in the city of Lanka, the monkey army rejoicing, and the demi
gods praying for the victory of Rama, the excellent Rama slew the wicked
Ravana.
246. The past gerund
dgi, may be added to these infinitives with
out affecting the sense ; as, EbSTtfare'^i dukkhisaldgi, Tdo^s^rds/a'A santoshisaldgi, i5V)QiEm'!t&t>J\ prdrthisaldgi.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
247. Let, allow, permit, &c. are sometimes expressed by adding Hjtfo
7oJ kodisu, or #27^3 isu, cause to give, &c., to the infinitive ; as, rfj>rf Afi>S
Too mdda-godisu, (or ^SjsziS^Too mddalisu,) Permit me to do.
102

SyntaxMoods.
248. Verbal nouns in CAJrfrfo uvadu, or 2jps una, are often used impera
tively ; as,
& ^ai7fc> rfjDrfo^rfi i kelasd mdduvadu, Do this work.
^T>^j ^ja^js^rs ndvu hdguna, Let us go.
249. Occasionally the future tense of the Affirmative mood is used for
the imperative ; as,
psjSj rfjarfj^ ndnu mdduve, Let me do.
250. The negative imperative is formed by adding sS^tS be'da, to the
infinitive ; as,
djsti ^S^tS mdda be'da, Do not, or, must not do.
Ziti "S^ti bara be'da, Come not, or, must not come.
251. In commanding inferiors, the particles > o, (mas.) and & e, (fern.)
are sometimes added to the 2nd per. sing. imperative ; as,
&i ^s>?d"s ^Je>zfja^ i kelasd mddo, Do this work.
Sojs^ja? hogo, Be gone. sie'fja? held, Tell.
ob^ 5ooXi?^ isiS) ^ eo'boJo^ yeU hengase illige bdye', 0 woman, come here.
252. Except in the 2nd person singular and plural, all the forms of the
imperative are the same.
NEGATIVE MOOD.
253. The Negative mood has only one simple tense, which is either past
present or future, according to the context ; as,
^jdZ&iji iga kodaru, They do not (or will not,) now give.
Jife So^^Sj ninne hs'lanu, He did not say yesterday.
Stf^rfj ndle shikkadu, It will not be to be had tomorrow.
254. Negation is generally expressed by ras^ illa, or

alla.

255. fsigj illa, denies existence, and is used with any time, gender, num
ber or person. It may be added to a noun, verbal noun, or infinitive of a
verb, and is the negative answer to a question of existence.
256 Added to nouns, <W illa, denotes the non-existence of a thing or
' CO
person, or non-existence in a particular place ; as,
Zgoirfv/e
wondu illa, There is not even one.
CO
103

Syntax Moods .
Bbrfotfodo ^jao8w fse^ kudureya kombu illa, There is no such thing as a
horse's horn.
esrf^j jfc^o&a^ f^fi^ avanu maneyalli illa, He is not at home.
e? ija^Bri^ roti.f? skdrt^o <^ie> a totadalli bale' maragalu illa, There
are no plantain trees in that garden.
257.
illa, with a dative or locative case denies possession ; as,
es^7^ jof,sSe^ avanige hanavilla, He has no money.
^1^ Stiti^ ^l^^/s? nimmalli gnydna illavu, Have you no wisdom ?
es^87^ 8m& rafi^ 3^^5/3 f6-<y avarige buddhi illa vivekavu illa, They
have neither sense nor discrimination.
258. "qw illa, is added to verbal nouns ; as,
co
' '
^onyo ^S/ri a'orfrija rst&i ??pytlra <W in^a kelasa kandaddu illa, kelid1
o co
o CO
e? t7Za, Such a thing as this was never seen or heard of.
jrTiTSj 2ojaXo^i^> ndnu hdguvadilla, I will not go.
V\?^o zxio-diZiV nlnu baruvadilla, Thou wilt not come.
esd^j (esrf^/j, esck, ?ti^), 5^), esrf.do, es^j,-) avanu, (avalu, adit, ndvu,
nivu, avaru, avu,} ^jarforf&s^ koduvadilla, He (she, it, we, ye, they, they
neut.) will not give.
259. Examples of ^g, illa, as the negative answer to a question.
zszri 2o^>o3ja? w/w A^e helidiyu, Did you say so ?
No.
^TSodoS^ pi^-dj oooSSjs^ kereyalli niru unto, Is there any water in the
tank ? ^CO illa, No.
SoirfoXdo rfysi^ 5oja?^n^TS>^i? huduaaru mathakke hogiddhdro, Have
the boys gone to school ?

i7Z, No.

2G0. Negation of quality or nature is expressed by <Sf0 alla, no ; as,

rsick
i<? kdgadavo, Is this paper ? ess^ alla, No (it is some
thing else.)
rsirf^j

rfoX^ja^ ivanu ninna magand, Is this your son ?

No, (he is not.)

esrfj tSH ste eIBL OVido a^H patnavalla cldkka uru, It is not a city, but
pa co
tr
1
a small town.
raa^ iZZa, and es*^ alla, are not interchangeable, and great care must bo
observed for their correct use.
101

SyntaxMoods
AFFIRMATIVE MOOD.
261. The Present Tense is commonly used to express future action ; as,
^^sfe ftrfrorfl^ &dj3^3 ippattu divasadalli baruttdne, He will come
in three weeks.
SoX^Drf
Sojs>^Xj^;3 tingaldda me'le hogutteve, .VVe shall go a
month hence.
jra^ &.rfaS?o3je>? ndle koduttlyo, -Will you give it tomorrow ?
These sentences may be rendered, "He is coming," " We are going, &c.
202. The Past Tense is very often used for the future in expressing
readiness or immediate action ; as,
^aS^ 23-s illige bd, Come here ! &>oS bande, I shall come, or, I am coming.
tfej-rfs rfcrarfo i kelasd mddu, Do this work. sJts>&tS mddide, I shall
do it (immediately.)
2G3. The Future Tense is frequently used for the present and past ; as,
5x5odoI^ 2ub\j Snt^oTij rstdj^o kdshiyalli toobba vidwdmsanii iruvanu,
There lived (or lives) a learned man in Benares.
esoX tSftzS?^ 2vorfj
rsidjrfrfo Anga deshadalli wondu patna iruvadu,
There was (or is) a city in the Anga country.
^prfs- ff^iyrfS^
esriro^Sj <snfc^j purva kdladalli wobba arasanu iru
vanu, In old time there (will be i. e.) was a king.
The Future tense is often used to express habitual action ; as,
rf^s-^Tjj m>gTb-ad rfjadosWo wartakaru vydpdra mdduvaru, Merchants
trade.
264. The Contingent Future expresses probability, possibility, and
capability ; as,
fr^ 2oo}^ male banditu, It may (is likely to) rain.
dditu, Perhaps ; it may be so.
ScjS'OT.dj hoddru, They will most probably go.
55a7^ 30=^ti^o hdge he'lydnu, He will very likely (he may possibly,) say
BO.
ej ?fa7d-a jirozS^o d kelasd mdde'nu, I can do that work.
POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS.
265. The terms " might,""might have" "would," "would have," &c.,
105
o

SyntaxCausal Verbs.
and their negatives, are rendered into Canarese by Compound Tenses, and
the use of auxiliary verbs; as,
ninu uru tingalugala kelage
koda bekdgittu, Tou ought to have given it six months ago.
ffirfdo Soja^rf s&okJ^s^ zstS SjIooot^S^ avaru Iwda varushadalli bara
bahudugittu, They might have come last year.
And sometimes by the Indicative mood future tense ; as,
5o^rf-5
Ei'dj^o ninu monne helidare ninne barurenu,
If you had told me the day before yesterday, I should have come yesterday.
This sentence may with equal propriety be expressed by,
.&JS$^ JSoj^CnS JJ^S^ a>oyc^j ninu monne heliddare ninne bandiddenu, or &oftksSj5j bandiruvenu, or avdjS "d> tIj baruttiddenu, or ajdjS 'dj^TSj
baruttiruvenu.
j
2GG. The negative is similarly expressed by the use of the negative
mood; as,
rsil^
<^?? 735ov;rftf^o cdxodo^3 n/nu t7W iddare (or f^tfiS
ti3 iruttiddare,^ nanna sahodaranu sdyanu, (or rdDodioS &
sdyuttiddilla, or cfoodoxS ^dorf^J sdyade iruvanu,} If thou hadst been here, my
brother would not have died.
CAUSAL VEEBS.
2G7. Causal verbs are necessarily transitive, and govern the accusative
case, or the dative of the person and accusative of the thing ; as,
rfe^ repHWpSo3^i} tfSoJtfcj avarige vydkaranavannu kalisidanu, He
taught them grammar.
^gj^jS^ SjftrJ ^^c^ tanna shatrigalannu wodisi bittanu, He
made his enemies to floe.
j&^3odo^.^ tffeS^lrf^o maneyannu kaffisidanu, He had a house built.
Causal verbs take the passive form, and may bo treated in every way as
regular verbs ; as,
rf^torf ^%T^}%^i avaninda kattisalpatfitu, It was built by
him.
7pjS6od> rf^reosoorf "ijtfi)^ ^-Sro^S^tb dhoreya appaneyinda shulakke hdkisalpaftaru, They were impaled by the king's order.
106

SyntaxPassive Verbs.
PASSIVE VEEBS.
268. Passive verbs are rarely used in Canarese. They are not formed
as in English by the addition of the auxiliary verb
iru, Be, to the
principal verb, but by adding the word irfzk padu, To experience, to the
infinitive ; as,
j3^eorf Ki^a^) Kjgjt^To^fcS^j de'varinda sakalavu srishtisalpattitu,
Every thing was created by God.
8o&odoe^&3jdo ninne hidiyalpattaru, They were seized yesterday.

ATJXILIAET AND IEEEGTJLAB VEEBS. (115129.)

269. eJXj dgu, Become, be, happen, be finished, be suitable, be practicable
or possible.
OaS dguli, the 3rd person singular imperative, is used to express assent ;
as,
mz-R ZSXs) huge dgali, So be it.
Also for such phrases as, " very well, " " be it so, " &c.
In certain connections it is equivalent to either, or ; as,
rcj.s7\S SsOTaS iddgali, addgali, Either this or that.
270. Preceded by the dative case, &7\o dgu, expresses suitability, adap
tation, &c. ; as,
t>^f\
nunage dguvadilla, It docs not suit me.
rslrfj rforo^ eJXjrfrfo idu kelasakke dguvadu, This will be useful ; or,
it will do for something.
SPsi^ esrf>7^ OXSe^ d oushadha avanige dgalilla, That medicine did
not suit him.
271. Preceded by the instrumental or locative case, it signifies power,
capability, &c ; as,
S^orf e?A-:<^iS^ ninninda dguttado, Can you do it ?
^orf/aXrfo nannindaldgadu, I cannot.
esrf^ ^odj^
^VTi e?To^Sx^ avana keiyalli i kelasa dguvadilla, jje
is not able to perform this work.
272. The Past Gerund eJ^ dgi, is a very common affix, and has various
significations. The following arc some of its uses :
107

SyntaxIrregular Verbs.
273. It converts nouns and adjectives into adverbs ; as,
buddhi, sense, 8^&odjsTN buddhiydgi, sensibly.
rjj>$ sulabha, ease, TSzvtfWh sulabhavdgi, easily.
sk&>^ mabbu, dim, dimness,
mabbdgi, dimly.
274. Words which thus receive an adverbial signification, cannot
always be rendered in English by a word ending in ly. The sense will
be expressed by for, by, in, like, as, &a. ; as,
Thjjjpijs'h sdkshiydgi, as, or for, a witness.
mitavdgi, in moderation.
^5<J) ^3
^ja^a sS^j ndvu i mdrgavdgi hoga be'ku, We
must go by this road.
Sooe^ TYS'a rfjaawSoS7i ^ huchchandgi mdtdduttdne, He talks like a fool.
esd7dti?\ tra&jg^o^ ei.yo37^3 arasdgi rdjyavannu dluttdne, He rules the
country as its king.
275. When added to pronouns, it expresses freeness, spontaneousness,
&c. ; as,
^ti-$s'h ^JS&tS^j ndndgi mddidenu, I did of my own accord.
S^tt So^&oSjb? nindgi helidiyo, Did you say (it) of your own free
will?
vd^zJ\ Sj5
accord.
z>

avaldgi wodi hodalu, She ran away of her own

b3^j mane tdndgi bittu, The house fell of itself.

276. Affixed to the dative case, e?^ dgi, signifies, for, in order to, on
account of, in behalf of, &c. ; as,
sn^trcte-s^ S^otti^ skra^^o vydpdrakkdgi de'shdntarakke hddanu,
He went abroad to trade.
-SjaorfjjftfeT^A
aorf-do ndduvadakkdgi kudi bandaru, They came
together to see.
eJ epo5)W^ ^ e&rftfc bhayakkdgi tattarisidaru, Through fear of
that they trembled.
277. Added to an infinitive, &J\ dgi, signifies after, when, while, as, in
consequence of, &c. ; as,
rsufk^
txiTi ^jsi.tivdh es^ ajps ><$a5joeH5 innu kela divasa no
108

SyntaxIrregular Verbs.
daldgi avana guna tiliyuttade, When we have observed him a few days
longer, we shall know his disposition.
278.

(246.)

dffi, added to its own infinitive may he rendered "as soon as,"

" when it took place," &c. as,

ZSTtWh male dgaldgi, As soon as (or when) it rained.
279.
dgi, is added to the verbal noun oioswrfrfo yembuvadu, or <5oajrfo
yembadu, in marking a quotation ; as,
Odjsarf^^^ ^3 S7>7<rf >d>7^ ^jsrf Sj^Bb i>08oZS9'h tt^^ &<$jcah
rf^o nanna yajamdnanu i kdgada nimage koda be'ku yembaddgi nannannu
kaluhisidanu, My master sent me saying that I was to give this letter to
you.
280. In composition with ^tJo iru, e?7\o agu, expresses nature or qua
lity ; as,
fB.rfo ZS 7ijOT$z7i'h'&c&jti^ idu wofle granthawdgideyd, Is this a good
book ?
TiorfJsiUD?\tS sumdrdgide, It is middling.
The difference between rSi.do iru, and &%jS3 dgiru, must be carefully
observed.
sb^js^^j ^335
wolle manushyanu iddhdno, signifies, Is there
such a thing as a good man ? or, Does a good man exist ?
^c^o5A jj
?rs?\ro^jaj ioZfe manushyandgiddhdnd, means, Is he a good man ?
9
sS^o rsfzS belaku ide, There is light.
sS^fftfhi? belakdgide, It is light.
281. When e?7\
is affixed to a relative participle, it expresses the
time when ; as, JjBj ajTfrntiX nattw bdruwdga, when I came.
e?rf Wa, affixed to nouns converts them into adjectives, as Scd^rd vistdra,
extension, Scdta-dn^zS vistdravdda, extensive.
^sitJj iru, Be.
282. rsi.do iru, with a dative case, denotes possession; as,
^jprfs-rfS^
e??^
purvadalli nanage dsti ittu, Formerly I had
property.
^S7\ ^aos^ Sops

i<7 koncha hana ide, Now I have a little money.

109

SyntaxIrregular Verbs.
ZSzSS pp.R oiorfja rfj^^j f^-dS)^ ddare nanage yendu makkalu iralilla,
But I never had any children.
283. Added to a gerund, it sometimes expresses the habit or continuance
of the action ; as,
LckSj^ <^Sp3 woduttd iddenu, I was reading, or, in the habit of reading.
es^o^ annii, or <^?>.^ yennu, Say.
284. The past gerund (Oorio yendu, is used to mark a quotation of what
another has written or said, or the words of a command or message ; and
answers to the on in Greek, and inverted commas in English ; as,
Tra^L/co <5rfiJj SLEOyS^ )ozi> &.Sci.<S shdstradalli de'varu wobbane
yendu baredade, In the shastra it is written, " God is one."
efzS.S
StjXw^ abocio Eo^yj e ddare ?iivu hdgalla yendu heluttiri,
But you say "Not so."
-djTizi tfjarfrfo oborij ^^j^ cruo&3j kallatana mdda kudadu yendu
kattale untu, There is a command that one must not steal.
rsieD^ zzs ^>ozi> ec^T?^o illige bd yendu he'Udemt, I said " Come hither."
a.J^.dja rfTBStirf KJBTjrfo >oi>
:5j3ci-zSjjj wobbaru mdtddu bdradu
yendu appane mddidenu, I commanded that no one should speak.
es^ Z^f. Ccv/S'Tv JTBji} aydo^&5^ oborfo Co^o avana balige hdgi ndnu
baruvadilla yendu he'lu, Go to him and say that I shall not come.
285. obcrfo yendu, may be often repeated to mark separate sentences
depending on the final verb ; as,
-doEpriSe^^orija,
oorf TTB^fc 2u3v^-d^>^ jSo&sra-f^j,
kelasawdyitu
yendu, ivaru adu nadeyuttade yendu, avaru innu prdrambhisalillavendu
heliddarinda ndnu wobbarannu nambaldrenu, Tou say that the work is
finished, this man that it is in hand, and that man that it has never been
begun, and so I cannot believe one of you. Or, you say, " The work is
done ;" this man, " It is going on ;" and that man, " It is not yet begun ;"
and therefore I cannot believe any of you.
2SG. Z>o& yenta, i>o^i)o yentalu, eso^ anta, eso^^o antalu, are fre
quently used for >orfo yendu; as,
BorfoTS/^ &ra?&tf $b&>& Gz^tf* kudurege tubare kattanta he'lu, Tell (the
horsekeeper) to give the horse his gram.
110

SyntaxIrregular Verbs.
Ecjs^ao^

t?js&!^o hoganta appane kottanu, He ordered to go.

287. obork yendu, is not required when the final verb is

anna, or
yennu; as,
^js^os^orfjio hoyitandanu, " It is gone," he said.
jSja^rfoT^Sj nddandanu, " Sec," said he.
g^odjSs^ orf^j nanage tiliyalilla andanu, He said, " I was not
aware." Or, He said that he was not aware.
288. Wo'i ante, is used impersonally for ." It is said," "they say;" as,
SoX ^SjOdj s^odis^
^^nuosj^o^ Linga shettiya maneyalli kallatanavdyitante, They say that Linga Shetti's house has been robbed.
Eo^j ctoSW
Jc^a'OSj^o'i AaWa sdcira varahd hoyitante, It is re
ported that ten thousand pagodas are gone.
^^'dj S-S-^rftio^ kallaru shikkidarante, It is said that the thieves have
been caught.
^je)^ kollu, Buy, take.
291. !f
Ao//w, in all its moods, tenses and persons is added to the
Past gerund of other verbs to give them a reflexive signification, similar
to the Middle voice in Greek. It denotes that the action is done for the
benefit, or on account of, the agent ; as,
2cjsz?rf73j hodedanu, He beat (another.) Ec.js'zfrfj ^^oti^o hodedu-kondanu, He beat himself, or some other person or thing on his own account.
Cof^ Sooslrfdi hannu hanchidaru, They divided the fruit. 5dosJ- ^.jsotWj
hanchi kondaru, They divided it among themselves.
S^o8orJT3'do kaluhisidaru, they sent (another.) s^oSoo) ^jiiti'di kaluhisi
kondaru, They caused themselves to be dismissed.
nxdS^j pustaka baredenu, I wrote a book. ^j^S* anSrfo ^jaoT^o
pustaka baredu kondenu, I wrote a book for myself.
It is very commonly used with causal verbs ; as,
yjTo^ sje?J ^jaozfjfc pustaka barisi kondenu, I had a book written for
myself.
^^oi^jdOzQi sdkshi helisi kondanu, He got evidence given (in
his own interest.)
^jS^j^ 3D^^ t?5o) ^v/sorf^j tannannu tdne kedisi kondanu, He ruined
himself.
It is occasionally added to ijzfc padu, without, however, varying the sense ;
111

SyntaxIrregular Verbs.
as, Too^jst^ iSy^ ^jsorf^j santusha patfu kondalu, or TjQ^j&^vi,
santusha pattalu, She was glad.
292. The addition of

kollu, gives a different signification to some

verbs ; as,
jSt3 nade, "Walk ;
nadedu kollu, Behave.
Other words are not altered in any way by it ; as,
e^rf'dj tilidaru, or S^rf) &otf-rts Wi'rfu kondaru, They understood.
293.
of

Ao, is generally used as the second person singular imperative

kollu; as,
&>urfj ^os)? hididu kd, or Sotk^jaj Airfw ko, Take hold.
v,'^,^ &.&^jb> pustaka wudi ko, Read the book (for yourself.)

e3rfo fo'rfw, Put forth, &c.

291. E3rfo bidu, added to a gerund, denotes the completeness of the action,
and may generally be rendered by away, off, down, up, out, &c. ; as,
ScvTS?^ eS^'di hdgi bittaru, They went away,
rf^o^
8383^0 avalannu talli bittanu, He pushed her away.
EoorfScdo 3jja7\7SJ3 tf^QSirfj ESB^o hendatiya tnugannu koidu bittanu,
He cut off his wife's nose.
?Soo?\ e5rf bS^5 gulige nungi bida beM, Must I swallow down the
pill?
Eoo> em Sorfj E3B,^i hullelld tindu bittitu, It cat up all the crass.
eJ ^to^j ejyj, eSrfj a #ta'<K 6j'Mw bidu, Leave out that word.
ci
295. The regular verb 53u#J hdku throw, is used in the same sense as
e3rfo bidu; as,
.diT%zro -?<tii Eo3dzystS mannelld tegedu hdkiddhdre, They have taken
co
$
out all the earth, &c. &c.
These two verbs sro-cx e3&j hdki bidu,a,re very frequently combined, and have
the same signification and use as they have separately ; as,
Aj^eis "Sfizi* 55a
mannelld tegedu hdki bittiddhdre, They
TO co
'
5 Q
have taken out all the earth, &c. &c.
296. Sometimes both e3rfo bidu, and Ecstfi Aaw, imply that the agent
has no interest in the action ; as,
^ts>& e5^^j adige, mddi bittanu, He cooked (for another.)
ayfirfj Eo3-chS^j baredu hdkidenu, I wrote (it for another.)
112

SyntaxIrregular Verbs.
anio barn, Como.
297.
baru, is of very frequent occurrence, and lias a variety of
significations ; as,
nsj^-dfS ayd-j^S^ ninage vydkarana baruttado, Do you under
stand grammar ?
ffirfe^
StSj ajdSs^ avarige innu vidye baralilla, They are not
yet learned.
jS7^ aod5d srsdrfo nanage baraha bdradu, I cannot (do not know to)
write.
298. ayeb baru, is used with the infinitive (regarded as a verbal noun)
of other verbs to express ability ; as,
^757^ /ci &Ttarfrfo nanage wdda baruvadu, I can read.
esrf^^ arSodj avdorfrfo avanige bareya baruvadu, He can write.
299. aydo baru, is affixed to gerunds to express habit, continuance, orfre
quency ef the action ; as,
iS^Tio obe^d^o^ ff^.&.srfoeSj^ ayctae^3 de'varu yellarannu kdpdduttd baruttdne, God continually preservsj all.
^vrt>rfo3ti
koduttd bd, Continue to rive.
^Dek SoX^j
f^j^ So'^ dyarfosj^ ascrf^j wa'M tingalu avanu
nityavu huge mdduttd bandanu, For four months he continued daily to do
so.
The meaning is expressed in English by the phrases, " kept on," "keeps
on," "goes on," "went on," doing, &e.
In Sjii'h avdoii^jS hogi barutte'ne, the polite equivalent for, " I am go
ing," on taking leave, the original meaning is dropped ; as,
?Do Ecja^ ayd&ra^ ndnu hogi baralo, May I go ?
5oje>??\ eoTi hogi bd, Go.
ijrfo padu, Experience.
300. iJrfo padu, added to the infinitive of another verb, gives it a passi ve
signification; as,
-&5?>T&3mddu, Do, s&rsrfiSdj mdda-padu, orrfcratffijy& mddal-padu, Be done.
301. Added to nouns of sensation, xirfo padu, turns them into intransi
tive verbs ; as,
113

SyntaxAdverbs.
dukkha pattaru, They sorrowed, experienced grief.
e?^orf t33^5j dnanda pattenu, I was glad.
5^0 $odo iSrfSa^^/s^ ninu bhaya padalillavd, "Were you not afraid ?
CTSEo 3S5j^i) ddha pattevu, We were thirsty.
?Jrfo padu, is often used in the causal form ; as,
jS^ a>5o^3D?\ E^a^ iS&olrfdi nanage bahalawdgi dukkha padisidaru,
They made me very sorry.
rf'djSo^ TiSjTj'd ii&ri ^S^Ti avarannu be'sara padisa beda, Do not distress
them.
ScJe^XJ hogU, GrO.
302. !&A?7fc Aoow, is added to gerunds to express the completeness of
the action ; and may be rendered by away, off, &c.; as,
tf^d) >& ^jaorf'dj kallaru wodi hodaru, The thieves ran away.
Scjs^e^ wodedu hogittu, It was broken to pieces.
tszi&cftitn sSorfo ^j50Sj{& adaviyelld bendu hoyitu, The whole forest
was consumed.
So;j #S7\ CJe Sojb^OSj^o fyoW ^ro a'n hoyitu, The dampness is now
dried up.
rfjS
^jb^osj^j avana keildgade hoyitu, He could not do it at
all.
Ss^c! Sc^rfdi shikkade hodaru, They could not be found at all.
Sora ^v^i&Sjj Ecja'os3^o Aana AoMw hoyitu, The money is all paid up.
303. Sojt.?7k

added to the infinitive, sometimes expresses futurity.

See 240.
ADVEEBS.
304. Adverbs may be formed to an almost unlimited extent by adding
&*h dgi, to nouns and adjectives. (130.)
305. The declinable adverbs (See 131138,) are in many respects
treated like nouns and adjectives ; as,
sfcso&re;3 ^ojjoso^i munjdne hoyitu, The first watch is past.
JS^'ji x?e/?o ninnina kelasa, Yesterday's business.
odJ fc^tij alliya janaru, The people of that place.
114

Sj ntaxAdverbs.
Sf^j ^od^dj nwu yelliyavaru, Of what place are you ?
&fK$ wsej igina kdla, The present time.
306. Most adverbs precede the words affected by them ; and these words
may be nouns, adjectives, verbs, participles, gerunds or other adverbs ; as,
TTf$ V\^o shdne niru, Much water.
talk
bahu chikka mane, A very little house.
e^T^ jrf>3^3 channdgi wdduttdne, He reads well.
??X ^TSodjjrf
be'ga nadeyuva yettu, A fast walking ox.
esrf>7? ?3?7^ ^jbo?i S^roo avanige beligye hdgi tilisu, Go in the morn
ing and inform him.
&Soo areX)fodjsi?\ ^jb^otS.> Eojarf-dj bahu jdgrateydgi takkondu hddaru,
They carried it away very carefully.
307. e?X dga, and #sX iga, regarded as adverbs of time, stand alone at
the commencement of a sentence or part of a sentence ; as,
eJX tsdSurij es^rio dga avarellaru attaru, Then they all wept.
308. e?X dga, is affixed to relative participles ; as,
^i^j SojsjXjs^X ndvu hoguvdga, When we go.
esrfdo 2j$7^ T5^8&oaX avaru wolage prave'shisiddga, When they en
tered in.
^S^SdjJreX kereyalli ijuttiruvdga, Whilst

swimming in the

tank.
jts^j Sojad^o Scjs^OT X wawM horatu hdgidddga, When I had goneout.
309. e?X aj'a, takes the demonstrative and interrogative particles ; as,
eJ37>X dvdga, Then. ^.raX ivdga, Now. odjasTiX ydvdga, When? odja
aaXaja ydvdgalu, Always.
310. t2o- ante,
hdge, ^jvvd prakdra, tsT^Ti appanda, &c. &c.,
when affixed to the genitive case, signify like, as ; as,
tszi^o.i
adarante idu, This is like that.
>sbj 55S7^ tts^j nimma hdge ndvu, We are like you, &c. &c.
311. The same words affixed to relative participles, signify so that, in or
der to, &c; as,
115
f

SyntaxAdverbs.
^JS} <vh>rfj<5<jr ^jboeTjj^ Sj'J^ CJ&rfjSj tanna sdmarthya torisuva hdge
ddidamr, He acted to display his ability.
a>orfo< ^js^osj^o bandante hdyitu, It went as it came.
cxJjsia^'ja S^odorf a5x^ rfjs>&rfjSj ydrigu tiliyada hdge mddidanu, He
did it so that no one might know.
312.
allade, besides, except, &c. is used after nouns; as,
rf^j G&FdT?s-d$ty& tf&iz-zi,^D'Ant^S avanu hanagdranallade dharmishthandgiddhdne, He is a liberal man as well as being rich.
rsirfj XsiSsrzS as^^ idu gajavallade ajavo, Is this a goat and not an
elephant ?
313.
allade, is used with pronouns and verbal nouns ; as.
>^4rzS <^js^tij 7?jairftk nwallade inydru doddavaru, "Who are great
people except yourselves (or, if you are not ?)
3Ti^o Joj^7krfrfsrS rfjXjSl&}
t?jt>orfi Soja'Xogra^
hoguvadallade maganannu kara kondu hoguttdne, He will not only go himself, but
take his son with him.
rf^j 5ooS e?arfsrzS

ES^feo aanw Sks^' ddiddallade nannannu

beidanu, lie not only told a lie, but abused mo.

314. It is used after the different moods, tenses and persons of verbs ;
as,
>o^o co^f\ c?^o3^
TjSoDodj rfjDrfj^i&fi^ n/nw /w^e helutH al
lade manage sahdya mdduvadilla, You not only speak thus, but refuse to
help me. Or, You only say so, and do not assist me.
jii siTO^ ja&3,ti> t3 S-gxdja o53js ^JSirfSa yellaru mdtu Jcottarallade wobbaru ye'nu mddalilla, Every body promised, but nobody did any
thing.
jju^i roj5>;7s3,S^'y ^ ^rarfj^^J naM hdguvevallade mdduvade'nu, "We
shall (may) go, but what can we do ?
315. eso^ anta, and
in<a, are affixed to nouns and pronouns with
which any thing is compared ; as,
tfstii-dTot Soa ei^Cb kudnreginta kuri chMadu, A sheep is less than
a horse.
316. In comparing time ^o'sS munche, &c. are added also ; as,
11G

SyntaxPostposition s.
^u^o

^kio^S ??,>k5^o ndnu ke'luvadakkinta munche kottanu,

He gave before I asked.

317. &So$ bahala, much, is used in forming comparisons ; as,
^J\o^ es;^3p &So^ 7Sjs'rf Snxj^oTj^j nanaginta avane bahala dodda
vidwdmsanu, He is a much more learned man than I.
318. Many pure adverbs admit the affix &%.dgi; as, ^^fi nunnage, ^
&TKtfh nunnagdgi, smoothly.
POSTPOSITIONS.
319. The postpositions generally correspond in meaning with English
prepositions. Most of them are affixed to the genitive caso ; some to the
dative ; and a few may be affixed to nearly all the cases.
320. The following, from the list, (140, 144) may be added to relative
participles, as well as to nouns and pronouns; viz. tfjarf kuda, ^'djn^odj
taruvdya, so^tf balika, after ;
tanaka, rSaJjE-o^'d paryantara, skS3 7\
mattige, 13e7? varige, until;
bagye, >3.)^ nimitta, for, on account of.
me'le, upon ; skiosS munche, previous to ; and Eo^sks- hortu, except ;
as.
rftb saorf
avaru banda kiidale, Immediately on their arrival,
^ra^j e9o7\5 faBj Aksracdj ndnu angadi itta faruvdya, After I had
opened shop, &c. &c.
CONJUNCTIONS.
321. &ti-d ddare, (subjunctive of &7<i dgu,) if, but, &c. is used either
alone or subjoined to other words, and has a variety of significations ; as,
^o&Tn v>ozf^3 eSziS ^'Sj
malagi kondenu ddare nidre baralilla,
I laid myself down, but got no sleep.
^Jsairf^o&urftf 3^ i^^J mnM
mddidduntddare shikshe
tappadu, If you have committed a fault, you cannot escape punishment.
he'lidenddare nanna ndlige koyidu hdka bahudu, If I have told a lie, you
may cut my tongue out.
322. It is used to signify asfor, with respect to, &c. ; as,
117

SyntaxConjunctions.
esrf-dj &Di( T$Jt>zt &5ojrfj jrsn-srftf ^jsrf tfja^rfj, avaru huge mdda-bahudu,
ndvddare mdda Mdadu, They may do so ; as for us we cannot.
323. Orfdja ddaru, (tftiS ddare, with OV) 4,) is used alone for yet, ne
vertheless, notwithstanding ; as,
>?^j erf^as^ ^Jsis-srfoS pe; e?zfcja ^odw^&e; wfou channdgi md
CO
tdduttiri, ddaru nadeyuvadilla, You talk very well, yet you do not
walk (accordingly.)
^y^fco
s?rf^dja sSftf a.orfj $<DKi esiS wi'k hdliddelld sariye';
ddaru bere tvondu kelasa ade, All you say is very well ; nevertheless there
is another point (to be taken into account.)
324. As a disjunctive, e?rfdja ddaru, is added to nouns, verbal nouns
and pronouns of any case except the genitive and vocative; as,
>;3-5c>-dj& esrf^-srf-dv/a sSjs&-d 5?^o ninddaru avanddaru mddira beku,
Either you or he must have done it.
^3t^o ^rfrf^s^E&ja tSi^fssip.f^.dja SjrfSfi^ ndnu ve'davannddaru, purdnavannddard wddalilla, I have not read either Yeda or Purana.
#3 Ti^arSD^zixijs ej 7i<$m>jz$-tf Eoja^a ?3^d i sthalakkddaru d sthalakkd
daru hoga be'da, Do not go to either this place or that.
rfoe>do-rfc37>rf.dja TitcS^, 83do^:35Zftlra riBO&? mdduvadddaru sariye, biduvadddaru sariye', It will be right whether you do it or let it alone.
325. e?rfdja ddaru, is used to express even, at any rate, at least ; as,
JJosrerfdja &>Ti sS^o nivddaru bara beku, You must come at any rate.
Or, you at least must come.
Buocjsrf-dvra rsifi^ nanage wondddaru illa, I have not even one.
326. efrfdja ddaru, added to interrogatives, expresses the sense of so
ever, some ; as,
odjsidj ydru, who, odjaTOZj-dJa ydrddaru, Some one, any one whosoever.
cdjsrf ydva, who, which or what, odje>rfj3>rfdv yavanddaru, Some one,
any one, whosoever.
odTsrfOTCi.dja ydvadddaru, Whatsoever.
adjs-d T^rfs^^rf-dja ydva sthaladallyddaru, In what place soever.
odjsSJsX ydvdga, when, odjsnT>TVsrf.dja ydvdgddaru, or odjB5TB7\trfdja
ydvdgalddaru, Whensoever, at some time, at any time.
118

SyntaxConjunctions.
327. ^ yelli, where, o^odJe>cH/a yelliyddaru, Somewhere, any where.
^S7TOrf-tfjti yelligddaru, Some whither, any whither.
oborfererfidja yellindalddaru, Whencesoever.
328. ?>o
soever.

what, S^rf'dje ye'nddaru, Something, any tiling what

329. S'Sj'^ hydge how, SoSjTTOZ&v/b hydgddaru, By some means, some

how.
330. &X2?>7\Jt> dddgyu, is the same in all respects as e?rfdjs ddaru.
331. e?7\S a^ra/i, either, or, &c., is affixed to nouns in nearly all their
cases ; as,
Agjt^otXI) bI5^otXI) doddaddgali chikkaddgali, Either a large or
small one.
rfopa'D XI) tfera XI) manndgali kalldgali, Either earth or stone.
Eojae/rfsra^XS ^js^Krf^jjXD holadallydgali totadallydgali, Either in
field or garden.
332. e?rfrfeorf ddadarinda, or e?rfeorf dddarinda, (e?rf a'rfa, and ssrfeo
adarinda,") therefore, expresses a consequence : as,
^^fii^ SeSDeTfosfcidj crfjs'dv rS^,; CJrfCorf
ffD'&DcS sSj^o nannannu vichdrisuvavaru ydru illa ; dddarinda nive kdpdda be'ku, There is no
one who will take any interest in me ; therefore you must take care of me.
333. 0\r> u, is used as a copulative of words and sentences ; as,
%>^^/s> ?to^/3 nivu ndvti, Tou and I.
ZniizkSjd JojsfXorfrfja baruvadu hoguvadu, Coming and going.
e^sgy^ rfT^jS&ySoZ^, -di&jtZy^H ^Sei^ozitf), JS^oe^S wobbanige
vastravillavendu, mattobbanige annavillavendu, hiluttdne, He says, that
one has no clothes, and the other no food.
334. eAD u, followed by
illa, or ^ alla, signifies neither, nor : as
rf^o ^rfjS^ rfjurfs^Ss^ esrf^$js^ rfja>c!orf&s^ avanu idannu mdduvadilla adannu mdduvadilla, He will do neither this nor that.
^Slrfj rorfoo^i'^/Ti Kgj, c^>odwa 4^, ^ficS^ idu samudravu alla, nadiyu
alla, kereye', This is neither a sea nor a river, but a lake.
335. W> u <%p illa, or e5^ alla, with au interrogative, gives a universal
negation ; as,
119

Syn tax Particles.

^ih y"i, where? obs^odwa rspo yelliyu illa, No where.
oborfo yendu, when? oboc^a rss^ yenrfw iV^a, Never.
odju-rfj yaVw, who ? odju'djs
yard illa, There is no one. a3j=>tf
CO "
y>i< o/fa, It is no one.
odrasftk ydvadu, which ? odj^rfjs rse^ ydvadu illa, None at all.
s^jj7^ hydge, how? k^j7\js

hydgu illa, In no way, by no means

whatsoever.
PAETICLES.
336. eJ d, $ & J, are affixed as interrogative particles ; as,
53n^ ec^&odjD
helidiyd, Did you say so?
jiTJ^o Soja'X^ na'nu hdgale, Eoji ajs hogald, Shall I go ?
337. & and > d are emphatic ; as,
t5^' rfjs^j of/e' iwaVwj That very word.
fc/^^j3}? rfjarf
na'K wolledanne' mdda beku, We must do
only good.
338. j o, is very commonly used to express doubt ; as,
rftfj Sjorf-3jBO &j?ja; avaru bandaru ye'nd, "Whether they have come
or not (I cannot tell.)
iwl)^ Scja^ts^tS yellige hogiddhdre, Whither have they gone? %>?>nAiaj
yelligd, Whither (I know not.)
obs)^ Sojs^cj^tJjs? yellige hdgiddhdrd,

Whither they have gone

(I cannot tell.)
odJsnSja' So^rftfo yard he'lidaru, Some one or another said it.
CcT^atoso^o hydgdyitu, How did it happen ? sT)j^jb? hydgo, How (I
know not.)
^j^n^tfsM*) "^D'&D^'dj manushyarellaru pdpdtmaru, All men are
sinners.
M't'0'> You? (What are you then ?)
^t>3^ ^TSutgi> ndvd, nave' pdpdtmaru, We? We also arc sin
ners.
339. upl kdne and stplja; kand, particles from ffSfSo kdnu, See, are
often used when addressing inferiors; as,
ffuFs houdu kdne, Yes,
cannot you see, (woman!) srsJZ^ ffu?iU>? houdu kand, yes, cannot you
see, (man !)
120

Grammatical Terms.

APPENDIX.

340. GRAMMATICAL TERMS.

Letter
Vowel
Short
Long
Consonant
Junction of letters
Elision
Insertion
Change
Syllable
Word (part of speech)
Pure Canarcse
Pure Sanscrit
Corrupted Sans
crit
Foreign words
Ungrammatical
forms.
Uninflected word
(Crude state)
Inflected word
Affix
Sentenco
Noun
Gender
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Number

warntt.
7tgi swara.
hraswa.
>?^X)s- dirgha.
^ogi vyanjana.
7oo^> sandhi.
ifLiapTS lopa.
EJX^o dgama.
tJ-S%/ ddesha.
akshara.
shabda.
a
deshya.
^-^o tatsama.

anya-de'shya.
A.spioj grdmyu.
3/tfg)3 prakriti.
tjrf pada.
^/sfjodj pralyaya.
ZD&g vdkya.
ps rfo etS ndnia- wdch ftka .
&o7( linga.
^J&oT\ pul-linga.
^j^DoX stri-linga.
jS^jord^DoX napumsaka-linga
sS^S wachana.
121

Grammatical Terms.
&^;3&^S yeka-wachana .
Singular
&Scjrfe^ bahu-icacliana.
Plural
S^J-^ vibhakti.
Case
Nominative (1st.) -Af^-S>o prathame.
Accusative (2nd.) ^I!o3j dwitiye.
Instrumental (3rd. ) 3g)So3j tritiye.
E^oJjSs- chaturthi.
Dative
(4th)
rfce^Sb
panchami.
Ablative (5th)
Genitive (Gth)
shashti.
ei
cvrf o saptami.
Locative (7th)
rdo^S^^^ sambodhane.
Vocative (8th)
djarf rupa.
Declension
SjoijSj 37>s^ bandhu-wdchaka .
Noun of relationship
Aope a^S^tf guna-wdchaka.
Adjective
riosOT^j n^a^S* sankhyd-wdcliaka.
Numeral
ro^s-^TBrfo sarva-ndma.
Pronoun
BjodyttjZi
kriydpada.
Verb
Eoot (verbal)
Agent (nom. to verb)
Object (governed by
verb)
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Inflected forms of the
verb.
Mood
Imperative
Negative
Affirmative
Subjunctive
Tense
Present
Past

^TB^j dhdtu.
?r^g)S- kartri.
tfrfjE- karma.
^djS3\ purusha.
ero^ rfo uttama.
0
madhyama.
-Aj^A> prathama.
&>7>g& d^tSX^/j dkhydta-rupagalu.

TijsA rupa.
vidhi.
SsS^tji nishe'dha.
>^cdo .djatj nishcliaya-rupa.
7jo^O& dvKiij samshaya-rtipa.
stie/ #7.
d^s-^JB^ wartamdna.
<$Ji>& bhutu.
122

Grammatical Terms
Future
Uninflected forms of

sjJSt^^ bhavishyattu.
s^odo Tijai57!$o avyaya-rupagalu.

the verb
Infinitive Mood

ep^rf djsiS bhdva-rupa.

Participle

.&jo5js>

Grerund

^>a^

Compound Grerund

kriyd-nyuna.
shabda-nyiina.

Tooo&oo^

75Js^cS ' samyukta-shabda-

nyuna.
T^stas- .SiodjSij'rf sakarma kriydpada.
Active verb.
^djs" '&)o3ja>'Jjrf ukarma kriydpada.
Neuter verb.
^rfoOTrf 5;odj3tjrf kramawdda kriydpada.
Regular verb
Irregular.
>tfg)S^ 4|0dretSrf vikrita kriydpada.
Ouited ^odjsiSrf upapada kriydpada.
Defective.
tJd^TJSs- #jOdje>l5rf swdrtha kriydpada.
Reflective.
tfdis-p? -Siodjsijirf karmani kriydpada.
Passive.
iSifdrs .&/0dJ3'rirf prerana kriydpada.
Causal.
^odiX^i avyayagaln.
Indeclinable words
o^aTis^odj
vibhaktdvyaya.
Postposition.
Adverb joined to nouns aops Sa^fQ
visheshana.
or pronouns.
" verbs.

)OdJa) tsi^si^fd kriyd visheshana.

Conjunction.

Tooaioz^5'srf^odo sambandhakdvyaya .

Interjection, calling
another.

TuoaiJCjs^odj sambuddhdvyaya.

Exclamation of wonder, ffi^odrsd^odo atishaydvyaya.

Derivative noun.
Verbal noun.

i5/lJ2jO& taddhita pratyaya.

3/Oije) 5T3e^ or tfg^j^yodj kriyd-wdchaka, or krit-pratyaya.

Compound noun.

Ti^Jtci tirf samdsa pada.

Syntax.

^)o5>^a prayoga.

Parsing.

>Z$ Sep^X rfjatk^rfj ^xrrfa vibhdga mdduvadu.

123

Cardinal Numbers.
2r>^ &ip3 Icavitwa lakshana.

Prosody.
Metre.

^orfro^ chhandassu.

Verse
Lino of a verse

shluka.
err
iitizi pdda.

Rhyme.

tnjri prdsa.

341.

CARDINAL NUMBERS.

Zjorfo wondu,

ji.tfti> yeradu,

. -D

j&ja.dj mitru,

S3rfo eidu,

yelu,
>o&o yentu,

1
2

3
4

5f

8
. J-

7
8

e-

BuO^fe^ wombhattu,
Cc^o hattu,
ft^js^orfj hannondu,

no

10

oo

11

Co^drfo hanncradu,

12

3ofidojS^> hadimuru,

o3

^fo^stS)^ hadindlku,
Jc>^cio hadineidu,
S&^xcdo hadindru,

13
. 14
15

. OS.

hadinelu,
IcS^o&k hadinentu,
ZoUjs oaSsj hattotnbhattu,

o3

16
.

rw
cs-

17
18
19
20

rS.^'ijsozio ippattondu,

^t>\^rirL ippatteradu,
^TS^krfojaTjo ippattumuru,

JDO
x>3

. 21
22
.

23
24

124

Cardinal Numbers.
^^sS^rfj ippatteidu,
rSCrf^S^-do ippattdru,

. joe.
^S
. XO-

^^i0^o ippattentu, .
^ij^jao^j^ ippattombhattu,
rfjja.rf^o muvattu,

eivattu,
es-drf^o aravattu,

3o
. afo
6-0

25
26

27

28
29

30
40
50

60

. So

70
80

^vraOcrf^j
o tombhattu,

S-0

^oja.Sjaorfo nurondu,
^vI&tts5o^ nurdhattu,
^Sjs^do innuru, .

ooo
. ooo
. ooo
-DOO

90
100

nios^sf^ yembhattu,

sko^ja^tta munnuru,

Soo
tfoo .
. Sjoo .
e.00

jy^jatk ndnuru,
S^&OTfo einuru,
e?dj^jBtk drunuru,

a,oap(oso^Sja.Dj wombhainuru,
rfo&Tj sdvira,
cfc>&-d$jS>GXio sdviradondu,
Td.sSWrf5d^ sdviradahattu,
TdtiSdrf^jaTio sdviradanuru,
Eo^o ohiW hattusdvira, .
eij laksha,
^ja^SS Ao/i,

125

300
400
500

600
700

800

. S~00 .
0,000
0,000
0,000
. 0,000

. 900
1,000

&^Js>ydo yelnuru,
^o'&y^&tiz yentunuru,

101
110
200

Soo
<J"00

1,001
1,010
1,100

00,000 . 10,000
0,00,000 . 1,00,000
0,00,00,000 1,00,00,000

Ordinal Numbers.
342.

ORDINAL NUMBERS.

The ordinal numbers are formed by adding the affix

Cardinal numbers.

ane, to the

3-oz$3^ wondane,
1st.
ikii>ziv$^ modalane
oW^Sj yeradune, -D^3(j 2nd.
j^oja.d^ murane, 3^3? 3rd.
jsxe^ nilkani, tf^S 4th.
&c.

&c.

&c.

&c.

313. Multiplicative numbers are formed by adding to the cardinal num

bers,

ashtu, so much, sk& madi, fold, Tb-s<fo pdlu, part, &c. as,
obddn!-oj yeradashtu, Twice as muchfg^& im-madi, Two-fold, double.
5ojS-do

muru pdlu, Three parts.

&c.

&c.

344. Kepetitioh is expressed by adding e?^Sf dvarti, e^>E> bdri, iht)

sdri, 7j3=- sarti, <vda saradi, civ sala, rfoS^ vantige, (dative case of ZjO&o
wontu,) all signifiying time, turn, rotation; as,
rfojSOT^Ss- murdvarti, three timesjrs&j^. arse ndlku bdri, four times, &c. &c.
345.

The principal Fractions, with their signs, are,

S^To visa,

1-16

= tiS^H be'le, ....

1.8

1 5Deo kdlu,

A
4
i

11 3 are,
111 ^ko^eo mukkdlu, .

12G

Years.Months.
346. NAMES OF THE YEAES IN THE HINDU CYCLE.
1 .&jS$tS prabhava.
31 So^^oe3 Iwvalambi.
2
vibhava.
32 S^o83 vilambi.
3
shukla.
33 SffTiQ vikdri,
4 xS^js^tf^^ pramoduta.
34 tr5rf"e shdrvari.
5 ti/SliS^^S prajotpatti.
35 tj^rf plava.
0 e?oTN^'dri dngtrasa.
36 ^^^3 shubhakritu.
7 ^^rfjost) shrtmukha.
37 ^js^ap^gj^i shobhakritu.
g ept^ bhdva.
38
krudhi.
9 odrf yuwi.
39 ^iTE^rfrvi vishvdvasu.
10 v^^j dhdtu.
40 Tjcs^irf pardbhava.
H
ishvara.
41 T^rioX plavanga.
42 85SoJJ?Sc^5 bahudhdnya.
42
kilaka.
13
pratnddi.
' 43 jdurfjg soumya.
44 Stf/sjo vikrama.
44 Eh^udrs sddhdrana.
45 Sn^o vishu.
45 ^.c^ra^S^sJj rirodhikritu.
16 sJjispu^j chitrabhunu.
46 ISOLDS) paridhdvi.
17 To^ep^^j swabhdnu.
47
pramddicha.
lg
tdrana.
48 e?jSorf dnanda.
49 ^^^s-rf pdrthiva.
49 ougtoi rukshasa.
20
eyaya.
50 ^ no/a.
21 Td^s-33^o sarvajitu.
51 hoTitf pingala.
22 ^rfstjsbO sarvadhdri.
52 '5-itC>3ii%^ kdlayukli .
23
wroWAt.
53 %iZ37> &.e~ siddhdrthi.
24 *i>3 m*r*.
54 tPSO) roudri.
25 SOd khara.
55 rfjrfjs-3 durmati.
26 c^orf? nandana.
56 rfoorf^Ep dundubhi.
27 )3;odj vijaya.
57 "dz^S&zuTi e rudhirodgdri.
28 to&jaya.
58 .d^D A raktdkshi.
0
29
manmatha.
59 ?rjs/?t^S krodhana.
30
durmukhi.
60 g[odj kshaya, or gljodj akshaya.
347. MONTHS.
cheitra, MarchApril.
sSm^T)so veishdkha, AprilMay.
^^^jfahtha, MayJune.
e?ijjD^ dshddha, JuneJuly.
B^fO shrdvana, JulyAugust.
Epnrfjtirf bhddrapada, AugustSeptember,
efjk^&i dshwlja, SeptemberOctober.
3D3s-^ kdrtika, OctoberNovember.
127

Days.
rfTST^rlW mdrgashira, NovemberDecember.
VJ*A $ pnshya, December.January.
sSjs^X) mdgha, JanuaryFebruary^i&b P3 phdlguna, FebruaryMarch.
348. The year is divided into six Seasons.
rJojo^ J&^o vasanta ritu, Spring, comprising
cheitra, and 3iT5K)
vcishdkha.
7y^^ Si>^j grishma ritu, Hot season,
jeshtha, and &Z5?z<- dshddha.
S&s^j varsha ritu, Kainy season, bx/^ps shrdvana, and 2frarii.s5rf
bhddrapada.
^tSzS^o sharad ritu, Autumn, eS3^2i dshwija, and ffs&r?^ Itdrtika.
casSoa^ S&sJj himanta ritu, Winter. s!je>7\~2-d mdrgashira, and ^sjljj
bTiS&itzshishiraritu, Cool season, ^Jsi^ mdgha, and ipv&^ephdlgwia.
349. The day of 21 English hours is divided into sixty
ghaligc, of
24 minutes each.
350. The days of the week are called after the planets.
Sunday from
Sun.
* Ejjti^o3T>-d bhdnu wdra,
do.
do.
dwd ravi wdra,
do.
do.
I e?i^s-3Tj dditya wdra,
First.
do.
I * e?S>n.B-d c/i wdra,
Moon.
Monday
/* rojej^jnxrd soma wdra,
do.
^ozi^stitj tW wdra,
2.
do.
do.
S^orfiJrod chandra wdra,
Mars* rfoOAyatiti mangala wdra, Tuesday
5\ocH3.sd Atya wdra,
do.

do.
Boa
50A-sd^rJB.d angdraka wdra,
do.
do.
do.
epPSrfjnti-d bhouma wdra,
do.
Mercury^ #2>J^53^ budha wdra, Wednesday
1. I fjDrfjjS^d soumya wdra, do.
do.
,,
f #2og)3o?i^33.sd brihaspati wdra, Thursday
j Tvj.djsysd ^TMr wdra,
do.

8>gj5oci^3 Jupiter
do.

f * H&jwd shukra wdra,

Friday
) EptiXs-rfaa-d bhdrgava wdra,
do.

Venusdo.

* ^n-s-d shani wdra,

Saturday
do.

^j-datnj sthira wara,

^jorfntid manda wara,
do.

.These urc generally used128

Saturndo.
do.